1. Psychologists formally define learning as: 



A. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experience. 


B. a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to drug treatment. 


C. behavior changes that are the result of development or maturation. 


D. replacing old habits with new habits.


E.


Answer: A 
2. In psychology, the term "conditioning" refers to: 



A. a change in behavior due to past experience. 


B. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. 


C. enhanced performance due to extensive practice and training in a particular skill or sport. 


D. adaptation to specific environmental factors, due to repeated exposure to those factors.


E.


Answer: B 
3. The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called: 



A. stimulus discrimination 


B. stimulus generalization 


C. conditioning 


D. extinction


E.


Answer: C 
4. Ivan Pavlov was: 



A. a Russian physiologist. 


B. a Russian psychologist. 


C. an American physiologist. 


D. a German psychologist.


E.


Answer: A 
5. Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning? 



A. Robert Rescorla 


B. B. F. Skinner 


C. John B. Watson 


D. Ivan Pavlov


E.


Answer: D 
6. What phenomenon was Pavlov studying when he first became interested in learning? 



A. the role of reflexes in feeding behavior 


B. the use of food rewards in training dogs 


C. reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells 


D. the role of saliva in digestion


E.


Answer: D 
7. What discovery sparked Pavlov's interest in the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning? 



A. Dogs that were repeatedly restrained while shocked displayed "learned helplessness." 


B. Dogs displayed exploratory behavior when the experimenter was not in the room. 


C. Dogs displayed a reflexive response before the stimulus was presented rather than after it was presented. 


D. Dogs became hypersensitive to sounds, such as ringing bells and footsteps.


E.


Answer: C 
8. The term "elicited" is: 



A. used in operant conditioning to refer to a voluntary response, such as bar-pressing 


B. used in classical conditioning to refer to an automatic response, such as flinching 


C. used in observational learning to refer to an imitative response, such as hitting a Bobo doll 


D. used in operant conditioning to refer to the response to inescapable punishment, such as passivity


E.


Answer: B 
9. In response to cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n): 



A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 


B. unconditioned response (UCR). 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


D. conditioned response (CR).


E.


Answer: A 
10. Which behavior is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically? 



A. walking 


B. throwing a ball 


C. salivating 


D. speaking


E.


Answer: C 
11. To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired? 



A. A neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response 


B. A stimulus and a response 


C. A behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence 


D. An unconditioned response and a conditioned response


E.


Answer: A 
12. When Meghan was very young, she would go with her father to his dental appointments and listen to the different sounds and see the different instruments that were used. When Meghan was older, she went to the dentist for a check up and had to have a cavity fixed. There was some pain, and discomfort during the procedures.  After this experience, Meghan's father again brought her along to his dental appointment, but Meghan began to cry and refused to enter the office door. Prior to the painful and uncomfortable procedure, the dental office would be viewed as a(n) _____ in classical conditioning terms. 



A. conditioned stimulus 


B. neutral stimulus 


C. unconditioned stimulus 


D. learned stimulus


E.


Answer: B 
13. Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning: 



A. that consequences follow a behavior. 


B. by observing others' behaviors. 


C. the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer. 


D. an association between two stimuli.


E.


Answer: D 
14. Conditioned stimulus is to unconditioned stimulus as: 



A. a reflex is to a unlearned stimulus. 


B. an unconditioned response is to a conditioned response. 


C. learned response is to a unlearned response. 


D. learned stimulus is to a conditioned response.


E.


Answer: C 
15. When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n): 



A. conditioned response. 


B. unconditioned response. 


C. example of latent learning. 


D. discriminative stimulus.


E.


Answer: A 
16. If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____. 



A. CS; UCS 


B. CR; UCR 


C. UCS; UCR 


D. CS; CR


E.


Answer: C 
17. In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n): 



A. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


B. unconditioned response (UCR). 


C. conditioned response (CR). 


D. discriminative stimulus.


E.


Answer: B 
18. Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is: 



A. an unconditioned stimulus. 


B. an unconditioned response. 


C. a neutral stimulus. 


D. a conditioned response.


E.


Answer: C 
19. If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n): 



A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 


B. unconditioned response (UCR). 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


D. conditioned response (CR).


E.


Answer: B 
20. Prior to conditioning, a dog will salivate in response to food placed in its mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while the dog salivating would be labeled the _____. 



A. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus 


B. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 


C. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 


D. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response


E.


Answer: D 
21. After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n): 



A. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


B. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 


C. unconditioned response (UCR). 


D. conditioned response (CR).


E.


Answer: A 
22. Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n): 



A. unconditioned response (UCR). 


B. conditioned response (CR). 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS).


E.


Answer: C 
23. Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n): 



A. unconditioned response (UCR). 


B. conditioned response (CR). 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS).


E.


Answer: B 
24. Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse's white uniform. But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this example, the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____ to the infant. 



A. unconditioned response (UCR) 


B. conditioned response (CR) 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS) 


D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS)


E.


Answer: C 
25. After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is termed the: 



A. unconditioned response (UCR). 


B. conditioned response (CR). 


C. conditioned stimulus (CS). 


D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS).


E.


Answer: B 
26. Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if: 



A. the UCS was always presented before the CS. 


B. the CR always occurred before the UCR. 


C. there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS. 


D. the interval between the CR and UCR was only a few seconds.


E.


Answer: C 
27. Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if: 



A. the UCS was not paired with the CS. 


B. the interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds. 


C. the CR always came before the UCR. 


D. a different CS was used during each conditioning session.


E.


Answer: B 
28. A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred? 



A. stimulus generalization 


B. spontaneous recovery 


C. stimulus discrimination 


D. extinction


E.


Answer: A 
29. When Micah was 2 years old, he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's deranged Chihuahua, which nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following? 



A. spontaneous recovery 


B. stimulus discrimination 


C. stimulus generalization 


D. extinction


E.


Answer: B 
30. Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called: 



A. spontaneous recovery. 


B. stimulus discrimination. 


C. backward conditioning. 


D. stimulus generalization.


E.


Answer: D 
31. Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response? 



A. the magnitude of the reinforcer 


B. the timing of stimulus presentations 


C. the size of the unconditioned response 


D. the timing of the operant


E.


Answer: B 
32. Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Half way through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of: 



A. spontaneous recovery. 


B. extinction. 


C. stimulus generalization. 


D. latent learning.


E.


Answer: B 
33. Three-year-old Tim spent the summer with his aunt. His aunt would punish him for misbehavior by swatting his bottom with a red paddle, and he soon learned to feel fearful whenever his aunt picked up the paddle. A year later, he returned to visit his aunt again. At the sight of the red paddle hanging in his aunt's kitchen, he burst into tears. What classical conditioning principle best explains Tim's distress at the sight of his aunt's red paddle? 



A. negative reinforcement 


B. biological preparedness 


C. extinction 


D. spontaneous recovery


E.


Answer: D 
34. In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur? 



A. stimulus generalization 


B. stimulus discrimination 


C. extinction 


D. spontaneous recovery


E.


Answer: C 
35. The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that: 



A. A conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated. 


B. A conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction. 


C. Stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination. 


D. It is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli.


E.


Answer: A 
36. Behaviorism was an early "school" or approach to psychology that was founded by: 



A. Edward L. Thorndike. 


B. John B. Watson. 


C. B. F. Skinner. 


D. Albert Bandura.


E.


Answer: B 
37. At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders had defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind. These early founders advocated the use of introspective self-reports to achieve two fundamental goals. What were these two goals? 



A. describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions 


B. characterize and explain theories of learning 


C. describe and evaluate learned emotional responses 


D. describe and explain learned behaviors


E.


Answer: A 
38. In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov: 



A. believed that the study of classical conditioning should be expanded to investigate how conscious thoughts, perceptions, and other subjective mental states influence the conditioning process. 


B. wanted nothing to do with the newly established science of psychology. 


C. founded behaviorism as a new school of thought and was elected president of the American Psychological Association. 


D. began investigating the role of classical conditioning in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.


E.


Answer: B 
39. John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements? 



A. "Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes." 


B. "The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports." 


C. "The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions." 


D. "The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior."


E.


Answer: D 
40. Which of the following best identifies what John B. Watson believed should be the focus of study for psychology? 



A. consciousness 


B. observable behavior 


C. conditioned stimuli 


D. physiological processes


E.


Answer: B 
41. Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective. He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements? 



A. Human behavior is shaped by environmental events. 


B. Human behavior can be explained by genetics and heredity. 


C. Most human behavior is the result of unconscious psychological conflicts. 


D. The understanding of mental processes is the key to understanding human behavior.


E.


Answer: A 
42. The early "school" or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas? 



A. the scientific study of mental processes in humans and animals 


B. the evaluation of human and animal intelligence 


C. the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes 


D. the use of psychological tests to evaluate and place workers in the jobs that best match their skills


E.


Answer: C 
43. It was _____ who made the following claim: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select." 



A. Ivan Pavlov 


B. B. F. Skinner 


C. Edward L. Thorndike 


D. John B. Watson


E.


Answer: D 
44. John Watson believed that human emotions were: 



A. due to repressed psychological conflicts. 


B. the result of natural selection and evolutionary adaptation 


C. operant responses, strengthened through reinforcement and weakened through punishment 


D. reflexive responses, involving the muscles and glands


E.


Answer: D 
45. The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated: 



A. that even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. 


B. that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. 


C. that it is impossible to condition fear to wooden blocks. 


D. the natural process of extinction in a baby.


E.


Answer: B 
46. In Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? 



A. the loud clanging sound 


B. the sight of the white rat 


C. fear in response to the loud clanging sound 


D. fear in response to the sight of the rat


E.


Answer: A 
47. What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study? 



A. the loud clanging sound 


B. the sight of the white rat 


C. fear in response to the loud clanging sound 


D. fear in response to the sight of the rat


E.


Answer: C 
48. What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study? 



A. the loud clanging sound 


B. the sight of the white rat 


C. fear in response to the loud clanging sound 


D. fear in response to the sight of the rat


E.


Answer: D 
49. What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat? 



A. Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. 


B. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. 


C. Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. 


D. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.


E.


Answer: A 
50. In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner: 



A. used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in the infant. 


B. did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. 


C. were criticized for their conclusions because the infant was fearful of many different objects before the study began. 


D. successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects.


E.


Answer: B 
51. Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the methodology of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study? 



A. Using a loud clang as a conditioned stimulus is not an acceptable scientific practice. 


B. The behavior of an infant is not representative of adult human behavior. 


C. Albert's fear and distress were not objectively measured, but were subjectively evaluated by the experimenters themselves. 


D. The experimenters did not evaluate Albert's responsiveness to different stimuli.


E.


Answer: C 
52. Which of the following represents a valid criticism of the ethics of Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study? 



A. Watson and Rayner filmed the infant's behavior without permission. 


B. Watson and Rayner intentionally induced a lasting fear in an infant, and did not attempt to extinguish it when the experiment was over. 


C. It is unethical to use infants and animals in the same research study. 


D. Treatment of the rats, rabbits, and other animals used in the study did not conform to APA regulations.


E.


Answer: B 
53. John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on American business.  Which statement best describes Watson's influence on American business? 



A. Watson demonstrated the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers and behavior modification techniques in improving worker productivity. 


B. Watson's research on conditioned responses in animals was used to improve veterinary practice and to develop new products for pets and livestock. 


C. Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products. 


D. Watson's classical conditioning techniques demonstrated the importance of having employees wear uniforms with the company's logo.


E.


Answer: C 
54. Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles? 



A. including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X 


B. a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior 


C. a sexy model using Brand X 


D. a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products


E.


Answer: C 
55. Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that: 



A. Most people are not affected by the use of classical conditioning methods in advertising. 


B. Attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns. 


C. Modern advertising has abandoned the use of classical conditioning techniques, since they have been shown to be ineffective. 


D. Pairing products with stimuli that naturally elicit fear is the only way in which classical conditioning techniques affect brand preferences or product choices.


E.


Answer: B 
56. The prologue to Chapter 5 describes the story of Erv getting accidentally locked in the attic by his wife Fern. Because of the incident, Erv now experiences a conditioned emotional reaction of fear whenever he must go up in the attic. Erv's initially being trapped in the airtight attic represents the _____, and the fear he experienced on that first occasion represents the _____. 



A. conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 


B. conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 


C. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 


D. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response


E.


Answer: D 
57. Whenever Kim and Russ make love, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental work "BolŽro" in the background. One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's "BolŽro." As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Russ cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example? 



A. the sound of Ravel's "BolŽro" 


B. intimate physical contact with her partner 


C. sexual arousal in response to her partner 


D. sexual arousal in response to the song "BolŽro"


E.


Answer: B 
58. Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning? 



A. After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing. 


B. Marilyn practically jumped out of her chair when a very loud clap of thunder occurred right over her house. 


C. Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. 


D. Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house.


E.


Answer: C 
59. Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning? 



A. Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne. 


B. The sound of a neighbor's drill sends a shudder up Janeen's spine because it reminds her of the dentist's office. 


C. Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was actually decaffeinated. 


D. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.


E.


Answer: D 
60. Habitual coffee drinkers often experience an immediate sense of alertness when they sip a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in the bloodstream.  What is the best explanation for this phenomenon? 



A. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned stimulus that elicit the conditioned response of alertness. 


B. Drinking coffee is positively reinforced by the consequence of increased arousal and alertness. 


C. The conditioned response of alertness has been elicited by the conditioned stimulus of caffeine. 


D. The alertness is an example of the spontaneous recovery of a previously learned response.


E.


Answer: A 
61. Louella loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband served her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her.  Nevertheless, she still felt more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee.  What might explain Louella's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee? 



A. Louella's alertness was an example of spontaneous recovery after extinction of her previous classically conditioned response. 


B. Louella had experienced a classically conditioned compensatory response to the taste, smell, and other stimuli associated with coffee. 


C. Louella's alertness was an example of stimulus generalization. 


D. Louella's alertness was a classically conditioned response to the taste, smell, and other stimuli associated with coffee.


E.


Answer: D 
62. Bill always starts his day with a cup of strong coffee. Bill stayed overnight at his mother's home and she made him a cup of coffee when he got up.  Later, he was surprised to discover that his mother's coffee was decaffeinated, because he felt more alert after drinking the coffee.  In this example, what is the CS and CR? 



A. The CS is the drug caffeine and the CR is alertness. 


B. The CS is the smell and taste of coffee and the CR is the drug caffeine. 


C. The CS is alertness and the CR is the smell and taste of coffee. 


D. The CS is the smell and taste of coffee and the CR is alertness.


E.


Answer: D 
63. Your textbook described a study in which patients regularly took pills to treat high blood pressure in a particular environment. Taking the pills would produce a drop in blood pressure.  When some of these patients were later given a placebo (fake) pill in the same environment, what happened? 



A. Nothing, because it turned out that blood pressure cannot be classically conditioned. 


B. A conditioned compensatory response was produced, and their blood pressure increased by almost 50%. 


C. The situational cues acted as a CS, eliciting a conditioned response of a drop in blood pressure. 


D. Initially, the placebo had no effect, but spontaneous recovery occurred the next day and their blood pressure dropped.


E.


Answer: C 
64. A psychological and/or physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug is called: 



A. spontaneous recovery. 


B. an unconditioned response (UCR) 


C. an operant response. 


D. a placebo response or placebo effect.


E.


Answer: D 
65. Drugs that are regularly used to restore normal levels of functioning tend to produce conditioned responses that: 



A. are opposite to the drug's original effects. 


B. are similar to the drug's original effects. 


C. are stronger than the drug's original effects. 


D. extinguish the drug-taking behavior.


E.


Answer: B 
66. When the conditioned response is the OPPOSITE of a drug's effects, it is called a: 



A. conditioned cardiac response. 


B. conditioned placebo response. 


C. conditioned compensatory response. 


D. conditioned rebound response.


E.


Answer: C 
67. Once a day for two weeks, a dog is placed on a stand and injected with a drug that increases heart rate, always by the same experimenter. Each trial resulted in the dog's heart rate increasing.  On the fifteenth day, the experimenter injected the dog with plain water, but the dog's heart rate decreased.  The  phenomenon that best explains this conditioned decrease in heart rate is _____. 



A. spontaneous recovery 


B. biological preparedness 


C. stimulus discrimination 


D. a conditioned compensatory response


E.


Answer: D 
68. Which psychologist is credited with developing a model of drug abuse that involves a special kind of CR called a conditioned compensatory response? 



A. Ivan Pavlov 


B. Robert Rescorla 


C. John Garcia 


D. Shepard Siegel


E.


Answer: D 
69. In drug addiction, the conditioned compensatory response (CCR) is most similar to which of the following? 



A. A placebo response. 


B. A taste aversion. 


C. Withdrawal symptoms and craving. 


D. Emotional reactions, such as fear or anxiety.


E.


Answer: C 
70. A conditioned compensatory response is a special kind of classically conditioned response that is helpful in understanding: 



A. strong emotional responses, such as anger or rage. 


B. the development of phobias, especially biologically prepared phobias. 


C. addiction to psychoactive drugs that disrupt normal functioning. 


D. how taste aversions are acquired.


E.


Answer: C 
71. Jason is addicted to heroin and always injects the drug in the basement of a friend's apartment building. As he enters the basement, he begins to feel a strong craving for heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms. In this example, the basement environment is the _____ and Jason's craving and withdrawal symptoms are a(n) _____. 



A. conditioned stimulus; placebo response 


B. conditioned stimulus; conditioned compensatory response 


C. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 


D. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned reflex


E.


Answer: B 
72. According to Shepard Siegel's model of drug abuse, which of the following phenomena are situationally specific? 



A. drug tolerance 


B. bradycardia 


C. tachycardia 


D. drug addiction


E.


Answer: A 
73. Why does drug tolerance develop when a psychoactive drug, such as heroin or morphine, is repeatedly taken in a particular situation? 



A. Because the situation becomes a conditioned stimulus, which elicits a conditioned compensatory response (CCR) that counteracts the drug's effects, thus the addict needs a larger dose to feel the drug's effects. 


B. Because the drug is a UCS that is reinforced by the UCR - the drug reaction. 


C. Stimulus generalization takes place, and the addict tends to take drugs in a wider range of situations. 


D. Because the drug addict experiences a placebo "rush" when he or she encounters the familiar situation.


E.


Answer: A 
74. In an experiment described in your text, two group of rats received steadily increasing doses of heroin in a particular setting, and over the course of a month, developed tolerance to the heroin. Both groups of rats were then injected with a heroin dose that was twice as much as the dose to which they had become accustomed. Group A received the heroin in the familiar setting while Group B received the heroin in an unfamiliar setting. What happened to the rats in each group? 



A. Most of the rats in Group A died, but most of the rats in Group B survived. 


B. Most of the rats in Group B died, but most of the rats in Group A survived. 


C. Almost all of the rats in both groups died. 


D. Almost all of the rats in both groups survived.


E.


Answer: B 
75. In learning theory, the cognitive perspective emphasizes: 



A. the study of an animal's natural behavior pattern and environment as influences in learning. 


B. the study of the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes. 


C. the role played by mental processes in learning. 


D. the study of human behavior rather than animal behavior.


E.


Answer: C 
76. In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of twenty shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional twenty shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? 



A. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. 


B. Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. 


C. The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. 


D. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.


E.


Answer: C 
77. How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective? 



A. The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning process. 


B. The cognitive view holds that learning, including classical conditioning, cannot take place in the absence of language. 


C. The cognitive view asserts that internal processes such as thinking, anticipating, or deciding are not observable and therefore should not be a part of the study of classical conditioning. 


D. The cognitive view maintains that all mental processes, including memory and language, are the result of prior conditioning.


E.


Answer: A 
78. Your textbook described a classic experiment by Robert Rescorla which involved two groups of rats. One group of rats heard a tone just before each of twenty shocks. The second group of rats experienced the same 20 tone-shock pairings, but also experienced an additional 20 shocks that were not paired with a tone. How did the two groups differ? 



A. Because they experienced more shocks, the rats in the second group displayed a much stronger fear response to the tone than did the rats in the first group. 


B. As predicted by the basic principles of classical conditioning, there were no differences between the two groups of rats. 


C. The rats in the first group developed learned helplessness, while the rats in the second group did not. 


D. The rats in the first group displayed a much stronger conditioned fear response to the tone than did the rats in the second group.


E.


Answer: D 
79. If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson? 



A. "John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur." 


B. "Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning." 


C. "John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors." 


D. "Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value."


E.


Answer: D 
80. From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning involves learning: 



A. the relationship between events. 


B. to associate any two responses that occur closely in time. 


C. an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. 


D. to associate a behavior with its consequence.


E.


Answer: A 
81. Identify the learning researcher who said, "The animal behaves like a scientist, detecting causal relations among events and using a range of information about those events to make relevant inferences." 



A. Ivan Pavlov 


B. John Watson 


C. Robert Rescorla 


D. John Garcia


E.


Answer: C 
82. In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned? 



A. That the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow. 


B. A reflexive association between a ringing bell and food. 


C. That salivating at the sound of a bell would be reinforced by food. 


D. Learned helplessness because of being restrained by the harness.


E.


Answer: A 
83. Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? 



A. Edward C. Tolman 


B. Robert Rescorla. 


C. B. F. Skinner. 


D. John Watson


E.


Answer: B 
84. The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that: 



A. an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. 


B. stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. 


C. the general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned. 


D. primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish.


E.


Answer: A 
85. Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning? 



A. Robert Rescorla 


B. John Garcia 


C. Edward C. Tolman 


D. John Watson.


E.


Answer: B 
86. Sulaiman became very ill several hours after eating the fried chicken in the school cafeteria. Now, Sulaiman feels queasy whenever he smells fried chicken in the cafeteria. As a psychology student, you explain that: 



A. Sulaiman's queasy feeling could not have been classically conditioned to the fried chicken since he did not have repeated pairings of the food and the illness. 


B. Sulaiman has been negatively reinforced for eating the fried chicken, because it led to the aversive consequence of illness. 


C. Sulaiman has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of the food and the illness. 


D. It is only a coincidence that Sulaiman associated the fried chicken with the illness since too many hours passed between the time Sulaiman ate the food and the time he got sick to be explained by classical conditioning.


E.


Answer: C 
87. Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____. 



A. her boyfriend; nausea 


B. nausea; loud music 


C. nausea; the smell or taste of beer 


D. the smell or taste of beer; nausea


E.


Answer: D 
88. Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting the rats with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the unconditioned stimulus in this experimental situation? 



A. the sweet-tasting water 


B. the drug 


C. getting ill in response to the drug 


D. getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water


E.


Answer: B 
89. As studies with rats have shown, taste aversions can be produced when the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is as long as: 



A. half a second. 


B. a few seconds. 


C. an hour. 


D. twenty-four hours.


E.


Answer: D 
90. Rats can most easily be classically conditioned to learn an association between which two stimuli? 



A. between a flashing light and a taste 


B. between a taste and physical discomfort 


C. between a loud noise and a taste 


D. between a taste and a painful event


E.


Answer: B 
91. Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation? 



A. latent learning 


B. biological preparedness 


C. spontaneous recovery 


D. the partial reinforcement effect


E.


Answer: B 
92. Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate: 



A. the power of punishment to suppress behavior. 


B. that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others. 


C. that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus. 


D. that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur.


E.


Answer: B 
93. The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed: 



A. biological preparedness. 


B. latent learning. 


C. instinctive drift. 


D. the law of effect.


E.


Answer: A 
94. Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, occurring only to certain stimuli. To explain this, Seligman has proposed that: 



A. humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. 


B. children learn from their parents at a very early age to fear these types of stimuli. 


C. people rely primarily on vision, so visual stimuli lead to better fear conditioning. 


D. fear associations form to these specific types of stimuli based upon previous experiences.


E.


Answer: A 
95. Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that: 



A. we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. 


B. it is superstitious behavior due to accidental reinforcement. 


C. we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli. 


D. instinctive drift is occurring.


E.


Answer: A 
96. When psychologists have tried to produce conditioned fears in young children to such objects as curtains, wooden ducks, or wooden blocks, they were: 



A. unsuccessful. 


B. able to produce conditioned fears to wooden ducks but not to wooden blocks or curtains. 


C. successful in all three cases, showing that fears can be classically conditioned to virtually any stimuli. 


D. successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise.


E.


Answer: A 
97. The evolutionary perspective helps explain why the most common phobias are fears of: 



A. wooden ducks, blocks, or curtains. 


B. foods that have been paired with illness cues. 


C. spiders, snakes, and heights. 


D. mushrooms and flowers.


E.


Answer: C 
98. A research study showed that people could more easily spot images of snakes and spiders that were embedded in a background made up of pictures of flowers and mushrooms than they could pick out images of flowers and mushrooms embedded in a background made up of pictures of snakes and spiders.  This result tends to support which theoretical explanation of phobias? 



A. The evolutionary explanation and biological preparedness. 


B. Thorndike's trial and error and the Law of Effect. 


C. Operant conditioning and avoidance behavior. 


D. Observational learning and imitation.


E.


Answer: A 
99. Josh, a graduate student in psychology, wishes to use classical conditioning to condition a learned taste aversion in pigeons. Which of the following would be the easiest stimulus to use as his conditioned stimulus? 



A. a painful stimulus, such as electrical shock 


B. a taste stimulus, such as flavored water 


C. a visual stimulus, such as colored water 


D. an auditory stimulus, such as a loud noise


E.


Answer: C 
100. How can you explain the finding that quail could be easily conditioned to associate an illness with blue-colored water but rats could not? 



A. Quail are less intelligent than rats. 


B. Rats are color-blind, while quail are not. 


C. Rats are biologically prepared to associate the color blue with danger rather than illness. 


D. Quail are biologically prepared to associate visual stimuli with illness, while rats are not.


E.


Answer: D 
101. Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____. 



A. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors 


B. responses emitted by organism; responses elicited by organism 


C. Thorndike; Skinner 


D. voluntary behaviors; involuntary behaviors


E.


Answer: A 
102. Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____. 



A. active, voluntary behaviors; physiological and emotional responses 


B. behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism 


C. associating a response and a consequence; associating two stimuli 


D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement


E.


Answer: B 
103. Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____. 



A. superstitious pigeons; drooling dogs 


B. behavior emitted by an organism; behavior elicited by a stimulus 


C. associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence 


D. Robert Rescorla; John Garcia


E.


Answer: C 
104. Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as: 



A. voluntary behaviors are to involuntary behaviors. 


B. elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors. 


C. consequences are to positive reinforcement. 


D. elicited behaviors are to reflexive behaviors.


E.


Answer: B 
105. The first psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning and to study how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences was: 



A. Edward C. Tolman 


B. B. F. Skinner 


C. Ivan Pavlov 


D. Edward L. Thorndike


E.


Answer: D 
106. Who formulated the "law of effect"? 



A. B. F. Skinner 


B. John B. Watson 


C. Edward L. Thorndike 


D. Ivan Pavlov


E.


Answer: C 
107. Edward L. Thorndike was the first psychologist to systematically study how: 



A. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. 


B. new behaviors are learned through imitation. 


C. responses in the human immune system can be classically conditioned. 


D. classical conditioning can be applied to advertising.


E.


Answer: A 
108. Tyrone had a wonderful time on his first date with Lydia. Because of this, he asked Lydia to go out on a second date. What best explains Tyrone's behavior of asking Lydia for another date? 



A. the partial reinforcement effect 


B. response generalization 


C. spontaneous recovery 


D. the law of effect


E.


Answer: D 
109. After his studies with cats that tried to escape from specially constructed cages called "puzzle boxes," Thorndike concluded that the cats: 



A. were able to escape so quickly because of their insight and reasoning abilities. 


B. were classically conditioned to fear the puzzle box. 


C. learned much faster if they were able to watch another cat escape from the puzzle box. 


D. used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box.


E.


Answer: D 
110. Which of the following statements best captures the flavor of Thorndike's law of effect? 



A. New stimuli can be conditioned to produce reflexive behaviors. 


B. Learning can only occur when a certain stage of development is reached. 


C. Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated. 


D. By first observing the actions of others, success can occur the first time a task is attempted.


E.


Answer: C 
111. The term "emitted" is: 



A. used in operant conditioning to refer to a "voluntary" response, such as bar-pressing. 


B. used in classical conditioning to refer to an automatic response, such as flinching. 


C. used in observational learning to refer to an imitative response, such as hitting a Bobo doll. 


D. used in learning research that involves navigating complex mazes with the help of a cognitive map.


E.


Answer: A 
112. An operant could also be defined as: 



A. someone whose actions you observe. 


B. a voluntary action. 


C. an automatic, reflexive behavior. 


D. the mental image of an object or action.


E.


Answer: B 
113. Which of the following scientists acknowledged the existence of "internal factors" but believed that internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, or motives could not be used to explain behavior? 



A. Seligman 


B. Skinner 


C. Rescorla 


D. Pavlov


E.


Answer: B 
114. Skinner coined the term operant to describe: 



A. active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. 


B. the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. 


C. involuntary behaviors that were subject to the laws of learning but operated independently. 


D. the relationship among reinforcers, behaviors, and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors.


E.


Answer: A 
115. After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this example? 



A. the scotch tape dispenser 


B. the image of the step stool in the child's mind 


C. carrying the step stool to the kitchen 


D. the age of the child


E.


Answer: C 
116. An important conceptual point regarding the process of reinforcement is that it is: 



A. related to internal events that are subsequently observable through overt behavior. 


B. maintained by associations made with other learned stimuli. 


C. defined by the effect that it produces--increasing or strengthening behavior. 


D. based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli.


E.


Answer: C 
117. Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning? 



A. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. 


B. By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. 


C. Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others. 


D. Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes.


E.


Answer: A 
118. Doris could see the sock over the back edge of the clothes dryer. After untwisting a clothes hanger and straightening it out, she managed to fish the sock out from behind the dryer. Using operant conditioning terminology, untwisting the hanger would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____. 



A. conditioned response; conditioned stimulus 


B. unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 


C. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer 


D. operant; reinforcer


E.


Answer: D 
119. Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. 



A. increases; increases 


B. increases; decreases 


C. decreases; increases 


D. decreases; decreases


E.


Answer: A 
120. Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as: 



A. addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus. 


B. primary reinforcers is to conditioned reinforcers. 


C. increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior. 


D. addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus.


E.


Answer: A 
121. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated, and punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated. 



A. increases; increases 


B. increases; decreases 


C. decreases; increases 


D. decreases; decreases


E.


Answer: B 
122. Whenever Stephanie changes the engine air filter in her car, she unscrews the two bolts that hold the filter cover on, then places the two bolts by the car's front tire to avoid dropping (and losing) them in the car's engine. Using operant conditioning terminology, placing the bolts by the tire is: 



A. a primary reinforcer that is being positively reinforced. 


B. a positive reinforcer that is on a fixed interval schedule. 


C. the operant that is being negatively reinforced. 


D. the operant that is being positively reinforced.


E.


Answer: C 
123. To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of _____. 



A. positive reinforcement 


B. negative reinforcement by escape 


C. negative reinforcement by avoidance 


D. punishment


E.


Answer: C 
124. After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream to relieve the itching. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. negative reinforcement by escape. 


B. positive reinforcement. 


C. negative reinforcement by avoidance. 


D. punishment.


E.


Answer: A 
125. After lightning damaged his computer, Damon no longer turns his computer on during thunderstorms. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. positive reinforcement. 


B. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. 


C. punishment. 


D. shaping.


E.


Answer: C 
126. To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. positive reinforcement. 


B. negative reinforcement by avoidance. 


C. extinction. 


D. negative reinforcement by escape.


E.


Answer: B 
127. Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep it from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by: 



A. punishment. 


B. negative reinforcement by escape. 


C. negative reinforcement by avoidance. 


D. positive reinforcement.


E.


Answer: C 
128. Whereas a primary reinforcer derives its reinforcing value _____, conditioned reinforcers derive their reinforcing value _____. 



A. from conditioned reinforcers; from primary reinforcers 


B. naturally; from primary reinforcers 


C. from conditioned reinforcers; naturally 


D. naturally; from conditioned stimuli


E.


Answer: B 
129. Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer? 



A. food 


B. water 


C. sexual contact 


D. money


E.


Answer: D 
130. Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and worked quietly. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior. 



A. primary reinforcer 


B. negative reinforcer 


C. conditioned reinforcer 


D. punishment by removal


E.


Answer: C 
131. At the Acme Widget Company, the top salesperson each month is rewarded with a private parking space by the front door of the company. Using operant conditioning terms, the salesperson's behavior is being maintained by: 



A. a conditioned reinforcer 


B. negative reinforcement 


C. a primary reinforcer 


D. reinforcement by removal


E.


Answer: A 
132. "I'll make you a deal," Leroy's mother says. "If you clean up your room, then you can have a glazed donut." Using operant conditioning terms, Leroy's mother is using _____ to reward desired behavior. 



A. punishment by avoidance 


B. a conditioned reinforcer 


C. a primary reinforcer 


D. negative reinforcement


E.


Answer: C 
133. A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer. 



A. negative; positive 


B. conditioned; punishing 


C. primary; conditioned 


D. conditioned; primary


E.


Answer: D 
134. Which of the following would be an example of a primary reinforcer? 



A. winning the Nobel prize 


B. a college diploma 


C. money 


D. food


E.


Answer: D 
135. On two different occasions, Clint loses money in the vending machine on the second floor of his dorm. Clint no longer uses that vending machine. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. negative reinforcement. 


B. positive reinforcement. 


C. punishment by application. 


D. punishment by removal.


E.


Answer: D 
136. After buying an electric grass trimmer, Richard put on his shorts and went out in his bare feet to trim the grass. When he moved the trimmer too close to his leg, the rotating line gashed and cut his ankle. Richard no longer wears shorts or goes barefoot when he uses the grass trimmer. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. punishment by application. 


B. punishment by removal. 


C. negative reinforcement by escape. 


D. spontaneous recovery.


E.


Answer: A 
137. After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, 2-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: 



A. negative reinforcement. 


B. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. 


C. punishment by application. 


D. punishment by removal.


E.


Answer: C 
138. In the fMRI study investigating the representation of reinforcement and punishment in the brain, which brain area was activated by the experience of reinforcement and punishment? 



A. The brain stem. 


B. The orbitofrontal cortex. 


C. The thalamus. 


D. Reinforcement activated the hypothalamus, which is involved in pleasurable sensations, and punishment activated the amygdala, which is involved in unpleasant sensations.


E.


Answer: B 
139. In the fMRI study investigating the representation of reinforcement and punishment in the brain, how did the researchers produce punishment? 



A. After each third "miss" on the video game, the person received a mild electric shock. 


B. If the person gambled on the incorrect geometric figure on the computer screen, they lost "money." 


C. With a blood pressure cuff that was rapidly and tightly squeezed if the person gave the wrong word-pair response. 


D. With noise blasts through the headphones.


E.


Answer: B 
140. In the fMRI study investigating the representation of reinforcement and punishment in the brain, what did the researchers find? 



A. Reinforcement increased right hemisphere activity, while punishment decreased right hemisphere activity. 


B. Reinforcement increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex while punishment decreased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. 


C. Reinforcement increased left hemisphere activity, while punishment increased right hemisphere activity. 


D. Reinforcement activated the middle region of the orbitofrontal cortex, while punishment activated areas on both sides of the orbitofrontal cortex.


E.


Answer: D 
141. According to the research presented in the "Focus on Neuroscience" section in your text, people with damaged frontal lobes can  sometimes make poor decisions in everyday life. Why? 



A. Because they are unable to predict the consequences of their actions, which causes them to behave impulsively. 


B. Because they are unable to understand the difference between right and wrong. 


C. Because they are unable to use information from rewarding and punishing outcomes to guide their behavior. 


D. Because they have impaired memories and suffer from emotional instability.


E.


Answer: C 
142. Punishment is most effective if: 



A. it immediately precedes the operant. 


B. it consistently follows the operant. 


C. it occasionally follows the operant. 


D. there is considerable delay between the operant and the punishment.


E.


Answer: B 
143. Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE? 



A. Punishment is most effective if it consistently follows a response. 


B. If punishment is intense, it may produce undesirable results, such as complete passivity or hostility. 


C. The effects of punishment are often temporary. 


D. Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate.


E.


Answer: D 
144. Whenever Priscilla tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter, Debbie, frequently interrupts her. If Priscilla wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she would: 



A. ignore Debbie's attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone. 


B. send Debbie to a corner every time she interrupted her while she is on the phone. 


C. reward Debbie for not interrupting her during a phone call. 


D. tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Debbie wanted.


E.


Answer: C 
145. According to the box entitled "Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment," which of the following is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others? 



A. Stop reinforcing the behavior you want to decrease. 


B. Positively reinforce the behavior you want to increase. 


C. Reinforce an incompatible behavior. 


D. Increase the frequency of reinforcement once the desired behavior is well established.


E.


Answer: D 
146. Howard's cat meows incessantly until Howard feeds her. Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing. What is likely to happen? 



A. The cat's meowing will quickly stop altogether. 


B. The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, then increase. 


C. The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. 


D. The cat will leave and find a new home.


E.


Answer: C 
147. Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the best method for reducing a problem behavior? 



A. Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class. 


B. Sharlene no longer gets any attention when she has a temper tantrum. 


C. Shane and Jason are given lollipops to distract them from squabbling. 


D. Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner.


E.


Answer: A 
148. Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep the equipment from being damaged by an electrical surge. Using operant conditioning terms, the bolt of lightning is a(n): 



A. conditioned reinforcer. 


B. operant. 


C. positive reinforcer. 


D. discriminative stimulus.


E.


Answer: D 
149. In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus is defined as a(n): 



A. environmental stimulus or cue in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced. 


B. stimulus that evokes a wide variety of behaviors. 


C. consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. 


D. reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing for a given species.


E.


Answer: A 
150. Standing at the curb, you wait for the "Don't Walk" crossing signal to change to "Walk." Using operant conditioning terms, the Don't Walk/Walk crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation. 



A. positive reinforcer 


B. discriminative stimulus 


C. operant 


D. primary reinforcer


E.


Answer: B 
151. Just a few minutes before 9 a.m. every Monday through Friday, Kirby arrives at his job. Using operant conditioning terms, the time of the day and the days of the week are _____ in this situation. 



A. operants 


B. positive reinforcers 


C. discriminative stimuli 


D. primary reinforcers


E.


Answer: C 
152. According to B. F. Skinner: 



A. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. 


B. the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. 


C. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. 


D. mental processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.


E.


Answer: C 
153. Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is TRUE? 



A. Skinner believed that classical conditioning should be abandoned as an explanation of behavior. 


B. Skinner advocated greater use of punishment to control behavior. 


C. Skinner strongly advocated the study of mental processes to understand behavior. 


D. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.


E.


Answer: D 
154. Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE? 



A. Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors. 


B. Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. 


C. Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. 


D. Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.


E.


Answer: D 
155. B. F. Skinner extended his ideas regarding operant conditioning to human behavior and social problems. He wrote about these views in his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Skinner's views as asserted in his book? 



A. "Each individual is responsible for his or her own individual freedom." 


B. "Our biological tendencies create behavioral tendencies." 


C. "A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him." 


D. "We are all ultimately responsible for the choices that we make."


E.


Answer: C 
156. In 1971, B. F. Skinner published a book called Beyond Freedom and Dignity, which became a best-seller.  How did the American public respond to the message of his book? 



A. Critics applauded Skinner's endorsement of traditional American values, especially the notion of self-determination, freedom of expression, and self-reliance. 


B. Educators moved to incorporate Skinner's behavioral techniques into their classrooms. 


C. Critics were outraged by Skinner's assertion that traditional American values, such as individual freedom, self-determination, and self-reliance, were "prescientific illusions." 


D. Skinner's ideas were adopted by social welfare advocates who argued that social problems were the result of governmental interference in business and personal life choices.


E.


Answer: C 
157. A Skinner box is a: 



A. chamber from which an animal must learn to escape. 


B. small glass cage with a food dispenser. 


C. complicated maze with a "start" box and a food reward in the "goal" box at the end of the maze. 


D. room with video cameras concealed behind screens.


E.


Answer: B 
158. If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called: 



A. extinction. 


B. the law of effect. 


C. shaping. 


D. the Premack principle.


E.


Answer: C 
159. "Okay, that was good! Now this time, don't close your eyes. Keep your eye on the ball, so you know when to close your hands," Mark says in the process of teaching his 5-year-old to play catch. In operant conditioning terms, Mark is probably using _____ to teach his daughter how to catch a ball. 



A. extinction 


B. shaping 


C. spontaneous recovery 


D. negative reinforcement


E.


Answer: B 
160. Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World. To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water. Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water. Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior. Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin. 



A. spontaneous recovery 


B. extinction 


C. shaping 


D. observational learning


E.


Answer: C 
161. In your philosophy class, you have found that your professor never calls on you when you raise your hand. So, you have given up on raising your hand to ask or answer questions. In learning theory, no longer raising your hand would be the result of: 



A. partial reinforcement. 


B. stimulus discrimination. 


C. extinction. 


D. spontaneous recovery.


E.


Answer: C 
162. Whose behavior is most likely to show the greatest resistance to extinction? 



A. Carlos, who gets everything he asks for from his grandparents when they are out shopping. 


B. Lydia, who is always told "No, we cannot afford that" by her parents when they are out shopping. 


C. Kaitlyn, who does not ask for much from her grandparents when they are out shopping. 


D. Rick, who sometimes gets what he asks for from his parents when they are out shopping.


E.


Answer: D 
163. Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____. 



A. sometimes; never 


B. always; sometimes 


C. sometimes; always 


D. never; always


E.


Answer: C 
164. A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet every time it presses the bar. This is an example of: 



A. partial reinforcement effect. 


B. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. 


C. continuous reinforcement. 


D. superstitious behavior.


E.


Answer: C 
165. Be
Answer: D 
166. A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 

A. fixed-ratio 


B. variable-ratio 


C. fixed-interval 


D. variable-interval 


E.


Answer: A 
167. Christina is making some extra money as a phone solicitor for her university's fund raising drive. She is paid $5 for every twenty calls she makes, regardless of whether the person donates. Christina is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-interval 


B. fixed-ratio 


C. variable-ratio 


D. variable-interval 


E.


Answer: B 
168. On the first trial, the rat had to press the bar three times to get a pellet of food. On the second trial, seven bar presses were needed. Although it continued to vary from trial to trial, on the average the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-interval 


B. fixed-ratio 


C. variable-ratio 


D. variable-interval 


E.


Answer: C 
169. Jonathan frequently plays the slot machines and sometimes comes out slightly ahead in his winnings. Like all gambling behavior, Jonathan's gambling behavior is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-ratio 


B. fixed-interval 


C. variable-interval 


D. variable-ratio 


E.


Answer: D 
170. Cal works in a factory and is paid based upon his productivity. For every 100 widgets that Cal assembles, he receives $10. The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal. 



A. fixed-interval 


B. fixed-ratio 


C. variable-interval 


D. variable-ratio 


E.


Answer: B 
171. Why do variable-ratio schedules produce steady rates of responding? 



A. Reinforcers are delivered on a regular basis. 


B. Aversive consequences are less likely to occur with this schedule of reinforcement. 


C. It is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer. 


D. The timing between reinforcers is predictable although the number of responses may vary. 


E.


Answer: C 
172. Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger's behavior is the result of: 



A. accidental reinforcement. 


B. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. 


C. shaping. 


D. behavior modification. 


E.


Answer: A 
173. According to B. F. Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of: 



A. continuous reinforcement. 


B. accidental reinforcement. 


C. fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. 


D. extinction. 


E.


Answer: B 
174. A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-interval 


B. fixed-ratio 


C. variable-interval 


D. variable-ratio 


E.


Answer: A 
175. Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-ratio 


B. fixed-interval 


C. variable-ratio 


D. variable-interval 


E.


Answer: B 
176. On the first trial, a rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after 50 seconds have elapsed. On the second trial, the first bar press after 70 seconds is reinforced. Although it varies from trial to trial, the average works out to one reinforcer every 60 seconds. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. 



A. fixed-ratio 


B. fixed-interval 


C. variable-interval 


D. variable-ratio 


E.


Answer: C 
177. At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance. 



A. variable-ratio 


B. fixed-interval 


C. fixed-ratio 


D. variable-interval 


E.


Answer: D 
178. The scallop-shaped pattern of responding characteristic of a fixed-interval schedule indicates that the organism is learning about the: 



A. timing associated with the delivery of reinforcers. 


B. number of responses needed for the delivery of a reinforcer. 


C. unpredictability of responding and subsequent consequences. 


D. discriminative stimulus that immediately precedes the delivery of reinforcers. 


E.


Answer: A 
179. It is the passage of time rather than the number of responses that helps to determine when a reinforcer will be delivered. This describes which schedule of reinforcement? 



A. accidental 


B. extinction 


C. ratio 


D. interval 


E.


Answer: D 
180. The application of learning principles to help people learn more effective or adaptive behaviors is called: 



A. behavior modification. 


B. operant training. 


C. classical conditioning. 


D. discrimination training. 


E.


Answer: A 
181. Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that: 



A. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. 


B. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. 


C. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns. 


D. continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. 


E.


Answer: A 
182. Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus. One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at 23rd Street because of flooding. Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus. How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior? 



A. She is classically conditioned to fear water. 


B. She has formed a cognitive map of the area. 


C. Helen was observing the actions of others in the situation. 


D. The standing water was a reliable predictor of danger. 


E.


Answer: B 
183. One of Tolman's classic research studies involved three groups of rats running mazes for several days. The rats in Group 1 received a food reward at the end of the maze every time they ran the maze. The rats in Group 2 never received a food reward in the maze. In contrast, the rats in Group 3 did not receive a food reward at the end of the maze until the 11th day of the study.  What behavior did the rats in Group 2 and Group 3 display on day 12? 



A. The number of errors made by the rats in Group 2 remained about the same but the number of errors made by the rats in Group 3 decreased sharply, showing that they had learned the layout of the maze without being reinforced. 


B. The number of errors made by the rats in Group 2 and Group 3 remained about the same, showing that neither group had learned the layout of the maze. 


C. The number of errors made by the rats in both groups sharply decreased, showing the importance of observational learning. 


D. The number of errors made by the rats in Group 2 remained about the same but the number of errors made by the rats in Group 3 decreased increased, showing that rewards can interfere with both motivation and performance. 


E.


Answer: A 
184. Edward C. Tolman would have most likely made which of the following statements? 



A. "Animals cannot respond to the complexities of a learning environment, only humans can." 


B. "Animals are adept at learning a sequence of responses, and this is what helps the animals run through a maze so quickly and accurately." 


C. "Psychologists should be examining the underlying motivation for the behaviors performed rather than just observing behavior." 


D. "Animals develop a mental representation of the layout of a maze, which allows them to run quickly and accurately through a maze." 


E.


Answer: D 
185. Road construction prevents you from getting to the shopping mall using the route that you always travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using what Tolman referred to as: 



A. a model. 


B. the sequence effect. 


C. a cognitive map. 


D. instinctive drift. 


E.


Answer: C 
186. Which learning researcher believed that operant conditioning involved an organism learning "what leads to what," or the cognitive expectation that a particular consequence would follow a particular behavior? 



A. B. F. Skinner 


B. Ivan Pavlov 


C. Edward C. Tolman 


D. Edward L. Thorndike 


E.


Answer: C 
187. According to psychologist Edward C. Tolman, learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is termed: 



A. a conditioned response. 


B. discriminative learning. 


C. latent learning. 


D. trial-and-error learning. 


E.


Answer: C 
188. If exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior, the response of passivity is termed: 



A. learned helplessness. 


B. biological preparedness. 


C. avoidance due to negative reinforcement. 


D. an unconditioned response (UCR). 


E.


Answer: A 
189. The phenomenon called learned helplessness was identified by two young psychology graduate students named: 



A. B. F. Skinner and James Watson. 


B. John Garcia and Albert Bandura. 


C. Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier. 


D. Robert Rescorla and Edward C. Tolman. 


E.


Answer: C 
190. After dogs have experienced inescapable shocks, they are placed in a shuttle box in which they can easily jump over a barrier from one side of the shuttle box to the other. If the dogs have developed learned helplessness, they would most likely respond to another shock by: 



A. jumping over the barrier to escape the shock. 


B. doing nothing. 


C. jumping out of the shuttle box altogether. 


D. trying to bite the experimenter. 


E.


Answer: B 
191. Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course. No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test. Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class. Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of: 



A. the partial reinforcement effect. 


B. negative reinforcement. 


C. biological preparedness. 


D. learned helplessness. 


E.


Answer: D 
192. The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness? 



A. The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior. 


B. All other operant responses were punished. 


C. The dogs learned that their actions were futile. 


D. The behavior they needed to learn was too complex. 


E.


Answer: C 
193. A shuttlebox was used by: 



A. Martin Seligman and Steven Maier to demonstrate the phenomenon of learned helplessness. 


B. B. F. Skinner to demonstrate the phenomenon of shaping. 


C. John Garcia to demonstrate the phenomenon of taste aversions. 


D. Ivan Pavlov to demonstrate the phenomenon of stimulus generalization. 


E.


Answer: A 
194. According to your text, the phenomenon of learned helplessness has been demonstrated in: 



A. athletic teams and students. 


B. cats and dogs. 


C. cockroaches and fish. 


D. All of the above. 


E.


Answer: D 
195. College students who experience feelings of learned helplessness may respond to academic setbacks, such as failing a test, in which of the following ways? 



A. Giving up prematurely on subsequent academic tasks or procrastinating instead of persisting 


B. Becoming more motivated to succeed and increasing their efforts on subsequent academic tasks 


C. Expressing their frustration through angry outbursts or other violent behavior 


D. By pairing up with a successful student and imitating that student's study habits. 


E.


Answer: A 
196. As an example of learned helplessness, a survey of National Football League teams showed that teams who were badly beaten in one game tended to: 



A. greatly improve their performance in the next game, especially if they were competing against a highly ranked opponent. 


B. perform worse than expected in the next game. 


C. perform better than expected in the next game. 


D. None of the above. The text pointed out that professional athletes are very unlikely to experience learned helplessness. 


E.


Answer: B 
197. Lynnette's friend Angelo told her that he was thinking about dropping out of college because no matter how hard he studied, he couldn't seem to get his grades above a C average. Lynnette realized that Angelo was experiencing feelings of learned helplessness.  What should she advise Angelo to do? 



A. Try harder. 


B. Break tasks down into smaller, manageable goals and seek information about exactly what was needed to succeed in each class. 


C. Go to a career counselor and seek advice about jobs that did not require a college degree. 


D. Blame the faculty for his poor performance and continue to complain about the impossibility of success, so he did not suffer from low self-esteem. 


E.


Answer: B 
198. The basic strategy for overcoming learned helplessness is to: 



A. use punishment by application to suppress undesirable behaviors. 


B. displace the frustration onto another object. 


C. acquire a sense of control and mastery over challenging circumstances. 


D. withdraw from the situation. 


E.


Answer: C 
199. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that: 



A. only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments. 


B. animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. 


C. learning will not occur unless behavior is "stamped in" by a rewarding consequence. 


D. rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. 


E.


Answer: D 
200. In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that: 



A. reinforcement is the sole determinant of an animal's behavior. 


B. it is impossible to train cats to perform tricks. 


C. punishment is more effective than reinforcement in shaping animal behavior. 


D. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. 


E.


Answer: D 
201. Animal trainers Keller and Marian Breland tried to train a raccoon to pick up two coins and deposit them in a metal box. However, instead of dropping the coins in the box, the raccoon would rub the coins together, much as raccoons do with their food in the wild. This tendency of the raccoon to revert to its natural behavior patterns is termed: 



A. extinction. 


B. latent learning. 


C. instinctive drift. 


D. learned helplessness. 


E.


Answer: C 
202. Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift? 



A. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. 


B. Over time, reflexive behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning. 


C. The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. 


D. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior. 


E.


Answer: C 
203. Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____. 



A. automatic responses; voluntary responses 


B. reflexive responses; automatic responses 


C. voluntary responses; reflexive responses 


D. voluntary responses; voluntary responses 


E.


Answer: A 
204. Which of the following psychologists has conducted extensive research on observational learning? 



A. Albert Bandura 


B. Edward L. Thorndike 


C. Edward C. Tolman 


D. Martin Seligman 


E.


Answer: A 
205. The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: 



A. children can be classically conditioned to fear even a favorite toy. 


B. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. 


C. girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys. 


D. children quickly form cognitive maps of playrooms and playgrounds. 


E.


Answer: B 
206. According to psychologist Albert Bandura, four processes are involved in observational learning. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes? 



A. attention to the behavior that is to be imitated 


B. forming and storing a mental representation of the behavior to be imitated 


C. immediate reinforcement for the imitated action 


D. transforming the mental representation into actions that can be performed 


E.


Answer: C 
207. According to Bandura, what four cognitive processes are necessary for imitation of behavior that has been only observed? 



A. attention, reinforcement, motivation, ability 


B. attention, memory, ability to perform the behavior, motivation 


C. reinforcement, discriminative stimulus, motivation, ability to perform the behavior 


D. operant, reinforcement, discriminative stimulus, consequence 


E.


Answer: B 
208. Which of the following is NOT one of Bandura's four cognitive processes that interact to determine whether a behavior will be performed? 



A. perception of an appropriate discriminative stimulus 


B. transform mental representations into action 


C. remember the steps for performing the behavior 


D. motivation to engage in the behavior 


E.


Answer: A 
209. Research indicates that: 



A. only humans demonstrate true observational learning because of their advanced cognitive functioning. 


B. observational learning only occurs in animals with higher intelligence such as chimpanzees, apes, and orangutans. 


C. animals have difficulty demonstrating observational learning because they usually lack the motivation to perform the behavior. 


D. rats, hamsters, and starlings have demonstrated observational learning. 


E.


Answer: D 
210. Which of the following factors is NOT more likely to increase the imitation of behavior? 



A. if you lack confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation 


B. if the situation is unfamiliar or ambiguous 


C. if you have been rewarded for imitating the same behavior in the past 


D. if the task is extremely difficult or extremely easy 


E.


Answer: D 
211. Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of: 



A. operant conditioning. 


B. observational learning. 


C. latent learning. 


D. classical conditioning. 


E.


Answer: B 
212. Jenny was never afraid of dogs until she saw her older brother get bitten by a neighbor's Rottweiler. Now she is terrified of all dogs. Jenny's fear could be best explained by which model of learning? 



A. classical conditioning 


B. operant conditioning 


C. latent learning 


D. observational learning 


E.


Answer: D 
213. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) surveyed more than 8,000 hours of randomly sampled cable and network television programming over a three-year period, and found that roughly _____ percent of television programs contained violence. 



A. 10%. 


B. 20%. 


C. 60% 


D. 95%. 


E.


Answer: C 
214. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) surveyed more than 8,000 hours of randomly sampled cable and network television programming over a three-year period. Of the programs that contained violence, what percentage did not depict any long-term negative consequences of the violence? 



A. 10% 


B. 20% 


C. 40% 


D. 80% 


E.


Answer: D 
215. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) surveyed more than 8,000 hours of randomly sampled cable and network television programming over a three-year period. What was the percentage of violent scenes in which aggression was not punished? 



A. About 10% 


B. About 30%. 


C. About 60% 


D. About 90% 


E.


Answer: C 
216. Which of the following criteria are contained in television depictions of violent behavior, making violent behavior more likely to be imitated? 



A. Violent behavior is performed by the hero or other person who is an attractive, high-status individual. 


B. The violent person is rewarded for his or her behavior. 


C. The violent person is not punished for his or her behavior. 


D. All of the above. 


E.


Answer: D 
217. A meta-analysis of over 200 studies on the effects of violent media found: 



A. A small (-.09) negative correlation between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior 


B. A moderate (-.31) negative correlation between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior 


C. A small (+.09) positive correlation between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior 


D. A moderate (+.31) positive correlation between exposure to violent media and aggressive behavior 


E.


Answer: D 
218. A meta-analysis of over 200 studies on the effects of exposure to violent media found a correlation of +.31 between exposure to violent media and actual aggressive behavior. According to your text, how can this finding be interpreted? 



A. The correlation is so small as to be meaningless in terms of actual behavior. 


B. The more violent television a person watches, the less likely he or she is to be aggressive in real life. 


C. The finding is a reasonably strong indication that habitual exposure to violent media is a risk factor for aggressive behavior. 


D. Although the correlation is statistically significant because of the large sample size, it has no practical significance in terms of daily behavior. 


E.


Answer: C 
219. Your text describes a study in which children reduced their exposure to all video media for six months. What was the study's results? 



A. Aggressive behavior dropped by 25% as compared to children in a control group who did not reduce their video exposure. 


B. Contrary to what was expected, there was no difference between the children who reduced their video exposure as compared to a control group of children who did not. 


C. Aggressive behavior dropped by almost 75% in children who reduced their video exposure as compared to a control group of children who did not. 


D. There was a slight increase in aggressive behavior in the children who reduced their video exposure, but the increase was not statistically significant. 


E.


Answer: A 
220. What is the most valid conclusion to be drawn about the different models of conditioning and learning? 



A. Operant conditioning has shown that the principles of classical conditioning are invalid. 


B. Only operant conditioning can explain human behavior. 


C. The cognitive theorists showed that the general principles of classical and operant conditioning are invalid. 


D. The principles of operant and classical conditioning are generally valid, but cannot account for all aspects of behavior. 


E.


Answer: D 
221. What general conclusions can be drawn about the nature of learning? 



A. Fundamentally, all behaviors are natural extensions of physiological reflexes. 


B. Only simple reflexive behaviors can be modified through conditioning. 


C. The capacity to learn is essential to the survival of all humans and nonhuman animals. 


D. All aspects of human and animal behavior, including complex behaviors, can be explained without reference to cognitive processes. 


E.


Answer: C 
222. Larry is studying for his final exam the next day, but a friend calls and invites him to a party. Larry really wants to go to the party and decides that he'll get up early and study for his exam the next morning before class. Why does Larry decide to go to the party? 



A. Social interaction is more important to Larry than getting good grades. 


B. The value of the short-term reinforcer (going to the party) has outweighed the value of the long-term reinforcer (good grades). 


C. Larry understands that self-reinforcement is more effective when applied before the operant. 


D. Larry knows that he can rely on latent learning to ace the final exam. 


E.


Answer: B 
223. Lamar is studying for his final exam the next day, but a friend calls and invites him to a party. Lamar really wants to go to the party, but he also needs a good grade on his final in order to maintain his standing on the Dean's Honor Roll and increase his chances of getting into medical school. Instead of thinking about how much fun the party will be, Lamar instead visualizes himself as a doctor, treating patients and performing surgery. What self-control strategy is Lamar using? 



A. Self-reinforcement 


B. Precommitment 


C. Focusing on the delayed reinforcer 


D. Stimulus control 


E.


Answer: C 
224. According to the Chapter 5 Application on Improving Self-Control, as the availability of a reinforcer draws closer, its subjective value: 



A. increases. 


B. decreases. 


C. remains constant. 


D. cannot be predicted. 


E.


Answer: A 
225. According to the textbook, which of the following is the reason you should frequently study in the same location? 



A. studying will become a classically conditioned response to the particular location 


B. the particular location can become a discriminative stimulus that sets the occasion for studying 


C. you're more likely to make friends with other students who think that studying is important 


D. you can avoid distractions such as television or phone calls 


E.


Answer: B 
226. Hugh loves to play tennis. But because he is serious about doing well in college, he only goes to the tennis courts after he accomplishes his studying goals for the day. What strategy is Hugh using to improve his self-control? 



A. precommitment 


B. stimulus control 


C. negative reinforcement 


D. self-reinforcement 


E.


Answer: D 
227. Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy? 



A. reinforcement delay 


B. negative reinforcement 


C. motivational commitment 


D. stimulus control 


E.


Answer: D 
228. You want to make sure that you will get to work on time. You call a coworker who is always punctual and ask her to meet you for coffee before work the next morning, because you know you'll be more likely to be on time if someone is waiting to meet you. You are using a strategy called: 



A. self-reinforcement. 


B. stimulus control. 


C. precommitment. 


D. focus on the delayed reinforcer. 


E.


Answer: C