1. _____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems. 
A. Psychotherapy 
B. ECT 
C. Biomedical therapy 
D. Meta-analysis
Answer: A 
2. How many different types of psychotherapy are there? 
A. one basic type 
B. three basic types 
C. hundreds 
D. two basic types
Answer: C 
3. All forms of psychotherapy share the assumption that _____ play(s) a significant role in problematic emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. 
A. genetic vulnerability to mental disorders 
B. abnormal brain chemistry 
C. psychological factors 
D. repressed sexual urges and wishes
Answer: C 
4. Currently, who may legally prescribe biomedical therapies, including medications and electroconvulsive therapy, to treat psychological disorders? 
A. only physicians who have received advanced training in psychiatry 
B. only licensed physicians and clinical psychologists 
C. licensed physicians 
D. psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and licensed psychiatric social workers
Answer: C 
5. The different forms of biomedical therapy are based on the assumption that _____ play a significant role in causing the symptoms of psychological disorders. 
A. dysfunctional family relationships 
B. biological factors 
C. repressed sexual urges and wishes 
D. psychological factors
Answer: B 
6. The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____. 
A. psychotherapy; psychoanalysis 
B. psychotherapy; biomedical therapy 
C. psychoanalysis; behavior therapy 
D. clinical psychology; psychoanalysis
Answer: B 
7. Typically, a clinical psychologist holds a(n):
A. medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders. 
B. master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy. 
C. master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center. 
D. academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing, psychotherapy, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.
Answer: D 
8. Typically, a psychiatrist holds a(n):
A. master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy. 
B. master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center. 
C. medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders. 
D. academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing, psychotherapy, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.
Answer: C 
9. Dr. Jenkins is a clinical psychologist who has an office next door to Dr. Zimmerman, who is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Which of the following statements correctly describes the current rules under which Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman practice?
A. Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Jenkins cannot. 
B. Dr. Jenkins can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Zimmerman cannot. 
C. Both Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs, but only Dr. Zimmerman can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment. 
D. Dr. Zimmerman and the two psychiatric nurses on his staff can all prescribe psychoactive medications, but only Dr. Zimmerman can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment.
Answer: A 
10. Which of the following mental health professionals holds a master's degree in social work and has had an internship at a social service agency or mental health center? 
A. psychiatric nurse 
B. psychoanalyst 
C. psychiatric social worker 
D. psychiatrist
Answer: C 
11. A _____ is usually a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist who has received additional training in using the specific techniques of the form of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud. 
A. psychiatric nurse 
B. psychoanalyst 
C. psychiatric social worker 
D. marriage and family therapist
Answer: B 
12. Psychoanalysis is a form of psychotherapy that was originally developed by _____ in the _____. 
A. Carl Rogers; 1950s 
B. Albert Ellis; 1960s 
C. Sigmund Freud; early 1900s 
D. Aaron Beck; 1960s
Answer: C 
13. Freud's theory of personality stressed the idea that: 
A. early childhood experiences provide the foundation for later personality development. 
B. maladaptive forms of behavior are learned and reinforced. 
C. people are motivated to achieve their creative potential. 
D. mental disorders are caused by abnormal brain chemistry.
Answer: A 
14. According to Freud, dream images, memory lapses, inadvertent slips of the tongue, and accidents: 
A. are "inconsequential side-effects" experienced by a small percentage of patients undergoing psychoanalysis. 
B. can be eliminated with counterconditioning. 
C. provide glimpses of unconscious conflicts. 
D. can be treated using meta-analysis.
Answer: C 
15. The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to: 
A. learn and reinforce more productive behaviors in place of maladaptive behaviors. 
B. bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness to help the person gain insight into conflicts and resolve them. 
C. provide unconditional positive regard to the person seeking help. 
D. actively confront irrational thought patterns.
Answer: B 
16. Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of: 
A. transference. 
B. free association. 
C. dream interpretation. 
D. interpretation.
Answer: B 
17. According to traditional psychoanalysis, when the patient experiences blocks in the process of free association, abruptly changes the topic being discussed, or suddenly goes silent, it probably signals: 
A. insight. 
B. resistance. 
C. interpretation. 
D. transference.
Answer: B 
18. In psychoanalysis, the term resistance refers to the: 
A. patient's repression of disturbing memories. 
B. interpretation of dream symbols. 
C. patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts. 
D. patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.
Answer: C 
19. Nick's psychoanalyst asks him to describe his recent dreams.  Nick tells the therapist about a dream involving a truck barreling down the highway at high speeds.  Nick is describing the _____ content of the dream. 
A. manifest 
B. unconditional 
C. latent 
D. nondirective
Answer: A 
20. After Rosita described a dream in which she was lost in an unfamiliar city and no one would help her, her therapist gently prodded her with a series of questions about the meaning of the dream's setting and characters.  Rosita's therapist was trying to help Rosita recognize the symbolic or _____ content of the dream. 
A. manifest 
B. unconditional 
C. latent 
D. nondirective
Answer: C 
21. According to traditional psychoanalysis, the disguised, hidden meaning of a dream is the _____ content of the dream, and the reported dream images are the _____ content. 
A. manifest; latent 
B. conditional; unconditional 
C. directive; nondirective 
D. latent; manifest
Answer: D 
22. It was ____ who said, "The resistance accompanies the treatment step by step.  Every single association, every act of the person under treatment must reckon with the resistance and represents a compromise between the forces that are striving towards recovery and opposing ones." 
A. Carl Rogers 
B. Mary Cover Jones 
C. Sigmund Freud 
D. Albert Ellis
Answer: C 
23. After months of psychoanalysis, Calvin's therapist felt it was time to offer several explanations of Calvin's dreams and free associations to help Calvin recognize unconscious conflicts and motivations. Calvin's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique called: 
A. resistance. 
B. transference. 
C. nondirective disclosure. 
D. interpretation.
Answer: D 
24. For the last several weeks, Cheryl has been responding to her therapist with hostility during her sessions of psychoanalysis. Cheryl often responds similarly to her parents, especially her mother. Cheryl is probably unconsciously experiencing: 
A. resistance. 
B. transference. 
C. disclosure. 
D. manifest urges.
Answer: B 
25. In psychoanalysis, transference refers to the: 
A. patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life. 
B. patient's inability to distinguish between real events and dream images. 
C. patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts. 
D. patient attempting to blame friends and acquaintances for his or her problems.
Answer: A 
26. It was _____ who said, "The patient sees in his analyst the return--the reincarnation--of some important figure out of his childhood or past, and consequently transfers on to him the feelings and reactions that undoubtedly applied to this model." 
A. Aaron Beck 
B. Sigmund Freud 
C. Mary Cover Jones 
D. Joseph Wolpe
Answer: B 
27. According to the psychoanalytic approach, what helps the patient develop more adaptive emotions and patterns of behavior? 
A. when the patient learns to actively dispute his or her own irrational thoughts and beliefs 
B. when the patient experiences a strong sense of unconditional positive regard from the therapist 
C. when the patient achieves insight and resolves the unconscious conflicts that were maintaining maladaptive emotions and behavior 
D. when the patient successfully completes systematic desensitization
Answer: C 
28. Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is FALSE? 
A. Traditional psychoanalysis is a slow therapeutic process that may last for years. 
B. The notion that Sigmund Freud's patients would lie on a couch is a myth that has been perpetuated for decades. 
C. Few psychotherapists today practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years. 
D. As part of the therapeutic process in traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist purposely remains as neutral as possible to create "optimal frustration" in the patient.
Answer: B 
29. Which of the following statements is TRUE? 
A. In later years, Freud abandoned his view that the unconscious played a key role in the development of maladaptive behaviors. 
B. Today, a minority of psychotherapists practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years. 
C. Research has shown that psychoanalysis is the most effective form of psychotherapy. 
D. Freud was opposed to the development of short-term dynamic therapies, insisting that such techniques could not possibly be as effective as his original form of psychoanalysis.
Answer: B 
30. Compared to therapists who practice traditional psychoanalysis, therapists who practice one of the forms of short-term dynamic therapies tend to: 
A. ignore all the techniques developed by Sigmund Freud. 
B. be more directive and actively engage the patient in a dialogue. 
C. ignore the role that unconscious conflicts may be playing in the patient's problems. 
D. be much more neutral than traditional psychoanalysts in responding to the patient.
Answer: B 
31. Alexis's therapist assessed her problems in the first two sessions of therapy. Then, the two of them agreed on several goals that they would try to achieve over the course of weekly therapy sessions for the next five months. Early on in the therapy, Alexis's therapist pointed out that Alexis seemed to keep getting involved with men who treated her in the same rejecting way as her father had when Alexis was a child. Alexis's therapist appears to be using the techniques of _____ to help Alexis. 
A. short-term dynamic therapy 
B. rational-emotive therapy 
C. traditional psychoanalysis 
D. behavioral therapy
Answer: A 
32. Which of the following is true of BOTH short-term dynamic therapy and traditional psychoanalysis? 
A. The therapist maintains "therapeutic neutrality." 
B. The patient sees the therapist for a minimum of three sessions per week. 
C. The therapist and patient agree on specific, concrete goals for the therapy. 
D. The therapist uses interpretations to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transference issues that may be affecting his or her current relationships.
Answer: D 
33. _____ is a short-term dynamic therapy that focuses on current relationships and social interactions, and is based on the assumption that psychological symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems. 
A. Psychoanalysis 
B. Rational emotive therapy (RET) 
C. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) 
D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Answer: C 
34. Which of the following is NOT a category of interpersonal problems in interpersonal therapy? 
A. unresolved grief 
B. role transitions and role disputes 
C. unrealistic beliefs 
D. interpersonal deficits
Answer: C 
35. Unresolved grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits are: 
A. best treated with behavioral therapy. 
B. examples of unconscious conflicts in traditional psychoanalysis. 
C. key categories of personal problems in interpersonal therapy (IPT). 
D. most frequently treated with family or couples therapy.
Answer: B 
36. Interpersonal therapy is now used to treat eating disorders, substance abuse, marital conflicts, and other psychological problems, but was originally developed to treat: 
A. depression. 
B. anxiety. 
C. resistance. 
D. phobias.
Answer: A 
37. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic ideas and techniques: 
A. are no longer practiced except in European countries. 
B. are still the most effective form of psychotherapy available. 
C. have had an enormous impact on psychotherapy and continue to be studied today. 
D. are the basis of today's behavioral therapies.
Answer: C 
38. The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes: 
A. an individual's conscious, subjective perception of his or her self. 
B. unconscious motives and conflicts. 
C. the use of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. 
D. the use of aversive conditioning.
Answer: A 
39. Client-centered therapy was developed by: 
A. Mary Cover Jones. 
B. John Watson. 
C. Carl Rogers. 
D. John Garcia.
Answer: C 
40. Believing that the term patient implied that people seeking therapy were sick and seeking treatment from an all-knowing authority figure who would heal them, Carl Rogers preferred the term _____ to describe people in therapy. 
A. analyst 
B. behaviorist 
C. client 
D. participant
Answer: C 
41. One important goal of the therapist in client-centered therapy is to: 
A. create conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy. 
B. actively guide and make decisions for the client. 
C. uncover the client's unconscious conflicts. 
D. challenge the client's irrational beliefs and values.
Answer: A 
42. Emmett's parents were angry and disappointed with Emmett when he chose to attend the state university instead of going to the same college that his father attended. According to Carl Rogers, Emmett's parents are demonstrating: 
A. unconditional positive regard. 
B. empathic understanding. 
C. counterconditioning. 
D. conditional acceptance.
Answer: D 
43. According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems develop when: 
A. unconscious conflicts are not recognized. 
B. a person consistently experiences conditional acceptance from other significant people in his or her life. 
C. a person is exposed to excessive unconditional positive regard. 
D. a person's parents unconsciously reinforce unhealthy behaviors rather than healthy behaviors.
Answer: B 
44. According to Carl Rogers, the client-centered therapist ideally should demonstrate: 
A. modeling, adaptive thinking patterns, and collaboration. 
B. challenge, confrontation, and resolution. 
C. therapeutic neutrality, interpretations, and transference capacity. 
D. genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
Answer: D 
45. In client-centered therapy, the therapist usually strives to be: 
A. confrontational, forceful, and blunt. 
B. nondirective, genuine, and accepting. 
C. neutral and aloof. 
D. very directive and demanding.
Answer: B 
46. During many of Judith's therapy sessions, Judith's client-centered therapist openly and honestly shares her own feelings about what Judith is saying. Judith's therapist is: 
A. modeling genuineness in a way that encourages Judith to also express herself in an open and nondefensive way. 
B. fostering countertransference so that Judith will understand the difficulties of being a therapist. 
C. using systematic desensitization so that Judith understands that all people have problems. 
D. trying to counteract Judith's negative cognitive bias.
Answer: A 
47. Steve's therapist Jim is a client-centered therapist. During therapy sessions, Jim actively listens to Steve's words and often responds by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what Steve seems to be saying. Steve's therapist is: 
A. communicating empathic understanding. 
B. fostering transference. 
C. using systematic desensitization. 
D. trying to counteract Steve's negative cognitive bias.
Answer: A 
48. Carl Rogers believed that several qualities of the therapist are critical in producing beneficial changes in client-centered therapy. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities? 
A. The therapist should display genuineness by openly and honestly sharing his or her thoughts with the client. 
B. The therapist should strive to create an atmosphere of conditional acceptance so that the client is motivated to change his or her behavior to gain the therapist's approval. 
C. The therapist should communicate empathic understanding by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what the client is saying. 
D. The therapist should be nondirective to allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.
Answer: B 
49. According to Carl Rogers, therapeutic change in client-centered therapy occurs: 
A. as the client's views of himself and the world become less distorted. 
B. as the client develops insight into unconscious conflicts. 
C. as the therapist teaches the client to challenge irrational beliefs. 
D. when new conditioned responses are learned that inhibit the unhealthy conditioned responses of anxiety, fear, and hopelessness.
Answer: A 
50. According to Carl Rogers, as therapy progresses and clients become more self-aware, more self-acceptant, and less defensive, they will naturally move: 
A. toward rejecting the people who have caused their psychological pain. 
B. to Seattle. 
C. toward rejecting their therapist. 
D. toward self-actualization.
Answer: D 
51. It was _____ who said, "As the client becomes more self-aware, more self-acceptant, less defensive and more open, she finds at last some of the freedom to grow and change in directions natural to the human organism." 
A. Mary Cover Jones 
B. Albert Ellis 
C. B. F. Skinner 
D. Carl Rogers
Answer: D 
52. Free association, dream interpretation, and transference is to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding is to _____.
A. psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy 
B. counterconditioning; systematic desensitization 
C. client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis 
D. Mary Cover Jones; Carl Rogers
Answer: A 
53. Psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy are both forms of _____ therapy, which stresses the importance of increased self-understanding. 
A. insight 
B. behavior 
C. cognitive 
D. systematic desensitization
Answer: A 
54. One potential problem with insight-oriented therapies is that: 
A. gaining an understanding of the cause of maladaptive behaviors does not necessarily result in more adaptive and healthier behaviors. 
B. the person must be in therapy for years before any changes occur. 
C. there is no research supporting the effectiveness of the insight-oriented therapy techniques. 
D. they rely too heavily on counterconditioning to produce changes in emotional and behavioral functioning.
Answer: A 
55. The basic assumption of behavior therapy is that: 
A. faulty patterns of thinking are producing the current difficulties. 
B. adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned. 
C. every family has unspoken "rules" of interaction and communication that have contributed to the current difficulties. 
D. the therapist must be nondirective and provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.
Answer: B 
56. In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on: 
A. trying to modify and overhaul the person's entire personality. 
B. developing an understanding of the unconscious conflicts that are causing the emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal difficulties. 
C. understanding how the dynamics of past relationships and feelings of inferiority have produced the current difficulties. 
D. unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place.
Answer: D 
57. In the 1920s, the famous case of "Little Albert" demonstrated that: 
A. children develop fears and phobias because of intense anxiety over being abandoned by their parents, especially their mothers. 
B. chronic bed-wetting can be reduced and eliminated if the young child experiences conditional acceptance. 
C. unhealthy emotional responses, such as irrational fears, can be the result of classical conditioning. 
D. ECT can be used to treat depression in children as young as 7 or 8 years old.
Answer: C 
58. The process of learning a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response is termed _____ and is based on the principles of _____. 
A. aversive conditioning; cognitive therapy 
B. a token economy; classical conditioning 
C. counterconditioning; classical conditioning 
D. virtual reality; operant conditioning
Answer: C 
59. In her landmark study of a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that: 
A. classical conditioning techniques could be used to remove fears. 
B. parents could benefit as much from a self-help group as they could from family therapy. 
C. aversive conditioning is highly effective in controlling disobedient behavior. 
D. bed-wetting can be greatly reduced or eliminated by using positive reinforcers.
Answer: A 
60. Mary Cover Jones is regarded by many psychologists as the: 
A. first female psychoanalyst who was trained by Sigmund Freud. 
B. first psychologist to develop and use family therapy. 
C. founder of Alcoholics Anonymous and the self-help movement. 
D. first behavior therapist.
Answer: D 
61. In treating a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones: 
A. taught the child's parents more effective discipline strategies. 
B. isolated the child in a corner whenever he misbehaved. 
C. conditioned a response that was incompatible with the negative response of fear. 
D. used small toys and food rewards to train the child to use the toilet.
Answer: C 
62. As part of the treatment strategy that Mary Cover Jones used, she had 3-year-old Peter: 
A. sit in on therapy sessions with his parents. 
B. clean up the mess he made before he was allowed to play with the other children. 
C. help remove the soiled sheets and put fresh sheets on the bed before going back to sleep. 
D. observe other children holding and petting the tame rabbit.
Answer: D 
63. Which techniques did Mary Cover Jones use in her successful treatment of a 3-year-old boy named Peter who had a phobia of rabbits? 
A. dream interpretation, free association, and transference 
B. observational learning and counterconditioning 
C. positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and shaping 
D. virtual reality and the bell and pad treatment
Answer: B 
64. It was _____ who said, "It has always been of the greatest satisfaction to me that I could be associated with the removal of a fear when I came in contact with this 3-year-old in whom a fear of animals was already well-established. I could not have played the role of creating a fear in a child, no matter how important the theoretical implications." 
A. John Watson 
B. Mary Cover Jones 
C. Aaron Beck 
D. Carl Rogers
Answer: B 
65. Along with her famous study of a 3-year-old named Peter, Mary Cover Jones is known for her: 
A. involvement in a longitudinal study that followed the lives of about 200 people for over fifty years. 
B. work in establishing Alcoholics Anonymous. 
C. research that led to the development of the bell and pad treatment for bed-wetting. 
D. efforts in establishing the International Association of Female Psychoanalysts.
Answer: A 
66. Systematic desensitization is based on the same premise as: 
A. aversive conditioning. 
B. unconditional positive regard. 
C. transference. 
D. counterconditioning.
Answer: D 
67. When Meredith was 12 years old, she had to endure a very painful dental procedure. Ever since, she has had an intense fear of going to the dentist. Which of the following techniques is most likely to help her overcome her fear of going to the dentist? 
A. aversive conditioning 
B. the bell and pad treatment 
C. systematic desensitization 
D. a token economy
Answer: C 
68. When Gary found out that his new job required some air travel, he sought the help of a clinical psychologist to deal with his intense fear of flying. The clinical psychologist suggested using a procedure called systematic desensitization. As the first step in the process of systematic desensitization, the clinical psychologist: 
A. explored Gary's past for possible clues as to why Gary was afraid of flying. 
B. actively confronted the irrationality of Gary's fear of flying. 
C. had Gary visualize being on an airplane that developed engine trouble and had to make an emergency crash landing. 
D. trained Gary in a technique called progressive relaxation.
Answer: D 
69. Vivian's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Vivian overcome her phobia of driving over bridges. As one of the steps in the process of systematic desensitization, Vivian's psychologist has her: 
A. create an anxiety hierarchy. 
B. consult her family doctor to obtain a prescription for antianxiety medications. 
C. attend a self-help group. 
D. repeatedly watch "The Bridge Over the River Kwai," a movie about British and American prisoners of war who are forced to construct a bridge.
Answer: A 
70. Pamela's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Pamela overcome intense anxiety about thunderstorms and threatening weather. As part of the process, Pamela creates an anxiety hierarchy that includes: 
A. a complete description of all the different fears that Pamela has had at any point in her life, including her current fear of thunderstorms. 
B. a detailed description of all the physical and mental symptoms of anxiety that Pamela experiences. 
C. a list of specific scenes related to her fear of thunderstorms that are arranged from least anxiety-provoking to most anxiety-provoking. 
D. a list of all her friends and relatives arranged according to their degree of anxiety about thunderstorms.
Answer: C 
71. Following his retirement, Dean developed an intense fear of crowds and crowded places. His psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Dean overcome the fear. During the actual process of systematic desensitization, Dean: 
A. becomes deeply relaxed, then imagines one of the scenes in his anxiety hierarchy. 
B. must remain seated in a room while the room gradually becomes filled with people. 
C. looks at photographs of crowded places, which are paired with mild electric shocks. 
D. must face the members of his family, who actively confront him about the irrationality of his behavior.
Answer: A 
72. An anxiety hierarchy is: 
A. a complete list of all of the different objects or situations that have ever produced anxiety in the person, arranged in order of intensity. 
B. a description of all the symptoms experienced by the person during an episode of intense anxiety. 
C. a list of specific anxiety-producing scenes, arranged from least to most anxiety-provoking, that are related to the person's fear or phobia. 
D. a computer program that generates random images of scenes that virtually everyone finds terrifying.
Answer: C 
73. Which of the following techniques are often used in conjunction with the standard systematic desensitization procedures? 
A. observational learning techniques involving watching others calmly cope with the feared situation 
B. electroconvulsive therapy and selective serotonin reuptake therapy 
C. network therapy and rational-emotive therapy 
D. aversive conditioning and psychoanalysis
Answer: A 
74. Researchers Eric Getka and Carol Glass designed a behavioral treatment program for people who were fearful of visiting the dentist.  Participants in the treatment program went through the process of systematic desensitization, practiced their relaxation skills in a dental clinic, and watched videotapes of people who were calmly receiving routine dental care.  During the year following this treatment program: 
A. none of the participants actually went to a dentist. 
B. about two-thirds of the participants experienced an increase in the intensity of their dental anxiety. 
C. many of the participants actually visited a dentist on their own. 
D. none of the participants made dental appointments for themselves but they were much more likely to keep dental appointments for their children.
Answer: C 
75.  The term virtual reality refers to:
A. the hallucinated images that are often experienced during an episode of schizophrenia. 
B. the vividly realistic images that can be created through hypnosis. 
C. computer-generated scenes that a person views using a special helmet or goggles. 
D. special movies that are made using an advanced 3-D process that gives the viewer the strong sensation that he or she is actually part of the movie scene.
Answer: C 
76. After explaining to Hailey that the procedure was still experimental, Hailey's therapist had her put on a special motion-sensitive helmet.  With the helmet on, Hailey could see computer-generated images that very closely resembled the images that a person would see as they boarded a commercial aircraft.  When Hailey turned her head, the scenes changed accordingly.  Hailey's therapist is using _____ to help Hailey overcome her fear of flying. 
A. network therapy 
B. virtual reality 
C. SSRI 
D. RET
Answer: B 
77. Psychologists are using virtual reality technology: 
A. as a different form of aversive conditioning in the treatment of alcohol and cigarette addiction. 
B. as a positive reinforcer in the treatment of disobedient children. 
C. to create a computerized therapy program that talks and responds like a real clinical psychologist. 
D. to create computer-generated images that can be used in systematic desensitization therapy.
Answer: D 
78. Controlled studies have shown that virtual reality treatment of phobias: 
A. is promising, but still not accepted as a proven treatment for phobias. 
B. is less effective than graduated exposure to the actual feared object or situation. 
C. is just as effective as graduated exposure to the actual feared object or situation. 
D. is effective only when combined with psychoanalytic treatment.
Answer: C 
79. One advantage of using virtual reality technology in the treatment of phobias is that:  
A. the computer program automatically creates an anxiety hierarchy for the person. 
B. it closely monitors the client's pulse, heart rate, and breathing so that the clinical psychologist has a detailed record of any physiological changes that occur during the therapy session. 
C. people with severe phobias are more willing to seek virtual reality treatment than graduated exposure to the actual feared object or situation. 
D. it seems to be much more effective than aversive conditioning in controlling addictive behaviors.
Answer: C 
80. Compared to other children, children who are chronic bedwetters tend to: 
A. suffer from intense parental separation anxiety. 
B. be confused about their gender identity. 
C. spend more time in the deeply relaxed stages of nondreaming sleep. 
D. wet the bed as way of expressing their anger toward their parents.
Answer: C 
81. The bell and pad treatment is based on the principles of: 
A. classical conditioning. 
B. operant conditioning. 
C. psychoanalysis. 
D. rational-emotive therapy.
Answer: A 
82. The bell and pad treatment involves: 
A. an electrified pad that produces a mild shock and a loud bell that sounds whenever the person smokes a cigarette. 
B. the person's writing down his or her immediate thoughts on a pad whenever a bell sounds. 
C. a special insulated pad placed under the bottom bed sheet that detects moisture and triggers a ringing bell if the child starts to wet the bed. 
D. wearing a motion-sensitive helmet and standing on a special pad that triggers a bell whenever heart rate and breathing rate decrease.
Answer: C 
83. The bell and pad treatment is typically used with: 
A. adults who have some form of substance dependence. 
B. children who continue to have problems with bed wetting after the age of 6. 
C. people who have some type of intense phobia that impairs their ability to function in everyday life. 
D. people with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Answer: B 
84. When used over the course of several weeks, the bell and pad treatment: 
A. effectively counteracts substance abuse. 
B. conditions the child to awaken in response to the body signals of a full bladder. 
C. greatly reduces the intense anxiety and fear associated with some type of specific phobia. 
D. reduces the frequency of hallucinations.
Answer: B 
85. Research has shown that the bell and pad treatment: 
A. eventually produces symptom substitution, such as sexual problems or intense anxiety. 
B. is not very effective and is seldom used today. 
C. reduces the frequency of hallucinations in about half of the people suffering from schizophrenia. 
D. is effective about 75 percent of the time with school-aged children who are having difficulties with bedwetting.
Answer: D 
86. Nine-year-old Micah is afraid to go to summer camp because he wets his bed at night. Micah's pediatrician referred Micah to a very successful program for treating bedwetting at a local mental health clinic. Which of the following techniques did the clinic probably use to achieve their high rate of success in reducing bed-wetting? 
A. aversive conditioning involving mild electric shocks 
B. the bell and pad treatment 
C. psychoanalysis 
D. systematic desensitization
Answer: B 
87. Which of the following procedures is based on the principles of classical conditioning? 
A. token economy 
B. aversive conditioning 
C. behavioral extinction 
D. positive reinforcement
Answer: B 
88. Jill enrolled in a stop-smoking program at a local hospital. At the end of each of the daily sessions, participants in the program were required to rapidly puff one cigarette after another for five minutes. Although the participants were unaware of it, the filter tips of the cigarettes had been coated with a foul-tasting substance that induced mild nausea. This part of the stop-smoking program involved _____, which is based on the principles of _____. 
A. aversive conditioning; classical conditioning 
B. virtual reality; operant conditioning 
C. systematic desensitization; classical conditioning 
D. a token economy; operant conditioning
Answer: A 
89. The medication called Antabuse is used: 
A. to control hallucinations and delusions associated with severe mental disorders. 
B. in the treatment of chronic anxiety. 
C. in aversion therapy for alcohol addiction. 
D. to help control bed wetting.
Answer: C 
90. The use of aversive conditioning as a therapeutic technique: 
A. has dramatically increased in the last decade because of its effectiveness. 
B. has proven effective in the treatment of phobias, depression, and bed wetting. 
C. is no longer legal in this country but is still widely used in other countries. 
D. has declined in recent years because it is not very effective in producing desired changes.
Answer: D 
91. Which of the following statements about aversive conditioning is FALSE? 
A. In general, aversive conditioning is not very effective. 
B. Aversive conditioning attempts to create an unpleasant conditioned response to a harmful stimulus, such as cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption. 
C. Aversive conditioning has been used to treat cigarette smoking, alcohol addiction, and compulsive gambling. 
D. Aversive conditioning is a key component of systematic desensitization.
Answer: D 
92. Which of the following is a key component of behavior therapies based on operant conditioning? 
A. constructing an anxiety hierarchy 
B. identifying and carefully defining behavioral goals for the therapy 
C. achieving insight into the unconscious causes of the problem behavior or emotion 
D. identifying irrational beliefs and negative cognitive biases that contribute to the problem behavior or emotion
Answer: B 
93. Working with Mike's parents and his teachers at preschool, the behavior therapist first identified specific problem behaviors related to Mike's aggressiveness. Then, the behavior therapist observed Mike in both situations to determine how frequently these behaviors occurred. Why was the behavior therapist doing this? 
A. to determine how much unconditional positive regard Mike was getting from his parents and preschool teachers 
B. to develop a more thorough understanding of Mike's unconscious conflicts and urges 
C. to determine the baseline rate of the problem behaviors before beginning behavior therapy 
D. to determine if the parents and preschool teachers were good candidates for rational-emotive therapy
Answer: C 
94. To deal with 4-year-old Anne's temper tantrums at home and preschool, the behavior therapist trained Anne's parents and her preschool teachers to modify the problem behavior by using _____ and _____, which are two techniques based on operant conditioning. 
A. aversive conditioning; unconditional positive regard 
B. magnification; minimization 
C. extinction; positive reinforcement 
D. counterconditioning; systematic desensitization
Answer: C 
95. Three-year-old Lauren refuses to stay in her own bed at night. When her parents put her back in her own bed, she screams and cries unless one of them stays in the room with her. After talking with a behavior therapist, the parents began using operant conditioning techniques that involved: 
A. systematically extinguishing the undesirable behaviors (crying and screaming) by ignoring them and positively reinforcing the child for desirable behaviors (staying alone in her own bed). 
B. using counterconditioning and aversive conditioning to reduce the child's screaming and crying. 
C. the bell and pad treatment. 
D. creating an anxiety hierarchy and teaching progressive relaxation to the child.
Answer: A 
96. Which of the following procedures is based on the principles of operant conditioning? 
A. systematic desensitization 
B. aversive conditioning 
C. token economy 
D. bell and pad treatment
Answer: C 
97. A token economy is: 
A. a form of couple therapy in which each partner regularly gives the other partner some small gift that represents a "token" of his or her affection and commitment to the relationship. 
B. the most common type of self-help group. 
C. the same thing as Naikan therapy in Japan. 
D. a system for strengthening desirable behaviors in a group of people in the same setting, such as a correctional institution or psychiatric ward.
Answer: D 
98. After multiple arrests for violent crimes, the court ordered that 14-year-old Clayton be placed in a juvenile detention center. The first night at the center, a staff member escorted Clayton to a bare room. Clayton protested that he wasn't going to sleep on a bare floor. The staff member explained to him that if he wanted to sleep in a bed, he needed to earn at least 100 points a week by performing his assigned duties and staying out of trouble. The detention center is using _____ to modify the behavior of the juveniles. 
A. rational-emotive therapy 
B. counterconditioning 
C. a token economy 
D. virtual reality
Answer: C 
99. A version of the token economy that is modified so it can be used in outpatient treatment programs is called: 
A. a contingency management intervention. 
B. a token reinforcer program. 
C. the Community Reinforcement Protocol (abbreviated CRP). 
D. the variable ration treatment protocol.
Answer: A 
100. Contingency management interventions involve the use of: 
A. virtual reality technology. 
B. unpleasant consequences, such as mild electric shocks or evil-tasting substances. 
C. conditioned reinforcers. 
D. antidepressant medications.
Answer: C 
101. Controlled studies have shown that contingency management interventions are: 
A. less effective than aversive conditioning in the treatment of substance abuse. 
B. more effective than other methods in the treatment of substance abuse. 
C. about as effective as psychoanalysis or client-centered therapy in the treatment of bedwetting. 
D. more effective than the bell-and-pad treatment for bedwetting.
Answer: B 
102. Controlled studies have shown that contingency management interventions are especially effective in the treatment of: 
A. bedwetting. 
B. phobias. 
C. marital problems. 
D. substance abuse.
Answer: D 
103. Cognitive psychotherapy is based upon the assumption that psychological problems are essentially caused by: 
A. faulty or maladaptive learning. 
B. unconscious conflicts. 
C. faulty or maladaptive thinking. 
D. conditional positive regard.
Answer: C 
104. Cognitive therapy is to maladaptive _____ as behavioral therapy is to maladaptive _____. 
A. conditioning; habit control 
B. unconscious conflicts; conscious conflicts 
C. consequences; beliefs 
D. thinking and beliefs; learning and conditioning
Answer: D 
105. Dr. Whittaker is a psychotherapist who tells each of his patients the following: "You think that you're unhappy because of all the dreadful things that have happened to you. I'm here to show you that your unhappiness is really due to your thinking that all the things that have happened to you are dreadful!" Which type of psychotherapy is Dr. Whittaker likely to practice? 
A. cognitive therapy 
B. psychoanalytic psychotherapy 
C. behavior therapy 
D. humanistic therapy
Answer: A 
106. Two of the most influential forms of cognitive psychotherapy are: 
A. client-centered therapy and short-term dynamic therapy. 
B. rational-emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive therapy (CT). 
C. counterconditioning and psychoanalysis. 
D. client-centered therapy and network therapy.
Answer: B 
107. _____ is to rational-emotive therapy (RET) as _____ is to cognitive therapy (CT). 
A. Sigmund Freud; Albert Ellis 
B. Albert Ellis; Carl Rogers 
C. Carl Rogers; Aaron Beck 
D. Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck
Answer: D 
108. According to Albert Ellis, psychological problems are due to: 
A. the emotional consequences of activating events. 
B. conditional positive regard. 
C. irrational expectations and beliefs. 
D. unconscious wishes and urges.
Answer: C 
109. According to the ABC model: 
A. your beliefs (B) about activating events (A), and not the events themselves, cause emotional consequences (C). 
B. activating events (A) cause emotional consequences (C), which change your beliefs (B) about your self-concept. 
C. psychological symptoms develop when all (A) behaviors (B) result in the consequence (C) of conditional acceptance. 
D. activating events (A) cause behavioral (B) and emotional consequences (C).
Answer: A 
110. The first step in rational-emotive therapy is to: 
A. identify the activating events that are causing distress. 
B. identify the core irrational beliefs that are causing distress. 
C. identify the consequences that are reinforcing maladaptive behaviors. 
D. determine the baseline rate of specific problem behaviors.
Answer: B 
111. Phil is a client in rational-emotive therapy. The first step of his therapy will probably focus on identifying: 
A. problem behaviors. 
B. unconscious conflicts. 
C. core irrational beliefs. 
D. aspects of the self that he has denied.
Answer: C 
112. Zelda is an RET therapist working with a client named Linda. After identifying Linda's core irrational beliefs, the second step that Zelda will take in Linda's therapy is to: 
A. monitor Linda's behavior changes. 
B. encourage Linda's use of free association so that Linda gains insight into the unconscious sources of her irrational beliefs. 
C. vigorously dispute and challenge Linda's irrational beliefs. 
D. provide a warm, supportive atmosphere of genuineness and unconditional positive regard, which will allow Linda to accept her irrational beliefs and incorporate them into her self-concept.
Answer: C 
113. Confrontation and logical persuasion is to _____ as nondirective, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding is to _____. 
A. client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis 
B. rational-emotive therapy (RET); client-centered therapy 
C. cognitive therapy (CT); behavior therapy 
D. behavior therapy; rational-emotive therapy
Answer: B 
114. "It is a dire necessity for you to be loved or approved of by virtually everyone in your community." "It is easier to avoid than to face life's difficulties and problems." According to theorist _____, these statements reflect common _____.
A. Sigmund Freud; ego defense mechanisms 
B. Carl Rogers; examples of unconditional positive regard 
C. Aaron Beck; cognitive biases 
D. Albert Ellis; irrational beliefs
Answer: D 
115. The ultimate goal of rational-emotive therapy is for clients to: 
A. learn to recognize and dispute their irrational beliefs in a wide variety of situations. 
B. develop self-awareness, self-acceptance, and move toward self-actualization. 
C. gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are causing their psychological problems. 
D. change a particular problem behavior and replace it with a more adaptive behavior.
Answer: A 
116. According to Albert Ellis, a psychologically healthy response to an unpleasant or disappointing situation is to: 
A. stay cheerful and optimistic, denying your feelings and emotions. 
B. respond with rational beliefs, experience appropriate emotions of disappointment or sadness, and constructively change or cope with the difficult situation. 
C. contact your therapist immediately and ask him or her how to handle the situation. 
D. ask your therapist to develop a counterconditioning program for you so that you are able to avoid similar situations in the future.
Answer: B 
117. Jake is a therapist who practices Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, and Janice is a therapist who practices Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy. BOTH Jake and Janice would probably agree with which of the following statements? 
A. "Clients need an atmosphere of positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding if they are to learn how to direct their own lives." 
B. "Moods and emotions are the results of what people think about the events that happen to them, not the result of the events themselves." 
C. "To change personality, you must first become aware of your unconscious conflicts." 
D. "To eliminate a problem behavior, identify and change the environmental consequences that are reinforcing the undesired behavior."
Answer: B 
118. Cognitive therapy, abbreviated CT, was developed by: 
A. Aaron Beck. 
B. Sigmund Freud. 
C. Carl Rogers. 
D. Albert Ellis.
Answer: A 
119. According to Beck's cognitive therapy, psychological problems are caused by: 
A. absolutist demands and irrational beliefs. 
B. unresolved conflicts from childhood and poor parenting. 
C. distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs. 
D. the lack of positive unconditional regard in important relationships.
Answer: C 
120. According to Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, people who suffer from depression: 
A. are reinforced by others for their self-defeating behaviors and attitudes. 
B. have a deep-seated, often unconscious, need to suffer. 
C. have developed a negative cognitive bias that distorts their perceptions of events and situations. 
D. grew up in an atmosphere of conditional rather than unconditional positive regard.
Answer: C 
121. The first step in Beck's cognitive therapy is to help the client: 
A. create a baseline record of the incidence of the problem behavior. 
B. learn how to free associate and interpret dreams. 
C. learn how to dispute and challenge irrational beliefs in a wide variety of situations. 
D. recognize and monitor automatic thoughts, especially those that reflect negative cognitive biases.
Answer: D 
122. Jeff drops his stack of overhead transparencies during an important presentation at a company meeting. Although flustered, he quickly recovers, picks up where he left off, and finishes his presentation to a round of enthusiastic applause and a personal compliment from the company president. But afterward, Jeff agonizes over his single mistake and is certain that he has forever disgraced himself in the eyes of his superiors and will never get promoted. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Jeff is demonstrating a(n) _____ called _____. 
A. ego defense mechanism; resistance 
B. negative cognitive bias; selective abstraction 
C. irrational belief; personalization 
D. operant behavior; negative reinforcement
Answer: B 
123. Candace overhears a classmate complaining that some students have such huge egos that they completely dominate class discussions and make it impossible for other students to voice their opinions or even ask a question. Candace walks away in tears, convinced that the classmate is talking about her. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Candace is demonstrating a(n) _____ called _____. 
A. ego defense mechanism; transference 
B. irrational belief; an ABC interpretation 
C. negative cognitive bias; personalization 
D. free association; interpretation
Answer: C 
124. After a client learns to monitor negative automatic thoughts, the next step in Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) is to: 
A. help the client learn how to evaluate the accuracy of negative automatic thoughts. 
B. teach the client how to replace negative automatic thoughts with positive automatic thoughts. 
C. teach the client how to use dream symbols to develop insight into the unconscious meaning of the negative automatic thoughts. 
D. use active listening techniques to encourage the client to explore the meaning of the negative automatic thoughts.
Answer: A 
125. In Beck's cognitive therapy, the therapist strives to create a therapeutic climate of: 
A. collaboration. 
B. confrontation. 
C. genuineness, empathic understanding, and unconditional positive regard. 
D. optimal frustration.
Answer: A 
126. Marlene practices cognitive therapy (CT) as described by Aaron Beck. Her client, Davis, tells her that he is a total failure and has failed at everything that he has ever attempted. In response, Marlene would most likely say: 
A. "So what's wrong with being a failure, anyway? Who said you had to succeed at everything? And so what if you are a failure? Does that make you less of a person?" 
B. "You feel like a failure. Tell me more about that feeling." 
C. "Tell me the thoughts that come to your mind when you think about being a failure, no matter how silly or irrelevant they might seem to be." 
D. "Have you really failed at everything you've ever attempted? You graduated from college, right? And high school? You managed to drive yourself to this appointment, right? So you must have at least succeeded in passing your driver's test. How can you say that you've failed at everything you ever attempted? What's your evidence for that statement?"
Answer: D 
127. In Beck's cognitive therapy, the therapist initially acts as a _____, showing the client how to evaluate the accuracy of _____. 
A. psychoanalyst; sexual urges 
B. model; automatic thoughts 
C. humanistic therapist; unconditional positive regard 
D. physician; the effectiveness of medications
Answer: B 
128. A therapy approach that is based on the idea that cognitions, behaviors, and emotional responses are interrelated, with each affecting the other, is called: 
A. cognitive-behavioral therapy. 
B. behavior modification. 
C. psychoanalysis. 
D. interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Answer: A 
129. A therapy that uses a pragmatic approach and involves a treatment plan that integrates behavior modification techniques and cognitive therapy techniques is: 
A. counterconditioning. 
B. psychoanalysis. 
C. rational-emotive therapy. 
D. cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Answer: D 
130. Liz wants to quit smoking. She consults a therapist, Dr. Jones, who develops a specific treatment plan for her. The treatment involves several components: (1) modeling and role-playing to help Liz learn how to overcome the urge to smoke in social situations; (2) sessions in which Liz identified her beliefs and automatic thoughts regarding smoking and learned how to modify those thoughts; and (3) helping Liz change her automatic responses to situational cues that prompted her to smoke. Dr. Jones is probably using which therapy approach to help Liz overcome her smoking habit? 
A. aversive conditioning 
B. psychoanalysis 
C. cognitive-behavioral therapy 
D. interpersonal therapy
Answer: C 
131. _____ therapy refers to therapy that is provided by one or more therapists working with several people simultaneously. 
A. Client-centered 
B. Psychodynamic 
C. Group 
D. Behavior
Answer: C 
132. Which of the following is one advantage of group therapy? 
A. The therapist can observe how a client actually interacts with others. 
B. Therapy is focused on a single client's problems and thoughts. 
C. Group therapy is a better environment in which to demonstrate unconditional positive regard. 
D. Group therapy can be effectively used with groups of up to fifty or more clients simultaneously.
Answer: A 
133. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy over individual therapy? 
A. Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy. 
B. Clients receive support and encouragement from other group members. 
C. The client can establish a deeply personal, intimate relationship with the therapist. 
D. Working within the group provides an opportunity for clients to try out new behaviors in a safe environment.
Answer: C 
134. Melissa is very shy and afraid to speak up in class or in public situations. Melissa consults a therapist about her problem. After a few individual sessions, Melissa's therapist suggests that Melissa attend a new therapy group that he is currently organizing. Melissa's therapist is probably recommending that Melissa attend the group so that: 
A. the other group members can confront Melissa about the irrationality of her fears. 
B. Melissa can practice speaking in front of other people in a safe and supportive environment. 
C. the other group members can help interpret Melissa's free associations and dream symbols. 
D. she can have firsthand experience with virtual reality.
Answer: B 
135. The main difference between a self-help group and group therapy is that:
A. self-help groups are usually more expensive. 
B. self-help groups are hardly ever effective whereas group therapy is almost always effective. 
C. self-help groups are made up of people with diverse problems whereas group therapy groups are made up of people with the same problem. 
D. self-help groups are typically organized and led by nonprofessionals.
Answer: D 
136. Many self-help groups pattern themselves after the famous self-help group Alcoholics Anonymous and follow a _____ approach.
A. twelve-step 
B. two-step 
C. client-centered 
D. aversive conditioning
Answer: A 
137. It is estimated that about _____ people in the United States belong to self-help groups.
A. 500,000 
B. 10 million 
C. 30 million 
D. 50 million
Answer: B 
138. Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of self-help groups is TRUE?
A. Self-help groups rarely help people with their problems. 
B. Self-help groups make people feel better but usually make their psychological problems much worse. 
C. Self-help groups can be just as effective as therapy provided by a mental health professional, at least for some psychological problems. 
D. Except for Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, there is no evidence that self-help groups can effectively improve people's psychological well-being or eliminate problem behaviors.
Answer: C 
139. According to your textbook, the PRIMARY goal of family therapy is to: 
A. improve parenting skills. 
B. improve ongoing interactions and relationships among family members. 
C. prevent divorce. 
D. determine who is at fault for a client's personal problems.
Answer: B 
140. The basic premise of family therapy is that: 
A. virtually all families are dysfunctional. 
B. the family is a dynamic, interdependent system in which each member plays a distinct role. 
C. because the client is the victim of defective parenting, the client needs to openly confront his or her parents in a therapeutic setting. 
D. children's psychological problems are due to poor communication between husband and wife.
Answer: B 
141. Which of the following is the BEST definition for the term couple therapy? 
A. therapy that involves more than one therapeutic approach or therapist 
B. therapy that only involves newly engaged couples and is designed to improve their chances for marital success 
C. therapy that involves pairing two clients with the same problem or psychological disorder so that they can provide support and encouragement to one another 
D. therapy that involves a couple who are in a committed relationship, whether they are a married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual couple
Answer: D 
142. The general goal of couple therapy is to: 
A. help clients understand that other people have the same kinds of problems and promote self-help skills. 
B. increase the chances that a newly engaged couple will stay married. 
C. increase intimacy and improve problem solving and communication skills of any couple in a committed relationship. 
D. help a single person find a marital partner.
Answer: C 
143. John and Louise love each other very much, are committed to their relationship, but are having problems getting along. Every discussion, even when it focuses on a minor issue, seems to turn into a major argument. What kind of therapy would probably be most appropriate for John and Louise? 
A. systematic desensitization 
B. Naikan therapy 
C. couple therapy 
D. psychoanalysis
Answer: C 
144. The technique called meta-analysis: 
A. involves using psychoanalysis to simultaneously treat all members of the same family. 
B. is a community-based healing ritual used in traditional forms of Native American healing. 
C. involves statistically combining the results of several studies investigating the same issue. 
D. is the most common format used among self-help groups.
Answer: C 
145. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy vary in their attempt to evaluate particular psychotherapies and disorders. They also vary in how they measure improvement. To deal with this diversity and arrive at general conclusions, researchers often combine the results of similar studies using a statistical technique called: 
A. meta-analysis. 
B. analysis of variance. 
C. the standard deviation. 
D. the chi square.
Answer: A 
146. Which of the following statements about evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy is FALSE? 
A. The vast majority of people who experience the symptoms of a psychological disorder seek the help of a mental health professional. 
B. The term spontaneous remission refers to the improvement of symptoms that sometimes occurs simply over the passage of time. 
C. In recent years, hundreds of studies have evaluated the effectiveness of the major forms of psychotherapy. 
D. Research studies that evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy often vary in terms of which types of psychotherapy are compared, which psychological disorders are studied, and how improvement is measured.
Answer: A 
147. One strategy to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy is to compare people who enter psychotherapy with a matched control group of people who do not receive psychotherapy. When researchers combine and summarize the results of studies using this strategy, what overall conclusions emerge? 
A. People in the psychotherapy group improve at about the same rate as the people in the untreated group. 
B. People in the psychotherapy group actually improve at a slower rate than the people in the untreated group. 
C. The people in the untreated group do not get better, while about a third of the people in the psychotherapy group get better, about a third deteriorate, and about a third remain unchanged. 
D. Psychotherapy is significantly more effective than no treatment in producing an improvement in symptoms.
Answer: D 
148. Compared to people who do not receive psychotherapy for psychological problems, approximately _____ percent of the people receiving psychotherapy show significant improvement by the eighth weekly session. 
A. 10 
B. 25 
C. 50 
D. 75
Answer: C 
149. Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE? 
A. Most people with psychological symptoms seek help from a mental health professional. 
B. Research has consistently shown that most people must be in psychotherapy for a year or longer before any significant improvements occur. 
C. The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be long lasting. 
D. As a general rule, the benefits of psychotherapy are minimal when compared to the almost identical improvement rates of untreated people with psychological problems.
Answer: C 
150. Researchers have conducted hundreds of studies comparing the effectiveness of the major types of psychotherapy. When the results of those studies are combined and summarized, what overall conclusion emerges? 
A. There is little or no difference in the effectiveness of different psychotherapies. 
B. Traditional psychoanalysis is superior to all other forms of psychotherapy. 
C. Insight-oriented therapies are superior to all other forms of psychotherapy. 
D. Behavioral therapies are the least effective form of psychotherapy.
Answer: A 
151. To say that a psychotherapy treatment is empirically supported means that it meets all of the following conditions EXCEPT that: 
A. it is based on known psychological principles. 
B. it has demonstrated its effectiveness in helping people with psychological problems. 
C. it has been subjected to controlled scientific trials. 
D. it requires that therapists be formally certified in administering the psychotherapy.
Answer: D 
152. As discussed in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, a type of psychotherapy that involves the client holding a vivid mental image of a troubling event or memory while watching the therapist's moving finger is called: 
A. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). 
B. exposure therapy. 
C. eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR). 
D. counterconditioning exposure.
Answer: C 
153. As discussed in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was originally developed for the treatment of: 
A. depression. 
B. posttraumatic stress disorder. 
C. phobias. 
D. schizophrenia.
Answer: B 
154. As discussed in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, in the original published reports about eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, its founder claimed that posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms could be relieved in:
A. a single session of EMDR therapy. 
B. eight weeks of EMDR therapy. 
C. one year of weekly EMDR therapy sessions. 
D. six months of weekly EMDR therapy sessions.
Answer: A 
155. As discussed in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box, research comparing eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with no treatment showed that people who are treated with EMDR: 
A. tend to get worse than people who receive no treatment. 
B. tend to experience more symptom relief than people who receive no treatment at all. 
C. show no more improvement than people who receive no treatment at all. 
D. are more likely to develop symptoms of additional psychological disorders.
Answer: B 
156. According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience box on eye movement desensitization reprocessing therapy, EMDR has many elements in common with: 
A. interpersonal therapy. 
B. client-centered therapy. 
C. exposure therapy and systematic desensitization. 
D. behavior modification.
Answer: C 
157. As discussed in the Science Versus Pseudoscience feature on EMDR, exposure therapy is: 
A. another term for eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. 
B. a pseudoscientific therapy, long-discredited, which was once used to treat anxiety disorders. 
C. a short-term dynamic therapy that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression, role transitions, and relationship problems. 
D. a well-established therapy combining behavioral and cognitive techniques that effectively treats anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and phobias.
Answer: D 
158. The Science Versus Pseudoscience box discusses a new therapy called eye movement desensitization reprocessing therapy, abbreviated EMDR. According to a recent meta-analysis that compared the effectiveness of EMDR therapy to standard cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapy for anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, EMDR:
A. was much more effective than the standard treatments. 
B. was no more effective than the standard treatments. 
C. was much less effective than the standard treatments for anxiety disorders. 
D. had no therapeutic effect and actually caused some patients to get worse.
Answer: B 
159. As discussed
Answer: B 
160. The Science Versus Pseudoscience box on eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) discussed research evaluating the effectiveness of this new therapy.  What was the conclusion reached by psychologist Richard McNally, an expert in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
A. "What is effective in EMDR is not new, and what is new is not effective." 
B. "EMDR is a breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress, and trauma." 
C. "EMDR represents a paradigm shift in psychotherapy, effective in overcoming anxiety disorders, depression, phobias, pathological gambling, and self-esteem problems, and helps athletes and workers achieve peak performance." 
D. "EMDR accelerates a natural information processing, so that dysfunctionally stored information can be properly assimilated through a dynamically activated processing system." 
Answer: A 
161. As pointed out in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box on eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, the case of EMDR highlights an ongoing problem in contemporary psychotherapy. What is that problem? 
A. It is difficult for new psychotherapy approaches to gain acceptance, even when they are extremely effective in relieving the symptoms of psychological disorders. 
B. Meta-analysis is not an acceptable way of evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy techniques. 
C. New, untested psychotherapy techniques are developed, advertised, and marketed before controlled scientific studies of their effectiveness have been conducted. 
D. There is currently no universally accepted standard for effectiveness that can be applied to a revolutionary new psychotherapy technique, such as EMDR. 
Answer: C 
162. According to the table on "the burden of proof" in the Science Versus Pseudoscience box on eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, new therapies should provide empirically based answers to each of the following questions EXCEPT:
A. "Does the treatment work better than standard treatments?" 
B. "Does the treatment work better than a placebo?" 
C. "Does the treatment work through the processes that its proponents claim?" 
D. "Does the treatment increase the therapist's income?" 
Answer: D 
163. Which of the following statements about the factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy is FALSE? 
A. Psychotherapy is more likely to be effective if the therapist is perceived as authoritative and controlling. 
B. Effective psychotherapists are responsive to cultural differences between themselves and their clients. 
C. Psychotherapy is more likely to be effective if the client is living in a stable environment with other people who are psychologically healthy. 
D. A successful therapy outcome is more likely if the client is motivated, committed to therapy, and actively involved in the process. 
Answer: A 
164. Researchers on effective psychotherapy have identified several common factors that contribute to a positive therapy outcome. One common factor relates to the characteristics of the therapist.  Which of the following is NOT a therapist characteristic that is related to a positive outcome in psychotherapy? 
A. A genuine commitment to the client's well-being. 
B. The ability to prescribe medications or medical procedures. 
C. A caring attitude and the ability to listen empathically. 
D. Sensitivity to cultural differences. 
Answer: B 
165. Researchers on effective psychotherapy have identified several common factors that contribute to a positive therapy outcome.  Which of the following is NOT one of those common factors? 
A. therapeutic approach or orientation 
B. therapist characteristics and the quality of the therapeutic relationship 
C. awareness of and sensitivity to cultural differences 
D. client characteristics 
Answer: A 
166. Most therapists today identify their approach or orientation as: 
A. psychoanalytic. 
B. eclectic. 
C. behavioral. 
D. rational-emotive. 
Answer: B 
167. As a clinical psychologist in private practice, Dr. Drake uses a variety of psychotherapy techniques. As a rule, she selects the therapy approach based on the problem and the characteristics of the person seeking help. Dr. Drake would be best described as a(n): 
A. traditional psychoanalyst. 
B. rational-emotive therapist. 
C. client-centered therapist. 
D. eclectic psychotherapist. 
Answer: D 
168. Most European and U.S. psychotherapies are based upon a(n) _____ cultural orientation rather than a(n) _____ cultural orientation. 
A. individualistic; collectivistic 
B. interdependent; independent 
C. collectivistic; individualistic 
D. family network; individual 
Answer: A 
169. Which of the following is NOT a cultural value or assumption of Western psychotherapies?
A. a focus on the individual's goals and needs 
B. the belief that problems are due to internal causes and can be resolved by an individual alone 
C. the belief that exploring painful thoughts and feelings should be avoided, as it tends to intensify psychological problems 
D. the importance of becoming self-sufficient and not being dependent upon others for psychological well-being 
Answer: C 
170. Which of the following assumptions of Western psychotherapy might prove problematic to a person with a collectivistic cultural background? 
A. the belief that people should be independent and self-sufficient 
B. the belief that personal problems are sometimes related to a person's upbringing or family relationships 
C. the belief that discussing painful feelings may help resolve them 
D. the belief that personal problems may reflect a disturbance or conflict within the entire family system 
Answer: A 
171. Mrs. Diaz, whose family immigrated from Colombia when she was a child, has recently begun psychotherapy. Her therapist knows that including members of the extended family in family therapy may be particularly appropriate for Latino clients like Mrs. Diaz because:
A. an important cultural value in Latin American culture is the interdependence of the extended family network. 
B. for psychotherapy to be effective, all family members must actively participate. 
C. it will prevent the individual client from becoming too self-absorbed. 
D. it will help the therapist better understand the client's problems. 
Answer: A 
172. A type of therapy that has been found to be effective in resolving psychological problems within Native American communities and that involves others members of the tribe or community is called:
A. Naikan therapy. 
B. group therapy. 
C. family therapy. 
D. network therapy. 
Answer: D 
173. Hisaya, a Japanese immigrant to the United States, spent the last several days meditating upon his obligations to family members and other significant people, the favors that he has received from them, and the problems that he has caused them. Hisaya is probably engaged in which type of psychotherapy?
A. network therapy 
B. Naikan therapy 
C. rational-emotive therapy (RET) 
D. psychoanalysis 
Answer: B 
174. Naikan therapy is a type of:
A. therapy that involves as many members of the client's community as possible. 
B. therapy that involves including members of the client's immediate and extended family. 
C. Japanese psychotherapy that involves self-criticism for failing other people and meditation upon one's obligations to others. 
D. Japanese psychotherapy that involves group therapy with the client's coworkers. 
Answer: C 
175. The primary goal of Naikan therapy is to:
A. replace dependence upon the family with self-sufficiency. 
B. replace the focus on the self with an emphasis upon gratitude and obligation toward significant others. 
C. replace irrational beliefs with rational beliefs. 
D. improve relationship skills, including communication and problem solving. 
Answer: B 
176. Mrs. Chang, a middle-aged Chinese-American woman, tells her American physician that she thinks she has heart disease. Her symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, and trembling. After a complete physical, Mrs. Chang's doctor tells her that her heart is fine but that he thinks she may be suffering from anxiety and depression, and he refers her to a psychologist. One barrier that Mrs. Chang may face in Western-style psychotherapy is that Mrs. Chang may:
A. prefer to deal with a female rather than a male therapist. 
B. believe that negative thoughts should be denied rather than explored and may be resistant to discussing intimate feelings with a stranger. 
C. believe that she should become more independent, and thus may resist becoming dependent upon her therapist. 
D. be unwilling to focus on her own needs rather than the needs of her husband. 
Answer: B 
177. Historically, medical treatments for psychological disorders: 
A. were not developed until the late 1950s. 
B. were developed by European and North American physicians in the late 1800s, but were not in use in other societies. 
C. predate modern medicine by many centuries and were based on the medical knowledge of the time. 
D. were designed to punish the person with a psychological disorder, and thus were cruel and inhumane. 
Answer: C 
178. The most common form of biomedical therapy used to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders is: 
A. trephining. 
B. psychoactive medications. 
C. electroconvulsive therapy. 
D. catharsis. 
Answer: B 
179. The effectiveness of reserpine in reducing hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms commonly seen in schizophrenia was: 
A. first recognized by traditional practitioners of medicine in India more than 2,000 years ago. 
B. first discovered by French scientists in the 1950s. 
C. accidentally discovered in the process of searching for a cure for cancer. 
D. first described by Sigmund Freud in his landmark book, Studies in Hysteria. 
Answer: A 
180. The drug called chlorpromazine is better known by its trade name, which is: 
A. Prozac. 
B. Valium. 
C. Thorazine. 
D. Librium. 
Answer: C 
181. Drugs that diminish psychotic symptoms are called: 
A. antidepressants or antidelusionary medications. 
B. antipsychotic medications or neuroleptic medications. 
C. benzodiazepines or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. 
D. inhibitor medications or tranquilizers. 
Answer: B 
182. Neuroleptic medications means the same thing as:
A. antidepressant medications. 
B. antianxiety medications. 
C. antipsychotic medications. 
D. anticonvulsive medications. 
Answer: C 
183. Reserpine and chlorpromazine have both been used to treat symptoms associated with: 
A. schizophrenia. 
B. major depression. 
C. extreme anxiety. 
D. eating disorders. 
Answer: A 
184. Reserpine and chlorpromazine diminish psychotic symptoms by _____ brain levels of the neurotransmitter called _____. 
A. increasing; GABA 
B. decreasing; GABA 
C. increasing; dopamine 
D. decreasing; dopamine 
Answer: D 
185. The first antipsychotic medications: 
A. effectively reduced apathy, social withdrawal, and other so-called negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 
B. resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of people hospitalized for schizophrenia. 
C. effectively reduced hallucinations, delusions, and other positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 
D. proved to be physically addictive and were withdrawn from use by the early 1960s. 
Answer: C 
186. As the first antipsychotic medications came into widespread use in the 1950s and 1960s, it resulted in: 
A. a dramatic decrease in the number of people who were hospitalized for mental disorders. 
B. new laws requiring the shutdown of almost all state mental hospitals. 
C. a steady increase in the number of people who were hospitalized for mental disorders. 
D. a dramatic increase in the number of people showing up in emergency rooms suffering from drug overdoses. 
Answer: A 
187. One drawback of the first antipsychotic medications was that they could produce a variety of unwanted side effects, including: 
A. disruptions in normal movements, weight gain, sleepiness, and a reduced ability to concentrate. 
B. loss of appetite, intense anxiety, and hypersexuality. 
C. extreme itching, ringing in the ears, and breathing difficulties. 
D. skin rashes, hives, chills, and internal bleeding. 
Answer: A 
188. One potential problem with the first antipsychotic medications was that they: 
A. were physically addictive. 
B. could produce muscle tremors, rigid movements, and other disruptions in normal motor movements. 
C. did not reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 
D. had to be taken for several months before symptoms began to improve. 
Answer: B 
189. The term tardive dyskinesia: 
A. is the generic name for Thorazine. 
B. refers to the dramatic loss of weight that often occurs as a side effect while taking an antipsychotic medication. 
C. refers to a movement disorder characterized by severe, uncontrollable facial tics and grimaces, chewing movements, and other involuntary movements. 
D. is used to describe the life-threatening drop in the number of white blood cells that can occur as a result of the long-term use of antipsychotic medications. 
Answer: C 
190. Jennie's husband had been hospitalized for several weeks for schizophrenia. Finally, Jennie confronted the psychiatrist who was treating her husband. "This is completely unacceptable," she said. "My husband shuffles around this ward like he is a zombie. He jerks and twitches for no apparent reason, the expression on his face hardly ever changes, and he's becoming more withdrawn and apathetic." Which of the following medications was most likely being used to treat Jennie's husband? 
A. chlorpromazine (Thorazine) 
B. clozapine (Clozaril) 
C. risperidone (Risperdal) 
D. buspirone (Buspar) 
Answer: A 
191. Because of the various side effects associated with the first antipsychotic medications: 
A. the number of people hospitalized for schizophrenia and other serious mental disorders increased dramatically. 
B. patients were required to undergo daily blood tests to monitor liver function and prevent liver failure. 
C. patients who had been discharged from mental hospitals often quit taking the medication and had to be rehospitalized. 
D. the first antipsychotic medications were discontinued in the early 1960s. 
Answer: C 
192. The revolving door pattern refers to: 
A. the dizziness and sleep-related hallucinations produced as a side effect by atypical antipsychotic medications. 
B. a rare side effect of the first antipsychotic medications in which the patient whirls in first one direction and then another. 
C. the use of antidepressants combined with lithium to maintain stability in patients suffering from bipolar disorder. 
D. the hospitalization, release, and rehospitalization of schizophrenic patients. 
Answer: D 
193. The atypical antipsychotics: 
A. include clozapine, risperidone, sertindole, and quetiapine. 
B. were discontinued soon after Thorazine and Stelazine were approved for use. 
C. reduce the symptoms of a variety of mental disorders, including schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 
D. proved ineffective in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 
Answer: A 
194. After Rick was hospitalized for almost two months for a severe episode of schizophrenia, it was apparent that he was not responding to Thorazine, Stelazine, or any of the other typical antipsychotic medications. The psychiatrist suggested to Rick's family that Rick's symptoms might improve if: 
A. a series of ECT treatments were implemented. 
B. one of the new atypical antipsychotics were tried, such as clozapine or risperidone. 
C. trephining were used. 
D. lithium or Depakote was used instead of a typical antipsychotic medication. 
Answer: B 
195. In comparison to the first antipsychotic medications that were developed, which of the following is an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics? 
A. They reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 
B. They are much less likely to cause movement-related side effects. 
C. They reduce brain levels of dopamine. 
D. They are much better at increasing brain levels of dopamine. 
Answer: B 
196. In comparison to the first antipsychotic medications that were developed, the atypical antipsychotics: 
A. only affect brain levels of serotonin. 
B. more effectively increase brain levels of GABA and serotonin. 
C. affect brain levels of both dopamine and serotonin. 
D. only affect brain levels of dopamine. 
Answer: C 
197. Why are the atypical antipsychotic medications less likely to produce movement-related side effects than the typical antipsychotic medications? 
A. Because they increase GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels while decreasing dopamine levels. 
B. Because they affect dopamine levels in sensory neurons but not in motor neurons. 
C. Because they do not affect dopamine levels in the area of the brain that controls movement. 
D. Because they correct an imbalance in brain levels of GABA and glutamate. 
Answer: C 
198. In general, the atypical antipsychotic medications: 
A. are much more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, including social withdrawal and flat emotions. 
B. have proved ineffective in the treatment of schizophrenia. 
C. are seldom used because they produce more side effects than the typical antipsychotic medications. 
D. are much more likely to produce movement-related side effects. 
Answer: A 
199. The best known antianxiety medications are the _____, which includes the trade name drug _____. 
A. MAO inhibitors; Elavil 
B. SSRIs; Tofranil 
C. clozapines; Clozaril 
D. benzodiazepines; Valium 
Answer: D 
200. Valium and other similar antianxiety medications: 
A. act quickly and reduce the physical and emotional feelings of anxiety in about an hour. 
B. usually produce their anxiety-reducing effects within two to three weeks. 
C. can be taken for months or years without any serious side effects. 
D. increase brain levels of dopamine. 
Answer: A 
201. The benzodiazepines, a category of antianxiety medications, produce their calming effects by increasing brain levels of: 
A. lithium. 
B. serotonin. 
C. dopamine. 
D. GABA. 
Answer: D 
202. Because of several unfortunate events in his life, Robert's level of anxiety had become so intense and consuming that he could no longer concentrate at work. After Robert discussed the problem with his family doctor, the doctor decided to prescribe _____ for _____. 
A. Clozapine; six months 
B. Thorazine; six months 
C. Valium; ten days 
D. Prozac; one week 
Answer: C 
203. Mary has been taking Valium for four weeks for her symptoms of anxiety. When her family doctor refused to renew the prescription, Mary went to another physician and got an even stronger dosage prescription for Valium. Mary is running the risk of: 
A. developing tardive dyskinesia. 
B. becoming addicted to Valium. 
C. blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. 
D. decreasing blood levels of lithium to dangerously low levels. 
Answer: B 
204. The antianxiety medication with the trade name _____ is NOT a benzodiazepine.
A. Buspar 
B. Xanax 
C. Valium 
D. Librium 
Answer: A 
205. Valium, Librium, and other benzodiazepine antianxiety medications are: 
A. most appropriate for the long-term treatment of chronic anxiety. 
B. less widely prescribed today than they were twenty years ago. 
C. the most widely prescribed psychoactive medications in use today. 
D. used most often for the treatment of bipolar disorder. 
Answer: B 
206. Matt has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. His physician thinks that long-term treatment of Matt's global and persistent feelings of anxiety is necessary. Which of the following antianxiety medications would be considered most appropriate for the long-term treatment of chronic anxiety? 
A. Librium 
B. Xanax 
C. Valium 
D. Buspar 
Answer: D 
207. In contrast to Valium, Librium, and other benzodiazepines, the antianxiety medication with the trade name of Buspar: 
A. increases brain levels of the neurotransmitter called glutamate. 
B. increases brain levels of the neurotransmitter called GABA. 
C. takes two to three weeks to produce its antianxiety effects. 
D. should only be taken for a week or two because of its addictive potential. 
Answer: C 
208. Tomas and Alita celebrate their wedding anniversary every year by taking a trip to the Banff resort area in Alberta, Canada.  After spending time relaxing and soaking in the famous Banff hot springs, both feel invigorated and energetic.  According to your textbook, the mood-enhancing effects of soaking in the Banff hot springs occur because: 
A. the water contains naturally high concentrations of lithium. 
B. the mountain air contains an abundance of positive ions. 
C. the water contains naturally high concentrations of the same chemical that is found in the antianxiety drug, Buspar. 
D. hydrotherapy stimulates the production of the neurotransmitter GABA. 
Answer: A 
209. Bipolar disorder, which is also often referred to as manic depression, is most commonly treated with a medication called: 
A. diazepam. 
B. lithium. 
C. chlorpromazine. 
D. Librium. 
Answer: B 
210. Which of the following statements best summarizes what researchers know about how lithium produces its beneficial effects in the treatment of bipolar disorder? 
A. Lithium works by reducing blood levels of potassium and increasing blood levels of sodium. 
B. Lithium increases the brain's ability to absorb oxygen. 
C. Lithium increases brain levels of dopamine and reduces brain levels of serotonin. 
D. Lithium helps maintain normal levels of an excitatory neurotransmitter called glutamate in the brain. 
Answer: D 
211. As part of the process of treating Phil's episode of manic behavior with lithium, the psychiatrist regularly monitored Phil's blood to ensure that: 
A. Phil's white blood cell count did not become dangerously low. 
B. the highest possible blood levels of lithium were achieved. 
C. Phil's blood levels of lithium did not become too high and produce symptoms of lithium poisoning. 
D. Phil had not been eating cheese, smoked meats, or other foods that interact with lithium to produce dangerous increases in blood pressure. 
Answer: C 
212. When lithium failed to reduce Carrie's symptoms of rapidly cycling from mania to depression, her doctor tried an anticonvulsant medication called: 
A. Zoloft. 
B. Depakote. 
C. Buspar. 
D. Clozaril. 
Answer: B 
213. Depakote is an anticonvulsant medication that has recently proven effective in treating the: 
A. positive symptoms of schizophrenia. 
B. symptoms of bipolar disorder. 
C. symptoms of chronic anxiety. 
D. negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 
Answer: B 
214. Symptoms of pervasive sadness, hopelessness, depression, sleep disturbances, guilt, and suicidal thoughts are treated with a class of psychoactive medications called: 
A. anti-inflammatory drugs. 
B. antipsychotic drugs. 
C. antidepressants. 
D. the benzodiazepines. 
Answer: C 
215. In general, antidepressants eliminate symptoms of depression in about _____ percent of the people for whom they are prescribed. 
A. 10 
B. 20 
C. 50 
D. 75 
Answer: D 
216. The so-called first generation of antidepressants: 
A. include the tricyclics and MAO inhibitors and affect multiple neurotransmitter pathways in the brain. 
B. include Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil and affect only serotonin in the brain. 
C. have very few side effects, because they affect only norepinephrine in the brain. 
D. were prescribed only as an adjunct to electroconvulsive therapy. 
Answer: A 
217. Antidepressant medications most commonly affect levels of which neurotransmitter(s) in the brain? 
A. dopamine and lithium 
B. GABA 
C. serotonin and norepinephrine 
D. dopamine and acetylcholine 
Answer: C 
218. Randy was given a prescription for an antidepressant. His psychiatrist also gave him a long list of foods to avoid and warned Randy that consuming any of the foods while he was on the antidepressant medication could cause dangerously high blood pressure and even death. The list included cheese, smoked sausage, and red wine. Which type of antidepressant did the psychiatrist prescribe for Randy? 
A. a second generation antidepressant 
B. an MAO inhibitor 
C. a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) 
D. a tricyclic antidepressant 
Answer: B 
219. JoAnn has just begun taking a tricyclic antidepressant. When can she expect to experience a reduction of her symptoms of depression? 
A. within hours, as neurotransmitter levels rise shortly after taking a tricyclic antidepressant 
B. within days, as it takes a few days for neurotransmitter levels to increase 
C. within about six weeks, even though neurotransmitter levels increase within hours of taking a tricyclic antidepressant 
D. within hours, as neurotransmitter levels decrease shortly after taking a tricyclic antidepressant 
Answer: C 
220. In comparison to the "first generation" of antidepressants, the "second generation" of antidepressants: 
A. were much more effective than the first generation drugs and had virtually no side effects. 
B. were much less effective than the first generation drugs but had virtually no side effects. 
C. were generally no more effective than the first generation drugs and had many of the same side effects. 
D. helped reduce the physical symptoms of depression but had no effect on the cognitive and emotional symptoms of depression. 
Answer: C 
221. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) differ from first- and second-generation antidepressants in that they: 
A. affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, serotonin. 
B. affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, norepinephrine. 
C. affect levels of multiple neurotransmitters in the brain. 
D. can cause violent behavior when taken by people who are depressed. 
Answer: A 
222. Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of: 
A. atypical antipsychotics. 
B. psychoactive medications whose effects on depressive symptoms were discovered accidentally, only after the drugs were first used to treat arthritis. 
C. a new type of antianxiety medication. 
D. a category of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, abbreviated SSRIs. 
Answer: D 
223. The heavily prescribed psychoactive drug, Prozac, is an example of a class of: 
A. psychoactive medications called first-generation antidepressants. 
B. psychoactive medications called atypical antipsychotics. 
C. antianxiety drugs called atypical tranquilizers. 
D. antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 
Answer: D 
224. According to your textbook, in what way were the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications an improvement over previous medications for depression? 
A. The SSRIs were shown to be more effective in treating depression than any other antidepressant. 
B. The SSRIs relieved the symptoms of depression much more quickly than previous antidepressants. 
C. The SSRIs had a wide range of beneficial side effects and could be taken without medical supervision. 
D. The SSRIs had fewer serious side effects than previous antidepressants and were just as effective in treating depression. 
Answer: D 
225. According to your textbook, what explains the high number of prescriptions that have been written for the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac? 
A. There is scientific evidence that the SSRIs, especially Prozac, make normal people smarter and more energetic. 
B. Prozac and the other SSRIs have been shown to be effective in treating depressive symptoms in about 95 percent of the patients who take it, a much higher improvement rate than any other psychoactive medication. 
C. Prozac and the other SSRIs have fewer and milder side effects than earlier antidepressants, although their effectiveness is about the same. 
D. It became known that several famous athletes had used SSRIs, especially Prozac, to legally boost their performance during important competitions. 
Answer: C 
226. Which of the following is NOT a class of antidepressant medication? 
A. Benzodiazepines 
B. dual-reuptake inhibitors 
C. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 
D. MAO inhibitors 
Answer: A 
227. The Focus on Neuroscience featured a study in which PET scans were taken at the beginning of the study and 12 weeks later.  The PET scans compared brain activity in two groups of participants, which were: 
A. participants with paranoid schizophrenia and participants with depression. 
B. participants with bipolar disease and participants with major depression. 
C. participants who received psychotherapy treatment for depression and participants who received antidepressant medication treatment for depression. 
D. participants who received treatment with an SSRI antidepressant medication and participants who received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for their depression. 
Answer: C 
228. The Focus on Neuroscience featured a research study involving PET scans of people who suffered from major depression. As compared to normal control participants who were not depressed, the depressed individuals: 
A. had lower levels of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. 
B. had higher levels of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. 
C. had the same level of activity in the prefrontal cortex, but lower levels of activity in the thalamus. 
D. had lower levels of activity in several brain areas, especially limbic system regions. 
Answer: B 
229. In the Focus on Neuroscience section, PET scans compared brain activity in two groups of depressed individuals. One group had 12 weeks of treatment with interpersonal therapy, and the other group had 12 weeks of treatment with the antidepressant medication Paxil. What was one finding in this study? 
A. Participants who took Paxil improved, but participants treated with interpersonal therapy did not. 
B. Participants who were treated with interpersonal therapy improved, but participants treated with Paxil did not. 
C. Neither group experienced any improvement in their symptoms of depression. 
D. Both groups experienced an improvement in their symptoms of depression. 
Answer: D 
230. In the Focus on Neuroscience section, PET scans compared brain activity in two groups of depressed individuals. One group had 12 weeks of treatment with interpersonal therapy, and the other group had 12 weeks of treatment with the antidepressant medication Paxil. PET scans taken after 12 weeks of treatment showed that: 
A. brain activity changed to more normal levels in both groups. 
B. brain activity did not change in the group treated with Paxil, but did change in the group treated with interpersonal therapy. 
C. brain activity did not change in the group treated with interpersonal therapy, but did change in the group treated with Paxil. 
D. brain activity did not change in either group. 
Answer: A 
231. The Focus on Neuroscience section described a study that compared psychotherapy and antidepressant medication as treatments for depression. What broad conclusion can be drawn from the results of this study? 
A. Antidepressant medication is a more effective treatment for depression than psychotherapy. 
B. Psychotherapy is a more effective treatment for depression than antidepressant medication. 
C. Both antidepressant medication and psychotherapy affect brain activity and improve clinical symptoms of depression. 
D. Antidepressant medication relieves the symptoms of depression and normalizes brain activity in a shorter period of time than psychotherapy. 
Answer: C 
232. In the United States, approximately _____ people per year receive electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for major depression. 
A. 100,000 
B. 10 million 
C. 1 million 
D. 10,000 
Answer: A 
233. ECT is primarily used as a treatment for: 
A. major depression. 
B. chronic anxiety. 
C. schizophrenia. 
D. bipolar disorder. 
Answer: A 
234. Electroconvulsive therapy, abbreviated ECT, involves: 
A. a brief burst of electricity to the brain that induces a seizure. 
B. surgically removing part of the brain's frontal lobe. 
C. injecting the patient with insulin or another chemical that induces a seizure. 
D. the use of electrified particles of chlorpromazine to produce memory loss for recent events. 
Answer: A 
235. The idea of inducing a seizure as a treatment for mental illness: 
A. was first suggested in the late 1800s by inventor Thomas Edison, who had a brother and sister who suffered from depression. 
B. can be traced back to the 1700s, when chemically induced seizures were first used to treat mental illness. 
C. was first suggested in the 1950s, when it was noticed that epileptics often could not remember the events that preceded a seizure. 
D. had its origins over 2,000 years ago in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. 
Answer: B 
236. As a method for treating mental illness, ECT was first developed: 
A. by the famous Russian psychiatrist, Ivan Pavlov. 
B. in the 1930s by two Italian doctors. 
C. as a method of interrogating prisoners of war in World War I. 
D. by traditional practitioners of Chinese medicine in the late 1800s. 
Answer: B 
237. A common side effect of ECT is: 
A. increased levels of GABA in the bloodstream. 
B. increased anxiety, suicidal thoughts, hallucinations, and coma. 
C. tardive dyskinesia. 
D. temporary or permanent memory loss for the events leading up to the ECT session. 
Answer: D 
238. Which of the following is NOT a patient for whom a psychiatrist might recommend electroconvulsive therapy? 
A. Lucinda is elderly and cannot tolerate the side-effects of antidepressant medications. 
B. Carlos is severely depressed and acutely suicidal, and has a history of suicide attempts. 
C. Amy has tried several different antidepressant medications over the past two years but her severe depression has not responded to any of the medications. 
D. Murphy is unruly, difficult to manage, and sometimes behaves violently in the hospital ward where he is hospitalized for paranoid schizophrenia. 
Answer: D 
239. Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy is FALSE? 
A. One of the biggest drawbacks to electroconvulsive therapy is that many patients experience a relapse of depressive symptoms within a few months. 
B. Electroconvulsive therapy reduces the symptoms of depression in about 80 percent of the people who undergo the procedure. 
C. Electroconvulsive therapy reduces symptoms of depression by rapidly increasing brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. 
D. In the modern use of electroconvulsive therapy, the patient is usually given a short-acting anesthetic and muscle relaxants. 
Answer: C 
240. Electroconvulsive therapy is to lithium treatment as _____ is to _____. 
A. schizophrenia; post traumatic stress disorder 
B. panic disorder; borderline personality disorder 
C. dopamine; serotonin 
D. major depression; bipolar disorder 
Answer: D 
241. After a near-fatal suicide attempt, Emily was hospitalized for severe depression. Because the risk of suicide continued to be high, Emily's psychiatrist suggested a series of ECT treatments because: 
A. Emily's suicidal behavior needed to be punished. 
B. ECT can potentially relieve the symptoms of severe depression much more quickly than an antidepressant, sometimes within days. 
C. the therapeutic benefits of ECT usually last much longer than treatment with antidepressant medications. 
D. it would quickly reduce brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. 
Answer: B 
242. One of the reasons that electroconvulsive therapy continues to be so controversial today is that: 
A. several studies have shown that ECT produces permanent brain damage in about 1 out of 50 patients. 
B. the procedure was inappropriately used in the past as a routine treatment for schizophrenia. 
C. the induced convulsions often result in broken bones. 
D. complications from the procedure tend to be very high. 
Answer: B 
243. In a survey of patients who had received electroconvulsive therapy: 
A. most had no memories of the experience. 
B. the majority deeply regretted agreeing to the procedure. 
C. two-thirds said that they found the procedure less upsetting than going to the dentist. 
D. about 75 percent of the patients felt that ECT had made their symptoms worse. 
Answer: C 
244. According to the textbook, the relationship between a therapist and client should be: 
A. a collaborative one. 
B. much like a close friendship, only more intense. 
C. one in which the therapist makes decisions for the client. 
D. more important to the client than any other relationship, if the therapy is to be effective. 
Answer: A 
245. Regarding sexual interactions between client and therapist, which of the following statements is TRUE? 
A. As long as a client is of legal age, sexual relationships between a client and therapist are both legal and ethical. 
B. Sexual contact between a therapist and client is never ethical. 
C. Although sexual contact is not supposed to take place between therapist and client, if it does occur, it rarely has any detrimental effects on the client. 
D. Sexual interaction is a key component of many forms of psychotherapy. 
Answer: B 
246. Theresa is a psychotherapist who is working with a client named Ross. Currently, Ross is agonizing over whether he should stay married or file for divorce, and Ross can't seem to make up his mind. According to the guidelines in the textbook, Ross should expect Theresa to: 
A. tell him what to do. 
B. recommend a good divorce lawyer. 
C. help him explore and better understand his own feelings about his marriage, so that he can make a responsible decision. 
D. call Ross's wife and tell her how Ross feels. 
Answer: C 
247. Which of the following statements accurately describes the general role of insight in psychotherapy? 
A. Once the client achieves insight into the unconscious origin of his or her problem, the problem immediately disappears. 
B. Insight into a problem's origins has no impact on the resolution of the problem. 
C. Therapy is complete once insight is attained. 
D. Insight can be helpful if the client uses his or her insight to help change maladaptive patterns of behavior and thinking. 
Answer: D 
248. The term catharsis refers to: 
A. the emotional relief that people experience from talking about their feelings and problems. 
B. the therapist's use of insight as a way of resolving a client's emotional problems. 
C. the final step in the twelve-step approach used by Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help groups. 
D. a type of consequence frequently used in aversive conditioning. 
Answer: A 
249. The Prologue to Chapter 15 described a woman named Marcia who is in psychotherapy. According to Marcia, one benefit of her therapy sessions is that she invariably feels great emotional relief just from talking with her therapist. The reduction of emotional and physical tension that can occur simply as the result of talking about psychological problems is called: 
A. spontaneous remission. 
B. catharsis. 
C. eclecticism. 
D. trephining. 
Answer: B 
250. Mackenzie has just started psychotherapy. If Mackenzie is typical of most psychotherapy clients, she should expect to notice significant progress: 
A. immediately. 
B. after a few months of weekly sessions. 
C. after a year of weekly sessions. 
D. after two to three years of weekly sessions. 
Answer: B