1. The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is: 
A. cognition. 
B. perception. 
C. learning. 
D. sensation.
Answer: A 
2. Dr. Roberto investigates the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. Dr. Roberto's area of research is: 
A. sensation. 
B. perception. 
C. cognition. 
D. learning.
Answer: C 
3. Mental images: 
A. can involve any of the senses, including sounds, smells, and textures. 
B. are typically only visual, although some exceptional people can form auditory mental images. 
C. are controversial; many psychologists believe that there is no such thing. 
D. cannot be studied scientifically.
Answer: A 
4. How we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve problems, and use language are all key dimensions of: 
A. perception. 
B. sensation. 
C. intelligence. 
D. memory.
Answer: C 
5. Dr. Gerhardt is a cognitive psychologist. His research interests are likely to include the mental activities involved in: 
A. acquiring knowledge. 
B. retaining knowledge. 
C. using knowledge. 
D. all of the above.
Answer: D 
6. Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations: 
A. concepts and mental images. 
B. perception and intelligence. 
C. learning and cognition. 
D. prototypes and concepts.
Answer: A 
7. The psychological process that involves manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions is called: 
A. perception. 
B. sensation. 
C. thinking. 
D. learning.
Answer: C 
8. _____ involves active mental processes and is often directed toward some goal, purpose, or conclusion. 
A. Perception 
B. Thinking 
C. Sensation 
D. Learning
Answer: B 
9. As part of his homework assignment, Kenny memorized the names of all the planets in the solar system, learned the distance between the Earth and the Sun, decided what items he still needed to research in the library, and spent some time daydreaming about space travel. In the most general sense, Kenny was engaged in: 
A. thinking. 
B. functional fixedness. 
C. constructing an algorithm. 
D. developing a heuristic.
Answer: A 
10. While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog got involved with. Mary is using: 
A. mental imagery. 
B. a prototype. 
C. a natural concept. 
D. a heuristic.
Answer: A 
11. A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a(n): 
A. algorithm. 
B. mental image. 
C. prototype. 
D. heuristic.
Answer: B 
12. Joseph is trying to select a new couch for his living room. As he looks at each couch at the furniture store, he tries to visualize how it would look in his living room at home. Joseph is using _____ to help him determine which couch to buy. 
A. a prototype 
B. a natural concept 
C. a formal concept 
D. mental imagery
Answer: D 
13. Research on the cognitive ability to manipulate mental images by scanning them indicates that the _____ the distance between two points on the mental image, the _____ time it will take to scan. 
A. greater; less 
B. greater; more 
C. shorter; more 
D. There is no relationship between distance and time taken to mentally scan an image.
Answer: B 
14. It seems that we tend to scan a mental image in much the same way that we visually scan an actual image. However, we don't simply look at mental images in our minds. Sometimes our thinking involves the _____ of the mental images. 
A. conceptual development 
B. manipulation 
C. development of a heuristic 
D. insight
Answer: B 
15. The Focus on Neuroscience section reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery.  What was the central question being investigated in the fMRI study? 
A. Whether all emotions activate the same areas of the brain or different areas of the brain. 
B. Whether forming a mental image activates a different part of the brain than solving an arithmetic problem. 
C. Whether mental images activate the same brain areas that are involved in perception of an actual scene. 
D. Whether auditory mental images of sounds activate the same brain area as visual mental images.
Answer: C 
16. The Focus on Neuroscience section reported on a fMRI study of mental imagery. In the study, the researchers compared brain scans of volunteers: 
A. listening to music versus looking at paintings. 
B. looking at an actual scene versus imagining the same scene. 
C. imagining a sound versus imagining a smell. 
D. scanning an actual map versus scanning a mental image of a map.
Answer: B 
17. The Focus on Neuroscience section reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery.  One of the findings of the study was that: 
A. imagining music involved activation of the right hemisphere, while imaging a visual scene involved activation of the left hemisphere 
B. perception involved the right hemisphere, while imagination involved the left hemisphere 
C. forming an auditory mental image and forming a visual mental image both activated the same brain area. 
D. imagining a scene activated the same brain areas that were activated during perception of the scene.
Answer: D 
18. The Focus on Neuroscience section reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In comparing perception and imagery, the researchers found that: 
A. perception involved a higher level of brain activation than imagination. 
B. imagination involved a higher level of brain activation than perception. 
C. imagining music involved a higher level of brain activation than imagining a visual scene. 
D. imagining a sound involved the most brain activation, and imagining a smell involved the least brain activation.
Answer: A 
19. The Focus on Neuroscience section reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery.  From simply looking at the brain scan images, the researchers were able to determine whether the research participants were: 
A. imagining a sound or a visual scene. 
B. experiencing happiness, sadness, fear, or anger. 
C. imagining a face or a place. 
D. solving an arithmetic problem or scanning a visual image of a map.
Answer: C 
20. A problem in your textbook asked you to look at five versions of the number 3 which were displayed at different orientations and identify which were backwards.  The point of the demonstration was that: 
A. some people are better than others at mental rotation skills, which is why such problems are often used in intelligence or IQ tests. 
B. rotating a mental image is similar to rotating an actual physical object, and just as it takes time to rotate a physical object, it takes time to rotate a mental image. 
C. such tasks are typically inconclusive, demonstrating the inability of psychologists to scientifically study so-called mental images. 
D. physically manipulating an actual object takes time, but manipulating a mental image happens almost instantaneously, since such problems are typically solved through insight.
Answer: B 
21. The mental categories we have formed to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics are called: 
A. concepts. 
B. mental images. 
C. algorithms. 
D. heuristics.
Answer: A 
22. Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____. 
A. mental image; physical object 
B. defining rules and features; everyday experience 
C. prototype; heuristic 
D. physical object; mental image
Answer: B 
23. When we form a concept by learning the rules or features that define a particular concept, it is called a(n) _____ concept. 
A. informal 
B. formal 
C. unnatural 
D. natural
Answer: B 
24. A natural concept is: 
A. the most typical instance of a particular concept. 
B. a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience. 
C. a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. 
D. a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present.
Answer: B 
25. Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept? 
A. the most typical instance of a particular concept 
B. a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience 
C. a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it 
D. a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present
Answer: C 
26. The word school is used to describe the place where teachers and students can be found. It can also be used to describe a college, a kindergarten, and a place in which people learn to cut hair or play a musical instrument. School in this example is a: 
A. formal concept. 
B. natural concept. 
C. prototype. 
D. heuristic.
Answer: B 
27. Which of the following is NOT true about concepts? 
A. Concepts economize the cognitive effort required for thinking. 
B. Concepts make it easier to communicate with people. 
C. Concepts make learning information more difficult but remembering information easier. 
D. Thinking can be more efficient since concepts can be organized into orderly hierarchies.
Answer: C 
28. Two of your friends are having a heated argument about whether a particular basketball player is one of the "super-greats" or just one of the "greats" of basketball.  Because you have read this chapter, you point out to them that their argument may never be resolved, because: 
A. "super-great basketball players" is a natural concept with fuzzy boundaries. 
B. "super-great basketball players" is a heuristic without hard and fast rules. 
C. "super-great basketball players" is a formal concept, but your friends are unaware of the rules that define it. 
D. "super-great basketball players" is an algorithm, and requires a clear prototype for accurate classification.
Answer: A 
29. A concept that is formed as a result of everyday experience, rather than by learning strict rules or features, is called a(n) _____ concept. 
A. informal 
B. formal 
C. unnatural 
D. natural
Answer: D 
30. In his chemistry class Milton learned the rules and features used for classifying certain chemical compounds. Milton has learned a(n) _____ concept. 
A. formal 
B. natural 
C. informal 
D. unnatural
Answer: A 
31. Psychologist Eleanor Rosch noted that the rules or attributes that define categories of natural objects and events in everyday life are seldom as clear and distinct as those that define formal concepts. She suggested that natural concepts have: 
A. few defining features. 
B. fuzzy boundaries. 
C. no defining features. 
D. arbitrary boundaries.
Answer: B 
32. With virtually no hesitation you can say that pigs, sheep, and cows are all examples of the concept of mammal, but you may hesitate a few seconds before deciding whether whales and porpoises are also mammals. This suggests that _____ concepts have fuzzy boundaries and that pigs, sheep, and cows are _____ of the concept mammal. 
A. formal; prototypes 
B. natural; prototypes 
C. formal; algorithms 
D. natural; algorithms
Answer: B 
33. In general, we can quickly identify an item as being an example of a natural concept if the item: 
A. closely matches the prototype of the concept. 
B. is very different from the prototype of the concept. 
C. has different defining features from the prototype of the concept. 
D. is not synthetic or manufactured but occurs in nature.
Answer: A 
34. Mary had trouble recognizing that snails can be a food because snails did not fit with her _____ of food. 
A. prototype 
B. heuristic 
C. algorithm 
D. generative idea
Answer: A 
35. When Hillary was asked what comes to mind in response to the word "animal," she immediately said "horse." For Hillary, "horse" is a(n) _____ of the category "animal." 
A. prototype 
B. formal concept 
C. heuristic 
D. additive feature
Answer: A 
36. Rachel took longer to agree with the statement "an ostrich is a bird" than the statement "a crow is a bird," because for Rachel an ostrich is dissimilar to her _____ of the category "bird." 
A. formal concept 
B. heuristic 
C. prototype 
D. natural concept
Answer: C 
37. Which of the following BEST defines a prototype? 
A. the most typical instance of a particular concept 
B. a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience 
C. a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it 
D. a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present
Answer: A 
38. Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available is called: 
A. a prototype. 
B. a natural concept. 
C. a formal concept. 
D. problem solving.
Answer: D 
39. When Valerie decided to return to college, she had to figure out how she was going to support herself financially and still maintain a high grade-point average. Valerie is engaged in: 
A. problem solving. 
B. concept formation. 
C. prototypical thinking. 
D. idealistic thinking.
Answer: A 
40. Problem solving is defined as: 
A. thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available. 
B. the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. 
C. the mental activities that involve learning rules and features. 
D. the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.
Answer: A 
41. Trial and error is defined as: 
A. a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work. 
B. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. 
C. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions. 
D. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Answer: A 
42. Dr. Milovitch systematically mixed thousands of different combinations of chemical compounds in order to find one that would be a pollution-free refrigerator coolant. Dr. Milovitch's approach best illustrates: 
A. trial-and-error problem solving. 
B. functional fixedness. 
C. prototypical thinking. 
D. insight.
Answer: A 
43. When Nadine got her new computer, she carefully followed the steps described in the manual, and by the end of the evening her new computer was up and running. Nadine used: 
A. an algorithm. 
B. a heuristic. 
C. insight. 
D. trial and error.
Answer: A 
44. In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as: 
A. a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work. 
B. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. 
C. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions. 
D. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Answer: B 
45. When there is a limited range of possible solutions, the _____ procedure can be a useful problem-solving strategy. 
A. algorithm 
B. formal concept 
C. trial-and-error 
D. insight
Answer: C 
46. Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic? 
A. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved 
B. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution 
C. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions 
D. a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work
Answer: C 
47. When Gregory was asked how many days there were in the month of August he recited the rhyme, "30 days hath September, April, June, and November. . . " and quickly arrived at the correct solution. Gregory used: 
A. an algorithm. 
B. a heuristic. 
C. insight. 
D. trial and error.
Answer: B 
48. David and Alice plan to vacation in Florida. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday. David and Alice are using: 
A. insight. 
B. the working backward heuristic. 
C. trial-and-error planning. 
D. an algorithm.
Answer: B 
49. Derek learns that his apartment building has been sold and that he needs to move by the end of the month. He develops the following plan of action: 1) look for a new apartment; 2) arrange for utilities; 3) contact a moving company and schedule the move; 4) start collecting empty boxes; 5) pack nonessential items first; and so forth. What kind of problem-solving strategy is Derek using to solve the problem of moving before the end of the month? 
A. the heuristic of identifying subgoals 
B. trial-and-error planning 
C. an algorithm 
D. functional fixedness
Answer: A 
50. After dwelling on the problem for weeks and talking to many of her professors, Chen still could not decide on a suitable honors project. While practicing her meditation one morning, she suddenly realized what she wanted to do. Chen's sudden realization of the answer to her problem is an example of: 
A. trial and error. 
B. a heuristic. 
C. an algorithm. 
D. insight.
Answer: D 
51. Insight is defined as: 
A. a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work. 
B. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution. 
C. a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions. 
D. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Answer: D 
52. When Don was faced with the problem of fixing the faucet in his kitchen, he suddenly realized that he didn't have to hire a costly plumber but could fix it himself using a piece of rubber from an old inner tube. This example illustrates: 
A. insight. 
B. intuition. 
C. the availability heuristic. 
D. the representativeness heuristic.
Answer: A 
53. Which statement best characterizes the process of insight? 
A. Insight rarely occurs through the conscious manipulation of concepts or information. 
B. Insight involves a systematic search of thoughts and ideas that will lead to a solution. 
C. Insight often involves using the working backward approach for problem solving. 
D. People can be trained to use insight as an algorithm approach for problem solving.
Answer: A 
54. The process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is called: 
A. functional fixedness. 
B. a mental set. 
C. intuition. 
D. prototypical thinking.
Answer: C 
55. Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition? 
A. Intuition involves both unconscious and conscious processes. 
B. Intuition involves the deliberate use of algorithms and heuristics. 
C. Intuition cannot be operationally defined or measured. 
D. Intuition is the first step in solving any problem.
Answer: A 
56. In which stage of Kenneth Bowers' two-stage model of intuition does a person perceive a pattern in the information that is being contemplated, but not consciously? 
A. the climber stage 
B. the guiding stage 
C. the integrative stage 
D. the insight stage
Answer: B 
57. Dr. Foster has been a clinical psychologist for 15 years and has worked with hundreds of patients. One day, a patient came to Dr. Foster's office and began to describe his concerns and problems. Dr. Foster listened to what the patient said and observed the patient's posture, movements, and facial expressions. Based upon this information, Dr. Foster began to get a sense of what the pattern of symptoms probably meant and came up with a diagnosis. In which stage of Bowers' two-stage model of intuition was Dr. Foster operating? 
A. the integrative stage 
B. the passing stage 
C. the unconscious stage 
D. the guiding stage
Answer: D 
58. In the _____ stage of Bowers' two-stage theory of intuition, conscious, analytic thought processes take over and one attempts to prove or disprove his/her hypothesis. 
A. guiding 
B. integrative 
C. hunch 
D. hypothesis
Answer: B 
59. Dr. Reynolds met with a patient at an out-patient psychiatric clinic. After speaking with this patient for one hour, Dr. Reynolds thought to herself, "I think that this person has diabetes. I'll run some tests to confirm my hypothesis." Dr. Reynolds performed the tests, analyzed the results, and concluded that her hypothesis was correct: the patient did have diabetes. Based upon Bowers' two-stage model of intuition, which stage was Dr. Reynolds using to diagnose her patient? 
A. the integrative stage 
B. the hunch stage 
C. the guiding stage 
D. the clues stage
Answer: A 
60. An intuitive hunch is most likely to be accurate when: 
A. you have no prior knowledge or experience regarding the problem or issue. 
B. the hunch is based upon conscious, logical analysis of the problem. 
C. you already have a broad base of knowledge and experience in the given area. 
D. the hunch is strong and emotionally compelling.
Answer: C 
61. Functional fixedness is defined as: 
A. the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way. 
B. the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved. 
C. the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past. 
D. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Answer: A 
62. A mental set is defined as: 
A. the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way. 
B. the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved. 
C. the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past. 
D. the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.
Answer: C 
63. When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-filled jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice: 
A. was not constrained by functional fixedness. 
B. was constrained by a mental set. 
C. was constrained by functional fixedness. 
D. used an algorithm to solve her problems.
Answer: A 
64. When Jean-Claude came back from skiing he wanted to brew a cup of coffee. Because he was out of coffee filters, he settled for tea. Jean-Claude's failure to realize he could use a paper towel as a coffee filter best illustrates: 
A. a mental set. 
B. intuition. 
C. functional fixedness. 
D. the availability heuristic.
Answer: C 
65. When Adrian's computer would not respond to keyboard commands, he tried restarting it, as that strategy had worked in the past. After several tries, the keyboard still did not work so he gave up and called a computer repair service. A technician easily solved the problem: It turned out that the cord connecting the keyboard to the computer had been accidentally disconnected. Adrian's inability to solve the problem on his own had been hampered by his: 
A. functional fixedness. 
B. use of an incorrect algorithm. 
C. mental set. 
D. decision-making strategy.
Answer: C 
66. The _____ is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many alternatives, and although useful for minor decisions, can increase the riskiness of complex decisions. 
A. single-feature model 
B. additive model 
C. elimination by aspects model 
D. availability model
Answer: A 
67. When Jorge is faced with the decision of which of two equally attractive condominiums to buy, he makes a list of the factors that are most important and gives each factor a numerical rating. Jorge is using the _____ model of decision making. 
A. single-feature model 
B. additive model 
C. elimination by aspects model 
D. availability model
Answer: B 
68. Whenever Rachel is faced with choosing from a wide range of brand-name products, she always buys the cheapest brand. Rachel is using the _____ of decision making. 
A. single-feature model 
B. additive model 
C. elimination by aspects model 
D. availability model
Answer: A 
69. Kyle is trying to decide which brand of diapers he should buy for his newborn daughter. Each of the brands has its own unique features that make it seem better than the others. Some have extra padding so that it retains more fluid. Another has special elastic bands around the legs to prevent leakage. Still others have fancy Velcro fasteners. Finally, confused over all of the features, Kyle buys the brand that he recognizes from commercials. What decision-making strategy did Kyle use? 
A. the additive model 
B. the elimination by aspects model 
C. representativeness heuristic model 
D. the single-feature model
Answer: D 
70. Sonia has been offered a job by two different companies. Since she is uncertain about which job offer to accept, Sonia makes a list of the features of each company. She then rates these features using a 10-point scale, with 10 being the best. Finally, Sonia adds up the ratings for each company. She accepts the job offer from the company that had the highest score. Sonia used the _____ model to help her make her decision about which job to accept. 
A. single-feature 
B. elimination by aspects 
C. additive 
D. availability heuristic
Answer: C 
71. A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important features of each alternative and rating each one using an arbitrary scale is called the: 
A. single-feature model. 
B. additive model. 
C. elimination by aspects model. 
D. availability model.
Answer: B 
72. Marilyn wanted to buy a new sport utility vehicle. First, she identified those SUVs that were in her price range. Next, she only considered SUVs that were four-wheel drive, and then identified the model with the best safety record. Finally there was only one SUV that met all of her criteria. Marilyn was using the _____ model of decision making. 
A. elimination by aspects 
B. multiple features 
C. single-feature 
D. availability
Answer: A 
73. A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all alternatives on one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding the alternative if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the: 
A. single-feature model. 
B. additive model. 
C. elimination by aspects model. 
D. availability model.
Answer: C 
74. Faced with a wide variety of computers to choose from, Mary first eliminated all models that would not fit comfortably on her desk. Next, she eliminated all models costing more than $1000.  Finally, she eliminated all models without a full year's warranty. It appears that Mary is using the _____ of decision making. 
A. single-feature model 
B. additive model 
C. elimination by aspects model 
D. availability model
Answer: C 
75. When decisions are complex and involve the comparison of many choices that have multiple features, people usually use: 
A. only the single-feature model. 
B. both the single-feature model and the additive model. 
C. both the elimination by aspects model and the additive model. 
D. both the single-feature model and the elimination by aspects model.
Answer: C 
76. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the: 
A. availability heuristic. 
B. availability algorithm. 
C. representativeness heuristic. 
D. representativeness algorithm.
Answer: A 
77. A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event is a definition of the: 
A. availability heuristic. 
B. availability algorithm. 
C. representativeness heuristic. 
D. representativeness algorithm.
Answer: C 
78. After media coverage of two spectacular train crashes, people overestimated the probability of being killed or injured in a train crash and exaggerated the dangers of train travel. This example illustrates the: 
A. availability heuristic. 
B. availability algorithm. 
C. representativeness heuristic. 
D. representativeness algorithm.
Answer: A 
79. Jonathan is untidy, disorganized, and outgoing. He frequently stays up late and has a very flexible work schedule. Given this description, most people would guess that Jonathan is a writer (which he is not) rather than an accountant (which he is). This example illustrates the influence of the: 
A. availability heuristic. 
B. availability algorithm. 
C. representativeness heuristic. 
D. representativeness algorithm.
Answer: C 
80. Which of the following is NOT an obstacle to logical thinking that can account for much of the persistence of unwarranted beliefs? 
A. the confirmation bias 
B. the fallacy of positive instances 
C. the overestimation effect 
D. functional fixedness
Answer: D 
81. Many people were convinced that Jarret had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing person was eventually found. However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This illustrates the: 
A. belief-bias effect. 
B. confirmation bias. 
C. overestimation effect. 
D. fallacy of positive instances.
Answer: D 
82. Kahal has very conservative political beliefs, and he prefers listening to radio talk shows and reading magazines that are consistent with his views. Kahal's tendency to search for information and evidence that support his perspective and to ignore information that might be contrary to his beliefs illustrates the: 
A. fallacy of positive instances. 
B. overestimation effect. 
C. confirmation bias. 
D. belief-bias effect.
Answer: C 
83. The _____ is the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief. 
A. belief-bias effect 
B. confirmation bias 
C. fallacy of positive instances 
D. overestimation effect
Answer: B 
84. Students were amazed when Professor Diaz walked into class on the first day of the semester and correctly "sensed" that two people in his class of 23 were born on the same day. The tendency to think that it is very unlikely that two people in a class of 23 could share the same birthday is an example of the: 
A. belief-bias effect. 
B. confirmation bias. 
C. fallacy of positive instances. 
D. overestimation effect.
Answer: D 
85. The _____ occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their belief, rejecting or ignoring any evidence that does not. 
A. confirmation bias 
B. fallacy of positive instances 
C. belief-bias effect 
D. overestimation effect
Answer: C 
86. People who are depressed usually do not accept the possibility that good things can happen to them or that they have control over good things happening to them. When good things do happen to depressed people, they most often discount these positive events. This is an example of the: 
A. overestimation effect. 
B. belief-bias effect. 
C. availability heuristic. 
D. single feature model.
Answer: B 
87. The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if: 
A. we generalize our views to other, nonrepresentative heuristics. 
B. the representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic. 
C. possible variations in the prototype are considered. 
D. we fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.
Answer: D 
88. A system that combines arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is a definition of: 
A. linguistic relativity. 
B. language. 
C. intelligence. 
D. intuition.
Answer: B 
89. Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules for combining words. These rules are referred to as the _____ of a language. 
A. symbols 
B. syntax 
C. semantics 
D. heuristics
Answer: B 
90. For the vast majority of words, the connection between the symbols and the meanings: 
A. always follows an algorithm. 
B. is completely determined by linguistic rules. 
C. is completely arbitrary. 
D. is completely determined by syntactic rules.
Answer: C 
91. Syntax is to _____ as generative is to _____. 
A. rules for combining words; creative 
B. creative; rules for combining words 
C. displacement; rules for combining words 
D. rules for combining words; displacement
Answer: A 
92. A characteristic of human language is that we can communicate meaningfully about ideas, objects, and activities that are not physically present. This characteristic is called: 
A. syntax. 
B. generative. 
C. displacement. 
D. creativity.
Answer: C 
93. When Nadine created the novel sentence, "The chinless human-factors-interface-technician roamed the halls of academia looking for a lobotomized bureaucrat to interface with," she was illustrating the _____ nature of language. 
A. generative 
B. biased 
C. rigid 
D. inflexible
Answer: A 
94. Which of the following is NOT true regarding language? 
A. The meaning of words as language symbols remains the same for many years and in all situations. 
B. For most words, the connection between the symbol and the meaning is completely arbitrary. 
C. The meaning of language symbols is shared by others who use the same language symbols. 
D. Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules.
Answer: A 
95. Language can have an effect on: 
A. thoughts. 
B. perceptions. 
C. memory. 
D. all of the above.
Answer: D 
96. When asked what he does for a living, Dunstan usually replies that he is a "hospitality industry specialist" rather than a "dishwasher." Dunstan appears to be aware of the effect language can have on: 
A. memory. 
B. gender bias. 
C. social perception. 
D. learning.
Answer: C 
97. The authors of your textbook alternate the use of the pronouns "he" and "she" in the text because they are aware of the effect language can have on: 
A. memory. 
B. gender bias. 
C. the overestimation effect. 
D. motivation.
Answer: B 
98. Which of the following statements regarding language is FALSE? 
A. Language is a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements. 
B. Language can affect our thoughts by influencing what we remember. 
C. Language does not influence our social perceptions of others. 
D. Language can create a gender bias.
Answer: C 
99. The _____ proposes that differences among languages cause differences in the thought of their speakers. 
A. gender bias hypothesis 
B. linguistic relativity hypothesis 
C. availability heuristic 
D. representativeness heuristic
Answer: B 
100. The Dani speakers of New Guinea have names for only two classes of colors. When Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues studied color perception in the Dani speakers, Rosch found that the Dani: 
A. could not perceive the difference between red and green. 
B. perceived colors in much the same way as English-speaking people. 
C. could only distinguish among primary colors. 
D. suffered from a hereditary form of color blindness.
Answer: B 
101. Benjamin Whorf 's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought: 
A. has been supported by numerous cross-cultural studies. 
B. has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to influence perception and thought. 
C. is accurate if a person is an expert in a particular topic. 
D. is true only for Native American languages.
Answer: B 
102. What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? 
A. The meaning of language is determined by the perceptions of the people who use that language. 
B. Most languages have a common root and thus are fundamentally similar. 
C. Differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts and perceptions of their speakers. 
D. Language is arbitrary and only has meaning as it is needed.
Answer: C 
103. Research investigating the influence of language on thinking found that Chinese-speaking and English-speaking preschoolers learned to count from 1 to 10 at about the same age, but: 
A. English-speaking preschoolers learned to count from 11 to 20 at an earlier age than Chinese-speaking preschoolers. 
B. Chinese-speaking preschoolers learned to count from 11 to 20 at an earlier age than English-speaking preschoolers. 
C. English-speaking and Chinese-speaking preschoolers took almost twice as long to learn to count from 11 to 20. 
D. the Chinese-speaking preschoolers learned to read simple words about six months earlier than the English-speaking preschoolers.
Answer: B 
104. What research finding has demonstrated partial support for the linguistic relativity hypothesis? 
A. The Eskimo language has many more words for "snow" than the English language. 
B. The Dani people of New Guinea perceive only two distinct categories of colors, "mola" and "mili." 
C. Experts perceive objects in their field of expertise differently than nonexperts. 
D. Chinese-speaking children learn to count from 11 to 20 more easily than English-speaking children, who have to learn unique names for those numbers.
Answer: D 
105. Animal language research has shown that: 
A. parrots such as Alex can only "parrot" and have no understanding of what they are "saying." 
B. chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to demonstrate a level of language comprehension that is roughly equivalent to that of a two-and-a-half-year-old human child. 
C. animals can communicate, but there is no evidence that they are capable of using language even in the most elementary way. 
D. only humans can communicate and use language.
Answer: B 
106. Your textbook described several different animal species that have demonstrated the ability to acquire syntax or understand categories under carefully controlled research conditions. Which of the following animal species was NOT discussed as being among the animal species that have demonstrated this ability? 
A. chimpanzees, including the bonobo 
B. ravens 
C. parrots 
D. bottle-nosed dolphins
Answer: B 
107. Jill, a psychology major, was fascinated by a television special she saw about a psychologist who was testing the ability of ravens to solve novel problems, such as retrieving food that was hanging from a long string. If Jill wanted to do similar research, what area of psychology should she pursue? 
A. developmental psychology 
B. cognitive psychology 
C. animal cognition 
D. animal husbandry
Answer: C 
108. Martin decided to write his term paper on the topic of animal language. After reviewing the relevant literature on the topic, Martin is likely to conclude that: 
A. the results of several ongoing studies have produced some compelling demonstrations of animal language learning. 
B. animal language represents no more than operantly conditioned responses, and there is no evidence of true animal language. 
C. animals can only communicate simple information to other members of their own species. 
D. primates are capable of demonstrating a level of language comprehension comparable to most first-year college students.
Answer: A 
109. Collectively, the animal language research reflects an active area of psychological research that is referred to as: 
A. animal cognition. 
B. comparative linguistics. 
C. artificial intelligence. 
D. linguistic relativity.
Answer: A 
110. To David Weschler, intelligence is reflected in: 
A. creative behavior. 
B. effective, rational, and goal-directed behavior. 
C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. 
D. social dynamics.
Answer: B 
111. Who defined intelligence as the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment? 
A. Alfred Binet 
B. David Wechsler 
C. Lewis Terman 
D. Louis Stanford
Answer: B 
112. According to the textbook, which of the following cognitive abilities is NOT an aspect of what is commonly called intelligence? 
A. the use of mental images 
B. problem solving and decision making 
C. the use of language 
D. artistic ability
Answer: D 
113. _____ developed the first systematic intelligence test. 
A. Alfred Binet 
B. David Wechsler 
C. Lewis Terman 
D. Louis Stanford
Answer: A 
114. When Binet developed the first intelligence test he believed that: 
A. he was measuring an innate, fixed level of mental ability. 
B. he was measuring multiple intelligences, including musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, personal intelligence, practical intelligence, and so forth. 
C. he was NOT measuring an innate, fixed level of mental ability. 
D. he was measuring three basic forms of intelligence called componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence.
Answer: C 
115. Which intelligence theorist believed that intelligence test scores were useful primarily to identify children who needed special help? 
A. Lewis Terman 
B. David Wechsler 
C. Alfred Binet 
D. Charles Spearman
Answer: C 
116. A measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age is a definition of: 
A. intelligence quotient (IQ). 
B. mental age. 
C. chronological age. 
D. mental set.
Answer: B 
117. A global measure of intelligence that is derived by comparing an individual's score to scores of others in the same age group is a definition of: 
A. intelligence quotient (IQ). 
B. mental age. 
C. chronological age. 
D. mental set.
Answer: A 
118. Eight-year-old Terry's performance on an intelligence test is at a level characteristic of an average five-year-old. Terry's mental age is: 
A. eight. 
B. six. 
C. four. 
D. five.
Answer: D 
119. Karim is a very bright ten-year-old with a mental age of twelve. If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be: 
A. 100. 
B. 83. 
C. 120. 
D. 160.
Answer: C 
120. Binet's intelligence test was translated and adapted by American psychologist Lewis Terman. Terman called this test the: 
A. Terman Intelligence Scale (TIS). 
B. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). 
C. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. 
D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC).
Answer: C 
121. Which of the following psychologists developed and promoted the use of the intelligence quotient or IQ as a measure for intelligence? 
A. Alfred Binet 
B. David Wechsler 
C. Charles Spearman 
D. Lewis Terman
Answer: D 
122. Ten-year-old Marjun's IQ score on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test was 130. It is likely that her mental age is: 
A. ten. 
B. thirteen. 
C. six-and-a-half. 
D. fifteen.
Answer: B 
123. During World War I the U.S. military developed _____ to screen millions of army recruits. 
A. the Army Alpha and the Army Beta test 
B. the Army and Navy Intelligence test 
C. the Army, Navy, and Airforce Aptitude test 
D. the Military Achievement test
Answer: A 
124. Your text notes the misuse of group intelligence tests shortly after World War I. Specifically, group intelligence tests were inappropriately administered to: 
A. people in mental institutions. 
B. newly arriving immigrants to the United States. 
C. all children enrolled in public schools. 
D. politicians running for elective office.
Answer: B 
125. Which one of the following intelligence tests was developed by David Wechsler? 
A. the Army Alpha 
B. the Stanford-Binet 
C. the WAIS 
D. the Spearman g factor test
Answer: C 
126. Wechsler's Intelligence test was specifically designed to test _____ rather than _____. 
A. army recruits; navy recruits 
B. children; adults 
C. army recruits who could not read; army recruits who could read 
D. adults; children
Answer: D 
127. Unlike the Stanford-Binet, the WAIS: 
A. provided subtest scores on different abilities. 
B. provided only a single global IQ score. 
C. measured multiple intelligences such as musical intelligence, practical intelligence, creativity, and so forth. 
D. measured componential intelligence, experiential intelligence, and contextual intelligence.
Answer: A 
128. Like Binet, Wechsler believed that: 
A. intelligence was a single global ability that could be quantified in a single IQ score. 
B. intelligence involved a variety of mental abilities. 
C. intelligence was primarily a function of genetic inheritance. 
D. IQ scores had little or no correlation with academic success.
Answer: B 
129. Wechsler's test provided scores on eleven subtests measuring different abilities, which are grouped to provide an overall _____ and _____ for the test taker. 
A. mental age; chronological age 
B. verbal score; performance score 
C. aptitude score; achievement score 
D. validity score; reliability score
Answer: B 
130. On the WAIS, the _____ score represents subtest scores on verbal tasks, such as vocabulary, comprehension, and general knowledge; the _____ score represents subtest scores on nonverbal tasks, such as identifying missing parts in incomplete pictures, arranging pictures to tell a story, or arranging blocks to match a pattern. 
A. IQ; aptitude 
B. verbal; IQ 
C. verbal; performance 
D. performance; verbal
Answer: C 
131. Which of the following statements about the relationship between IQ and success is FALSE?
A. IQ scores do not reliably predict academic success. 
B. Academic success is no guarantee of success beyond school. 
C. Many different personality factors are involved in achieving success. 
D. Terman found that highly intelligent children were stronger and healthier than children of average intelligence.
Answer: A 
132. Psychologist Lewis Terman tracked 1,500 California schoolchildren with high IQs throughout their lives. The general finding was that: 
A. high intelligence can contribute to success in life but motivation and other personality factors are just as important. 
B. high intelligence is related to social and personal maladjustment, physical weakness, and mental instability. 
C. high IQ scores in schoolchildren had no predictive value. 
D. high IQ scores were the best predictors of alcoholism, drug taking, and antisocial behavior.
Answer: A 
133. Mason is a highly motivated, goal-oriented, self-confident, hardworking, emotionally mature adult. Mason's traits are correlated with: 
A. a high rate of alcoholism. 
B. lower than average income. 
C. success in life. 
D. poor health.
Answer: C 
134. Lewis Terman, pioneer researcher on intelligence, studied 1,500 Californian children between the ages of 8 and 12 who had IQ's above 140. What were the findings of Terman's research? 
A. As adults, most of the highly intelligent children fared no better than people of average intelligence. 
B. These highly intelligent children tended to be very well-adjusted. 
C. As adults, these children were either highly successful or very unsuccessful. 
D. Although very intelligent, these children were socially and physically inept.
Answer: B 
135. Lewis Terman's colleague, Melita Oden, continued to study Terman's gifted children when they had reached adulthood. Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the "A" group) with the 100 least successful men (the "C" group). What did Oden find? 
A. The Cs were less healthy, had higher rates of alcoholism, and were more likely to be divorced than the As. 
B. Although the Cs had less professional success, they were more likely to be happily married. 
C. Because the As were workaholics, they tended to have higher rates of alcoholism and stress-related illnesses than the Cs. 
D. The As were "creative" geniuses but the Cs were not.
Answer: A 
136. Melita Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the "A" group) with the 100 least successful men (the "C" group) from Lewis Terman's original sample of 1,500 children with genius-level intelligence. Given that the IQ scores of the A and C groups were essentially the same, what accounted for the difference in their level of accomplishment? 
A. Birth order differences: As were more likely to be only children or first-borns than Cs. 
B. Socioeconomic status: As came from families that were wealthier and better educated than the Cs' families. 
C. Creativity and flexibility: Cs were less creative and flexible than the As. 
D. Personality factors: As were more goal-oriented, more likely to persevere, and had higher self-confidence than the Cs.
Answer: D 
137. In the "In Focus: Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?" box, what was the general conclusion, based upon the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the genius-level children who grew up as genius-level adults? 
A. The higher a person's IQ, the more success the person would have later in life. 
B. IQ scores have virtually no relationship to personal success. 
C. Although IQ is important, socioeconomic status accounts for a larger part of life success. 
D. Personality factors, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success.
Answer: D 
138. On Wechsler's WAIS intelligence test, the _____ is calculated by  comparing an individual's overall score to the scores of others in the same general age group whose average score was statistically fixed at 100. 
A. mental age 
B. global IQ 
C. chronological age 
D. validity index
Answer: B 
139.  Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.
A. 100; 150 
B. 50; 150 
C. 85; 115 
D. 60; 130
Answer: C 
140. Nathan's score on the WAIS was 105. Nathan's score indicates that he is in the: 
A. normal, or average, range of scores. 
B. above-average range of scores. 
C. below-average range of scores. 
D. upper 2 percent of scores.
Answer: A 
141. A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area is called a(n): 
A. achievement test. 
B. aptitude test. 
C. alpha test. 
D. beta test.
Answer: A 
142. Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement of good test design? 
A. reliability 
B. aptitude 
C. validity 
D. standardization
Answer: B 
143. A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training is called a(n): 
A. achievement test. 
B. aptitude test. 
C. alpha test. 
D. beta test.
Answer: B 
144. As part of her vocational assessment Ainslie is given a test to see if she is suited to work in sales and marketing. This is an example of _____ testing. 
A. intelligence 
B. achievement 
C. aptitude 
D. motivational
Answer: C 
145. Ali took a test that measured his level of knowledge, skills, and accomplishment in particular areas such as mathematics and writing ability. Ali took a(n) _____ test. 
A. intelligence 
B. achievement 
C. motivational 
D. aptitude
Answer: B 
146. The basic requirements of good test design are: 
A. standardization. 
B. reliability. 
C. validity. 
D. all of the above.
Answer: D 
147. Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of a well-designed test? 
A. standardization 
B. reliability 
C. validity 
D. variability
Answer: D 
148. _____ means that the test is given to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms. 
A. Standardization 
B. Reliability 
C. Validity 
D. Variability
Answer: A 
149. Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates. In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates. Dr. Macmillan is in the process of: 
A. establishing the test's validity. 
B. establishing the test's reliability. 
C. standardizing the test. 
D. establishing the test's variability.
Answer: C 
150. When a test has the ability to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions, it is said to be: 
A. reliable. 
B. valid. 
C. standardized. 
D. variable.
Answer: A 
151. When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be: 
A. reliable. 
B. valid. 
C. standardized. 
D. variable.
Answer: B 
152. Dr. Shazhad assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test of jealousy in order to measure the _____ of his test. 
A. reliability 
B. validity 
C. norms 
D. variability
Answer: A 
153. In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning. In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of: 
A. establishing the test's reliability. 
B. establishing the test's validity. 
C. standardizing the test. 
D. establishing the test's variability.
Answer: B 
154. The new Aristographic Creativity Scale had test and retest scores that were highly similar, but it lacked predictive value. In addition, there was some uncertainty about precisely what ability the test was actually measuring. The Aristographic Creativity Scale has: 
A. high validity but low reliability. 
B. high reliability but low validity. 
C. high validity and high reliability. 
D. low validity and low reliability.
Answer: B 
155. How would you characterize the distribution of scores in a normal distribution? 
A. Scores cluster around the average score. 
B. Scores exhibit good reliability and validity. 
C. Scores are equally standardized across the distribution. 
D. Scores are spread out across the distribution evenly.
Answer: A 
156. Scores on tests of individual differences, including intelligence test scores, often follow a pattern in which most scores are in the average range with fewer scores in the extremely high or extremely low range. What is this pattern of distribution of scores called? 
A. the normal curve or normal distribution 
B. the standard curve or normal standardization 
C. the variable curve or variable distribution 
D. the valid curve or valid distribution
Answer: A 
157. Approximately what percentage of people will have IQ scores between 85 and 115? 
A. 50 percent 
B. 95 percent 
C. 100 percent 
D. 68 percent
Answer: D 
158. Approximately what percentage of the population is likely to score above 145 or below 55 on an intelligence test? 
A. 10 percent 
B. 68 percent 
C. 50 percent 
D. 1 percent
Answer: D 
159. Much of the controversy over the definition and nature of intelligence centers on the issue(s) of: 
A. how narrowly intelligence should be defined. 
B. whether intelligence is a single, general ability. 
C. whether intelligence is a cluster of different abilities. 
D. all of the above.
Answer: D 
160. Charles Spearman believed that _____ was/were responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. 
A. exercise and diet 
B. schooling and education 
C. general intelligence, or the g factor 
D. general environmental factors, or the e factor
Answer: C 
161. Dr. Hiroshiko believes that a general factor (g factor) is responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests and that it can be expressed as a single number, such as an IQ score. Dr. Hiroshiko's views are most consistent with those of: 
A. Charles Spearman. 
B. Louis L. Thurstone. 
C. Howard Gardner. 
D. Robert Sternberg.
Answer: A 
162. Which one of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct? 
A. Charles Spearman 
B. Lewis Terman 
C. Howard Gardner 
D. Robert Sternberg
Answer: C 
163. Louis L. Thurstone believed that: 
A. there are three forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. 
B. there are seven different primary mental abilities, each a relatively independent element of intelligence. 
C. there are multiple intelligences, some of which are not measured by standard intelligence tests. 
D. there is one general intelligence, or g factor, that is responsible for overall performance on tests of mental abilities.
Answer: B 
164. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are seven different primary mental abilities, each a relatively independent element of intelligence? 
A. Charles Spearman 
B. Robert Sternberg 
C. Louis L. Thurstone 
D. Lewis Terman
Answer: C 
165. Rather than being interested in a single factor to identify intelligence, Louis Thurstone believed that it was more important to consider: 
A. the multiple g factors. 
B. verbal and performance test scores. 
C. an individual's specific pattern of mental abilities. 
D. a person's problem solving abilities.
Answer: C 
166. Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence? 
A. "There is a single factor that can explain the pattern of specific mental abilities that is called intelligence." 
B. "There are multiple intelligences which must be defined within the context of a particular culture." 
C. "The two primary mental abilities that define intelligence indicate a pattern for intelligence." 
D. "There are three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical."
Answer: B 
167. Dr. Saltzman believes that intelligence must be defined within the context of a particular culture. Dr. Saltzman's views are most consistent with those of: 
A. Howard Gardner. 
B. Lewis Terman. 
C. Charles Spearman. 
D. Louis Stanford.
Answer: A 
168. According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, there are _____ distinct types of intelligence. 
A. one 
B. three 
C. seven 
D. eight
Answer: D 
169. In Howard Gardner's theory, distinct forms of intelligence include: 
A. verbal comprehension, numerical ability, perceptual speed, and reasoning. 
B. linguistic, creative, musical, scientific-mathematical, performance, intellectual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligence. 
C. linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligence. 
D. analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
Answer: C 
170. _____ emphasizes both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a particular social and cultural environment. 
A. Charles Spearman's theory 
B. David Wechsler's theory 
C. Robert Sternberg's theory 
D. Louis L. Thurstone's theory
Answer: C 
171. Robert Sternberg believes: 
A. there are three forms of intelligence. 
B. there are seven distinct types of intelligence. 
C. there is one general intelligence, or g factor. 
D. there are dozens of different, distinct intelligences.
Answer: A 
172. Since moving to the United States, Ernesto has established a very successful consulting business that advises U.S. corporations that plan to market their products in Central and South America. Ernesto appears to excel in what Robert Sternberg would call: 
A. practical intelligence. 
B. logical-mathematical intelligence. 
C. triarchic intelligence. 
D. spatial intelligence.
Answer: A 
173. With whom do you associate the "triarchic theory of intelligence"? 
A. Louis Thurman 
B. Howard Gardner 
C. Charles Spearman 
D. Robert Sternberg
Answer: D 
174. Which of the following is NOT part of Sternberg's "successful intelligence"? 
A. practical intelligence 
B. creative intelligence 
C. analytic intelligence 
D. interpersonal intelligence
Answer: D 
175. Duane's car was not running well. The car would occasionally lose power or stall out. Duane thought about the possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his car to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem. Duane decided that he would try putting an additive in the gas tank first to see if that corrected the problem. Which one of Sternberg's intelligences does it sound like Duane was using? 
A. abstract 
B. creative 
C. analytic 
D. logical-mathematical
Answer: C 
176. Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"? 
A. creative 
B. practical 
C. successful 
D. analytic
Answer: B 
177. When Jennifer lived in the Eastern European country of Slakia for a year, she found it very difficult to adapt to the strange customs and diet of the Slakian culture. Robert Sternberg might suggest that Jennifer is low in: 
A. analytic intelligence. 
B. cultural intelligence. 
C. creative intelligence. 
D. practical intelligence.
Answer: D 
178. Your text talks about a survey that was given to several hundred psychologists who were experts in intelligence testing. What was one of the conclusions from that survey? 
A. Adaptation to one's environment is a significant factor in intelligence, but existing tests do not adequately measure this quality. 
B. Intelligence can best be viewed as an interaction of practical, analytic, creative, and successful intelligences that people use everyday. 
C. Important elements of intelligence include problem solving and capacity to acquire knowledge but do not include abstract thinking. 
D. Intelligence can be readily understood as multiple characteristics that can all be summarized by a single generalized (g) factor.
Answer: A 
179. According to experts in intelligence testing, which of the following is NOT typically assessed in conventional intelligence tests? 
A. abstract thinking 
B. problem solving 
C. capacity to acquire knowledge 
D. creativity
Answer: D 
180. Most experts in intelligence testing agree that conventional IQ tests adequately measure: 
A. creativity. 
B. achievement motivation. 
C. goal-directed behavior. 
D. abstract thinking or reasoning.
Answer: D 
181. In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that: 
A. intelligence is primarily inherited. 
B. intelligence is primarily determined by the environment. 
C. both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence level. 
D. intelligence is determined by a single pair of genes.
Answer: C 
182. Twenty-five-year-old Jarret is six feet two inches tall. According to your textbook, his present height is a result of: 
A. genetic factors only. 
B. environmental factors only. 
C. the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. 
D. doing stretching exercises throughout his teenage years.
Answer: C 
183. The range of intellectual potential is influenced by: 
A. one gene and simple environmental factors. 
B. many genes and complex environmental factors, such as nutrition and education. 
C. environmental factors only. 
D. genetic factors only.
Answer: B 
184. Which of the following is the research method most commonly used to explore the role of genetic and environmental factors in human intelligence? 
A. research using nonhuman animals as subjects 
B. studies of twins and other genetically related individuals 
C. computer models and simulations 
D. brain-wave measurements and brain-imaging techniques
Answer: B 
185. When David goes to graduate school, he wants to investigate aspects of the heredity-environment debate as it relates to human intelligence. He is most likely to: 
A. use animals, such as rats and pigeons, in his research. 
B. conduct twin studies. 
C. explore creativity and intuition. 
D. study the language abilities of primates.
Answer: B 
186. _____ share exactly the same genes and thus any differences between them must be due to environmental factors rather than hereditary differences. 
A. Fraternal twins 
B. Same-sex siblings 
C. Identical twins 
D. Same-sex fraternal twins
Answer: C 
187. Jasmine and Jade are identical twins who were raised in different homes, but nevertheless have very similar IQ scores. This example provides support primarily for the influence of _____ on intelligence or IQ. 
A. environment 
B. genes 
C. the interaction of genes and the environment 
D. neither genes nor environment
Answer: B 
188. Desmond and Desdemona are fraternal twins raised in the same home. They have IQs that are much more similar than those of two randomly selected, unrelated people of the same age. This finding provides support primarily for the influence of _____ on intelligence or IQ. 
A. the environment 
B. genes 
C. the interaction of genes and the environment 
D. neither genes nor environment
Answer: A 
189. The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity is a definition of: 
A. reliability. 
B. validity. 
C. heritability. 
D. variability.
Answer: C 
190. According to some psychologists, there is a heritability estimate of about 50 percent for intelligence in the general population. This statement means that: 
A. half of an individual's IQ score is due to genes, and the other half is due to environmental factors. 
B. the intelligence of about half of the general population is primarily determined by their genes, and the intelligence of the other half is primarily determined by their environment. 
C. about half of the difference in IQ scores among people within a particular group is due to differences in their genetic makeup. 
D. half of the population have IQ scores that are above the inherited norm, and half of the population have IQ scores that are below the inherited norm.
Answer: C 
191. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the determination of intelligence? 
A. Twin studies clearly indicate that heredity is much more important than the environment in determining intelligence. 
B. Psychologists can estimate the relative contribution of heredity to the development of intelligence through the use of the heritability estimate. 
C. Psychologists still disagree in identifying how much of intelligence is determined by heredity and how much is determined by the environment. 
D. Twin studies have helped scientists better understand the contributions of heredity and environment to intelligence.
Answer: A 
192. Genetically diverse seeds are planted in two separate pots.  One pot has rich soil and one pot has poor soil. Within each pot, some of the plants are taller than others.  When the average height of the plants in each pot are compared, the plants in the rich soil are, on the average, taller than the plants in the poor soil.  What valid conclusion can be drawn about the difference between the seeds in the two pots? 
A. It is impossible to estimate what the overall genetic differences are between two groups of seeds. 
B. The difference in average height between the two pots of plants is caused by genetic differences. 
C. Individual differences in height within each pot are due to environment. 
D. A statistically valid heritability estimate can be produced by averaging the heights of all the plants.
Answer: A 
193. Although there are no significant differences in early childhood, by middle school Asian students tend to score much higher than American students on both math and reading tests. This finding suggests that: 
A. IQ is genetically determined. 
B. Am
Answer: C 
194. Why can't heritability estimates be used to explain group differences in intelligence? 
A. Heritability estimates can only be used to predict individual variation from standardized test scores, and do not apply to group differences. 
B. Heritability estimates apply only to characteristics that are determined by a single gene or gene pair. 
C. Heritability estimates can only be applied to differences within a particular group, because environmental conditions vary for different groups. 
D. Heritability estimates only apply to intelligence scores that are averaged over a period of at least twenty years, and group data does not exist for that period. 
Answer: C 
195. In their research on very young black children adopted into white middle-class families, Scarr and Weinberg found that the children's IQ scores were several points above the average scores of both black and white children. The results of this study and others support which of the following conclusions? 
A. IQ scores cannot be changed by environmental factors. 
B. Socioeconomic conditions and other environmental factors can affect IQ scores. 
C. Intelligence is primarily determined by heredity. 
D. Adopted children tend to have higher IQ scores than children who are raised by their biological parents. 
Answer: B 
196. A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for _____ influences on IQ scores. 
A. racial 
B. environmental 
C. genetic 
D. both a. and c. 
Answer: B 
197. The Buraku people of Japan, whose IQ scores are 10 to 15 points below mainstream Japanese, illustrate the fact that: 
A. IQ scores are genetically determined. 
B. IQ is fixed at birth and unlikely to change. 
C. social discrimination can affect IQ scores. 
D. environmental factors have no effect on IQ scores. 
Answer: C 
198. Cross-cultural research has found that members of stigmatized groups in many  different societies tend to _____ on intelligence tests than members of dominant social groups, even if the stigmatized group members are of the same race as the dominant group. 
A. score about the same 
B. score 10 to 15 points higher 
C. score 10 to 15 points lower 
D. score 25 to 30 points lower 
Answer: C 
199. Psychologist Claude Steele coined the term _____ to refer to the belief that you might be evaluated in terms of a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong, especially when that belief creates anxiety or self-doubt. 
A. out-group typecast 
B. stereotype threat 
C. stigma effect 
D. discrimination-awareness 
Answer: B 
200. Lindsay hopes to gain admission to graduate school to become a chemical engineer, and needs to take the Graduate Record Exams (GRE) in Physics and Chemistry as part of her application.  Although she has gotten excellent grades in both chemistry and physics in college, when she enters the room for her Physics test she can't help but notice that almost all of the students taking the test are male, and she is only one of a handful of female students.  According to research by Claude Steele, what might be the effect of Lindsay's awareness that she is vastly outnumbered by male students? 
A. Her score on the exam will probably be higher than it would be if she were less aware of her gender identity. 
B. Her score on the exam will probably be lower than it would be if she was less aware of her gender identity. 
C. It will have little or no effect on her test score. 
D. Because Lindsay is so highly motivated to succeed, her score on the exam will probably be higher than expected. 
Answer: B 
201. According to research by Claude Steele and other psychologists, how does stereotype threat tend to impair performance? 
A. Irrelevant mental images and concepts come to mind, which interfere with insight, intuition, and creativity. 
B. Mental sets are produced, which interferes with effective problem-solving and performance. 
C. Functional fixedness is experienced, which interferes with flexible and creative problem-solving. 
D. Anxiety, nervousness, and self-doubt interferes with thinking and problem-solving abilities. 
Answer: D 
202. Your textbook discussed research on the effects of stereotype threat involving all of the following stereotypes EXCEPT: 
A. physical appearance. 
B. socioeconomic status. 
C. age. 
D. gender and race. 
Answer: A 
203. Which of the following is the best example of the phenomenon called stereotype threat? 
A. Ron develops a sudden fear of flying after watching endless replays of the planes hitting the World Trade Center towers on the news. 
B. Lacie thinks she's more likely to win the lottery after someone she knows wins five million dollars. 
C. Cindy does poorly on her calculus final after overhearing her math instructor make a joking remark about how few female students manage to pass his course. 
D. Eric is an extremely talented artist and sculptor, but his IQ score is only within the average range. 
Answer: C 
204. Most experts on intelligence testing are likely to agree that: 
A. the IQ of any individual is the result of the complex interaction of hereditary and environmental factors. 
B. environmental factors are much more likely to account for any IQ difference between racial groups than genetics. 
C. within a given racial group, the differences among people are due at least as much to environmental influences as they are to genetic influences. 
D. all of the above statements are true. 
Answer: D 
205. When Dr. Cera, an expert on intelligence testing, is asked if it is possible to design an intelligence test that was culture-free, she is most likely to suggest that it is: 
A. not possible, because intelligence itself is not free of cultural influence. 
B. possible, because intelligence is genetically determined. 
C. possible, because intelligence itself is not affected by cultural influence. 
D. not possible, because nobody has yet formulated a theory of what intelligence is. 
Answer: A 
206. Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test taking, previous experience with tests, and use of different strategies in problem solving may affect performance and test scores. The textbook notes that these factors: 
A. explain all aspects of individual, racial, and ethnic differences in IQ scores. 
B. may relate to cultural differences in test-taking behavior. 
C. have little or no influence on differences in IQ scores. 
D. are less likely than genetics to influence IQ scores. 
Answer: B 
207. _____ refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions. 
A. Intuition 
B. Insight 
C. Creativity 
D. Functional fixedness 
Answer: C 
208. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion to enhance creative thinking? 
A. be motivated to make money 
B. acquire relevant knowledge 
C. try different approaches 
D. engage in problem finding 
Answer: A 
209. When a young scientist went hiking in the Swiss Alps, he found that the thorny burrs on some plants stuck to his pants and shirt. Rather than dismissing this trivial annoyance, Heinz took the burrs to his lab and analyzed their properties. His work eventually led to the invention of Velcro. This illustrates one aspect of creativity called: 
A. algorithmic thinking. 
B. problem finding. 
C. problem avoidance. 
D. heuristic thinking. 
Answer: B 
210. When Louis Pasteur said "Chance favors the prepared mind," he was talking about one particular ingredient that is central to creative thinking called: 
A. choosing the goal of creativity. 
B. reinforcing intrinsic motivation. 
C. engaging in problem finding. 
D. acquiring relevant knowledge. 
Answer: D 
211. Being motivated by a challenge and a personal sense of satisfaction is to _____ as being motivated by rewards such as money, grades, or fame is to _____. 
A. extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation 
B. divergent thinking; convergent thinking 
C. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation 
D. convergent thinking; divergent thinking 
Answer: C 
212. Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE? 
A. A useful technique to help inspire creative thinking is to engage in problem finding. 
B. Divergent thinking, in which you consider a problem from a variety of angles, can help generate creative solutions. 
C. Only a small percentage of people have the capacity to be creative. 
D. Creativity requires effort and persistence. 
Answer: C 
213. One way to creatively generate new ideas is to consider a problem from different angles or from a variety of perspectives, a technique that is called: 
A. functional fixedness. 
B. algorithmic thinking. 
C. using a heuristic. 
D. divergent thinking. 
Answer: D 
214. The act of creativity is typically: 
A. associated with solving some problem. 
B. restricted to artistic expression, such as painting or writing fiction. 
C. motivated only by intrinsic rewards. 
D. extremely rare. 
Answer: A