f1. Memory is formally defined as: 



A. the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information. 


B. a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience. 


C. a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. 


D. the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.


E.


Answer: A 
2. We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as: 



A. encoding. 


B. retrieval. 


C. storage. 


D. mnemonics.


E.


Answer: A 
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental processes involved in memory? 



A. encoding 


B. feedback 


C. storage 


D. retrieval


E.


Answer: B 
4. _____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. 



A. Feedback 


B. Encoding 


C. Storage 


D. Retrieval


E.


Answer: C 
5. According to the stage model of memory: 



A. the capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan. 


B. memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering. 


C. memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories. 


D. memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.


E.


Answer: D 
6. Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that initially occurs in: 



A. short-term memory. 


B. sensory memory. 


C. long-term memory 


D. working memory.


E.


Answer: B 
7. Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory. 



A. working 


B. sensory 


C. episodic 


D. source


E.


Answer: A 
8. How long is information usually held in short-term memory? 



A. about two or three seconds 


B. about thirty minutes 


C. about thirty seconds 


D. about a day


E.


Answer: C 
9. As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory? 



A. sensory memory 


B. short-term memory 


C. long-term memory 


D. episodic memory


E.


Answer: B 
10. Participants in Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the corresponding row. 



A. one minute 


B. thirty seconds 


C. three seconds 


D. one-third of a second


E.


Answer: D 
11. Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that: 



A. subliminal perception can influence unconscious thought processes. 


B. auditory sensory memory lasts for three or four seconds. 


C. visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about half a second. 


D. short-term memory can last for up to thirty seconds.


E.


Answer: C 
12. Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____. 



A. short-term memory; long-term memory 


B. echoic memory; iconic memory 


C. iconic memory; echoic memory 


D. long-term memory; short-term memory


E.


Answer: C 
13. Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds? 



A. working memory 


B. short-term memory 


C. long-term memory 


D. sensory memory


E.


Answer: D 
14. As James watched Linda quickly wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler? 



A. echoic memory 


B. contextual memory 


C. facsimile memory 


D. iconic memory


E.


Answer: D 
15. From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table."  Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon? 



A. echoic memory 


B. iconic memory 


C. contextual memory 


D. semantic memory


E.


Answer: A 
16. Which of the following statements about sensory memory is FALSE? 



A. Memory researchers believe there is a separate sensory memory for each sense. 


B. One function of sensory memory is to briefly store our sensory impressions so that they overlap slightly with one another. 


C. Visual sensory memory holds information for a slightly longer period of time than does auditory sensory memory. 


D. Visual sensory memory only lasts for about half a second.


E.


Answer: C 
17. Auditory sensory memory: 



A. can last for up to thirty seconds. 


B. lasts longer than visual sensory memory. 


C. is often referred to as iconic memory. 


D. processes episodic information.


E.


Answer: B 
18. Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness? 



A. short-term memory 


B. auditory sensory memory 


C. visual sensory memory 


D. long-term memory


E.


Answer: A 
19. How can the duration of short-term memory be increased? 



A. Use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information. 


B. By using a process called cryptomnesia. 


C. Move the information into sensory memory and then back into short-term memory. 


D. Use echoic and iconic memory to hold the memory longer.


E.


Answer: A 
20. What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed? 



A. The information moves back into sensory memory. 


B. The information is transferred to working memory until it is ready to be processed further. 


C. The information is sent to long-term memory until it is ready to be further processed. 


D. The information fades, or decays.


E.


Answer: D 
21. Consider this sentence: "Sean was able to get the dog to come out from under the abandoned house by shaking a bag of dog food."  In order for you to consciously make sense out of the sentence, the information was processed in your: 



A. auditory sensory memory. 


B. short-term memory. 


C. visual sensory memory. 


D. long-term memory.


E.


Answer: B 
22. Information from _____ and from _____ is transferred to and processed in short-term memory. 



A. sensory memory; procedural memory 


B. long-term memory; procedural memory 


C. sensory memory; long-term memory 


D. working memory; recognition memory


E.


Answer: C 
23. Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the long distance phone number over and over. Mary was trying to keep the information in: 



A. iconic memory. 


B. sensory memory. 


C. long-term memory. 


D. short-term memory.


E.


Answer: D 
24. At an auto parts store, Adam looked up the oil filter number in the parts catalog. Adam mentally repeated the number, PF3807A, until he found the correct oil filter for his car. Adam was using _____ to keep the information in his short-term memory. 



A. maintenance rehearsal 


B. elaborative rehearsal 


C. the context effect 


D. the serial position effect


E.


Answer: A 
25. The capacity of short-term memory is: 



A. about 3 items at one time. 


B. about 5 items at one time. 


C. about 7 items at one time. 


D. unlimited.


E.


Answer: C 
26. When short-term memory is filled to capacity, new information will: 



A. be ignored. 


B. cause proactive interference. 


C. displace currently held information. 


D. cause repression.


E.


Answer: C 
27. Jamie found the ISBN number of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she mentally treated it like the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number. 



A. state-dependent retrieval 


B. contextual cueing 


C. serial position 


D. chunking


E.


Answer: D 
28. In order for chunking to work, 



A. information must be processed by working memory before being sent to short-term memory. 


B. sensory memory information must be encoded differently than other types of information. 


C. retrieval of long-term memory information is often necessary. 


D. the information must be processed a bit differently, with retrieval preceding storage.


E.


Answer: C 
29. One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called: 



A. state-dependent retrieval. 


B. chunking. 


C. context effect. 


D. serial position effect.


E.


Answer: B 
30. The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory: 



A. depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information. 


B. seems to be limitless. 


C. is 7+2 bits of information. 


D. varies depending upon the type of information being stored.


E.


Answer: B 
31. Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by the highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his: 



A. iconic memory. 


B. short-term memory. 


C. long-term memory. 


D. sensory memory.


E.


Answer: C 
32. Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE? 



A. Information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime. 


B. The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory is limitless. 


C. One effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory is maintenance rehearsal. 


D. One category of long-term memory is semantic memory.


E.


Answer: C 
33. Merely repeating information over and over is to _____ as focusing on the meaning of the information is to _____. 



A. self-reference effect; primacy effect 


B. primacy effect; recency effect 


C. elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal 


D. maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal


E.


Answer: D 
34. As she was reading the suggestions in the textbook on how to improve memory, Tanika thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. By applying the information to herself, Tanika was using _____ to help her encode and remember the information. 



A. the self-reference effect 


B. contextual cues 


C. the serial position effect 


D. clustering


E.


Answer: A 
35. Rather than simply memorizing key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory. 



A. contextual cues 


B. elaborative rehearsal 


C. the serial position effect 


D. maintenance rehearsal


E.


Answer: B 
36. To help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate to a bell, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in Pavlov's laboratory and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was using _____ to help encode the information into long-term memory. 



A. the encoding specificity principle 


B. state-dependent retrieval 


C. visual imagery 


D. maintenance rehearsal


E.


Answer: C 
37. According to psychologists Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart's levels of processing framework: 



A. information that is processed at the unconscious level is easy to bring to the conscious level with the right retrieval cue. 


B. a memory can feel like it is a new memory but it can actually be an unrecalled previous memory. 


C. long-term memory is organized as a complex network of associations that simultaneously operate at multiple levels of conscious awareness. 


D. information that is processed at a "deep" level is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory than information processed at a "shallow" level.


E.


Answer: D 
38. When Kerra studies for her college classes, she actively questions new information, thinks about its implications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences.  Using Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing terminology, Kerra is: 



A. processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory. 


B. trying to counteract the encoding specificity principle. 


C. likely to produce the misinformation effect. 


D. engaging in maintenance rehearsal, which should keep the information in short-term memory.


E.


Answer: A 
39. Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory? 



A. semantic memory 


B. procedural memory 


C. episodic memory 


D. contextual memory


E.


Answer: B 
40. How to perform different skills and actions is to _____ memory as knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is to _____ memory. 



A. semantic; contextual 


B. episodic; procedural 


C. procedural; semantic 


D. contextual; episodic


E.


Answer: C 
41. Adam vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches. This is an example of which type of long-term memory? 



A. procedural memory 


B. semantic memory 


C. contextual memory 


D. episodic memory


E.


Answer: D 
42. Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia reflects which type of long-term memory? 



A. procedural memory 


B. contextual memory 


C. semantic memory 


D. episodic memory


E.


Answer: C 
43. When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, "It's the factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer reflects which category of long-term memory? 



A. procedural memory 


B. semantic memory 


C. contextual memory 


D. episodic memory


E.


Answer: B 
44. Much of your sense of self is derived from memories of your unique life experiences.  These particular kinds of memories are referred to as _____ memories. 



A. implicit 


B. autobiographical 


C. sensory 


D. semantic


E.


Answer: B 
45. Culture and Human Behavior Box 6.1 featured a study by developmental psychologist Qi Wang, who compared the earliest memories of American and Chinese college students. Wang found that the earliest memory of the Asian young adults occurred about _____ than for the American young adults. 



A. six months later 


B. two years later 


C. six months earlier 


D. two years earlier


E.


Answer: A 
46. In comparing the earliest memories of American and Chinese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found that _____ tended to remember general, routine activities involving family or community members, such as walking to school with friends. 



A. the American and Chinese female college students, but not the males 


B. the Chinese college students 


C. both the Americans and the Chinese college students 


D. the American college students


E.


Answer: B 
47. In a study investigating the earliest memories of American and Chinese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found 



A. no cultural differences, but distinct gender differences. 


B. that both American and Chinese males tended to have first memories involving a fight or disagreement with a sibling or another child. 


C. that the earliest memories of the American college students tended to be more elaborate, lengthier, and self-focused than those of the Chinese college students. 


D. Both answers a and b are correct.


E.


Answer: C 
48. As described in Culture and Human Behavior box 6.1, developmental psychologist Qi Wang investigated the earliest memories of American and Chinese college students.  Which of the following statements best summarizes her findings? 



A. The first memories of the Chinese tended to be brief and focused on routine group activities, whereas the first memories of the Americans tended to be about a specific event and more self-focused. 


B. Although both the American and the Chinese college students were equally confident in the accuracy of their memories, the American college students were actually much more accurate in the details they remembered. 


C. With the exception of the Chinese tending to have their first memories about a year earlier than the Americans, there were very similar themes in the first memories reported by the two groups. 


D. Regardless of culture, the females generally reported first memories about a special family event, while the males reported first memories that involved doing something alone.


E.


Answer: A 
49. Explicit memory: 



A. is the same thing as sensory memory. 


B. occurs when a seemingly "new" memory is actually based on an unrecalled previous memory. 


C. can be defined as memory with awareness. 


D. involves information that is unconsciously forgotten.


E.


Answer: C 
50. Which of the following statements about long-term memory is TRUE? 



A. Long-term memory represents a singular memory system with no subsystems. 


B. Echoic memory and iconic memory are two subsystems of long-term memory. 


C. As a subsystem of long-term memory, implicit memories cannot be consciously recalled but still affect your behavior, knowledge, or performance on some tasks. 


D. Episodic and semantic information are types of information reflected in implicit memory processes.


E.


Answer: C 
51. Which of the following are thought to be subsystems of long-term memory? 



A. explicit memory and implicit memory 


B. iconic memory and echoic memory 


C. short-term memory and working memory 


D. retroactive memory and proactive memory


E.


Answer: A 
52. As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information you have (hopefully) learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory? 



A. explicit memory 


B. implicit memory 


C. anterograde memory 


D. state-dependent retrieval


E.


Answer: A 
53. Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____. 



A. nondeclarative memory; declarative memory 


B. procedural information; episodic information 


C. Richard Thompson; Hermann Ebbinghaus 


D. declarative memory; nondeclarative memory


E.


Answer: D 
54. Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____. 



A. procedural information; episodic and semantic information 


B. George Sperling; George Miller 


C. memory with awareness; memory without awareness 


D. the hippocampus; the amygdala


E.


Answer: A 
55. Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory. 



A. nondeclarative 


B. iconic 


C. declarative 


D. procedural


E.


Answer: C 
56. Implicit memory is: 



A. memory that cannot be consciously recollected. 


B. declarative memory. 


C. limited to 7+2 chunks of information. 


D. the same as a semantic network.


E.


Answer: A 
57. After being presented with a list of thirty random words, June was asked to recall as many words as she could. In recalling the words, June remembered groups of related words, such as harp, flute, and piano. June's pattern of answers during recall demonstrates: 



A. episodic information. 


B. clustering. 


C. serial position effect. 


D. context effect.


E.


Answer: B 
58. Which of the following statements about the organization of information in long-term memory is FALSE? 



A. People have a strong tendency to actively organize information in long-term memory. 


B. Different bits of information are logically linked or associated in long-term memory. 


C. When presented with completely random words that have no obvious similarities or relationships, people recall the words in a purely random order rather than try to organize them in some way. 


D. Clustering is the tendency to organize items into related groups during recall.


E.


Answer: C 
59. The semantic network model suggests that: 



A. semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically. 


B. when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely. 


C. distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten. 


D. units of information in long-term memory are organized in a complex system of associations.


E.


Answer: D 
60. In one part of a study on the organization of information in long-term memory, participants said the first word that came to mind in response to the stimulus words "day," "woods," and "time." Many participants responded "night," "trees," and "clock." The participants' responses seem to support: 



A. interference theory. 


B. the notion of the serial position effect. 


C. mood congruence. 


D. the semantic network model.


E.


Answer: D 
61. _____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory. 



A. Retrieval 


B. Encoding 


C. Storage 


D. Consolidation


E.


Answer: A 
62. In telling the detective everything she could recall about when she went into the bank to make a deposit, Lynn got to the point that she could not recall any more details. At that point, Lynn was probably experiencing: 



A. retroactive interference. 


B. retrieval cue failure. 


C. memory consolidation. 


D. state-dependent retrieval.


E.


Answer: B 
63. During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ralph was absolutely certain that he knew the definition of "long-term potentiation" but he could not think of it. Ralph's inability to retrieve the information from his long-term memory was most likely due to: 



A. serial position effect. 


B. cryptomnesia. 


C. retrieval cue failure. 


D. misinformation effect.


E.


Answer: C 
64. Collette could not remember the name of the husband of a very important client. So, Collette began reciting the alphabet until a letter jarred her memory, and she could remember the name. The letter of the alphabet: 



A. served as a nondeclarative memory that caused retrieval of the information. 


B. is an example of the TOT experience. 


C. is a procedural memory cue. 


D. served as a retrieval cue.


E.


Answer: D 
65. The use of retrieval cues highlights an important point about long-term memory. Which of the following best describes this important point? 



A. Retrieval cues work better with recent long-term memories than with more deeply processed long-term memories. 


B. Long-term memory is routinely nondeclarative unless acted upon by retrieval cues. 


C. Short-term memory is no different than long-term memory except in the types of retrieval cues that are used to retrieve the information. 


D. With the right retrieval cue, one can often access stored information that seemed to be completely inaccessible.


E.


Answer: D 
66. The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of: 



A. the misinformation effect. 


B. the serial position effect. 


C. cryptomnesia. 


D. retrieval failure.


E.


Answer: D 
67. Janette was absolutely certain that she knew the name of the fundamentalist religious group that was involved in the standoff with the FBI in Waco, Texas, but she could not think of the name of the group. This is an example of: 



A. a tip-of-the-tongue experience. 


B. the misinformation effect. 


C. retroactive interference. 


D. cryptomnesia.


E.


Answer: A 
68. Tip-of-the-tongue experiences underscore that: 



A. retrieving information from long-term memory is an all-or-nothing process. 


B. once a memory becomes blocked, it is impossible to retrieve it. 


C. once a memory has decayed over time, it is impossible to retrieve it. 


D. information in long-term memory is organized and connected in relatively logical ways.


E.


Answer: D 
69. This multiple-choice test question is a good example of using _____ to test long-term memory. 



A. recognition 


B. free recall 


C. cued recall 


D. chunking


E.


Answer: A 
70. Which of the following is NOT a common strategy to test for information in long-term memory? 



A. recognition 


B. memory trace 


C. free recall 


D. cued recall


E.


Answer: B 
71. Essay tests are to _____ as fill-in-the-blank and matching tests are to _____. 



A. recognition; free recall 


B. encoding specificity; state-dependent retrieval 


C. free recall; cued recall 


D. schemas; source confusion


E.


Answer: C 
72. While Ray was waiting for a prescription to be filled, he called Kate to see if she wanted him to pick up anything while he was at the grocery store. To his surprise, Kate rattled off ten different items she wanted him to buy. Ray forgot two items in the middle of the list. Ray's pattern of forgetting illustrates: 



A. encoding specificity. 


B. the tip-of-the-tongue experience. 


C. state-dependent retrieval. 


D. the serial position effect.


E.


Answer: D 
73. Although Erin had practiced the speech several times before class, she flubbed the middle part of the speech when she gave it in speech class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates: 



A. the serial position effect. 


B. encoding specificity. 


C. memory consolidation. 


D. proactive interference.


E.


Answer: A 
74. While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first items in the list is called _____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list is called _____. 



A. the recency effect; the primacy effect 


B. the primacy effect; the recency effect 


C. proactive recall; retroactive recall 


D. retroactive recall; proactive recall


E.


Answer: B 
75. The _____ is especially prominent when you have to engage in serial recall. 



A. semantic network 


B. depths of processing 


C. primacy effect 


D. recency effect


E.


Answer: C 
76. Tara is giving Jeff directions to her house so he can come to the party being held there tonight. Jeff's ability to recall the directions in the proper order is an example of: 



A. serial recall. 


B. the primacy effect. 


C. the recency effect. 


D. recognition memory.


E.


Answer: A 
77. Which of the following is an example of the encoding specificity principle? 



A. mood congruence 


B. cryptomnesia 


C. memory consolidation 


D. source confusion


E.


Answer: A 
78. When the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, memory retrieval is more likely to be successful. That statement reflects the basic idea of: 



A. source confusion. 


B. the decay theory of forgetting. 


C. memory consolidation. 


D. the encoding specificity principle.


E.


Answer: D 
79. The critical factor in the context effect is the influence of: 



A. the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved. 


B. drugs on a person's internal state. 


C. external environmental cues in a particular situation. 


D. cryptomnesia.


E.


Answer: C 
80. When she studies for her humanities class, Charlene always goes to the classroom where the humanities class is held. By studying in the same setting where she'll take the test, Charlene is trying to use _____ to her advantage. 



A. the context effect 


B. state-dependent retrieval 


C. suppression 


D. mood congruence


E.


Answer: A 
81. After living in Canada for many years, Yoko returned for a visit to Seoul, Korea. As she walked through the neighborhood in which she had grown up, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Yoko's memories illustrate: 



A. state-dependent retrieval. 


B. the context effect. 


C. source confusion. 


D. mood congruence.


E.


Answer: B 
82. While Brian was drunk at an office party, he hid his car keys so they wouldn't get stolen.  The next day, Brian couldn't recall where he hid the keys and had to get a new set of keys made for his car.  When Brian got drunk again at a jazz festival two weeks later, he remembered where he hid his car keys.  This example illustrates: 



A. source confusion. 


B. mood congruence. 


C. state-dependent retrieval. 


D. the context effect.


E.


Answer: C 
83. Which of the following statements about state-dependent retrieval is TRUE? 



A. State-dependent retrieval is a phenomenon in which a particular mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood. 


B. The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is external environmental cues. 


C. The state-dependent retrieval effect is very weak and limited to free-recall tests of memory. 


D. State-dependent retrieval is basically the same thing as the tip-of-the-tongue experience.


E.


Answer: C 
84. The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of: 



A. internal physiological and psychological cues. 


B. external environmental cues in a particular context. 


C. the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved. 


D. misinformation.


E.


Answer: A 
85. Jean was extremely happy that she had finally passed the CPA exam and had landed a new job with a big accounting firm. As she was celebrating with family and friends, Jean recalled several other happy memories in her life. Jean's recall of other happy memories is an example of: 



A. the context effect. 


B. state-dependent retrieval. 


C. flashbulb memories. 


D. mood congruence.


E.


Answer: D 
86. Following the death of his father, Scott became extremely despondent for several weeks. During this time, Scott seemed to dwell on other unpleasant memories and other sad experiences in his life. Scott's recall of other sad memories is an example of: 



A. mood congruence. 


B. mood-dependent retrieval. 


C. the context effect. 


D. state-dependent retrieval.


E.


Answer: A 
87. Exactly three years ago today Denise was eating lunch with two friends at a restaurant when a very confused man came into the restaurant and began firing a gun at the pictures hanging on the walls. Denise remembers many details of that day, including the clothes she was wearing and what she ate for lunch. Denise has such clear memories of that day partly because those memories are characterized by a high degree of: 



A. mood congruence. 


B. distinctiveness. 


C. contextual cues. 


D. state-dependent retrieval.


E.


Answer: B 
88. Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this personal event in his life is an example of what is called: 



A. state-dependent retrieval. 


B. echoic memory. 


C. a flashbulb memory. 


D. iconic memory.


E.


Answer: C 
89. Three days after the verdict in the 1995 O. J. Simpson murder trial was announced, California college students completed a questionnaire in which they described how they had learned about the verdict and their reaction to it.  What did researchers find when the student were asked to recall the event 32 months later? 



A. Just as the concept of flashbulb memories would predict, the students had very reliable and accurate memories of how, when, and where they learned of the verdict in the Simpson murder trial. 


B. The majority of the students had only vague recollections of the day and were not confident in what they remembered. 


C. Although the students were very confident in their memories, there were many inaccuracies in their memories of the details. 


D. Just as the famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve would predict, most of the students remembered only about 10% of the details.


E.


Answer: C 
90. What distinguishes flashbulb memories from ordinary memories? 



A. Flashbulb memories are always procedural memories. 


B. People have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories. 


C. Flashbulb memories occur more often when we experience retroactive interference. 


D. People who have flashbulb memories also have anterograde amnesia.


E.


Answer: B 
91. Research on flashbulb memories has found that: 



A. the details of such memories are much more accurate over long periods of time than ordinary memories. 


B. such memories are completely resistant to memory consolidation. 


C. people are less confident in the accuracy of flashbulb memories. 


D. flashbulb memories function just like ordinary memories.


E.


Answer: D 
92. Which of the following statements is TRUE? 



A. Once stored in long-term memory, a memory is recalled exactly the same way each time it is remembered. 


B. People almost always remember how, when, and where they acquired a particular memory. 


C. Although people usually remember the basic elements of an experience, specific details of the memory may become added, subtracted, or distorted over time. 


D. Unlike the normal memory retrieval process, memories retrieved under hypnosis are always accurate.


E.


Answer: C 
93. Which of the following statements is FALSE? 



A. Schemas are useful in forming new memories because they allow you to quickly integrate new experiences into your existing knowledge base. 


B. The information you already have stored in long-term memory can potentially contribute to distortions in forming a new memory. 


C. Retrieving a memory involves the active process of reconstructing the memory. 


D. Long-term memories cannot be distorted by information you acquire after the long-term memory has been formed.


E.


Answer: D 
94. The term schema refers to: 



A. an organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept. 


B. an organized plan to accomplish a specific goal. 


C. a group of neurons that link two or more memory areas in the brain. 


D. a memory-enhancing technique that is used during hypnosis to aid in the retrieval of repressed memories.


E.


Answer: A 
95. In a research study described in your text, participants briefly sat in a psychology professor's office, then were taken to another room. When asked about the details of the professor's office, the research participants: 



A. accurately remembered almost all of the items in the psychologist's office. 


B. overestimated how long they had sat in the professor's office. 


C. remembered items that were not actually in the office, but were consistent with their schemas of a professor's office. 


D. lied when asked whether they had looked at the test on the table next to where they were sitting.


E.


Answer: C 
96. Which of the following statements about schemas is TRUE? 



A. Using schemas you already have stored in long-term memory allows you to quickly integrate new experiences into your knowledge base. 


B. Schemas can serve as important retrieval cues for information that has been retrieved but not stored. 


C. Schemas help to explain why depth of processing is a useful model for understanding the encoding and storage of information. 


D. Schemas can distort memories when recalling primacy information but do not distort memories of recency information.


E.


Answer: A 
97. In a research study described in your text, participants read a brief story about Bob and Margie, a happy, compatible couple who were engaged to be married. When later tested for their recall of the story they had read, many of the research participants had fabricated or distorted details of the story. Why? 



A. Because they remembered false memories that had been induced by hypnosis. 


B. Because just after they read the story, the experimenter casually mentioned that Bob and Margie broke up and never got married. 


C. Because before being tested for recall of the story, the experimenter told the research participants that Bob and Margie had both been killed in the attack on the World Trade Center. 


D. Because almost nine months had elapsed between the time the participants read the story and the time they were tested, and many of the details had faded over time.


E.


Answer: B 
98. Lisa went to a wedding where folk music was played rather than the traditional wedding march when the bride walked down the aisle. Later, Lisa distinctly remembers humming along to "Here comes the bride."  Lisa's memory distortion is most probably due to: 



A. encoding failure. 


B. the context effect. 


C. her schema for a typical wedding. 


D. state-dependent retrieval failure.


E.


Answer: C 
99. Although he actually learned about Holland's high taxes from talking to someone at a recent party, Paul was absolutely convinced that he had heard about the high taxes in Holland on a radio talk show. This is an example of a false memory due to: 



A. source confusion. 


B. the misinformation effect. 


C. trace decay. 


D. anterograde amnesia.


E.


Answer: A 
100. The term source confusion refers to: 



A. confusing two words that sound alike. 


B. a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten or confused with another memory. 


C. intentionally citing an incorrect source in a term paper. 


D. being unable to retrieve information that you know is stored in long-term memory.


E.


Answer: B 
101. In the prologue to Chapter 6, psychologist Elizabeth Loftus erroneously remembered finding her mother's body in her uncle's swimming pool. What contributed to Loftus's false memory of this event? 



A. suggestions that were made to her during hypnosis 


B. encoding failure 


C. confusion over the actual source of the memory 


D. anterograde amnesia


E.


Answer: C 
102. Discovering a major problem at work, Doug called Joan and discussed the problem at length. A few minutes later, his coworker Gary called him, and Doug told Gary about the problem. Later, Doug told a friend that Joan had said that fixing the problem would cost ten thousand dollars. But when he looked at his handwritten notes of the two phone conversations, Doug discovered that Gary, not Joan, had actually made the remark. The contradiction between what really happened and Doug's memory can best be explained by: 



A. source confusion. 


B. state-dependent retrieval. 


C. the context effect. 


D. motivated forgetting.


E.


Answer: A 
103. What sort of evidence would NOT provide convincing support for the accuracy of a past-life memory? 



A. knowledge of everyday information from the particular time period 


B. the vividness of the memory and the person's conviction that the memory is accurate 


C. information that can be verified through valid historical records 


D. information that could not be acquired from a contemporary source


E.


Answer: B 
104. The term cryptomnesia refers to: 



A. a condition in which a person convincingly pretends to have amnesia. 


B. a condition in which a person thinks that he has amnesia but actually does not. 


C. a memory distortion in which a seemingly "new" memory is actually based on a preexisting but unrecalled memory of previous knowledge or experience. 


D. the process of repressing disturbing memories from consciousness.


E.


Answer: C 
105. One of the most famous cases of a past life remembered under hypnosis involved a woman who claimed to remember her past life in Ireland as "Bridey Murphy." When the case was investigated, it turned out that: 



A. all of the woman's memories were confirmed by historical records. 


B. the hypnotist had intentionally created false reincarnation memories. 


C. the woman was lying and had never been hypnotized. 


D. the woman had grown up across the street from an Irish woman named "Bridey Murphy Corkell" who had told her many stories about everyday life in Ireland.


E.


Answer: D 
106. According to the information discussed in the box "Remembering Past Lives," which of the following factors seems to have played a role in the different examples of memories of past lives? 



A. cryptomnesia 


B. infantile amnesia 


C. encoding failure 


D. retrograde amnesia


E.


Answer: A 
107. Identify the psychologist who is a leading expert in the field of memory research and eyewitness testimony. 



A. George Sperling 


B. Elizabeth Loftus 


C. Richard Thompson 


D. Karl Lashley


E.


Answer: B 
108. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling? 



A. Whether the driver of the car was male or female. 


B. Whether they had ever been an eyewitness to an auto accident. 


C. Whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question. 


D. Whether the researcher was friendly or rude.


E.


Answer: C 
109. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. Which subjects gave the highest speed estimates? 



A. The subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?" 


B. The subjects who had received a speeding ticket in the last two years. 


C. The subjects who were told that both drivers were male teenagers. 


D. The subjects who were exposed to the rude experimenter.


E.


Answer: A 
110. Research by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has shown that: 



A. eyewitness testimony is highly accurate. 


B. even when a person has witnessed an event firsthand, it is relatively easy to distort the person's memory of the event. 


C. children and the elderly are most prone to memory distortions. 


D. most people forget the specific details of a crime within six months.


E.


Answer: B 
111. The "misinformation effect" refers to: 



A. political propaganda during election campaigns. 


B. a phenomenon in which existing memories are distorted by exposing people to misleading information. 


C. a memory distortion caused by the context effect. 


D. creating a false, but vivid, flashbulb memory.


E.


Answer: B 
112. It was _____ who said, "Misleading information can turn a lie into memory's truth. It can cause people to believe that they saw things that never really existed, or that they saw things differently from the way things actually were. It can make people confident about these false memories and also, apparently, impair earlier recollections. Once adopted, the newly created memories can be believed as strongly as genuine memories." 



A. Herman Ebbinghaus 


B. Karl Lashley 


C. Elizabeth Loftus 


D. Richard F. Thompson


E.


Answer: C 
113. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a series of slides about a burglary in which the thief used a screwdriver to break the lock on the victim's door. The subjects then read a written account of the burglary that was exactly the same except that it described a hammer as being used to break the lock. When asked how the burglar had broken the lock, the majority of the subjects: 



A. were unsure as to whether a hammer or a screwdriver had been used. 


B. could not remember how the burglar entered the house. 


C. accurately reported that the burglar had used a screwdriver. 


D. confidently reported that the burglar had used a hammer.


E.


Answer: D 
114. Which of the following factors did NOT play a role in the misidentification of Father Pagano as an armed robber by seven eyewitnesses? 



A. the misinformation effect 


B. schema distortion 


C. source confusion 


D. mood congruence


E.


Answer: D 
115. In a study of convictions in which the people turned out to be innocent of the crime, the largest factor leading to the wrongful convictions was: 



A. anterograde amnesia. 


B. hypnotically induced false memories. 


C. state-dependent retrieval errors. 


D. eyewitness misidentification.


E.


Answer: D 
116. The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called: 



A. encoding failure. 


B. forgetting. 


C. the misinformation effect. 


D. source confusion.


E.


Answer: B 
117. Identify the psychologist who pioneered the scientific study of forgetting. 



A. Hermann Ebbinghaus 


B. Elizabeth Loftus 


C. George Sperling 


D. Karl Lashley


E.


Answer: A 
118. Why were nonsense syllables used in the earliest studies of forgetting? 



A. So that the stimulus materials were simple enough that even children could read and remember them. 


B. So that cross-cultural comparisons of memory could be investigated using speakers of different languages. 


C. So that the material did not have preexisting associations in memory. 


D. To reduce retroactive interference.


E.


Answer: C 
119. The graphic representation of the results of Ebbinghaus's research is called the: 



A. memory curve. 


B. retroactive interference effect. 


C. misinformation effect. 


D. forgetting curve.


E.


Answer: D 
120. According to Ebbinghaus's research: 



A. encoding failure is the chief cause of most forgetting. 


B. all new information will eventually be forgotten. 


C. the most rapid forgetting of new material occurs relatively soon after the material is originally learned. 


D. memories are distributed throughout the brain.


E.


Answer: C 
121. Based on his research, Ebbinghaus found that: 



A. about 80 percent of new information is retained in memory and stable over time. 


B. the amount of forgetting eventually levels off and that the memories that remain are stable over time. 


C. memories for a classically conditioned response are distributed throughout the brain. 


D. the primary cause of forgetting is repression.


E.


Answer: B 
122. Mike began studying for his exam the night before the test, reading his textbook chapter for the first time. Ebbinghaus would predict that: 



A. Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he learned. 


B. Mike would remember most of the new material for several months, then rapidly forget most of it. 


C. Mike would gradually forget the new material over a period of several months. 


D. Mike's memory of the new material would remain remarkably stable for a lengthy period of time.


E.


Answer: A 
123. Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of forgetting described in your textbook? 



A. consolidation 


B. decay 


C. encoding failure 


D. interference


E.


Answer: A 
124. On a visit to his mother's home, Steve's mother introduced him to her new next-door neighbor. After chatting with the neighbor for a few minutes, Steve realized that he could not remember the new neighbor's name. The MOST likely explanation for Steve's forgetting the neighbor's name is: 



A. proactive interference. 


B. retroactive interference. 


C. encoding failure. 


D. decay.


E.


Answer: C 
125. Which is the best explanation for encoding failure? 



A. The information was not processed beyond the sensory memory stage. 


B. Old information interferes with one's ability to process novel information. 


C. The information enters one's short-term memory, but it is never encoded into long-term memory. 


D. The information was stored in working memory, but it was then repressed in long-term memory.


E.


Answer: C 
126. Forgetting that is caused by "encoding failure" means that the information: 



A. has been replaced or interfered with by a previous memory. 


B. has been destroyed through the misinformation effect. 


C. cannot be retrieved because it has undergone the process of decay. 


D. cannot be retrieved because it was never encoded into long-term memory in the first place.


E.


Answer: D 
127. If you cannot remember which United States president is pictured on a $5 bill, the reason is most likely: 



A. interference. 


B. encoding failure. 


C. decay. 


D. misinformation.


E.


Answer: B 
128. At a loud party, Kimberly met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day she was unable to remember his name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is: 



A. source confusion. 


B. interference theory. 


C. mood congruence theory. 


D. the misinformation effect.


E.


Answer: B 
129. The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely that _____ will occur. 



A. similar; repression 


B. dissimilar; repression 


C. dissimilar; interference 


D. similar; interference


E.


Answer: D 
130. Of the following factors, which is the most likely to cause the greatest interference? 



A. amount of information 


B. under what conditions the information was memorized 


C. when the different bits of the information were memorized 


D. similarity of information


E.


Answer: D 
131. When old memories interfere with a new memory, _____ is said to have occurred. 



A. proactive interference 


B. retroactive interference 


C. encoding failure 


D. misinformation effect


E.


Answer: A 
132. When a new memory interferes with an old memory, _____ is said to have occurred. 



A. proactive interference 


B. retroactive interference 


C. encoding failure 


D. suppression


E.


Answer: B 
133. According to your textbook, the misinformation effect may be a form of: 



A. retroactive interference. 


B. motivated forgetting. 


C. repression. 


D. proactive interference.


E.


Answer: A 
134. After switching departments at work and getting a new phone number, Anne found that it was harder to remember her previous department's phone number.  Anne was experiencing _____, which occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to recall a previous memory. 



A. retroactive interference. 


B. encoding failure. 


C. proactive interference. 


D. misinformation.


E.


Answer: A 
135. As Rick was filling out the loan application, he couldn't remember his previous address even though he had lived there for five years. Rick's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of: 



A. encoding failure. 


B. the misinformation effect. 


C. proactive interference. 


D. retroactive interference.


E.


Answer: D 
136. Whenever Yvonne tried to recall her new phone number, she kept getting it mixed up with her old phone number. Yvonne's failure to remember her new phone number is probably due to: 



A. encoding failure. 


B. the misinformation effect. 


C. proactive interference. 


D. retroactive interference.


E.


Answer: C 
137. Forgetting a painful or embarrassing memory because we don't want to remember the information is called: 



A. motivated forgetting. 


B. motivated interference. 


C. encoding failure. 


D. the desirability effect.


E.


Answer: A 
138. _____ is due to deliberate forgetting as _____ is due to unconscious forgetting. 



A. Motivated forgetting; retrieval failure 


B. Suppression; repression 


C. Repression; suppression 


D. Retrieval failure; motivated


E.


Answer: B 
139. Marcy was stood up by her date for the senior prom. She tried not to dwell on the painful experience, and after a few years she could remember only a few details of that humiliating evening. Marcy's deliberate attempt to forget that evening is an example of: 



A. interference. 


B. decay. 


C. repression. 


D. suppression.


E.


Answer: D 
140. Ralph couldn't remember any of his childhood until he went for psychotherapy to treat his anxiety disorder. After just a few sessions, Ralph started remembering the painful incidents in his childhood in which he was beaten and made to feel ashamed. Ralph had difficulty remembering his childhood probably because of: 



A. retroactive interference. 


B. proactive interference. 


C. motivated forgetting. 


D. encoding failure.


E.


Answer: C 
141. Because it was too painful to think about how his marriage had fallen apart due to his wife's infidelity, Russell decided that he was not going to remember anything about his marriage. Russell is trying to use _____, a form of motivated forgetting, to help ease his pain. 



A. suppression 


B. repression 


C. decay 


D. blocking


E.


Answer: A 
142. Ned's parents got divorced when he was seven years old. Ned's older sister vividly remembers the frequent, loud screaming matches between her mother and father in the weeks prior to the divorce, but Ned has no memories of his parents ever fighting. That Ned has completely blocked conscious awareness of those painful memories is an example of: 



A. encoding failure. 


B. proactive interference. 


C. repression. 


D. memory decay.


E.


Answer: C 
143. According to Freud, _____ memories remain unconscious yet are still capable of influencing behavior and personality. 



A. repressed 


B. suppressed 


C. motivated 


D. decayed


E.


Answer: A 
144. According to _____ theory, we forget memories because we don't use them and they simply fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes. 



A. decay 


B. interference 


C. neuronal circuit 


D. psychoanalytic


E.


Answer: A 
145. The decay theory of forgetting: 



A. has more research supporting it than the other theories of forgetting. 


B. is contradicted by the fact that the right retrieval cue can sometimes trigger the recall of information or events experienced long ago. 


C. has proven useful in explaining how anterograde amnesia occurs. 


D. has proven useful in understanding why infantile amnesia occurs.


E.


Answer: B 
146. Repressed memory therapy, or recovery therapy, refers to: 



A. psychotherapy that encourages the recall of supposedly repressed memories from childhood, usually of physical or sexual abuse. 


B. a treatment for memory problems in people suffering from Alzheimer's disease or other diseases that cause memory loss. 


C. the use of special techniques to repress unpleasant memories to help people recover from traumatic events. 


D. a therapeutic technique that counteracts the effects of memory consolidation.


E.


Answer: A 
147. Although the concept of repressed memories is controversial, there is general agreement among psychologists that: 



A. repressed memories recovered through hypnosis are accurate. 


B. people may experience amnesia for some of the details of a single traumatic event, but they are unlikely to repress all memories of repeated incidents of abuse. 


C. when people experience repeated incidents of abuse, they are more likely to completely repress all memories of the experiences. 


D. survivors of traumatic incidents are rarely able to recall details about the events.


E.


Answer: B 
148. According to the text discussion about the recovery of repressed memories, which of the following statements is FALSE? 



A. False memories can seem just as vivid, detailed, and accurate as real memories. 


B. Rather than repressed and unavailable memories, most people who have survived a traumatic event are troubled by recurring memories, thoughts, and flashbacks of the traumatic event. 


C. The use of hypnosis to aid recall greatly increases the accuracy of the memories that are reported. 


D. Most psychologists who are experts in memory believe that it is very unlikely that anyone could repress all memories of repeated incidents of sexual abuse.


E.


Answer: C 
149. In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley: 



A. began a longitudinal study on the memory of high school students for the words and phrases they had learned in Spanish class. 


B. began the first systematic study of forgetting using nonsense syllables. 


C. measured the duration of visual sensory memory. 


D. began searching for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory.


E.


Answer: D 
150. Guiding Karl Lashley's initial research on memory was his belief that memory: 



A. could reside outside of the brain in specific organs or tissues, such as muscles. 


B. was widely distributed throughout the cerebellum. 


C. was localized or stored in a specific brain area. 


D. was initially repressed and then slowly recovered into consciousness.


E.


Answer: C 
151. Which psychologist trained a rat to run a maze, then tried to identify the location of the memory by removing a tiny portion of the rat's brain? 



A. Karl Lashley 


B. Elizabeth Loftus 


C. Hermann Ebbinghaus 


D. Richard F. Thompson


E.


Answer: A 
152. What is the term for the brain changes associated with the formation of a long-term memory? 



A. clustering 


B. the memory trace or engram 


C. a schema 


D. the memory episode or trigram


E.


Answer: B 
153. Which of the following statements about Karl Lashley is TRUE? 



A. Lashley's research with sea snails provided evidence that forming a new memory involves changes in the function and structure of neurons. 


B. Lashley's research with rats eventually led him to the conclusion that memories are distributed throughout the brain. 


C. Lashley's research confirmed the pattern of forgetting first identified by Ebbinghaus. 


D. Lashley's research with rabbits demonstrated that the memory for the classically conditioned response was localized in a specific brain area.


E.


Answer: B 
154. Which psychologist searched for the brain location of a classically conditioned eyeblink response in rabbits? 



A. Elizabeth Loftus 


B. Karl Lashley 


C. Richard Thompson 


D. Eric Kandel


E.


Answer: C 
155. According to the discussion in your text, Karl Lashley failed to find evidence that a particular memory is localized in a specific brain area because: 



A. the brain and nervous system of sea snails was not complex enough for a localized memory to be formed. 


B. PET scans show global brain activity rather than changes in individual neurons. 


C. the behavior that he studied involved a complex set of interrelated memories that existed in different brain areas. 


D. he used rabbits rather than dogs.


E.


Answer: C 
156. Research by psychologist Richard F. Thompson and his colleagues demonstrated that the: 



A. function and structure of neurons change in response to the formation of new memories. 


B. hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories. 


C. hippocampus does not mature until the developing infant is about two years old. 


D. memory for a classically conditioned eyeblink response was localized in a rabbit's cerebellum.


E.


Answer: D 
157. The Focus on Neuroscience feature described a study in which participants first memorized labels for common objects, such as "dog," that were paired with either a picture or a sound. After learning the pairs, each participant were placed in an fMRI scanner and (a) simply reviewed the pairings they had already learned or (b) were given a label and asked to recall the visual or auditory memory associated with the label. What did the study reveal? 



A. Completely different brain areas were activated in the perception and recall conditions. 


B. If the label was paired with a sound, it activated the same auditory brain areas that were involved in actually perceiving the sound. 


C. If the label was paired with a picture, it activated the same visual brain areas that were involved in actually perceiving the image. 


D. Both b and c are correct.


E.


Answer: D 
158. When you combine the research findings of Lashley and Thompson, they suggest that: 



A. all memories are distributed throughout the brain. 


B. H. M. does retain new episodic memories. 


C. simple memories may be localized in specific areas whereas complex memories seem to be distributed throughout the brain. 


D. cultural beliefs play a critical role in how much memory loss is experienced during late adulthood.


E.


Answer: C 
159. To help understand how neurons change in response to the formation of a new memory, researchers have extensively studied: 



A. the sea snail Aplysia. 


B. undergraduate psychology students. 


C. people who have sustained brain injuries. 


D. a man known by the initials H. M.


E.


Answer: A 
160. Research with the sea snail Aplysia has demonstrated that: 



A. memories are localized in the cerebellum. 


B. both the function and structure of neurons change in response to the formation of a new memory. 


C. memory consolidation can be disrupted by an electric shock. 


D. state-dependent retrieval and retrograde amnesia can be explained in the same way.


E.


Answer: B 
161. When the sea snail Aplysia acquires a new memory of a classically conditioned gill withdrawal reflex, which of the following does NOT occur? 



A. There is an increase in the amount of neurotransmitters produced by the neurons involved in the memory circuit. 


B. There is an increase in the number of interconnecting branches between the neurons involved in the memory circuit. 


C. There is an increase in the number of neurons involved in the memory circuit. 


D. There is an increase in the number of synapses between the neurons involved in the memory circuit.


E.


Answer: C 
162. Which of the following statement about the role of neurons in long-term memory is TRUE? 



A. Research with Aplysia has NOT demonstrated that the formation of a new memory is accompanied by distinct functional, but not structural, changes in the neurons. 


B. Besides Aplysia, research with rats, chicks, and rabbits has demonstrated similar changes in neurons in response to new learning experiences. 


C. Physiological psychologist Karl Lashley received the Nobel Prize for his research demonstrating the memory capabilities of sea snails and squids. 


D. The term long-term potentiation refers to neurons with few synaptic interconnections that have the potential to be used for storing new memories.


E.


Answer: A
163. Ever since the beginning of the new school year, Jason spent thirty minutes every afternoon drilling Joshua, his younger brother who is in the fourth grade, on basic multiplication and division problems.  Now three months later, Joshua responds almost instantly with the answer to basic multiplication and division problems. Considering what you've read in chapter 6 on the biological basis of memory, which of the following has probably happened to Joshua? 



A. State-dependent retrieval has occurred. 


B. Structural and functional changes have occurred in the specific neurons involved in the new memories. 


C. The repeated practice sessions successfully blocked long-term potentiation from occurring, allowing the new memories to consolidate. 


D. All of the above.


E.


Answer: B 
164. Long-term potentiation: 



A. refers to the functional and structural changes in neurons that increase the strength of the synaptic connections involved in a particular memory. 


B. is one of the primary causes of retrograde amnesia. 


C. is a visualization technique used to recover long-term memories that are potentially repressed. 


D. is one of the most effective forms of elaborative rehearsal.


E.


Answer: A 
165. Head injuries from automobile and motorcycle accidents are most likely to produce: 



A. retrograde amnesia. 


B. anterograde amnesia. 


C. proactive interference. 


D. memory consolidation.


E.


Answer: A 
166. Justin was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a serious injury to his head. When asked about the accident, Justin could not remember what happened or how the accident occurred. Justin seems to be suffering from: 



A. cryptomnesia. 


B. retrograde amnesia. 


C. temporary dementia. 


D. anterograde amnesia.


E.


Answer: B 
167. The inability to remember past events is to _____ as the inability to form new memories is to _____. 



A. anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia 


B. retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia 


C. proactive interference; retroactive interference 


D. the cerebellum; memory consolidation


E.


Answer: B 
168. According to the discussion in the text, memories of the events immediately preceding a concussion or head injury are often forgotten because the injury: 



A. causes temporary dementia. 


B. causes retroactive interference to occur. 


C. disrupts the process of memory consolidation. 


D. creates cryptomnesia.


E.


Answer: C 
169. During an intense tennis game, Robert fell backwards and sustained a concussion when his head hit the cement surface. Later in the emergency room, Robert couldn't remember falling or who was ahead in the tennis game. The loss of his memories for that information occurred because the concussion: 



A. produced temporary dementia. 


B. caused long-term potentiation. 


C. disrupted the process of memory consolidation. 


D. created anterograde amnesia.


E.


Answer: C 
170. The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is termed: 



A. the memory trace. 


B. memory localization. 


C. memory distribution. 


D. memory consolidation.


E.


Answer: D 
171. Which of the following is a good analogy for the process of memory consolidation? 



A. waiting for wet cement to gradually set and harden 


B. the instantaneous conduction of electricity through a wire 


C. the gradual fading of the words and images on a billboard 


D. the evaporation of heated water


E.


Answer: A 
172. The famous patient known as H. M. suffered from an extreme case of: 



A. memory consolidation. 


B. anterograde amnesia. 


C. retrograde amnesia. 


D. proactive amnesia.


E.


Answer: B 
173. When the patient known as H. M. was a young man, doctors surgically removed his _____ in an attempt to treat his epileptic seizures. 



A. cerebellum 


B. amygdala 


C. hippocampus 


D. hypothalamus


E.


Answer: C 
174. Which of the following statements about the famous patient known as H. M. is FALSE? 



A. H. M. can use his short-term memory. 


B. H. M. can retrieve long-term memories. 


C. H. M. can form new long-term episodic memories. 


D. H. M. can form new long-term procedural memories.


E.


Answer: C 
175. How was it demonstrated that the implicit memory system seemed to be functional in H. M., the famous amnesia patient? 



A. If H. M. actively repeated a string of numbers, he could hold the information in short-term memory for an hour or more. 


B. When given the same logical puzzle to solve for several days in a row, H. M. was able to solve the puzzle more quickly each day. 


C. Under hypnosis, H. M. was able to remember events in his life prior to the surgery. 


D. Over a period of years, H. M. gradually got to the point where he was able to remember the name of his doctor.


E.


Answer: B 
176. Studies with amnesia patients who have sustained brain damage similar to that of the patient named H. M. have shown that: 



A. H. M. is highly unusual in his ability to form new episodic memories. 


B. implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve different brain areas. 


C. H. M. is highly unusual in his ability to form new procedural memories. 


D. implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve the same brain areas.


E.


Answer: B 
177. Studies with H. M. and with amnesia patients who have sustained similar brain damage seem to suggest that: 



A. the hippocampus does NOT play a critical role in the formation of new procedural memories. 


B. the hippocampus plays NO role in the formation of new episodic memories. 


C. long-term memories are stored in the hippocampus. 


D. the explicit memory system is unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.


E.


Answer: A 
178. Because of the famous case of the patient known as H. M., it is known that _____ plays a critical role in _____. 



A. memory consolidation; short-term memory 


B. the hippocampus; short-term memory 


C. the cerebellum; the retrieval of long-term memories 


D. the hippocampus; encoding new episodic memories


E.


Answer: D 
179. Infantile amnesia refers to: 



A. an infant's ability to quickly forget traumatic experiences. 


B. an infant's inability to remember faces and voices. 


C. a rare form of amnesia, typically experienced after a severe stroke or injury to the hippocampus. 


D. the general inability of adults to remember any details from the first two to three years of life.


E.


Answer: D 
180. Both infants and adults with hippocampus damage: 



A. experience amnesia caused by the repression of threatening or traumatic experiences. 


B. have the inability to form new episodic memories, but are capable of forming new procedural memories. 


C. experience an inability to form new procedural memories, but are capable of forming new episodic memories. 


D. are unable to form new procedural or episodic memories.


E.


Answer: B 
181. In a study described in the text, patients with brain damage to the frontal lobes were unable to: 



A. complete simple jigsaw puzzles of human faces. 


B. recognize the middle number in three-number combinations. 


C. remember the order in which words were presented in a story. 


D. distinguish between the primary colors green and yellow.


E.


Answer: C 
182. The prefrontal cortex: 



A. seems to encode emotional qualities associated with particular memories. 


B. seems to be responsible for the ability to remember the order of information. 


C. 


D.


E.


Answer: B 
183. The brain structure called the _____ seems to be involved in encoding the emotional aspects of memories and associating memories that involve different senses. 



A. amygdala 


B. hippocampus 


C. cerebellum 


D. hypothalamus 


E.


Answer: A 
184. When the amygdala is removed, a monkey: 



A. loses the ability to encode new long-term memories. 


B. loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators. 


C. has complete amnesia for previously learned classically conditioned responses. 


D. shows the classic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. 


E.


Answer: B 
185. Which of the following is NOT one of the key brain structures involved in encoding and storing memories? 



A. amygdala 


B. hippocampus 


C. prefrontal cortex 


D. hypothalamus 


E.


Answer: D 
186. What is the most common cause of senile dementia? 



A. retrograde amnesia 


B. anterograde amnesia 


C. Alzheimer's disease 


D. infantile amnesia 


E.


Answer: C 
187. Alzheimer's disease occurs in approximately _____ percent of the population over the age of 65. 



A. ten 


B. twenty-five 


C. forty 


D. fifty 


E.


Answer: A 
188. In the "Culture and Human Behavior" box, psychologists Becca Levy and Ellen Langer propose that: 



A. cultural expectations about aging can affect memory abilities in the elderly. 


B. the decline of memory ability is part of the natural biological aging process that is seen across cultures. 


C. Alzheimer's disease is a symptom of highly technological cultures and is less evident in more primitive cultures. 


D. older people in mainland China do not age as rapidly and thus do not show memory problems. 


E.


Answer: A 
189. In the "Culture and Human Behavior" box, psychologists Becca Levy and Ellen Langer studied different groups of older people. Which group performed the best on memory tasks? 



A. The elderly group from the United States, where views of the elderly are fairly positive. 


B. The group from China, where the culture values the elderly. 


C. The hearing-impaired Americans, because they are not affected by cultural diversity. 


D. All of the groups performed about the same, supporting the natural decline in memory with age. 


E.


Answer: B 
190. In the "Culture and Human Behavior" box, psychologists Becca Levy and Ellen Langer studied different groups of older people. They concluded that: 



A. dementia is a progressive disease process that affects all cultural groups the same way. 


B. the biological mechanisms of memory seem to be the same across a number of different cultures. 


C. memory is stable up until late old age, after which memory decreases dramatically. 


D. the negative stereotypes about aging in America may function as a self-fulfilling prophecy. 


E.


Answer: D 
191. Spacing your study sessions is to _____ as cramming the night before is to _____. 



A. elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal 


B. massed practice; distributed practice 


C. serial position effect; proactive interference 


D. distributed practice; massed practice 


E.


Answer: D 
192. Jill is serious about wanting to improve her memory for the information she is studying in her college classes. Which of the following is LEAST likely to enhance Jill's ability to remember information? 



A. outlining lecture or chapter information 


B. spacing her study sessions 


C. using maintenance rehearsal to memorize key terms 


D. using text photographs and illustrations to help create visual memories of information 


E.


Answer: C 
193. According to the Application section, which of the following helps the process of consolidating new memories? 



A. sleep 


B. alcohol 


C. background noise 


D. massed practice 


E.


Answer: A 
194. According to the Application section on making memories last: 



A. it is important to avoid distracting stimuli that may compete for your attention while studying. 


B. using television as a background stimulus can serve as a stimulus cue for remembering studied material. 


C. reading material fast is a good way to understand the overall nature of the information to be studied. 


D. massed practice works better than distributed practice for certain subjects that are studied. 


E.


Answer: A 
195. Wynn has been studying for his audiology exam by breaking up each chapter into manageable sections and then learning key information one section at a time. According to the Applications section of your text, Wynn is using which technique to enhance his memory? 



A. elaborative rehearsal 


B. reducing interference within a topic 


C. counteracting the serial position effect 


D. using contextual cues to jog memory 


E.


Answer: B 
196. Raymond is determined to do well on his final exams, and decides to apply what he has learned about elaborative rehearsal to his own studying strategies. Which of the following suggestions is NOT an effective way to engage in elaborative rehearsal? 



A. try to create vivid visual images of terms and concepts 


B. explain the material in his own words to a friend 


C. relate the information to material that he already knows, including examples from his own life 


D. repeat each key term and definition at least ten times 


E.


Answer: D 
197. For her anatomy and physiology class, Chelsea has to learn a list of the twelve cranial nerves in correct order. Which of the following suggestions would help her counteract the serial position effect? 



A. spend extra time rehearsing the first several items on the list 


B. spend extra time rehearsing the last several items on the list 


C. spend extra time rehearsing the items in the middle of the list 


D. spend extra time rehearsing the first several items and last several items on the list 


E.


Answer: C 
198. While Ellen was taking a test, she blocked on remembering a specific piece of information that she studied. According to the Application section, Ellen might be able to jog the blocked memory by: 



A. taking one or two deep breaths. 


B. imagining the surroundings in which she learned the information. 


C. listening to background noise. 


D. using massed practice. 


E.


Answer: B