1. Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Abnormal behavior is unusual; normal behavior is not.    
 * The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.    
 Normal behavior is not "crazy," but abnormal behavior is.    
 Abnormal behavior is usually frightening and disturbing, but normal behavior is not.   
    

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 "Abnormal" behavior is almost always easy to distinguish from "normal" behavior, because normal and abnormal behavior are completely different and have nothing in common.    
 When someone's behavior strikes you as strange or unusual, the behavior can safely be labeled as "abnormal."    
 * The dividing line between normal and abnormal behavior is often determined by the social or cultural context in which a particular behavior occurs.    
 Hearing voices is always a symptom of severe abnormality, regardless of the person's cultural background.   
    

3. The term _____ refers to the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.     
 DSM-IV-TR    
 * psychopathology    
 schizophrenia    
 comorbidity prevalence   
    

4. Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is TRUE?    
 * People with psychological disorders are the most stigmatized group portrayed on television shows.    
 Most people with a psychological disorder are not reluctant to discuss their mental problems with coworkers, neighbors, or other acquaintances.    
 Research has shown that even people with mild psychological disorders are very dangerous and prone to violence.    
 People with psychological disorders are the least stigmatized group portrayed on television shows.   
    

5. Research has investigated whether people with mental disorders are significantly more violent and dangerous than other groups of people. What was the basic finding of that research?    
 People with even mild psychological disorders are more likely to be dangerous and violent than people who do not have a mental disorder.    
 * People who have a severe mental disorder in which they are delusional or hallucinating have a slightly higher level of violent behavior than people who do not have a mental disorder.    
 People who have a severe mental disorder in which they are delusional or hallucinating are much less likely to display violent behavior than people who do not have a mental disorder.    
 Mental illness is the most significant risk factor predicting the likelihood that a person will behave violently.   
    

6. Researcher George Gerbner and his colleagues analyzed U.S. television shows. According to Gerbner's data, which of the following groups is portrayed most negatively on U.S. television?    
 African-Americans    
 Latino/Hispanic Americans    
 * mentally ill people    
 women   
    

7. The acronym "DSM-IV-TR" stands for:     
 Developmental and Secondary Mental Disorders Manual, 4th Translation    
 Disorders: Simple and Multifaceted, 4th Edition, Technical Revision    
 Deviations from Standard Mentality, 4th Edition (Technical Release)    
 * Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision   
    

8. Which of the following terms means the same thing as the term psychological disorder?     
 comorbidity    
 * mental disorder    
 somatoform disorder    
 cyclothymic disorder   
    

9. Which of the following statements about DSM-IV-TR is FALSE?     
 DSM-IV-TR describes approximately 250 specific psychological disorders.    
 DSM-IV-TR provides a common language to diagnose and label mental disorders.    
 * DSM-IV-TR was written by Dr. Ronald Kessler, Director of the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH).    
 DSM-IV-TR provides the exact criteria that must be met in order for a mental health professional to diagnose a particular mental disorder.   
    

10. The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) investigated:     
 the prevalence of mental disorders among minority groups.    
 the prevalence of mental disorders in different countries and cultures.    
 * the mental health of American adults.    
 how people with mental disorders were portrayed in television shows.   
    

11. The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) found that:     
 * almost one out of two adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point in his or her life.    
 the prevalence of mental disorders is much greater in the United States than it is in Japan and other Asian countries.    
 the vast majority of people with a psychological disorder seek professional treatment for their symptoms.    
 people with mental disorders are often portrayed in television shows as unpredictable, dangerous, and violent.   
    

12. According to the results of National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), approximately one out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder in the past year.     
 * 3    
 10    
 50    
 500   
    

13. According to the results of National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), approximately one out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point in his or her lifetime.     
 250    
 50    
 10    
 * 2   
    

14. According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), approximately _____ percent of those who had suffered from the symptoms of a mental disorder in the previous year had not sought any type of treatment for their symptoms.     
 10    
 25    
 50    
 * 80   
    

15. One finding of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) is that:     
 more mental hospitals need to be built.    
 there do not appear to be any gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders.    
 * most of the people who had experienced the symptoms of a mental disorder in the previous year seemed to survive their symptoms without becoming completely debilitated.    
 men were almost twice as likely as women to suffer the symptoms of major depression at some point in their lifetimes.   
    

16. According to the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), women have a higher prevalence of _____, whereas men have a higher prevalence of _____.     
 anxiety disorders; major depression    
 major depression; anxiety disorders    
 substance abuse; anxiety disorders    
 * major depression; substance abuse   
    

17. Even though Paula's friends have told her that her concerns are exaggerated, Paula continues to be extremely preoccupied with every "defect" in her physical appearance. Which of the following psychological disorders is Paula MOST likely to have?    
 gender identity disorder    
 * body dysmorphic disorder    
 borderline personality disorder    
 antisocial personality disorder   
    

18. Although he has only been caught one time, Devin has repeatedly shoplifted small items that he could easily pay for or doesn't need. Which of the following psychological disorders is Devin most likely to have?    
 pyromania    
 * kleptomania    
 fetishism    
 borderline personality disorder   
    

19. Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain is to _____ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting is to _____.    
 * anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa    
 bulimia nervosa; anorexia nervosa    
 body dysmorphic disorder; anorexia nervosa    
 bulimia nervosa; body dysmorphic disorder   
    

20. During the last year, Rebecca's ten-year-old son, Tyler, has developed several unusual symptoms. For no apparent reason, Tyler's head will suddenly jerk, his eyes will repeatedly blink, or he will repetitively shrug his shoulders. In the past two months, Tyler's symptoms have become more frequent and more intense. Additionally, Tyler's fourth grade teacher has complained that Tyler sometimes makes clicking and grunting sounds in class, which he doesn't seem to be able to control. Which of the following psychological disorders does Tyler most likely have?    
 autistic disorder    
 * Tourette's disorder    
 body dysmorphic disorder    
 dissociative fugue   
    

21. When Kevin was a little boy, he insisted he was really a girl and often played with dolls with the girls in his neighborhood. When he became an adolescent, he shaved his legs and armpits. As a young adult, Kevin is in counseling in preparation for a sex-reassignment surgery. Which of the following psychological disorders does Kevin most likely have?    
 fetishism    
 body dysmorphic disorder    
 * gender identity disorder    
 hypochondriasis   
    

22. Janet is convinced that she has one or more serious illnesses. Because of her many physical complaints and symptoms, Janet has had multiple surgeries and diagnostic procedures. In every case, her doctors said she was perfectly healthy and that the symptoms were probably due to her imagination. Which of the following psychological disorders does Janet most likely have?    
 fetishism    
 body dysmorphic disorder    
 gender identity disorder    
 * hypochondriasis   
    

23. An unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, and tension, along with heightened physical arousal, is called:     
 * anxiety.    
 mania.    
 dissociation.    
 alogia.   
    

24. Which of the following statements about anxiety is TRUE?     
 Anxiety is always abnormal.    
 Anxiety is a symptom that occurs only in the anxiety disorders but not in other psychological disorders.    
 * Anxiety can be adaptive, helpful, and beneficial when it alerts people to a realistic threat.    
 Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state, but it has no physical effects.   
    

25. In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety:     
 * is unreasonably intense, irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive.    
 is focused on relationship problems rather than work or academic concerns.    
 alerts people to realistic problems that need to be addressed or solved.    
 is unpleasant.   
    

26. Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?     
 The night before his final exam, Bill is unable to sleep because he is worried about doing well on the exam.    
 * For the last several weeks, Mavis has been unable to concentrate at work because she keeps thinking that something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.    
 Seth is upset because his girlfriend told him she wants to start dating other men, and he is afraid that she will break up with him.    
 Barbara has just found out that her company has been sold, and she is very worried that she might lose her job.   
    

27. Normal anxiety is to _____ as pathological anxiety is to _____.     
 severe and global; mild and specific    
 irrational and intense; reasonable and mild    
 disruptive and uncontrollable; adaptive and irrational    
 * reasonable and infrequent; irrational and persistent   
    

28. Brenda is feeling very anxious about a problem at work. Which of the following would be an example of NORMAL anxiety about a work-related problem rather than a symptom of an underlying anxiety disorder?     
 Brenda's anxiety is so intense that she cannot eat, sleep, or think about anything else.    
 Brenda continues to be anxious even though the problem has been resolved.    
 Brenda's anxiety has persisted for several weeks.    
 * Brenda is experiencing an uncomfortable level of physical arousal.   
    

29. Darlene is constantly nervous, tense, and apprehensive. She worries about her health, her job, her children, and her relatives. Her husband has tried to reassure her that everything is going well, but she can't seem to shake her pervasive anxiety. Darlene is probably experiencing:     
 normal anxiety.    
 agoraphobia.    
 * generalized anxiety disorder.    
 panic disorder.   
    

30. Identify the anxiety disorder that is characterized by constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances.     
 panic disorder    
 * generalized anxiety disorder    
 agoraphobia    
 posttraumatic stress disorder   
    

31. Because the anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all, generalized anxiety is sometimes referred to as:     
 * free-floating anxiety.    
 dissociative anxiety.    
 hebephrenic anxiety.    
 phobic anxiety.   
    

32. Sudden, intense, and short-lived anxiety is to _____ as ongoing, persistent, and global anxiety is to _____.     
 phobia; panic    
 cognitive; behavioral    
 agoraphobia; specific phobia    
 * panic disorder; generalized anxiety disorder   
    

33. For the third time in two months, Sherrilyn's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency room because Sherrilyn thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding heart, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Sherrilyn lives in fear of another attack. Sherrilyn is most likely suffering from which psychological disorder?     
 specific phobia    
 * panic disorder    
 generalized anxiety disorder    
 obsessive-compulsive disorder   
    

34. A(n) _____ is a brief, sudden, uncontrollable episode of acute anxiety and fear that rapidly escalates in intensity and usually includes physical symptoms like a pounding heart, rapid breathing, trembling, and feeling as if you are choking or cannot breathe.     
 * panic attack    
 manic episode    
 anxiety disorder    
 compulsion   
    

35. The main symptom of a disorder called _____ is frequent, unpredictable, and unexpected panic attacks.     
 general anxiety disorder    
 * panic disorder    
 agoraphobia    
 dissociative fugue   
    

36. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder?     
 Panic attacks are sudden and unpredictable.    
 A panic attack may occur during or after a stressful period of life.    
 * A panic attack occurs at least twice every week for a period of six months or longer.    
 Panic attacks occur when there is no reasonable or realistic threat.   
    

37. According to the research discussed in your textbook, what happens when panic disorder patients and control subjects who do not suffer from panic disorder are given a substance like caffeine that causes physical arousal?     
 The control subjects, but not the panic disorder patients, experience a full-fledged panic attack.    
 * The panic disorder patients, but not the control subjects, experience a full-fledged panic attack.    
 Both panic disorder patients and the control subjects experience full-fledged panic attacks.    
 Neither the panic disorder patients nor the control subjects respond with panic attacks to caffeine.   
    

38. According to the _____ theory of panic disorder, misinterpretation of normal signs of physical arousal, catastrophic thoughts, and a conditioned response to physical arousal are all factors that play a role in explaining panic disorder.     
 genetic    
 psychoanalytic    
 evolutionary    
 * cognitive-behavioral   
    

39. According to the cognitive-behavioral theory of panic disorder, people with panic disorder:     
 are likely to believe that heart attack symptoms are simply indigestion or heartburn.    
 * are likely to misinterpret normal physical sensations of arousal as catastrophic and life threatening.    
 probably suffer from an underlying medical condition, such as irregular or rapid heartbeat.    
 are faking their condition, because they are reinforced by the attention they receive during an "attack."   
    

40. Dr. Zink is a strong believer in the cognitive-behavioral theory of panic disorder. He explains to his patient, Dave, that the reason he is so prone to panic attacks after he walks up three flights of stairs is that:     
 * Dave has become behaviorally conditioned to respond with fear to the sensations of physical arousal.    
 Dave probably has a heart condition that is so rare that even the best doctors are unable to detect it.    
 Dave is experiencing the warning signals of heart disease, and he would do well to take the elevator and avoid all forms of strenuous exercise.    
 walking up stairs is a symbol of sexual intercourse, and Dave's panic is probably an anxiety symptom that is triggered by his unresolved Oedipus complex and unconscious sexual attraction to his mother.   
    

41. Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Syndromes resembling panic disorder are found only in the United States and Canada.    
 In non-Western cultures, panic disorder involves feelings of terror but the physical symptoms of arousal are completely absent.    
 The symptoms of panic disorder and the circumstances that trigger panic attacks are exactly the same in every culture that has been studied.    
 * Syndromes resembling panic disorder are found in many cultures and commonly include symptoms of dizziness, heart palpitations, and terror, but are sometimes triggered by different circumstances.   
    

42. "Ataque de nervios" is:     
 the medical term for what is commonly called a "nervous breakdown."    
 * a syndrome resembling panic disorder that typically follows a severe stressor and is found in Puerto Rico and many Latin American countries.    
 one of the key symptoms that distinguishes panic disorder from normal panic and anxiety.    
 a specific phobia that literally translates as "fear of a nervous breakdown."   
    

43. A(n) _____ is an intense, irrational fear that is triggered by a particular object or situation.     
 panic attack    
 ataque de nervios    
 * phobia    
 delusion of reference   
    

44. Which of the following statements about phobias is FALSE?     
 About 10 percent of the general population will experience a specific phobia at some point in their lives.    
 * There are no gender differences in the prevalence of specific phobias.    
 In the general population, mild phobias of certain animals, such as dogs or snakes, or certain situations, such as flying or being in enclosed places, are very common.    
 Even though the person consciously knows that their fear is irrational, encountering the feared object can produce incapacitating terror and anxiety.   
    

45. Most cases of specific phobia involve particular categories of objects or situations. Which of the following is NOT a common phobia?     
 spiders, snakes, or other animals and insects    
 thunderstorms, heights, water, or other features of the natural environment    
 particular situations, like flying, driving, or enclosed places    
 * chemicals and pollutants, like cleaning supplies, cigarette smoke, or oil spills   
    

46. Alan always has been terrified of spiders. He refuses to enter his bedroom at night until it has been thoroughly checked for spiders. Even a picture of a spider makes him extremely uncomfortable. Most likely, Alan is suffering from a psychological disorder called:     
 generalized anxiety disorder.    
 posttraumatic stress disorder.    
 * specific phobia.    
 obsessive anxiety disorder.   
    

47. LouAnn has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called agoraphobia. LouAnn is:     
 afraid of open spaces.    
 * afraid of having a panic attack in a public place.    
 afraid of her home.    
 afraid of lightning.   
    

48. There are many different kinds of phobias, but the phobia for which people most often seek professional help is:     
 * agoraphobia.    
 ataque de nervios.    
 social phobia.    
 taijin kyofusho.   
    

49. Vanessa's first episode of feeling dizzy and faint occurred about four months ago while waiting in the gate area for a friend's plane to arrive. The second episode occurred a few days later in a shopping mall. A thorough medical examination ruled out the possibility of any kind of physical problems. Nevertheless, Vanessa has become increasingly fearful about having more episodes and she has restricted her activities to only the most essential outings. She dreads the thought of getting stuck in a traffic jam or having to wait in checkout lines in stores. Vanessa seems to be displaying symptoms of which of the following psychological disorders?     
 erythrophobia    
 generalized anxiety disorder    
 social phobia    
 * agoraphobia   
    

50. The textbook describes research involving people who were entering treatment to overcome their fear of flying.  Half of the people were diagnosed with specific phobia and half with agoraphobia.  The difference between the two groups was:     
 the people with specific phobia were afraid of dying in a plane crash, and the people with agoraphobia were afraid of heights.    
 the people with specific phobia were afraid of being confined in an enclosed place, and the people with agoraphobia were afraid of being surrounded by empty sky.    
 * the people with specific phobia were afraid of dying in a plane crash, and the people with agoraphobia were afraid of suffering a panic attack on the plane and being unable to escape.    
 the people with specific phobia were afraid of being confined in a small area with hundreds of strangers, and the people with agoraphobia were afraid of falling.   
    

51. Patrick has been diagnosed as suffering from social phobia. Patrick is likely to suffer from:     
 simple shyness.    
 the overwhelming urge to repeatedly wash his hands to avoid being contaminated by other people's germs.    
 a paralyzing fear of crowds, particularly in confined areas like elevators, theaters, or small rooms.    
 * a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations or in front of other people.   
    

52. Nobuaki is a young Japanese man living in Tokyo. Nobuaki suffers from a syndrome very similar to social phobia called taijin kyofusho. In social situations, Nobuaki is:     
 extremely anxious about failing or being embarrassed in public.    
 extremely anxious about leaving his home because he is afraid that he will have a panic attack in a public place.    
 * extremely anxious that he will offend or embarrass other people.    
 extremely anxious that he will suddenly start shouting obscenities.   
    

53. The development of phobias can be partly explained by:     
 * classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.    
 high brain levels of dopamine.    
 low brain levels of dopamine.    
 the misinterpretation of the signs of normal physical arousal.   
    

54. Which of the following is an example of the development of a phobia through classical conditioning?     
 After eating a big spaghetti dinner, John gets sick and can no longer stand the smell of spaghetti.    
 After watching graphic film coverage of the aftermath of a severe tornado that is aired repeatedly on the local TV news program, Matt develops a phobia of storms.    
 * After being attacked by a man in an elevator, Evelyn developed a phobia of elevators and other small, confined spaces.    
 After reading about the dangers of tick-borne diseases, Cindy is afraid to enter her backyard in the summer.   
    

55. Which of the following is an example of the development of a phobia through observational learning?     
 After eating a big spaghetti dinner, John gets sick and can no longer stand the smell of spaghetti.    
 * Matilda develops a fear of spiders after years of seeing her mother and older sister react with extreme terror whenever they see a spider.    
 After being attacked by a man in an elevator, Evelyn developed a phobia of elevators and other small, confined spaces.    
 After reading about the dangers of tick-borne diseases, Joe puts on long pants whenever he goes outside in the summertime.   
    

56. How may operant conditioning be involved in the development of phobias?     
 The person is more likely to develop phobias toward objects or situations that represent an evolutionary threat to survival.    
 The person learns to associate the conditioned response of fear to a previously neutral stimulus, which becomes a conditioned stimulus.    
 The person learns to fear a particular object or situation by observing another person reacting fearfully to it.    
 * Avoiding the feared object or situation is negatively reinforced, so the person is more likely to avoid the feared object or situation again in the future.   
    

57. According to the biological preparedness idea, people are more likely to develop phobias toward objects or situations that:     
 * reflect an important threat to survival in human evolutionary history.    
 are manufactured rather than naturally occurring.    
 are inherently dangerous, like flying and driving.    
 frightened them in early childhood.   
    

58. Which concept has been used to explain why people are more likely to develop phobias of snakes, spiders, and storms than of cars, highway intersections, or stairs?     
 serotonin deficiency    
 operant conditioning    
 * biological preparedness    
 the dopamine hypothesis   
    

59. Which of the following would be an example of a phobia that reflects biological preparedness?     
 After being mugged on a subway platform, Annie is afraid to ride the subway and insists on taking buses or cabs.    
 After being bitten by a strange dog, Eloise is phobic of dogs.    
 Simply eating a meal with others in a restaurant evokes unbearable anxiety in Nels.    
 * Ever since he was a child, Alan has been terrified of snakes.   
    

60. Although she cannot remember ever being harmed in any way by a cockroach, Kate has a severe phobia of cockroaches. Which of the following ideas might be used to help explain her specific phobia of cockroaches?     
 Kate probably was attacked by cockroaches in a previous life.    
 Kate's irrational phobia is one of the warning signs of an impending schizophrenic episode.    
 * Like other people, Kate is biologically prepared to develop phobias toward creatures that arouse disgust and are associated with disease, filth, and contamination.    
 Kate's symptoms are probably due to a deficiency of norepinephrine.   
    

61. A long-lasting anxiety disorder that develops in response to being exposed to a severe and often life-threatening trauma is called:     
 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).    
 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).    
 * posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).    
 dysthymic disorder (DD).   
    

62. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder?     
 * multiple personalities    
 intrusive, frequent memories of the traumatic event    
 extreme anxiety and increased physical arousal    
 avoiding stimuli that trigger memories of the traumatic event   
    

63. Jayne was in a fast-food restaurant when a man suddenly drew a gun and started shooting, killing several people. Although Jayne was not injured in the shooting spree, she has since been unable to return to work. She can't seem to stop thinking about the event. She has recurrent nightmares, is unable to sleep, and does not want to leave her home. She feels simultaneously numb and tense. It is most likely that Jayne is suffering from:     
 generalized anxiety disorder.    
 * posttraumatic stress disorder.    
 agoraphobia.    
 obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
    

64. The three core symptoms of _____ are (1) frequent, intrusive recollections of a traumatic event; (2) emotional numbing and avoidance of particular situations; and (3) increased physical arousal.     
 obsessive-compulsive disorder    
 generalized anxiety disorder    
 * posttraumatic stress disorder    
 social phobia   
    

65. Jamie has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).  Along with his PTSD symptoms, he might also display the symptoms associated with:     
 * depression, panic disorder, substance abuse, and generalized anxiety disorder.    
 schizophrenia, dissociative identity disorder, mania, and pyromania.    
 spirit possession, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder.    
 schizophrenia and depression.   
    

66. After experiencing an extreme trauma, who is most likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?     
 only people with a genetic predisposition to PTSD    
 * people with a personal or family history of psychological disorders    
 people who have weak characters and who are unable to face tragedy or accept reality    
 drug abusers and alcoholics   
    

67. When people have experienced multiple traumas, they:     
 are less likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.    
 * are more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.    
 are likely to develop an immunity to anxiety disorders.    
 are more likely to become violent themselves.   
    

68. In an anxiety disorder called _____, the person suffers from repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or uncontrollable urges to perform certain repetitive behaviors.     
 generalized anxiety disorder    
 specific phobia    
 posttraumatic stress disorder    
 * obsessive-compulsive disorder   
    

69. Jeffrey is so preoccupied by his fear of germs that he always keeps his car and apartment windows sealed tightly, and refuses to allow anyone into his apartment. He carries his own silverware which he uses when he eats away from home, and washes his hands every time he touches anything that has been touched by someone else. Jeffrey would most likely be diagnosed with:     
 dissociative identity disorder.    
 paranoid schizophrenia.    
 * obsessive-compulsive disorder.    
 cyclothymic disorder.   
    

70. When a person experiences repeated, uncontrollable thoughts, fears, or mental images that cause great anxiety and distress, even though they have no basis in reality, she is said to be experiencing a(n):     
 hallucination.    
 compulsion.    
 * obsession.    
 delusion of grandeur.   
    

71. Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _____ as uncontrollable behaviors are to _____.     
 hallucinations; delusions    
 preoccupations; addictions    
 compulsions; obsessions    
 * obsessions; compulsions   
    

72. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most common obsessions reflect unrealistic worries regarding:    
 * contamination, doubt or uncertainty, and violent or sexual thoughts.    
 suicidal behavior, paranoia, and delusions of grandeur.    
 washing, checking, and hoarding.    
 snakes, spiders, heights, and storms.   
    

73. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most common compulsions include:    
 suicidal behavior, fighting, and stalking.    
 * washing, checking, counting, and the need for symmetry.    
 eating, gambling, and drug and alcohol abuse.    
 fears of contamination and worries about health, sex, or violence.   
    

74. Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything seventeen times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret is probably suffering from:     
 specific phobia.    
 bipolar disorder.    
 dissociative identity disorder.    
 * obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
    

75. When a person is driven to perform repetitive behaviors in a particular sequence or pattern, he or she is said to be experiencing a(n):     
 obsession.    
 * compulsion.    
 delusion.    
 hallucination.   
    

76. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions and compulsions frequently:     
 oppose one another.    
 change, often from one day to the next.    
 are triggered by the use of drugs or alcohol.    
 * are linked in some way.   
    

77. Cross-cultural research on obsessive-compulsive disorder has found that:     
 obsessive-compulsive disorder is found only in the U.S., Canada, and Great Britain.    
 compulsions, but not obsessions, have been reported in virtually every culture.    
 * the same categories of obsessions and compulsions are found in many different cultures.    
 obsessions, but not compulsions, have been reported in virtually every culture.   
    

78. A deficiency in the neurotransmitter called _____ seems to be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.     
 * serotonin    
 dopamine    
 lithium    
 norepinephrine   
    

79. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to dysfunctions in which areas of the brain?     
 occipital lobes and parietal lobes    
 * frontal lobes and caudate nucleus    
 frontal lobes and ventricles    
 basal ganglia and hypothalamus   
    

80. The DSM-IV-TR category of _____ is characterized by serious and persistent disturbances or fluctuations in a person's emotional state that causes psychological discomfort, impairs the ability to function, or both.     
 * mood disorders    
 anxiety disorders    
 dissociative disorders    
 schizophrenia   
    

81. Jason has periods when he feels extremely despondent for no apparent reason. During these periods, he finds it very difficult to be productive in his college classes or at his job. Jason's symptoms are characteristics of the DSM-IV-TR category of:     
 anxiety disorders.    
 dissociative disorders.    
 * mood disorders.    
 schizophrenia.   
    

82. Over the last three months, Ivana's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Ivana says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Ivana's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:    
 schizophrenia.    
 dissociative fugue.    
 * major depression.    
 posttraumatic stress disorder.   
    

83. Charlie is experiencing major depression. Compared to people who are not depressed, Charlie is likely to:    
 make more eye contact when he talks with others.    
 * speak and move more slowly.    
 be involved in more activities.    
 spend more time with others.   
    

84. Anita is experiencing major depression. As compared to people who are not depressed, Anita is more likely to:    
 * feel mentally sluggish and have difficulty concentrating.    
 make decisions quickly.    
 speak quickly.    
 easily complete routine tasks involved in daily living.   
    

85. Neil and Bonnie are married. Neil is not depressed, but Bonnie is experiencing major depression. In terms of physical functioning, Bonnie is more likely to:     
 * experience a significant weight loss or gain.    
 be interested in sex.    
 feel energetic.    
 sleep soundly.   
    

86. Approximately _____ percent of those suffering from major depression attempt suicide.     
 1    
 * 10    
 25    
 40   
    

87. Disruptions in the normal patterns of sleep are one of the main characteristics of major depression. How are normal sleep patterns disrupted?     
 The amount of time spent in nondreaming, deeply relaxed sleep doubles or triples during major depression.    
 * Depressed people often awaken spontaneously at 3:00 or 4:00 o'clock in the morning and cannot get back to sleep even though they are still tired.    
 Although depressed people sleep and dream much less than normal, they claim that they feel adequately rested by their sleep.    
 Periods of dreaming REM sleep occur in 90-minute cycles.   
    

88. The physical symptoms of _____ often accompany major depression.     
 * anxiety    
 schizophrenia    
 body dysmorphic disorder    
 dissociative fugue   
    

89. Which of the following statements about major depression is FALSE?     
 Seriously depressed people are often gripped by indecisiveness and have great difficulty making even simple decisions.    
 People experiencing major depression become pessimistic and negative about themselves, the world, and the future.    
 * Some negative event or stressful situation always precedes an episode of major depression.    
 Disrupted and abnormal patterns of sleep are a very common characteristic of major depression.   
    

90. Even since her mother died about a month ago, Kerri has felt despondent and sad. Although outwardly Kerri behaves normally, privately she still feels very sad about her loss. Kerri's behavior following the death of her mother is:     
 an indication of major depression.    
 an indication of bipolar disorder.    
 an indication of dysthymic disorder.    
 * completely normal.   
    

91. Carla has worked as a human resources specialist for several years, but she doesn't really like the job. Although her work performance is adequate, Carla almost always feels slightly down and sad. Carla's chronic case of "the blues" is characteristic of the psychological disorder called:     
 * dysthymic disorder.    
 bipolar disorder.    
 cyclothymic disorder.    
 major depression.   
    

92. Severe, debilitating depression is to _____ as chronic, low-grade depression is to _____.     
 major depression; cyclothymic disorder    
 dysthymic disorder; cyclothymic disorder    
 * major depression; dysthymic disorder    
 dysthymic disorder; bipolar disorder   
    

93. Which of the following statements describes double depression?     
 The person experiences two or more episodes of major depression in the same year.    
 Both members of a couple develop major depression at the same time.    
 * A person experiences one or more episodes of major depression on top of his or her ongoing dysthymic disorder.    
 A person first experiences major depression over some negative life event, then experiences major depression over the fact that he or she is depressed.   
    

94. Although David has had chronic, low-grade depression for years, he recently experienced a debilitating episode of major depression for which he was hospitalized. Following treatment, David returned to his previous emotional state of chronic, low-grade depression. Which of the following terms describes what David has experienced?     
 cyclothymic disorder    
 bipolar disorder    
 manic depression    
 * double depression   
    

95. Which of the following is often called "the common cold" of psychological disorders?     
 obsessive-compulsive disorder    
 schizophrenia    
 cyclothymic disorder    
 * major depression   
    

96. In any given year, approximately _____ million Americans experience the symptoms of major depression.     
 2    
 * 12    
 25    
 50   
    

97. Statistically, women are _____ as men to be diagnosed with major depression.     
 half as likely    
 just as likely    
 * twice as likely    
 ten times as likely   
    

98. If you are female, the statistical odds that you will experience an episode of major depression at some time in your life are about:     
 1 out of 2.    
 * 1 out of 4.    
 1 out of 8.    
 1 out of 20.   
    

99. If you are male, the statistical odds that you will experience an episode of major depression at some time in your life are about:     
 1 out of 2.    
 1 out of 4.    
 * 1 out of 8.    
 1 out of 20.   
    

100. Psychologist Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and her colleagues have studied gender differences in the prevalence of major depression. What conclusions did they reach?     
 Women are much more likely to have a single episode of major depression, whereas men are more likely to experience repeated episodes of major depression.    
 The notion of gender differences in the prevalence of major depression is a myth that has been created and perpetuated by the mass media.    
 * Women seem to be more vulnerable to major depression because they experience a greater degree of chronic stress in daily life combined with a lesser sense of personal control than men.    
 Men seem to be more vulnerable to major depression because males tend to mask their emotions instead of discussing and working through their emotional difficulties with others.   
    

101. Which of the following statements about the prevalence and course of major depression is FALSE?     
 When major depression recurs, the symptoms tend to increase in severity.    
 * Most people who experience major depression seek professional help to deal with the symptoms.    
 If left untreated, the symptoms of major depression can persist for six months or longer.    
 More than half of all people who have had one episode of major depression will experience another episode of major depression, usually within two years.   
    

102. After working in Austin, Texas, for five years, Rebecca's company transferred her to an upper management position in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Since moving to Minnesota, Rebecca is bothered by strong feelings of despondency during the long, dark winter months. When spring arrives in late April or May, her mood improves and she is back to normal. Rebecca's symptoms suggest that she is experiencing:     
 * seasonal affective disorder.    
 bipolar disorder.    
 dysthymic disorder.    
 double depression.   
    

103. Depression that repeatedly occurs with onset of autumn and winter is to _____ as chronic, low-grade depression is to _____.     
 * seasonal affective disorder; dysthymic disorder    
 cyclothymic disorder; seasonal affective disorder    
 bipolar disorder; cyclothymic disorder    
 manic depression; double depression   
    

104. Bipolar disorder used to be officially called _____ and is still often referred to by that term.     
 double depression    
 dysthymic disorder    
 seasonal affective disorder    
 * manic depression   
    

105. According to DSM-IV-TR, it is possible for someone to have bipolar disorder and only experience:     
 * manic episodes.    
 recurring episodes of major depression.    
 recurring seasonal depression.    
 chronic, low-grade depression.   
    

106. In the last three days, Doug has become progressively more energetic and euphoric. He has been sleeping no more than an hour or two per night, but he seems to have unlimited energy. Doug is inappropriately self-confident as he veers from one grandiose idea to another in his plans to become rich and famous. Doug appears to be experiencing:     
 rapid cycling.    
 double depression.    
 * a manic episode.    
 dissociative identity disorder.   
    

107. During a manic episode, the person's thoughts often rapidly shift from topic to topic. This characteristic is referred to as:     
 rapid cycling.    
 a dissociative experience.    
 delusional thinking.    
 * a flight of ideas.   
    

108. Kirk is difficult to work with because he is extremely moody and unpredictable. Some days he is full of complaints about his job and wants nothing to do with his coworkers. At other times, Kirk is extremely upbeat and optimistic and enthusiastically suggests that the whole work group go out to lunch together. Kirk's chronic mood swings and his inconsistent behavior are characteristics of which of the following disorders?     
 dysthymic disorder    
 * cyclothymic disorder    
 rapid cycling disorder    
 dissociative identity disorder   
    

109. Which of the following statements about bipolar disorder is TRUE?     
 A person does not have bipolar disorder if he or she only experiences manic episodes.    
 Women are twice as likely as men to experience bipolar disorder.    
 * Bipolar disorder is almost always a recurring disorder.    
 In the general population, bipolar disorder occurs as often as major depression does.   
    

110. During the last year Genevieve has experienced five bouts of major depression, each followed by a brief manic episode lasting several days. Genevieve's pattern of depressive and manic episodes is referred to as:     
 depression rebound.    
 manic rebound.    
 * rapid cycling.    
 circular mania.   
    

111. Statistically, women are _____ as men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.     
 half as likely    
 * just as likely    
 twice as likely    
 ten times as likely   
    

112. Which of the following medications is commonly used to help control the symptoms of bipolar disorder?     
 antidepressant medications    
 antipsychotic medications    
 * lithium    
 antianxiety medications   
    

113. Compared to a typical episode of major depression, the manic and depressive symptoms of an episode of bipolar disorder tend to:     
 last for a much longer period of time.    
 * last for a much shorter period of time.    
 recur every couple of months.    
 be more intense in women than in men.   
    

114. The onset of bipolar disorder is most likely to occur:     
 during the winter months.    
 * when the person is in his or her early twenties.    
 very gradually over the course of several years.    
 in females who are forty-five to fifty years old.   
    

115. Peter and Luke are identical twins who are juniors at the same college. Throughout their college years, Peter has been treated for two episodes of major depression. In contrast, Luke has never been treated for major depression. Based on twin studies, Luke has about a _____ percent statistical chance of also developing a mood disorder.     
 30    
 50    
 * 70    
 90   
    

116. Research has shown that both major depression and bipolar disorder:     
 * tend to run in families.    
 are caused by a specific combination of genes on the 1st and 8th pair of chromosomes.    
 are less common among creative writers and artists than among the general population.    
 are due to elevated brain levels of lithium.   
    

117. Antidepressant medications are often used in the treatment of major depression. In general, these medications work by:     
 increasing brain levels of lithium.    
 decreasing brain levels of lithium.    
 * increasing brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.    
 decreasing brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.   
    

118. As a general rule, the use of antidepressant medications reduces or alleviates the symptoms of major depression in about _____ percent of the people taking them.     
 20    
 40    
 60    
 * 80   
    

119. Research has indicated that the continued use of antidepressant medications after the symptoms of major depression have been alleviated can:     
 cause double depression.    
 potentially trigger an episode of untreatable schizophrenia.    
 * prevent recurrences of major depression.    
 significantly increase the likelihood of suicide.   
    

120. What do the famous writers Mark Twain, Ernest Hemingway, and Sylvia Plath share in common?     
 They all suffered from delusions and were hospitalized for episodes of schizophrenia.    
 They all committed suicide.    
 They all suffered from dissociative identity disorder.    
 * They all suffered from episodes of major depression.   
    

121. Research has shown that mood disorders occur more frequently among _____ than among the general population.     
 people who have recently emigrated to this country    
 left-handed people    
 * creative writers and artists    
 top corporate executives   
    

122. Owen's brother and mother have both had occurrences of major depression. Owen himself has had two episodes of major depression in the past five years. Given this background information, which of the following is one of the best predictors as to whether Owen will experience another episode of major depression in the future?     
 excessive use of alcohol    
 beginning an exercise program    
 beginning a new relationship    
 * stressful life events   
    

123. One of the best predictors of whether one will experience episodes of major depression is having:     
 delusions of persecution.    
 * been exposed to recent stressful events.    
 episodes of dissociative fugue.    
 schizophrenia.   
    

124. Chronic, low-grade depressed feelings are to _____ as moderate, recurring  mood swings are to _____ disorder.   
 major depression; dysthymic    
 * dysthymic disorder; cyclothymic    
 cyclothymic disorder; bipolar    
 cyclothymic disorder; dysthymic   
    

125. According to the information presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, people with a psychological disorder:     
 are much less likely to become addicted to nicotine than people who do not have a psychological disorder.    
 are half as likely to smoke cigarettes as people who do not have a psychological disorder.    
 * are nearly twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as people who do not have a psychological disorder.    
 Both answers a and b above are correct.   
    

126. According to the information presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders:     
 researchers are exploring the use of nicotine gum and patches as an alternative to antidepressant medications for people with major depression or dysthymic disorder.    
 * people with multiple psychological disorders have higher rates of smoking and smoke more cigarettes per day than people with one or no psychological disorders.    
 people who smoke a pack of cigarettes per day or more seem to develop a brain "buffer" that reduces the chances of major depression occurring or recurring.    
 researchers are at a loss to explain why people with schizophrenia are much less likely to develop any of the cancers commonly associated with cigarette smoking.   
    

127. According to the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 People who smoke a pack of cigarettes per day or more have a 50 percent chance of experiencing major depression.    
 People with a mental illness are nearly twice as likely to smoke cigarettes as people who do not have a mental disorder.    
 Almost half of all the cigarettes smoked in the United States are consumed by people with one or more mental disorders.    
 * All of the above statements are true.   
    

128. Paige is 20 years old and started smoking when she began dating Garrett, who smokes. Since breaking up with Garrett about four months ago, she continued to smoke. Currently, Paige smokes almost two packs of cigarettes per day.  Which of the following statements is accurate?    
 Paige has about a 50 percent chance of experiencing major depression because she is a heavy smoker.    
 Because smoking a pack of cigarettes per day or more seems to create a brain "buffer" that reduces the chances of major depression occurring or recurring, Paige is much less likely to experience major depression than other women in her age range.    
 Paige has a less than 5 percent chance of experiencing major depression because she smokes.    
 * Both answers b and c are correct.   
    

129. According to Critical Thinking 14.2, what is one possible explanation for the fact that people with psychological disorders have a much higher rate of smoking than people who do not have a psychological disorder?     
 * People with a psychological disorder may tend to use cigarettes as a form of self-medication to lower anxiety, relieve stress, and improve concentration.    
 Many of these individuals became addicted to cigarettes at a time when cigarettes were routinely given to psychiatric patients as rewards for performing appropriate behaviors.    
 Many of these individuals come from a lower socioeconomic class, where smoking is more widespread and socially acceptable.    
 A significant number of people taking the medications used to treat schizophrenia and depression experience nicotine craving as a medication side-effect.   
    

130. According to the research presented in the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders, nicotine is implicated in psychological disorders because:     
 people with psychological disorders tend to absorb more nicotine from cigarettes than other people, making it easier for them to become addicted to nicotine.    
 people with schizophrenia or depression tend to have abnormally high threshold levels for responding to nicotine.    
 * nicotine affects many of the same neurotransmitters and brain areas that are involved in mental disorders.    
 nicotine can cause hallucinations and other sensory distortions in people who are biologically vulnerable to its effects.   
    

131. According to the Critical Thinking box on smoking and psychological disorders:      
 * smoking seems to cause or trigger the development of psychological disorders in vulnerable people.    
 smoking seems to delay the onset of symptoms of psychological disorders in many people.    
 men with a psychological disorder are five times more likely to be a chronic smoker than women with a psychological disorder.    
 an unknown substance in tobacco smoke seems to produce hallucinations in people who are vulnerable to schizophrenic symptoms.   
    

132. According to Critical Thinking box 14.2, research strongly suggests that smoking contributes to the development of all of the following psychological disorders EXCEPT:     
 bipolar disorder    
 * paranoid personality disorder    
 depression    
 schizophrenia   
    

133. Personality traits are:     
 * relatively stable predispositions to behave or react in certain ways.    
 only observed in people with schizophrenia.    
 the precursors to dissociative disorders.    
 characteristic of dissociative disorders.   
    

134. Personality traits:     
 cannot be changed.    
 are only found in well-adjusted people.    
 * can be modified so that we can think, feel, and behave in more effective ways.    
 are usually evident just prior to the onset of a dissociative disorder.   
    

135. Someone with a personality disorder:     
 will become schizophrenic.    
 has extensive memory disruptions for personal life information.    
 experiences delusions and hallucinations.    
 * has personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive.   
    

136. Personality disorders are evident in up to _____ percent of the general population.     
 1    
 5    
 * 15    
 30   
    

137. People with personality disorders:     
 almost always recognize that their maladaptive personality traits are causing their personal and social problems.    
 usually seek professional help in dealing with their maladaptive traits.    
 * often display the characteristics of their personality disorder by the adolescent or early adult years.    
 All of the answers above are true.   
    

138. Which is NOT one of the three basic clusters of personality disorders?    
 the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster    
 * the delusional, dissociative cluster    
 the anxious, fearful cluster    
 the odd, eccentric cluster   
    

139. Antisocial personality disorder is part of the _____ cluster of personality disorders.    
 delusional, dissociative    
 odd, eccentric    
 * dramatic, emotional, or erratic    
 anxious, fearful   
    

140. Steve is 31-years old, unmarried, and relies on his parents to take care of him.  He will not move out of his parents' home because he knows that he would not be able to handle responsibilities of everyday living very well.  Steve fits the description of _____ personality disorder.    
 paranoid    
 histrionic    
 schizotypal    
 * dependent   
    

141. Peter has a pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.  These characteristics are the defining features of the _____ personality disorder.     
 antisocial    
 borderline    
 * paranoid    
 histrionic   
    

142. Pathological jealousy commonly characterizes the intimate relationships of the person with _____ personality disorder.     
 dependent    
 * paranoid    
 schizoid    
 avoidant   
    

143. Which of the personality disorders is also referred to as a psychopath?     
 schizoid    
 paranoid    
 * antisocial    
 histrionic   
    

144. When people first meet fourteen-year-old Micah, they find him to be an attractive, charming, young man. But Micah's adoptive parents, his teachers, and his schoolmates know otherwise. Micah is a chronic liar, manipulator, and bully. In the past four years, he has been caught several times vandalizing other peoples' property in his neighborhood and at his school. He has been arrested twice for shoplifting and was also caught trying to cash a forged check. Based on this information, it is probably safe to say that Micah would be diagnosed as having:     
 * conduct disorder.    
 borderline personality disorder.    
 Tourette's disorder.    
 paranoid schizophrenia.   
    

145. Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?     
 antisocial personality disorder    
 * borderline personality disorder    
 psychopath    
 sociopath   
    

146. Deceiving and manipulating others for one's own personal gain is a hallmark of which personality disorder?     
 * antisocial    
 dependent    
 histrionic    
 paranoid   
    

147. Howard is a 27-year-old man who lives in San Francisco. He has been fired from numerous jobs, usually because he got caught lying or repeatedly failed to show up for work. Howard has also been arrested twice for running various "con" games in which he swindles money out of unsuspecting tourists. He has been in and out of drug rehab for alcohol abuse several times. Howard's pattern of behaviors seems to fit which of the following disorders?     
 * antisocial personality disorder    
 dissociative identity disorder    
 cyclothymic personality disorder    
 disorganized schizophrenia   
    

148. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by:     
 rigid, preoccupation with orderliness, personal control, rules, or schedules that interfere with completing tasks.    
 * erratic, unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image, and desperate efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.    
 extreme social inhibition due to feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism or disapproval.    
 pervasive but unwarranted distrust and suspiciousness and assumptions that other people intend to deceive, exploit, or harm them.   
    

149. When Spencer first started dating Melissa, their relationship quickly became very intense. But after a couple of weeks, Spencer became increasingly uneasy because Melissa seemed to constantly need his attention and reassurances of his commitment to her. When Melissa showed up unexpectedly at Spencer's office to have lunch with him, she became enraged when Spencer told her that he was taking two important clients to lunch. Shortly after this incident, Spencer tried to break off the relationship with Melissa, which turned into an ugly scene with her screaming profanities at him in the middle of the street. Several days later, Spencer learned that Melissa had been hospitalized for overdosing on tranquilizers. Melissa's pattern of behavior seems to fit which of the following disorders?     
 * borderline personality disorder    
 antisocial personality disorder    
 bipolar disorder    
 dissociative identity disorder   
    

150. Which of the following personality disorders is most likely to be self-destructive and threaten to self-mutilate or commit suicide?     
 antisocial    
 narcissistic    
 schizoid    
 * borderline   
    

151. Disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood has been suggested to be an important cause in the development of _____ since this disorder is characterized by intense and chronic fears of abandonment.     
 catatonic schizophrenia    
 phobic anxiety    
 bipolar disorder    
 * borderline personality disorder   
    

152. In a dissociative experience, what normally integrated aspects of personality are divided or separated?     
 memory, consciousness, and emotion    
 emotion, motivation, and development    
 * awareness, memory, and personal identity    
 awareness, motivation, and mood   
    

153. Which of the following is an example of a dissociative experience that is pathological or abnormal?     
 waking up from a nap and momentarily thinking that a dream event really happened    
 becoming so absorbed in the book you're reading that you don't hear the telephone ring    
 automatically taking your usual exit off the highway because you are so preoccupied by your thoughts that you forget that you were planning to go to a different destination    
 * being unable to remember your own name or other important details about your life   
    

154. Spirit possession and glossolalia are examples of:     
 * dissociative possession states.    
 symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 mood disorders.    
 specific phobia objects.   
    

155. In some cultures, dramatic dissociative experiences like trance and possession states are highly valued.  According to DSM-IV-TR, such dissociative experiences are NOT considered pathological if:     
 * they occur within the context of accepted religious practices, are voluntary, and don't cause distress.    
 they are temporary and short-lived, lasting no more than ten minutes.    
 they don't involve the loss of a sense of personal identity.    
 the person is able to later remember everything that transpired during the dissociative experience.   
    

156. A(n) _____ disorder is diagnosed when disruptions in personal identity, awareness, or memory are extreme, frequent, and seriously impair the ability to function in everyday life.     
 anxiety    
 mood    
 * dissociative    
 delusional   
    

157. Miguel's wife brought him to the emergency room because he cannot remember important personal information such as his name, the names of his family members, where he works, or where he lives. His memory problem is not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or other physical or medical conditions. It is most likely that Miguel will be diagnosed as having:     
 schizophrenia.    
 bipolar disorder.    
 obsessive-compulsive disorder.    
 * dissociative amnesia.   
    

158. In most cases, the disorder called dissociative amnesia occurs as a response to:     
 * stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation.    
 excess dopamine activity in the brain.    
 an overdose of drugs or alcohol.    
 a concussion or other injury to the brain.   
    

159. Jack was found sleeping on a park bench. When awakened by a police officer, he could not remember who he was or where he lived. Later, investigators discovered that Jack's wife had left him the night before after a violent fight in which he tried to attack her. Jack insists that he has no memories of the dispute with his wife or even of having been married. Jack is probably suffering from:     
 dissociative identity disorder.    
 dissociative possession state.    
 * dissociative amnesia.    
 hebephrenic schizophrenia.   
    

160. A disorder called _____ is characterized by symptoms of extensive amnesia, wandering or traveling, and confusion about one's personal identity.     
 dissociative identity disorder    
 * dissociative fugue    
 dissociative amnesia    
 schizophrenia   
    

161. Dennis, a New York City investment broker, quit his job in a fit of rage after being accused of embezzling thousands of dollars of his clients' money. Four months later, the police discovered Dennis driving a cab in Los Angeles. Dennis claimed that his name was actually Michael Hart, that he had always been a cab driver in Los Angeles, and that he had no knowledge of Dennis. Even after he was positively identified as Dennis, "Michael Hart" insisted that he was someone else. Assuming that he was not faking his condition to escape arrest, Dennis was probably suffering from:     
 paranoid schizophrenia.    
 * dissociative fugue.    
 bipolar disorder.    
 delusions of grandeur.   
    

162. The most controversial dissociative disorder involves extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities. This disorder is called:     
 multiple possession state.    
 dissociative fugue.    
 "split personality," or schizophrenia.    
 * dissociative identity disorder.   
    

163. In the disorder called dissociative identity disorder, the "alters," or distinct personalities:     
 * can be of different ages and gender.    
 are typically all the same age.    
 are typically all the same gender.    
 may all be present simultaneously.   
    

164. In dissociative identity disorder, it is generally believed that the "alters":     
 * represent different aspects of the individual's personality that cannot be integrated into the primary personality.    
 represent the individual's ego, superego, and id.    
 are the source of the voices commonly heard in schizophrenia.    
 are the result of the hallucinations common in cases of "split personality."   
    

165. Priscilla's husband insisted that she go to a mental health clinic when she was unable to explain or remember her frequent absences from home, phone calls from people that she claimed she had never heard of, and check stubs from checks that she couldn't remember writing. At the clinic, Priscilla admitted there were long stretches of her life that were completely blank to her. Suddenly, Priscilla's voice, facial expression, and demeanor changed, and she said to the clinic psychologist, "Don't pay any attention to that old Priscilla. She's just a bore. My name is Patty, and I'm a lot more fun to talk to." The clinic psychologist suspects that Priscilla may be suffering from:     
 schizophrenia.    
 amnesia.    
 * dissociative identity disorder.    
 posttraumatic stress disorder.   
    

166. Present in virtually all cases of dissociative identity disorder are symptoms of:     
 hallucinations and delusions.    
 substance abuse and anorexia.    
 obsessions and compulsions.    
 * amnesia, memory lapses, and memory problems.   
    

167. Some researchers have claimed to discover distinct physiological differences among alters in dissociative identity disorder patients, such as different glasses prescriptions, different allergies, and so forth. What does your text conclude about the findings of this research?     
 These claims have no basis in fact.    
 The physiological differences that have been discovered are due to acting and faking on the part of dissociative identity disorder patients.    
 Such differences are more commonly found in South American dissociative identity patients than in North American dissociative identity patients.    
 * Such physiological differences have not yet been convincingly demonstrated under controlled scientific conditions.   
    

168. One important reason why some psychologists are skeptical of dissociative identity disorder is that:    
 * the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in recent decades.    
 several famous dissociative identity disorder patients have publicly admitted that they were faking their symptoms in order to gain fame and make money.    
 dissociative identity disorder is easy to produce through hypnotic suggestion and can also be easily cured by hypnosis.    
 the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are also present in schizophrenia,    
    

169. Cross-cultural research has shown that the incidence of dissociative identity disorder in countries outside the United States:    
 is almost zero.    
 has decreased over the last two decades, just as the number of cases have increased in the United States.    
 is much higher than in the United States or Canada.    
 * has increased as formal screening programs have been established.    
    

170. Psychologists who support the diagnostic criteria of dissociative identity disorder argue that the sharp increase in reported cases in recent decades is probably due to:    
 the fact that most insurance plans now cover treatment for dissociative identity disorder.    
 the greater prevalence of drug use among grade-school children, which may produce dissociative identity disorder in adulthood.    
 * greater clinical awareness of the disorder and of its symptoms and increased screening for dissociative symptoms.    
 greater coverage of sensational dissociative identity disorder patients in movies and television shows, making it easier for disturbed people to mimic the symptoms.    
    

171. One explanation for dissociative identity disorder is that it results from:     
 * extreme trauma in childhood; the alters are created to embody the dissociated memories and emotions that are too painful for the primary personality to acknowledge.    
 a very repressed childhood; alters are created to allow the primary personality to enjoy activities that he or she would otherwise avoid.    
 an extreme case of bipolar disorder, in which mood swings are so severe that "alternate personalities" seem to exist.    
 the split personality present in chronic schizophrenia, which involves unpredictable behavior and extreme shifts in emotion.    
    

172. According to one explanation for dissociative identity disorder, the disorder represents a way to:     
 avoid the stigma that is often attached to mental illness.    
 deny that one has a psychological problem in need of treatment.    
 cope with a marital partner's alcoholism or substance abuse.    
 * cope with extreme abuse or trauma in childhood.    
    

173. Why is the dissociative coping explanation of dissociative identity disorder difficult to test?     
 Dissociative identity disorder is so rarely diagnosed that experimental subjects cannot be located.    
 * Dissociative identity disorder is usually diagnosed in adulthood, and it is often impossible to verify whether the reports of childhood trauma are real or imagined.    
 People with dissociative identity disorder typically also suffer from extreme paranoia, so they are usually unwilling to participate in psychological research.    
 People with dissociative identity disorder rarely answer the same questions the same way twice, so it is impossible to draw conclusions from formal interviews or psychological tests.    
    

174. The Prologue to Chapter 14 described a young woman, hospitalized on a psychiatric ward, who was screaming for help because she saw a fire. Which of the following disorders did the young woman most likely have?     
 * schizophrenia    
 major depression    
 dissociative identity disorder    
 generalized anxiety disorder    
    

175. The psychological disorder that is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes is called:     
 major depression.    
 * schizophrenia.    
 dissociative amnesia.    
 cyclothymic disorder.    
    

176. Philip has been hospitalized for an episode of schizophrenia. He believes that secret agents are bombing his brain with gamma rays, and he sometimes sees grotesque creatures climbing on the wall of his hospital room. Philip's symptoms are referred to as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.     
 caustic    
 negative    
 * positive    
 primal    
    

177. Susan was treated for an episode of schizophrenia before she was married. In recent weeks, her husband has noticed that Susan's speech and facial expressions have become flat and expressionless and that she seems to have little motivation. Assuming that Susan is on the verge of another episode of schizophrenia, these symptoms are referred to as _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.     
 secondary    
 * negative    
 positive    
 remote    
    

178. Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?     
 greatly reduced motivation    
 reduced emotional expressiveness    
 reduced speech    
 * delusions    
    

179. Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?     
 * reduced emotional expressiveness and speech    
 severely disorganized thought processes and behavior    
 delusions    
 hallucinations    
    

180. _____ is/are to positive symptoms of schizophrenia as _____ is/are to negative symptoms of schizophrenia.     
 Reduced emotional expressiveness; hallucinations    
 * Hallucinations; reduced speech    
 Reduced motivation; delusions    
 Delusions; hallucinations    
    

181. A falsely held belief that persists in spite of evidence contrary to the belief is formally called a:     
 hallucination.    
 negative symptom of schizophrenia.    
 * delusion.    
 hypnagogic hallucination.    
    

182. Keith was surprised when his boss invited a coworker to lunch but did not invite Keith. At first, Keith was convinced that he had not been invited because they wanted to discuss Keith's job performance at lunch. Later, the coworker told Keith that the boss had taken her to lunch to tell her that she was being laid off. Privately, Keith was relieved because it now made perfect sense to him why he had not been invited to lunch. In this scenario, Keith appears to be:     
 suffering from delusions of grandeur.    
 suffering from delusions of persecution.    
 suffering from auditory hallucinations.    
 * having normal thought processes.    
    

183. Paul's girlfriend is very concerned about him because his thinking seems to have become increasingly confused. Today, Paul said that he was really the reincarnation of John Lennon, the former member of the Beatles who was shot and killed in 1980. Paul also told her that he had special musical powers and that he needed to start his own rock group so that he could deliver his message to the masses. Paul seems to be experiencing:     
 auditory hallucinations.    
 delusions of persecution.    
 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 * delusions of grandeur.    
    

184. After not seeing Rita for almost a week, a neighbor went to check on her. He discovered that Rita had barricaded all the doors and windows to her apartment because she believed that "special forces" were going to attack her and her three cats. Rita appears to be suffering from:     
 visual hallucinations.    
 * delusions of persecution.    
 delusions of reference.    
 hypnagogic hallucinations.    
    

185. Despite attempts by his friends who have tried to reason with him, Simon has become convinced that the CNN news announcer is talking in a special code about him and his thoughts. Simon appears to be experiencing:     
 hypnagogic hallucinations.    
 delusions of persecution.    
 * delusions of reference.    
 waxy flexibility.    
    

186. False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real are called:     
 secondary symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 alogia.    
 delusions.    
 * hallucinations.    
    

187. The most common type of hallucination that occurs in schizophrenia is:    
 visual.    
 smell or taste.    
 touch or tactile.    
 * auditory.    
    

188. Although she was very secretive when she was first admitted to the psychiatric hospital, Tiffany eventually told the doctor that the devil's voice was constantly telling her to hurt certain people and herself. Tiffany is experiencing:    
 * the most common type of hallucination associated with schizophrenia.    
 tactile hallucinations.    
 a very rare schizophrenic symptom called avolition.    
 the disorganized type of schizophrenia.    
    

189. According to the Culture and Human Behavior Box, the Jerusalem Syndrome is a condition in which:     
 a person with schizophrenia experiences the delusion that he or she is living in Jerusalem during biblical times along with vivid hallucinations of holy sites and shrines.    
 * a visitor to Jerusalem experiences religious hallucinations and delusions, frequently identifying with biblical or other religious figures.    
 a person experiences a sudden, overwhelming compulsion to travel to Jerusalem.    
 a person experiences a spontaneous fugue state and travels to Jerusalem or another holy city.    
    

190. According to the Culture and Human Behavior Box, the Stendhal or Florence Syndrome is:    
 a condition in which a person with schizophrenia experiences the delusion that he or she is the famous French writer, Stendhal, along with vivid hallucinations of the architecture and artworks of Florence, Italy.    
 a condition in which a person believes that he or she is a French writer named Stendhal combined with the compulsion to travel to Florence, Italy.    
 a unique episode of dissociative identity disorder in which one of the alters is a male personality named "Stendhal" and another alter is a female personality named "Florence."    
 * a condition in which visitors to Florence become emotionally overcome by viewing artistic masterpieces, sometimes fainting or experiencing a panic attack.    
    

191. The Culture and Human Behavior Box discussed two unusual syndromes called the Jerusalem Syndrome and the Florence Syndrome. What do these two conditions have in common?     
 They are both examples of schizophrenic delusions that involve assuming a new identity.    
 * They are both triggered by visits to famous cities and reflect the role that cultural influences play in the character  or content of psychological symptoms.    
 The incidence of both syndromes has increased dramatically in the past decade, suggesting that the symptoms may be reflections of increased media coverage rather than true psychological disorders.    
 Both syndromes involve the urge to destroy famous sites, either religious or artistic.    
    

192. Larry thinks that his roommate Bob has been acting strangely lately. When Larry asks Bob how he feels, Bob says, "Everything looks different these days. I keep hearing this whispering, and the stuff in this room changes shape all the time. It's like I don't really know if I'm bigger or smaller than that desk over there. Yesterday I thought the chair had become completely flat, like a picture of a chair instead of a real chair. Do things look normal to you?" The sensory distortions that Bob seems to be experiencing are most symptomatic of which psychological disorder?     
 obsessive-compulsive disorder    
 posttraumatic stress disorder    
 * schizophrenia    
 cyclothymic disorder    
    

193. Claire is experiencing some very odd symptoms. If someone asks her a question, her response makes no sense, as her sentences seem to just be strings of loosely connected ideas. She cannot concentrate on anything, and her thinking seems completely illogical and disorganized. She veers from one unrelated topic or activity to another for no apparent reason. Taken together, Claire's symptoms are most likely due to:     
 paranoid personality disorder.    
 * schizophrenia.    
 dissociative identity disorder.    
 agoraphobia.    
    

194. A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is that the person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions. This particular symptom is referred to as:     
 alogia.    
 waxy flexibility.    
 * flat affect.    
 poverty of speech.    
    

195. Every day when Wayne's parents come to visit him on the psychiatric ward, Wayne is often still dressed in his pajamas and sitting in a corner of the commons area. Although he answers their questions, he seems apathetic to their presence and anything else occurring on the ward. As a symptom of his schizophrenia, Wayne's complete lack of goal-directed behavior is termed:     
 * avolition.    
 waxy flexibility.    
 hebephrenia.    
 catatonia.    
    

196. A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is greatly reduced production of speech--the person's verbal responses are limited to very brief, empty comments. This particular symptom is termed:     
 catatonia.    
 echolalia.    
 hebephrenia.    
 * alogia.    
    

197. Howard is hearing voices that he believes are coming from the Central Intelligence Agency. He is extremely suspicious and distrustful of his neighbors, whom, he suspects are actually agents of a foreign country. Howard appears to be experiencing the _____ type of schizophrenia.    
 * paranoid    
 catatonic    
 disorganized    
 undifferentiated    
    

198. Ruth was hospitalized after a concerned coworker went to her house to find out why Ruth had unexpectedly failed to show up at work. When the coworker peered through a window, she saw Ruth standing motionless in the middle of her living room, much like a statue. Ruth appears to be experiencing the _____ type of schizophrenia.    
 paranoid    
 undifferentiated    
 * catatonic    
 disorganized    
    

199. The _____ type of schizophrenia is characterized by bizarre postures or grimacing, extremely agitated behavior, complete immobility, or echoing the words spoken by another person.    
 * catatonic    
 paranoid    
 undifferentiated    
 disorganized    
    

200. Waxy flexibility is a characteristic that is associated with the _____ type of schizophrenia.     
 undifferentiated    
 paranoid    
 * catatonic    
 disorganized    
    

201. The most common type of schizophrenia is the _____ type.     
 undifferentiated    
 * paranoid    
 catatonic    
 disorganized    
    

202. As long as the psychiatric nurse remains very quiet, he can move Robin's arms and legs and gently shift her from standing to sitting. Once she has been moved, Robin remains in the new pose until someone moves her again. This particular symptom of schizophrenia is called _____ and is very _____.     
 * waxy flexibility; rare    
 alogia; common    
 waxy flexibility; common    
 flat affect; rare    
    

203. Hebephrenic schizophrenia is the previously used term that is still sometimes used to describe what is now called:     
 multiple personality disorder.    
 the catatonic type of schizophrenia.    
 the paranoid type of schizophrenia.    
 * the disorganized type of schizophrenia.    
    

204. Martin is a clinical psychologist who works for a welfare agency. Twice a week, Martin makes his rounds throughout the city. Under one of the city bridges lives Kirby, whose symptoms include flat affect, disorganized behavior, and giggling for no apparent reason. Kirby's symptoms reflect the _____ type of schizophrenia.     
 paranoid    
 undifferentiated    
 catatonic    
 * disorganized    
    

205. Norman displays many schizophrenic symptoms, including random auditory hallucinations that don't follow any particular theme, disorganized thoughts and behavior, frequent inappropriate laughing mixed with aggressive shouting, and echoing words spoken by others. Norman would probably be diagnosed as suffering from the _____ type of schizophrenia.     
 paranoid    
 * undifferentiated    
 catatonic    
 dissociative    
    

206. As discussed in the Focus on Neuroscience on the links between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, susceptibility loci are:     
 locations in the United States where rates of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are significantly higher than the national average.    
 specific brain areas that are overactive in both people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.    
 * specific chromosomal regions that are linked to susceptibility to develop a particular disease.    
 a type of chromosomal damage that is associated with early onset of various psychological disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.    
    

207. As discussed in the Focus on Neuroscience, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share some common features including:     
 * onset during early adulthood, an equal gender risk, and a one percent prevalence rate.    
 higher prevalence rate in individualistic cultures and a greater rate of occurrence among people born during the summer months.    
 recurring episodes that increase in severity, a higher incidence in males than in females, and strong links to birthing difficulties.    
 abnormal brain levels of serotonin and acetylcholine.    
    

208. Every year in the United States, approximately _____ Americans are treated for schizophrenia.     
 * 1 million    
 5 million    
 10 million    
 25 million    
    

209. The onset of schizophrenia:     
 follows fundamentally different patterns in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.    
 is just as likely to occur at any age throughout early and middle adulthood.    
 * typically occurs during early adulthood.    
 is most likely to occur during the fall and winter months.    
    

210. Based on research tracking the course of schizophrenia, roughly _____ of those who experience an episode of schizophrenia will recover completely and never experience another episode.     
 one-tenth    
 * one-quarter    
 one-half    
 two-thirds    
    

211. Alice and Jane are identical twins. Alice has been diagnosed with the paranoid type of schizophrenia. According to twin studies, Jane has roughly a _____ percent risk of developing schizophrenia at some point in her life.     
 25    
 * 50    
 75    
 99    
    

212. Based upon their genetic relationship to a person with schizophrenia, which of the following people has the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia?     
 Jason, whose biological sister has schizophrenia    
 Sara, whose twin brother has schizophrenia    
 Rick, whose biological father has schizophrenia    
 * Anne, whose biological mother and biological father have schizophrenia    
    

213. According to the text discussion, which of the following statements about the role of genetics in schizophrenia is FALSE?     
 Family, twin, and adoption studies clearly indicate that genetic factors play a role in many cases of schizophrenia.    
 The more closely related a person is to someone who has schizophrenia, the greater the risk that he or she will eventually develop schizophrenia.    
 * Researchers have yet to identify which genes or chromosomes are involved in an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.    
 If either of the biological parents of an adopted individual had schizophrenia, the adopted individual is at greater risk to develop schizophrenia.    
    

214. Which of the following factors has been linked to the development of schizophrenia?     
 Having a mother who was 40 years old or older when the person was conceived.    
 * Having a father who was 45 years old or older when the person was conceived.    
 Both of the above.    
 None of the above.    
    

215. Which of the following factors has been linked to the development of schizophrenia?     
 Having a mother who was 40 years old or older when the person was conceived.    
 * Having a father who was 45 years old or older when the person was conceived.    
 Being the youngest of three or more siblings.    
 Being born during July or August.    
    

216. Research evidence links paternal age to the development of schizophrenia. What is the best explanation for why offspring of a father aged 45 or older might be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia?     
 Older fathers are more psychologically unstable than younger fathers.    
 Older fathers are more likely to die when their offspring are still children, and the trauma of losing a father during childhood can trigger schizophrenia in a vulnerable child.    
 * As sperm cells continually divide and reproduce over time, they can accumulate genetic mutations that can be passed on to offspring.    
 Older fathers have reduced levels of testosterone and other hormones, which causes DNA mutations in sperm cells.    
    

217. Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 * Men who father children at the age of 50 or older are three times more likely than younger fathers to produce offspring with schizophrenia.    
 Women who conceive children at the age of 40 or older are four times more likely than younger mothers to produce offspring with schizophrenia.    
 Both of the above answers are true.    
 None of the answers are true.    
    

218. Antipsychotic medications, such as Thorazine or Haldol, help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by:     
 decreasing brain levels of serotonin.    
 decreasing brain levels of norepinephrine.    
 increasing serotonin activity in the brain.    
 * decreasing dopamine activity in the brain.    
    

219. The dopamine hypothesis is the theory that schizophrenia is due to:     
 brain abnormalities in the frontal lobe.    
 * excess dopamine activity in the brain.    
 reduced dopamine activity in the brain.    
 childhood infection by a common cold virus of the dopamine strain.    
    

220. Use of cocaine or amphetamines causes:     
 * increased dopamine activity in the brain, which can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms.    
 decreased dopamine activity in the brain, which can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms.    
 increased dopamine activity in the brain, which often reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 increased susceptibility to the dopamine virus.    
    

221. According to the textbook discussion, not all the evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia. Which of the following findings seems to contradict the dopamine hypothesis?     
 Antipsychotic drugs, such as Thorazine, act by reducing or blocking dopamine activity in the brain.    
 The use of amphetamines increases dopamine activity in the brain.    
 The use of cocaine increases dopamine activity in the brain.    
 * Some individuals who have schizophrenia do not experience a reduction of symptoms in response to taking antipsychotic medications that decrease dopamine activity in the brain.    
    

222. Researchers have found brain abnormalities in about _____ of the people who have schizophrenia.     
 one-tenth    
 one-quarter    
 * one-half    
 nine-tenths    
    

223. The most consistent brain abnormality that researchers have found in people with schizophrenia is enlargement of the:     
 frontal lobe.    
 left temporal lobe.    
 * ventricles.    
 brain stem.    
    

224. In the Focus on Neuroscience section on schizophrenia and the brain, neuroscientist Paul Thompson used high-resolution brain scans to compare brain development in _____ over a five-year period.     
 adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia and adolescents with bipolar disorder    
 * normal adolescents and adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia    
 normal young adults and young adults with schizophrenia    
 adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia and middle-aged adults with late-onset schizophrenia    
    

225. The Focus on Neuroscience feature titled "Schizophrenia: A Wildfire in the Brain" discussed neuroscientist Paul Thompson's research on adolescent brain development.  As compared to normal adolescents, adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia:     
 lost a small amount of gray matter (about 1 percent) over the five-year study.    
 * lost more than 5 percent of gray matter over the five-year study.    
 experienced enlargement of the hippocampus and amygdala over the five-year study.    
 gained less gray matter (about 2 percent) over the five-year study.    
    

226. The Focus on Neuroscience section titled "Schizophrenia: A Wildfire in the Brain" discussed research by neuroscientist Paul Thompson on brain development in adolescence. Which of the following is a key finding from that research?     
 The decrease in the size of the ventricles was directly correlated with the severity of hallucinations and delusions in the schizophrenic adolescents.    
 The increase in the size of the thalamus was directly correlated with the severity of cognitive deficits experienced.    
 Three of the adolescents who appeared normal at the beginning of the study had developed schizophrenia by the time the study ended five years later.    
 * The schizophrenic adolescents who lost the greatest amount of gray matter tissue had the highest increase in the severity of their psychotic symptoms.    
    

227. The viral infection theory of schizophrenia suggests that:     
 adolescents or young adults are exposed to an unknown virus that attacks the outer covering of the brain.    
 schizophrenia is caused by the same strain of virus that causes hepatitis.    
 * exposure to an influenza virus during prenatal development or early infancy leaves the individual more vulnerable to develop schizophrenia later in life.    
 schizophrenia is caused by a virus that is transmitted by ticks and rodents.    
    

228. Which of the following is cited as evidence supporting the viral infection theory of schizophrenia?     
 The onset of schizophrenia almost always involves inflammation of the outer covering of the brain.    
 Approximately two-thirds of the people with schizophrenia have been treated for hepatitis.    
 * Schizophrenia occurs more often in people who were born during the winter and spring months, when influenza and upper respiratory infections are most common.    
 Schizophrenia is more common among people who live in wooded areas, which increases exposure to ticks and rodents.    
    

229. Which of the following statements about the role of psychological factors in the onset of schizophrenia is accurate?     
 There is a strong correlation between guilt-producing parental styles and offspring who eventually develop schizophrenia.    
 There is a strong correlation between being raised in a single-parent home and eventually developing schizophrenia.    
 Disturbed family communication styles have consistently emerged as the psychological factor most strongly correlated with the eventual development of schizophrenia.    
 * No single psychological factor has consistently emerged as causing schizophrenia.    
    

230. In the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia, researchers are following adopted individuals whose biological mothers had schizophrenia. They are also following a control group of adopted individuals whose biological mothers did not have schizophrenia. What has been the main finding of the study thus far?     
 The adopted child's biological background had no effect on the rate of development of symptoms of a serious mental disorder.    
 * If raised in a psychologically healthy family environment, children with a genetic background of schizophrenia were no more likely to develop schizophrenia than were the children in the control group.    
 The children in the control group were immune to the effects of being raised in a psychologically disturbed adoptive family environment.    
 Even if raised in a psychologically healthy adoptive family, approximately 60 percent of the adopted children with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia developed symptoms of a serious mental disorder.    
    

231. The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia has provided strong evidence that:     
 supports the viral infection theory of schizophrenia.    
 * supports the beneficial effects of a psychologically healthy family environment.    
 refutes the notion that some people inherit a genetic vulnerability to develop schizophrenia.    
 shows that the family environment has no effect on the development of schizophrenia.    
    

232. Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people require emergency room treatment for attempted suicide.     
 5,000    
 50,000    
 * 500,000    
 5,000,000    
    

233. Since 1996, the number of people in the United States who actually commit suicide each year has:     
 * decreased from about 31,000 people to about 28,000 people each year.    
 steadily increased from about 44,000 people to over 50,000 people each year.    
 doubled for every age group except the 6-to-14 age group and the 75+ age group.    
 stayed remarkably constant at approximately 9,000 female and 36,000 male suicides each year.    
    

234. The highest rate of suicide in the United States occurs in which age group?     
 The 15-to-24 age group.    
 The 6-to-14 age group.    
 The 35-to-44 age group.    
 * The 75+ age group.    
    

235. Which of the following statements about patterns of suicide in the United States is FALSE?     
 Women outnumber men in the number of suicide attempts.    
 Men outnumber women in the number of suicide deaths.    
 * The highest rate of suicide occurs in the adolescent age group.    
 Each year, almost twice as many Americans die from suicide than from homicide.    
    

236. Compared to the thought processes of the average person, the suicidal person:     
 has more flexible thought processes.    
 * has thought processes that have become rigid and constricted.    
 is delusional and has other schizophrenia-like symptoms.    
 is more adept at considering a range of possible solutions.    
    

237. Yvette knew that Vicky had been feeling very down lately but she was stunned when Vicky told her that she was planning to kill herself. According to your textbook, which of the following would be the most helpful way for Yvette to respond to Vicky?     
 "Pull yourself together!"    
 "Things always look better the next day!"    
 "Things may seem dreary right now but remember, every cloud has a silver lining."    
 * "Tell me what's going on and why you feel this way."    
    

238. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggested guidelines for helping to prevent someone from taking his or her own life?     
 Identify and discuss potential solutions to the person's problems.    
 Ask the person to delay his or her decision to commit suicide.    
 * Minimize the person's suicidal intentions so that he or she is less likely to dwell on suicidal thoughts.    
 Take the time to listen patiently and without judgment about whatever is causing the person so much psychological pain.