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MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST ITEMS

  1. How are behavior and learning theories different from traditional psychoanalytic theories?

a.  They avoid theoretical speculation in favor of observation and experimentation.
b.  They study personality primarily through empirical research on human subjects.
c.  They emphasize internal structures as the primary determinants of personality.
d.  Their findings are mostly based on clinical studies.

  2. Pavlov's demonstration of classical conditioning showed that learning could occur by pairing ________ with ________.

a.  a reflex response; a conditioned response
b.  food; salivation
c.  an unconditioned stimulus; an unconditioned response
d.  an unconditioned stimulus; a neutral stimulus

  3. Watson, the founder of behaviorism, suggested that psychologists concentrate on studying 

a.  unseen mental processes.
b.  overt behavior.
c.  unconscious forces.
d.  covert responses.

  4. Thorndike's law of effect states that

a.  frustration leads to increased efforts to perform.
b.  learning occurs as a result of the reduction of some need or drive.
c.  behavior that brings satisfaction tends to occur more frequently.
d.  behavior and feelings of satisfaction are unrelated.

  5. Dollard and Miller view the structure of personality as consisting of

a.  an id, ego, and superego.
b.  traits.
c.  conflicts.
d.  habits.

  6. Clark Hull developed a systematic theory of learning based on the concept of

a.  classical conditioning.
b.  drive reduction.
c.  the law of effect.
d.  overt behavior.

  7. In Dollard and Miller's theory, habits

a.  are innate.
b.  cannot be unlearned.
c.  are links between stimuli and responses.
d.  are compulsions.

  8. All of the following would be considered to be primary drives in Dollard and Miller's theory except

a.  need for money.
b.  need for sleep.
c.  thirst.
d.  hunger.



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  9. Which one of the following would be an example of a secondary drive?

a.  Feeling hunger pangs
b.  Shivering because you are cold when you step out of the shower
c.  Working in order to afford to buy food
d.  Yawning because you are tired from staying up all night

 10. By hierarchy of response, Dollard and Miller suggest that

a.  each psychosexual stage entails a different response pattern.
b.  the basic human drives are arranged in a hierarchy.
c.  learning occurs according to a fixed hierarchy of events.
d.  in an organism, certain responses tend to occur before others.

 11. The appropriate order of the four steps of the learning process is

a.  reinforcement, response, drive, and cue.
b.  drive, cue, response, and reinforcement.
c.  drive, response, cue, and reinforcement.
d.  cue, drive, response, and reinforcement.

 12. Which of the following parts of the learning process refers to a specific stimulus that tells the organism when, where, and how to respond?

a.  Cue
b.  Drive
c.  Reinforcement
d.  Response

 13. Dollard and Miller's view of repression differs from Freud's, in that they believed repression to be

a.  a covert function that has no place in a learning theory.
b.  an unconscious force that does not affect behavior.
c.  a learned response that reduces an unpleasant experience.
d.  an inevitable aspect of the human condition.

 14. The greatest difference between Freud's theory and Dollard and Miller's is

a.  Dollard and Miller's view of anxiety as a core ingredient in neurosis.
b.  Dollard and Miller's emphasis on the importance of conflict.
c.  Dollard and Miller's stress on learned motives.
d.  Freud's belief that unconscious factors underlie human behavior.

 15. Dollard and Miller refer to two phases in therapy: the ________ phase and the ________ phase.

a.  talking; performance
b.  acting out; talking
c.  repression; suppression
d.  free association; resolution

 16. In comparison to Freud's therapy, Dollard and Miller's method of therapy

a.  is more directive and action-oriented.
b.  emphasizes the past and historical recollection.
c.  is less pragmatic.
d.  places more emphasis on the unconscious.



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 17. Because of its strong appeal to validating evidence, Dollard and Miller's theory is best identified as a(n) ________ one.

a.  psychoanalytic
b.  philosophical
c.  scientific
d.  aesthetic

 18. What did Skinner say about many of the constructs used to describe personality (such as the id, ego, and superego)?

a.  That they are readily observed in everyday behavior
b.  That they are unnecessary fictions
c.  That they are helpful for describing internal states
d.  That they need to undergo more systematic testing

 19. Which of the following is an example of conditioned operant behavior?

a.  A moth is flying toward a light source.
b.  A rat presses a bar in a Skinner box.
c.  A boy gets goose pimples while watching a horror movie.
d.  Pavlov's dog salivates when the bell rings.

 20. In operant conditioning, the reinforcement ________ the behavior.

a.  eliminates
b.  follows
c.  precedes
d.  weakens

 21. Which of the following does not occur in both classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

a.  Extinction
b.  Generalization
c.  Reinforcement
d.  Shaping

 22. John and Mary want to train their four-year-old to tie her shoes.  At first, they give her candy just for trying.  Then they give her candy only if the shoelaces are crossed.  Next, they only reward her when she makes loops.  Finally, she gets the candy only if she actually ties the shoes.  This step-by-step procedure is a learning technique called

a.  discrimination.
b.  generalization.
c.  negative reinforcement.
d.  shaping.

 23. Which schedule of reinforcement is the most effective for initially developing and strengthening a behavior?

a.  Continuous
b.  Fixed ratio
c.  Variable ratio
d.  Variable interval



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 24. A casino slot machine is set to reward gamblers on a schedule that is calculated to keep them at the machine for the maximum amount of time.  How would the machine be set to give out money?

a.  Every set number of minutes
b.  Every set number of quarters
c.  The time would vary; sometimes after a half an hour, sometimes after ten minutes, sometimes after an hour, and so forth
d.  The number of quarters would vary; sometimes after five quarters, sometimes after three quarters, sometimes after fifty-two quarters, and so forth

 25. Maya's parents decided to use operant conditioning to get their daughter to keep her room neat.  How should they go about it?

a.  First give her a reward; a happy child will want to please.
b.  Catch her in the act of putting something away, and then reward her.
c.  Straighten up the room for her; she will learn by example.
d.  Threaten to take away her TV privileges if she does not clean up.

 26. Anthony's teacher is punishing him for hitting a classmate by making him miss recess.  According to Skinner, the effect of the punishment will probably be that

a.  Anthony will never hit a classmate again.
b.  Anthony will respect his teacher for punishing him.
c.  Anthony will still hit others when he thinks he will not get caught.
d.  Anthony will now become friendly with the child that he hit.

 27. Which one of the following is the recipient of negative reinforcement?

a.  Sally, who breaks a dish but is never caught
b.  A drunken driver who has his license revoked
c.  Pablo, whose malfunctioning car alarm is fixed by a passerby
d.  A rat in a Skinner box who receives an electric shock

 28. One difference between Skinner's behavior modification and Freudian psychoanalysis is that

a.  behavior modification uses a single approach with all clients; psychoanalysis uses different, custom-tailored techniques.
b.  behavior modification is of longer duration.
c.  psychoanalysis is concerned with internal changes; behavior modification is concerned with external changes.
d.  the psychoanalytic therapist takes a more active, directive role in the therapy.

 29. Which client would be better suited for behavior modification than for psychoanalysis?

a.  A wealthy, retired person who is searching for inner understanding
b.  An autistic child who hardly ever speaks
c.  A woman who wants to rid herself of guilt related to her relations with her parents when she was a child
d.  A neurotic looking for insights on the causes for his behavior

 30. The director of a psychiatric hospital wants to motivate some of his patients to take better care of themselves.  He does it by distributing poker chips every morning to inmates who appear to be well groomed.  He tells the inmates that the chips can be exchanged for privileges, such as movies, candy, and gym time.  Which Skinnerian method is he using?

a.  Aversive conditioning
b.  Shaping
c.  Satiation
d.  Token economy



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 31. In his later writings, Skinner envisioned a utopian society based on

a.  freedom and dignity.
b.  behavioral engineering.
c.  humanism.
d.  Marxist philosophy.

 32. Skinner argued that the concepts of freedom and dignity

a.  are absent in contemporary society.
b.  need to be reincorporated into people's lives.
c.  are fictions that should be abandoned.
d.  are a utopian goal.

 33. In his utopian speculations, Skinner made the argument that

a.  we need more, not less, control in society.
b.  we should cultivate greater individual responsibility.
c.  survival is a poor value by which to judge a culture.
d.  everyone should be free to choose his own destiny.

 34. Skinner's theory has been most effective in which area?

a.  Accounting for the development of human language
b.  Explaining the phenomenon of self-control
c.  Giving a comprehensive picture of personality development
d.  Predicting and controlling the behavior of infrahuman species

 35. Like Freud, Skinner believed that we, as humans,

a.  should embrace freedom and dignity.
b.  should reject control by a behaviorally designed technology.
c.  are not in control of ourselves.
d.  can gain a small measure of control only through self-understanding.





























    (c) 1999 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.



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ANSWER KEY FOR TEST - CHAPTER8

MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST ITEMS

  1. a  
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  1

  2. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  2

  3. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  3

  4. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  4

  5. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  5

  6. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  6

  7. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  7

  8. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  8

  9. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION:  9

 10. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 10

 11. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 11

 12. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 12

 13. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 13

 14. c  
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 14

 15. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 15

 16. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 16

 17. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 17

 18. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 18

 19. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 19

 20. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 20



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 21. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 21

 22. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 22

 23. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 23

 24. d  
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 24

 25. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 25

 26. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 26

 27. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 27

 28. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 28

 29. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 29

 30. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 30

 31. b 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 31

 32. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 32

 33. a 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 33

 34. d 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 34

 35. c 
                                    Chapter:8       QUESTION: 35



















    (c) 1999 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.