1. _____ is a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope.     
 Conflict    
 * Stress    
 Dissonance    
 Appraisal   
    

2. Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress?     
 The demands that are made on you by other people.    
 Deadlines, traumatic events, and daily hassles or inconveniences.    
 * A negative emotional state caused by your perception that you are unable to cope with events or circumstances.    
 A feeling of pressure, anxiety, or tension.   
    

3. The events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging are called:     
 catecholamines.    
 conflicts.    
 * stressors.    
 life change units.   
    

4. The Prologue described the attacks on the World Trade Center Towers in Manhattan, their collapse, and the aftermath of these events, especially the effects on Katie, a young woman living near the towers. In the context of health psychology, the events of September 11th and their aftermath are examples of:     
 coping strategies.    
 biopsychosocial appraisals.    
 cognitive appraisals.    
 * stressors.   
    

5. During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasizes the importance of:     
 * their respective cognitive appraisals of the event.    
 gender differences in response to stressors.    
 cultural differences in response to stressors.    
 quantifying major life events in terms of life change units.   
    

6. When Jerrell missed his connecting flight due to bad weather, he became extremely upset. In this example, the missed connection is an example of a _____, and his response to the missed connection is an example of _____.     
 flight; fight    
 * stressor; stress    
 fight; flight    
 stress; stressor   
    

7. The branch of psychology that studies how psychological factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors is called:     
 social psychology.    
 developmental psychology.    
 * health psychology.    
 forensic psychology.   
    

8. Dr. Gordon uses the biopsychosocial model to guide her research into how psychological factors influence health, illness, and treatment. Dr. Gordon is most likely a:     
 * health psychologist.    
 developmental psychologist.    
 neuroscientist.    
 behavioral psychologist.   
    

9. Health psychology is guided by the _____ model of health, illness, and well-being.     
 stress and coping    
 * biopsychosocial    
 fight-or-flight    
 life events   
    

10. Dr. Mendez is a researcher who believes that physical and emotional health are affected by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors.  Thus, Dr. Mendez tends to follow the ____ model in her research.     
 environmental adaptation    
 evolutionary    
 * biopsychosocial    
 psychoneuroimmunology   
    

11. When Angela goes to graduate school she wants to focus on how to promote health-enhancing behaviors, how psychological factors influence health and illness, and how people respond in the relationship between patient and health practitioner. Angela's interest is in _____ psychology.     
 developmental    
 social    
 behavioral    
 * health   
    

12. Early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe:     
 showed that disruptions in personal relationships were the strongest predictors of heart disease and cancer.    
 founded health psychology in the 1950s.    
 published a landmark study investigating how wartime stressors influenced the health of military personnel stationed in Viet Nam.    
 * believed that any change that required a person to adjust their behavior or lifestyle would cause stress.   
    

13. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS):     
 measures acculturative stress.    
 uses personality measures to estimate the length of time it will take a person to recover and readjust from the stressful effects of major life traumas.    
 * was an attempt to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life.    
 created a storm of controversy in the early 1970s because it asked very explicit questions about the sexual adjustment of recently divorced people.   
    

14. Holmes and Rahe believed that any change that required you to adjust your behavior and lifestyle would cause stress. In an attempt to measure the amount of stress people experienced, they developed the:     
 Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ).    
 Daily Hassles Adjustment Measure (DHAM).    
 * Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).    
 Cognitive Reappraisal Rating Scale (CRRS).   
    

15. When Rachel completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) her score, based on events during the previous year, was 350 life change units. Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Rachel will develop severe psychological and physical problems.    
 * It is not possible to make an accurate prediction about Rachel's future health because scores on the SRRS are weakly correlated with the development of physical and psychological problems.    
 Rachel has experienced very few problems or hassles during the past year.    
 Positive life events in Rachel's life will offset any stress caused by negative life events.   
    

16. A number of problems with the life events approach has been identified. Which of the following is NOT one of them?     
 The link between scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and the development of physical or psychological problems is relatively weak.    
 * There is an inverse relationship between scores on the SRRS and physical and psychological problems; the higher the score, the lower health risks, and vice versa.    
 The SRRS does not take into account the person's subjective appraisal of an event, response to that event, or ability to cope with the event.    
 The life event approach assumes that any change produces stress, but research shows that positive changes are much less likely to produce stress than negative changes.   
    

17. Dr. Woods and her colleagues have done extensive research into life events and their effects on well-being. She is most likely to conclude that:     
 * undesirable events are significant sources of stress, but change in itself is not necessarily stressful.    
 people's cognitive appraisal of events is unrelated to their level of stress.    
 positive and negative life events are equal in their contribution to levels of stress experienced.    
 positive life events such as getting engaged, finding a job, or taking a vacation have a greater cumulative effect on stress levels than do negative life events such as divorce, death of a spouse, or losing a job.   
    

18. In contrast to the conclusions reached by early stress researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, contemporary health psychologists now believe that:     
 to improve its predictive power, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale needs to be expanded from 43 life events to 125 life events.    
 positive life events, such as vacation or marriage, have a worse impact on physical health than negative life events.    
 the impact of major life events is more damaging that originally thought, and high scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale are invariably associated with severe illness or disease.    
 * most people weather major life events without developing severe physical or psychological problems.   
    

19. _____ are everyday, minor events that annoy and upset people.     
 Life change units    
 * Daily hassles    
 Catastrophes    
 Type A events   
    

20. Possibly because it had been so humid lately, Connor was having a major bad hair day. According to psychological research, what effect is this likely to have on Connor?     
 Probably none, as men are not affected by bad hair days.    
 * Connor is likely to feel unsociable and less confident.    
 Because he is troubled by the temporary change in his appearance, he will probably compensate by making jokes and acting more outgoing.    
 Connor is likely to display the marginalized pattern of acculturative stress.   
    

21. In a study that focused on married couples, researchers investigated possible gender differences in the frequency of daily hassles. What did the study show?     
 * Women experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their husbands.    
 Men experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their wives.    
 There were no gender differences in the number of daily hassles experienced.    
 Although the women reported more daily hassles than their husbands, they experienced significantly less stress because they used more effective coping strategies.   
    

22. In terms of daily hassles, what gender differences have been found?     
 * Daily hassles for men are most commonly related to financial and job-related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly due to family demands and interpersonal conflict.    
 Women's daily hassles are more commonly related to money problems, while men's daily hassles are more commonly due to interpersonal conflict.    
 There are no significant gender differences in either the frequency or cause of daily hassles.    
 Men are more likely to cope with daily hassles by becoming angry, while women are more likely to respond to daily hassles by becoming depressed.   
    

23. Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During her coffee break she spilled coffee on her clothes and on the way to the parking lot she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain. By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of:     
 major life events.    
 conflicts.    
 * daily hassles.    
 life change units.   
    

24. Research on the relationship between daily hassles and psychological distress and physical symptoms has shown that:     
 the frequency of daily hassles is unrelated to psychological distress and physical illness.    
 * the number of daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of major life events experienced.    
 the number of major life events people experience is a better predictor of psychological distress and physical illness than the number of daily hassles experienced.    
 the more hassles you experience the less likely you are to suffer psychological distress and physical illness.   
    

25. In their research, Dr. Grayson and his colleagues discovered there was a link between the number of daily hassles people experienced and psychological distress and physical ailments, such as headaches and backaches. One explanation for this phenomenon is that:     
 * while each minor stressor may be relatively unimportant in itself, the effect of daily hassles can be cumulative.    
 each daily hassle produces a severe stress reaction, and frequent daily hassles have a bigger overall effect than major life events.    
 daily hassles tend to stimulate immune system responses and increase their effectiveness.    
 people who are illness-prone are more likely to experience daily hassles.   
    

26. After her husband died last year, Pia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part time after an absence of ten years. These major life events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of _____ that could significantly _____ Pia's stress level.     
 life change units; decrease    
 * daily hassles; increase    
 severe psychological and physical disorders; decrease    
 daily hassles; decrease   
    

27. _____ refers to a situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals.     
 The general adaptation syndrome    
 The flight-or-fight response    
 * Conflict    
 Resistance   
    

28. Following the strict exercise regimen imposed by his doctor, Mark has to choose between two equally unappealing activities: 30 minutes on the exercise bike or 30 minutes on the stair climbing machine. This example of conflict best illustrates an:     
 approach-avoidance conflict.    
 * avoidance-avoidance conflict.    
 approach-approach conflict.    
 avoidance-approach conflict.   
    

29. Carmen is faced with a situation in which she has to decide between two equally appealing choices: go to Garden State College or go to Parkland State College. This type of conflict is called:     
 a daily hassle.    
 a major life event.    
 an approach-avoidance conflict.    
 * an approach-approach conflict.   
    

30. Which of the following types of conflict, generally speaking, produces the highest levels of stress?     
 approach-approach conflicts    
 * approach-avoidance conflicts    
 avoidance-avoidance conflicts    
 all of the above produce the same level of stress   
    

31. After three successful weeks on her low-fat diet, Luella goes to the cafeteria for lunch and is torn between sticking to her diet by having steamed vegetables or having one of her favorite high-fat dishes, fettuccine alfredo. Luella is probably experiencing a(n) _____ conflict.     
 * approach-avoidance    
 avoidance-avoidance    
 approach-approach    
 escape-avoidance   
    

32. Tristan gave an ultimatum to Kelsy, his freedom-loving girlfriend. "Either we get married and settle down, or I'm going to stop seeing you," he told her. Kelsy became very upset. On the one hand, she really liked Tristan and didn't want the relationship to end. On the other hand, she wasn't really certain that she was ready to get married. Kelsy is experiencing:     
 an escape-avoidance conflict.    
 * an approach-avoidance conflict.    
 an approach-approach conflict.    
 an avoidance-avoidance conflict.   
    

33. Which of the following can help you stop vacillating when you are in an approach-avoidance conflict?     
 Avoid making the decision for as long a period of time as possible.    
 Realize that most decisions are black and white, and you're going to either win or lose when you make your decision.    
 Avoid seeking more information about your options to prevent feeling overwhelmed.    
 * Explore the option of adopting a partial approach strategy, whereby you leave yourself a possible way out.   
    

34. People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.     
 lowest; lowest    
 highest; highest    
 * lowest; highest    
 highest and lowest; same   
    

35. The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture is called:     
 integration-assimilation stress.    
 approach-avoidance stress.    
 * acculturative stress.    
 assimilation-separation stress.   
    

36. The term acculturative stress refers to:     
 the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome.    
 the avoidance-avoidance conflict that all new immigrants experience.    
 * the stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture.    
 coping strategies that immigrants use.   
    

37. When Konya emigrated to the United States he found it very difficult to adapt to the new culture. Konya probably experienced:     
 an avoidance-avoidance conflict.    
 * acculturative stress.    
 separation-integration stress.    
 the fight-or-flight response.   
    

38. When Rashid encountered a new cultural environment she was faced with two fundamental questions: "Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society?" and "Is my original culture of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?" Which of the following is NOT one of the four possible patterns of acculturation that Rashid might adopt?     
 integration    
 assimilation    
 * acceptance    
 separation   
    

39. As a new immigrant to the United States, Yangtse was faced with two fundamental questions: "Should I seek positive relations with the dominant society?" and "Is my original cultural identity of value to me, and should I try to maintain it?" Yangtse answered yes to both. Yangtse chose:     
 marginalization.    
 separation.    
 assimilation.    
 * integration.   
    

40. When Nishio emigrated to Australia he heartily embraced the new culture, adopting the dress and social values of his new home, and soon gave up his old traditions, customs, and language. Nishio chose:     
 integration.    
 * assimilation.    
 separation.    
 marginalization.   
    

41. Catherine is leaving the United States to live and work in Japan and is very excited about the change. When Catherine arrives and starts work in Japan, she is likely to:     
 adapt very quickly to her new environment without experiencing any stress whatsoever.    
 become physically and psychologically ill within weeks.    
 * experience increased levels of stress due to the acculturation process.    
 experience decreased levels of stress due to the acculturation process.   
    

42. The Culture and Human Behavior Box described four different patterns of adapting to a new culture. Which pattern of acculturation tends to produce the HIGHEST level of acculturative stress?     
 integration    
 * marginalization    
 assimilation    
 separation   
    

43. The Culture and Human Behavior Box described four different patterns of adapting to a new culture. Which pattern of acculturation tends to produce the LOWEST level of acculturative stress?     
 marginalization    
 separation    
 * integration    
 assimilation   
    

44. Stress can INDIRECTLY undermine health and physical well-being by:     
 causing muscle contractions and elevating blood pressure.    
 disrupting immune system functioning.    
 activating the fight-or-flight response.    
 * making people more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors.   
    

45. Which of the following is NOT classified as an indirect effect of stress?     
 disrupted sleep and other sleep problems    
 increased consumption of coffee, alcohol, and/or tobacco products    
 disrupted concentration and memory problems    
 * increased levels of catecholamines and corticosteroids   
    

46. After having a particularly stressful week at work, Mick had a car accident caused by his inattention and lack of concentration. This example illustrates how stress can _____ a person's health and well-being.     
 * indirectly affect    
 directly affect    
 psychologically boost    
 physically intensify   
    

47. Stress can DIRECTLY undermine health and physical well-being by:     
 * altering body functions in a way that leads to physical symptoms or illness.    
 disrupting attention and concentration.    
 making people more likely to use tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.    
 making people less likely to meet deadlines and commitments.   
    

48. Whenever Ashley has a fight with her boyfriend her neck and head muscles contract and tighten, and she ends up with a tension headache. Ashley's headaches are:     
 an indirect result of stress.    
 a symptom of poor immune functioning exacerbated by stress.    
 * due to decreased immune system functioning.    
 an example of acculturative stress.   
    

49. The American psychologist Walter B. Cannon:     
 * described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.    
 along with Richard Lazarus developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress.    
 described the three-stage response to prolonged stress called the general adaptation syndrome.    
 conducted research on explanatory style and the role it plays in stress, health, and illness.   
    

50. As her car spun out of control on an icy road, Mia's muscles tensed and her blood pressure, heartbeat, and pulse increased dramatically. This rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions is called the:     
 general adaptation response.    
 slip-and-slide response.    
 * fight-or-flight response.    
 startle-freeze response.   
    

51. The _____ response refers to the rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to react to an immediate threat.     
 startle-freeze    
 general adaptation    
 escape-avoidance    
 * fight-or-flight   
    

52. When a large snarling dog threatened Daniel during his regular morning jog, he experienced the classic symptoms of the fight-or-flight response. According to Walter Cannon, Daniel's response involves both _____ and _____.    
 the parasympathetic nervous system; the endocrine system    
 cognitive appraisal; learned helplessness    
 * the sympathetic nervous system; the endocrine system    
 serotonin; dopamine   
    

53. When Alice arrived home she was shocked to see that her house had been burglarized and ransacked, and she was terrified that the burglar might still be in the house. It is very probable that Alice's sympathetic nervous system has stimulated her adrenal medulla to secrete hormones called:     
 corticosteroids.    
 dopamine.    
 * catecholamines.    
 serotonin.   
    

54. _____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal and include adrenaline and noradrenaline.     
 Corticosteroids    
 Lymphocytes    
 Teratogens    
 * Catecholamines   
    

55. According to Walter Cannon, which of the following is the correct sequence involved in the fight-or-flight response to acute stress?    
 * hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, secretion of catecholamines    
 hypothalamus, parasympathetic nervous system, adrenal cortex, secretion of corticosteroids    
 pituitary gland, secretion of catecholamines, parasympathetic nervous system, release of ACTH    
 pituitary gland, release of ACTH, sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, secretion of catecholamines   
    

56. The Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye:     
 described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.    
 * defined stress as "the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it" and described a response to prolonged stress called the general adaptation syndrome.    
 along with Susan Folkman developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping.    
 was responsible for creating the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology.   
    

57. Abby's husband was critically injured in a car accident. He survived, but Abby had to care for him at home for several months before he was able to regain normal functioning, which was very stressful for Abby. After he was able to return to work, Abby felt completely exhausted. According to Hans Selye, Abby had probably experienced:     
 the stress contagion effect.    
 * the general adaptation syndrome.    
 the fight-or-flight response.    
 assimilation.   
    

58. As she began her internship in a hospital emergency room, Connie felt very anxious. Throughout her internship she experienced intense and prolonged stress, did not eat well, and did not get enough sleep. When she successfully completed her internship, she felt completely worn out and came down with a bad case of mononucleosis. Connie is probably experiencing the:     
 "fight" phase of the fight-or-flight response.    
 "flight" phase of the fight-or-flight response.    
 "alarm" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.    
 * "exhaustion" stage of the general adaptation syndrome.   
    

59. Nikki, an emergency room nurse, experiences prolonged and chronic stress. According to Hans Selye, it is likely that her hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex will work together to produce stress-related hormones called:    
 androgens.    
 lymphocytes.    
 catecholamines.    
 * corticosteroids.   
    

60. Selye's term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress is:     
 the stress contagion effect.    
 psychoneuroimmunology.    
 the fight-or-flight response.    
 * the general adaptation syndrome.   
    

61. When Carla got to the parking lot, she was distressed to find that her new car had been badly damaged by a hit-and-run driver. At this point, Carla is probably in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.     
 denial    
 * alarm    
 resistance    
 exhaustion   
    

62. Shortly after getting over the shock of losing her job as managing director of the Electra Company, Carmine started to actively search for a new job. At this point in time, Carmine had passed through the _____ stage and is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.     
 exhaustion; denial    
 * alarm; resistance    
 denial; resistance    
 alarm; exhaustion   
    

63. Intense arousal is to the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome as adjustment to a continuing stressful situation is to the _____ stage.     
 alarm; exhaustion    
 exhaustion; resistance    
 resistance; exhaustion    
 * alarm; resistance   
    

64. When Mrs. Anderson had a stroke that left her partly paralyzed and cognitively impaired, her husband took care of her. After four months, Mr. Anderson has adjusted to the daily routine, but he seems tense, and his ability to cope with new stressors is diminished. It is very likely that Mr. Anderson is now in the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, but if the situation gets worse and continues for a prolonged period of time, he may enter the _____ stage.     
 alarm; resistance    
 * resistance; exhaustion    
 exhaustion; alarm    
 alarm; exhaustion   
    

65. Which of the following statements is FALSE in regard to corticosteroids?     
 In the short run, corticosteroids provide several benefits, helping protect the body against the harm caused by stressors.    
 Corticosteroids reduce inflammation of body tissue and enhance muscle tone in the heart and blood vessels.    
 Continued high levels of corticosteroids, especially cortisol, can weaken important body systems, lowering immunity and increasing susceptibility to physical symptoms and illness.    
 * Like the catecholamines, the effects of corticosteroids tend to diminish very quickly and cause no long-lasting problems.   
    

66. The hormones that are released by the adrenal cortex and that play a key role in the body's response to long-term stressors are called:     
 * corticosteroids.    
 lymphocytes.    
 teratogens.    
 catecholamines.   
    

67. Andy suffered from chronic back pain. After weeks of unsuccessful treatment, Andy's doctor gave him some pill samples, describing them as a new experimental medication for back pain. In reality, the pills were just sugar pills and contained no medication at all. After a few days, Andy's backache was much better. Andy's response to the sugar pills is an example of:     
 emotion-focused coping.    
 * the placebo effect.    
 problem-focused coping.    
 the general adaptation syndrome.   
    

68. The Focus on Neuroscience section described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect. What differentiated the two groups of participants in the study?     
 One group received a fake antibiotic, and the other group received a fake muscle relaxant.    
 One group was injected with an opiate painkiller, and the other group was hypnotized.    
 * One group was injected with an opiate painkiller, and the other group was injected with saline solution (a placebo).    
 One group was injected with saline solution (a placebo), and the other group received no injection or other treatment.   
    

69. The Focus on Neuroscience described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect.  What was the main finding of the study?     
 * Both the genuine painkiller and the placebo activated the same brain area and both relieved pain.    
 The genuine painkiller and the placebo activated different brain areas, and only the genuine painkiller relieved pain.    
 The genuine painkiller activated left hemisphere areas, and the placebo activated right hemisphere areas.    
 Both hypnosis and the painkilling-drug provided pain relief, but only the painkiller produced a measurable change in brain activity.   
    

70. The Focus on Neuroscience described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect.  Which of the following was found in the study?     
 As expected, the opiate painkiller activated a brain area known to contain many opioid receptors, but the placebo activated areas of the brain known to be involved in emotional responses.    
 * Both the placebo and the opiate painkiller activated a brain area known to contain many opioid receptors.    
 The opiate painkiller activated a brain area known to contain many opioid receptors, but the placebo did not produce any measurable changes in brain activity.    
 Both the placebo and hypnosis activated areas in the right hemisphere, while the opiate painkiller activated an area in the left hemisphere known to contain many opioid receptors.   
    

71. The Focus on Neuroscience described a PET-scan study on the placebo effect.  One possible implication of the study's results is that:     
 placebos are not effective pain relievers.    
 placebos have no detectable effect on the brain, but they probably provide pain relief because their administration reduces tension, anxiety, stress, and negative emotions in the person who thinks he is getting an authentic treatment.    
 * placebos reduce pain by activating the brain's natural opioid network.    
 placebos are just as effective as hypnosis in relieving pain.   
    

72. After being under intense stress for several months, Brandon got a viral infection. In response to this infection, the most important elements of his immune system, called _____, will mobilize to defend him.     
 * lymphocytes    
 androgens    
 corticosteroids    
 catecholamines   
    

73. The body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells is called the _____ system.     
 nervous    
 endocrine    
 * immune    
 psychoneurological   
    

74. The final exam period was very stressful for Maria, and at the end of the semester she got very sick with a viral infection. Her body's surveillance system, which is called the _____, will produce _____ to help fight against the virus.     
 endocrine system; endorphins    
 parasympathetic nervous system; dopamine    
 * immune system; lymphocytes    
 central nervous system; catecholamines   
    

75. The notion that the immune system operated independently of other body systems was challenged by _____ and _____, who demonstrated that the immune system response in rats could be classically conditioned.     
 Susan Folkman; Richard Lazarus    
 Janice Kiecolt-Glaser; Ronald Glaser    
 Hans Selye; Walter B. Cannon    
 * Robert Ader; Nicholas Cohen   
    

76. Ader and Cohen's landmark study demonstrated that:     
 * the immune system response can be classically conditioned.    
 the immune system response cannot be classically conditioned, but the endocrine system response can.    
 although lymphocytes contain receptor sites for neurotransmitters and hormones, they are incapable of producing these chemicals.    
 even mild stressors, such as taking a quiz, can have long-term adverse effects on immune system functioning.   
    

77. _____ is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.     
 Biopsychosociology    
 Psychosociobiology    
 * Psychoneuroimmunology    
 Bioneuropsychoendocrinology   
    

78. Most psychoneuroimmunologists are likely to share the view that:     
 the immune system works completely independently of other body systems.    
 * there are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.    
 the endocrine system works completely independently of other body systems.    
 since the landmark study by Ader and Cohen, which showed that immune system response could be classically conditioned, research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has virtually ground to a halt.   
    

79. Dr. Gresko studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system. It is very probable that Dr. Gresko works in the new interdisciplinary field called:     
 psychoendocrinology.    
 psychobioneurophysiology.    
 bioneuropsychology.    
 * psychoneuroimmunology.   
    

80. Dr. Kelly is a researcher in the interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology. Like most other specialists in this field, Dr. Kelly would most likely DISAGREE with which of the following statements?     
 The surfaces of lymphocytes contain receptor sites for neurotransmitters and hormones, including catecholamines and cortisol.    
 Lymphocytes themselves produce neurotransmitters and hormones.    
 The central nervous system and the immune system are directly linked.    
 * The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned.   
    

81. Mrs. Prouli has been taking care of her husband, who has Alzheimer's disease, for a number of years. The prolonged stress involved in caring for her husband at home may:     
 result in increased effectiveness of her immune system.    
 suppress the secretion of corticosteroids by her endocrine system.    
 * result in reduced immune system functioning.    
 suppress the secretion of catecholamines by her endocrine system.   
    

82. Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and Ronald Glaser investigated the effects of rather commonplace stressors such as the numerous exams that medical students have to take each year. They discovered that exposure to such ordinary stressors of life:     
 does not affect immune system functioning.    
 builds up greater immunity to bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders.    
 * adversely affects immune system functioning.    
 decreases the levels of both corticosteroids and catecholamines in the body.   
    

83. Compared to major stressors such as the death of a loved one, minor everyday stressors such as taking an exam:     
 have little or no effect on immune system functioning.    
 have a positive effect on immune system functioning.    
 * can temporarily alter immune system functioning.    
 can increase immunity to bacterial and viral infections.   
    

84. In one study on the effects of stress, dental students received one small puncture wound on the roof of their mouth during their summer vacation and a second wound three days before their first major exam during the fall term. What were the findings of this study?     
 On the average, wounds inflicted during summer vacation took 3 days longer to heal than wounds inflicted just before the major exam.    
 * On the average, wounds inflicted just before the major exam took 3 days longer to heal than the wounds inflicted during summer vacation.    
 In both situations, the female dental students healed almost twice as fast as the male dental students.    
 The wounds inflicted just before the major exams were more likely to become infected than the wounds inflicted during summer vacation.   
    

85. Psychologist Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues conducted a carefully controlled study examining the relationship between stress and susceptibility to the common cold. What were the results of this study?     
 Increased susceptibility to colds was not related to the volunteers' level of stress, but rather to unhealthy behaviors, such as poor diet and smoking.    
 The only factor that caused increased susceptibility to colds among the volunteers in the study was exposure to the nasal spray containing the cold virus.    
 * The level of stress that the volunteers reported was very strongly related to their susceptibility to the common cold virus.    
 The only factor that caused increased susceptibility to colds among the study's volunteers was sharing an apartment with another person who already had the cold virus.   
    

86. In studying the relationship between stress and susceptibility to the common cold, psychologist Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues have found that:    
 * people who are under chronic stress are more than twice as likely to develop colds than people who are not under chronic stress. A. people who are under chronic stress are more than twice as likely to develop colds than people who are not under chronic stress.   
 level of stress plays virtually no role in susceptibility to colds.    
 the greatest predictor of getting a cold was whether or not people ate breakfast.    
 people with a Type C personality pattern are much more susceptible to colds and other infections.   
    

87. Psychological research has consistently shown that having a sense of control over a stressful situation _____ the impact of stressors and _____ feelings of anxiety and depression.     
 increases; increases    
 reduces; increases    
 increases; reduces    
 * reduces; decreases   
    

88. Mrs. Pedersen lives in a nursing home that allows its residents to make choices about their daily activities and encourages them make decisions that affect their lives. Compared to her friend Mrs. Ghormley, who lives in a nursing home where staff members make all these types of decisions, Mrs. Pedersen is likely to:     
 * be more active, alert, sociable, and healthier.    
 be more tired, depressed, anxious, and less healthy.    
 develop severe debilitating physical and psychological problems.    
 regain her health and physical strength.   
    

89. In an important research study involving elderly nursing home residents, psychologists Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer investigated the:     
 effects of relaxation techniques on psychological and physical health.    
 psychological effects, but not the physical effects, of regular exercise.    
 * effects of a sense of personal control on psychological and physical health.    
 effects of a stress-reduction training program on blood pressure and immune system functioning.   
    

90. The research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer involving elderly nursing home residents demonstrated that:     
 elderly nursing home residents are more likely to experience stress-related illnesses than elderly people living in their own home.    
 * elderly nursing home residents who have a sense of control over their environment are healthier than elderly nursing home residents without a sense of personal control over their environment.    
 a sense of personal control reduces stress in younger people, but adds to the level of stress experienced by elderly nursing home residents.    
 having many choices about their daily activities tended to make the elderly nursing home residents anxious.   
    

91. When Harry got a failing grade in one of his courses, he decided to talk to his professor about the personal problems he had during the term and discuss the possibility of doing a makeup final exam or writing an extra paper. Harry appears to be reacting to a stressful situation by trying to exercise some personal control. If Harry's approach is realistic and successful, it is likely to:     
 make him feel anxious and guilty.    
 increase his level of stress and decrease the effectiveness of his immune system.    
 * enhance his feelings of self-confidence, self-efficacy, autonomy, and self-reliance.    
 create feelings of learned helplessness and apathy.   
    

92. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style tend to use external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events; in contrast, people who have a(n) _____ explanatory style use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.     
 pessimistic; optimistic    
 unrealistic; realistic    
 * optimistic; pessimistic    
 realistic; unrealistic   
    

93. According to Martin Seligman, a person who reacts to negative events with an optimistic explanatory style uses:     
 internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.    
 excuses for not getting things accomplished and is a chronic procrastinator.    
 * external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.    
 an escape-avoidance coping style.   
    

94. After Lana got a low grade on her first French exam, she told her roommate that she was dropping the course because she wasn't good at foreign languages and would never be able to figure out French grammar. Lana is best classified as having a pessimistic explanatory style because:     
 she uses external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events.    
 she tends to blame others for failures and setbacks in her life and takes personal credit for positive outcomes.    
 she has a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.    
 * she uses internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.   
    

95. Ryan was disappointed when he was rejected in his first attempt to get admitted to a very prestigious engineering program. But he told his friends that he thought he would have a better chance next time, especially if he took some additional qualifying courses and raised his GPA. Martin Seligman would say that Ryan has a(n):     
 confrontive coping style.    
 Type A behavior pattern.    
 pessimistic explanatory style.    
 * optimistic explanatory style.   
    

96. When Karen suggested to Gordy that they go for a drink after work on Friday night, Gordy said, "Sorry, I can't make it Friday, perhaps some other time?" Karen did not suggest another time, but instead thought to herself that she was obviously not very attractive and always said the wrong thing to men. Martin Seligman would say that Karen has a(n):     
 Type B behavior pattern.    
 * pessimistic explanatory style.    
 problem-focused coping style.    
 optimistic explanatory style.   
    

97. A study of first-year law students found that the students who had an optimistic outlook:     
 were least likely to rank in the top ten percent of their class.    
 * had stronger immune systems than the students with a pessimistic outlook.    
 were just as likely to develop colds and respiratory infections as pessimistic students.    
 were most likely to come from a background in which one or more relatives were lawyers, judges, or politicians.   
    

98. Larry constantly complains about minor health problems, how hard he has to work, and how he is not appreciated by his family. He dislikes most of the people he meets, and no matter what happens to him he is dissatisfied and grumpy. Larry seems to display:     
 a high level of personal control.    
 emotions related to an optimistic explanatory style.    
 Type B behavioral pattern.    
 * chronic negative emotions.   
    

99. Anna is almost constantly negative, hostile, and anxious. Based on the psychological studies of people who display chronic negative emotions, Anna:     
 probably experiences more frequent and more intense daily hassles than happier people do.    
 is more likely than happier people to develop a chronic disease, such as heart disease or arthritis.    
 probably reacts with much greater distress to stressful events than happier people do.    
 * is likely to experience all of the above.   
    

100. A study looking at the effects of fluctuations in daily moods found that:     
 there was no relationship between mood and immune system function.    
 women suffered far fewer health consequences than men from temporary negative moods and events.    
 * the effectiveness of people's immune systems increased when people experienced good moods and decreased when people experienced bad moods.    
 men suffered far fewer health consequences than women from temporary negative moods and events.   
    

101. According to Friedman and Rosenman, _____ is a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.     
 * Type A behavior pattern    
 an optimistic explanatory style    
 Type B behavior pattern    
 a pessimistic explanatory style   
    

102. Ken delivers fresh produce to health food stores around the city. Laid back and easygoing, he loves his job because it allows him to meet people and get daily exercise at the same time. Ken is likely to be classified as having a:     
 very high risk of heart disease.    
 Type A behavior pattern.    
 pessimistic explanatory style and chronic negative emotions.    
 * Type B behavior pattern.   
    

103. Which one of the following people is most likely to be classified as exhibiting a Type A behavior pattern?     
 Charlie, a very outgoing, sociable, and fun-loving music major    
 Brenda, a quiet, book-loving, introverted librarian    
 * Bill, a very ambitious, competitive, hostile, time-conscious real estate developer    
 Clarissa, a hardworking, friendly, and caring psychiatric nurse   
    

104. Barbara is an accountant who works a lot of overtime toward the end of the tax year to finish her clients' tax returns by the deadline. However, despite these long hours of being under pressure to get the tax returns done on time, Barbara continues to be relaxed and calm. Barbara:     
 is showing a Type A behavior pattern.    
 is in the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome.    
 is using denial and escape-avoidance to cope with stress.    
 * is showing a Type B behavior pattern.   
    

105. Tyler is a very competitive and impatient stockbroker who often gets annoyed over insignificant matters. He has a reputation for being hostile and angry whenever he loses money and tends to be suspicious, mistrustful, and to blame others for his losses. Tyler is likely to be classified as having a:     
 * Type A behavior pattern.    
 low risk of coronary disease and ill health.    
 Type B behavior pattern.    
 low risk of coronary disease but high risk of getting cancer.   
    

106. Fifty-year-old Marvin is a very successful businessman who exhibits all the classic signs of the Type A behavior pattern. He has suffered coronary problems for the last five years but has not slowed his hectic pace. According to current research, the aspect of his Type A behavior that contributes the most to his health problems is his:     
 impatience.    
 sense of time urgency.    
 * hostility.    
 competitiveness.   
    

107. The main component of the Type A behavior pattern that predicts the development of coronary heart disease is:     
 having a sense of time urgency.    
 being a high achiever.    
 hard physical work.    
 * hostility.   
    

108. According to the research presented in the textbook, hostility has been shown to be:     
 unrelated to the development of coronary heart disease.    
 inversely related to health problems; the more hostility the less disease.    
 * positively related to heart disease; the higher the level of hostility, the greater the severity of coronary disease.    
 less predictive of coronary heart disease than competitiveness, time urgency, and achievement striving.   
    

109. In a study described in the text, over 250 doctors were monitored for their health status beginning when they were in medical school. What did the study find over the course of 25 years?    
 Compared to the matched control group of non-physicians, the doctors experienced far more acute colds and infections due to their daily exposure to sick people.    
 Emergency room physicians were far less likely to have developed a chronic disease than physicians specializing in skin diseases.    
 * Those doctors who scored low on hostility were much more likely to be alive at age 50 than those doctors who scored high on hostility.    
 The physicians who worked alone in a private practice were far more likely to display Type A behavior patterns than physicians who worked in a group practice or hospital setting.   
    

110. Yoko is very dedicated to her career as a partner in a large, prestigious law firm. She often works sixty hours a week and thoroughly enjoys the challenges of her high-pressure job. Yoko hates to waste time because keeping up with the demands of family life and her career require that she manage her time very efficiently. Although she is very ambitious, Yoko is also a good-natured person who rarely raises her voice and never has an unkind word to say about anyone. Based on this description, you could probably conclude that:     
 because of her extremely stressful lifestyle, Yoko probably has very high levels of corticosteroids.    
 Yoko is at a very high risk for coronary disease and other health problems.    
 * because Yoko is low in hostility, her risk of developing coronary disease is no higher than that of anyone else.    
 since Yoko is a female, she is unlikely to develop coronary disease despite her Type A behavior.   
    

111. A number of explanations for how hostility predisposes people to heart disease and other health problems are presented in your textbook. Which of the following is NOT one of them?     
 Hostile people tend to react more intensely than other people to a stressor and experience increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and the production of stress-related hormones.    
 * Hostile men and women do not express their anger outwardly, but instead bottle up their emotions and hide their true feelings.    
 Because of their cynical attitudes and aggressive behavior, hostile people experience more frequent and more severe negative life events and daily hassles.    
 Because hostile men and women are prone to get angry more often than others, they also experience stress more frequently.   
    

112. Psychologists and other scientists are cautious in the statements they make about the connection between personality and health for a number of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?    
 A person's health at any given time is influenced by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.    
 Personality factors might indirectly lead to disease via poor health habits.    
 * The vast majority of the studies investigating the role of psychological factors in disease are experimental rather than correlational.    
 It may be that disease influences a person's emotions, rather than the other way around.   
    

113. One way researchers try to disentangle the relationship between personality and health is by conducting carefully controlled prospective studies. The important aspect of this research approach is that:    
 * an initially healthy group of subjects are assessed on variables thought to be risk factors and are tracked over a period of time.    
 neither the experimenters nor the subjects know the nature of the research.    
 it provides correlational data that indicate how the two variables are related without ruling out the possibility of some third, unidentified factor.    
 the subjects, but not the experimenters, know the nature of the research.   
    

114. Studies investigating close relationships and physical health have repeatedly found that:     
 close relationships cause more stress and anxiety than does social isolation.    
 poor physical health is unrelated to social isolation.    
 * the lack of social relationships is related to increased risk of health problems.    
 there is no correlation between social support and physical and emotional well-being.   
    

115. The resources provided by other people in times of need, including emotional, tangible, and informational support, are referred to as:     
 social contagion.    
 * social support.    
 the general adaptation syndrome.    
 problem-focused coping support.   
    

116. Carson is divorced, lives alone, has very few friends, and outside of work he rarely interacts with other people. According to psychological research on social isolation, Carson's lack of social relationships is correlated with:     
 * poor health and higher death rates.    
 good health and lower death rates.    
 an optimistic explanatory style and positive emotional states.    
 the stress contagion effect.   
    

117. Which factor has been identified as being as powerful a health risk as smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity?     
 competitiveness    
 an emotion-focused coping style    
 * social isolation    
 time urgency   
    

118. Recently, Spencer lost his job, and a long-term relationship ended in a bitter fight. Thinking it might help, Spencer visited his family, but it made him feel worse. The only time he felt better was when he was with the family dog. It is possible that Spencer perceived his family as _____, and the dog as _____.     
 providing emotional support; providing informational support    
 * being judgmental, evaluative, and critical; being nonjudgmental, nonevaluative, and unconditionally supportive    
 providing tangible support; providing remedial support    
 being conditionally supportive, nonjudgmental, and nonevaluative; being judgmental, evaluative, and doggone critical   
    

119. Which of the following is NOT a potential drawback of social support?     
 When other people are perceived as being judgmental, their presence may increase the individual's physical reaction to the stressor.    
 Stress may increase when well-meaning friends or family members offer unwanted or inappropriate social support.    
 Being too helpful and overprotective, especially when dealing with sick people, may undermine self-confidence and slow physical recovery.    
 * Individuals who accept social support from others risk being labeled as weak, dependent, or incompetent.   
    

120. Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 * Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long-term.    
 Helena will not be affected adversely by this situation.    
 The positive effects of social support always outweigh any potential drawbacks.    
 Compared to people with only a small network of social relationships, Helena is likely to be relatively free of stress.   
    

121. The stress contagion effect refers to the phenomenon whereby:     
 * people become upset about negative life events that happen to other people that they care about.    
 people deal with stress by using a coping strategy called distancing.    
 people under stress are more likely to catch infectious diseases.    
 people deal with stress through positive reappraisal.   
    

122. According to your textbook, women more often than men may be particularly vulnerable to some of the problematic aspects of social support for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?     
 Women may be more likely to suffer from the stress contagion effect because they tend to have larger and more intimate social networks.    
 Women are more likely to serve as providers of support.    
 * Women are less likely to suffer from the stress contagion effect because they tend to have a smaller social network, consisting primarily of immediate family members.    
 Women are more likely to become upset about negative events that happen to their relatives and friends.   
    

123. Which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Women tend to rely most heavily on the relationship with their spouse for social support.    
 Men are just as likely as women as to experience the stress contagion effect.    
 Along with their spouse, men typically list two or three close male friends as confidants that they rely on for social support.    
 * The more extensive social networks of women can have both positive and negative health consequences.   
    

124. Robert and Beth are both in their late-30s, married, and have different professional careers. They also have an eight-year-old son named Noah, two cats, a nervous gerbil, and relatives that live in the same city. Based on what you have read in the text, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?     
 Beth is less likely than Robert to be upset by negative events that happen to their relatives.    
 Robert is more likely to rely on his male relatives than Beth for social support when he feels troubled by personal matters.    
 Beth probably has higher cortisol levels than Robert.    
 * The health benefits of being married are greater for Robert than they are for Beth.   
    

125. Amber has a large network of social relationships. She may be potentially vulnerable to some of the problematic aspects of social support because:     
 * women in general are more likely than men to suffer from the stress contagion effect.    
 women are less likely than men to become upset about what happens to their friends and relatives.    
 women tend to rely on a close relationship with their spouse and place less importance on relationships with other people.    
 women are less likely than men to serve as providers of support.   
    

126. Whenever any of her friends or relatives have problems and are upset, Gilda gets upset too. This example illustrates:     
 social striving.    
 * the stress contagion effect.    
 the distancing coping strategy.    
 escape-avoidance.   
    

127. _____ refers to the ways we try to change circumstances, or our interpretations of circumstances, to make them less threatening.     
 Cognitive dissonance    
 Acculturation    
 * Coping    
 Fight-or-flight   
    

128. Coping efforts do not always help us adapt to a challenging or stressful situation. Which of the following is an example of maladaptive coping?     
 Liz feels overwhelmed by academic demands during her first semester of college. She talks to a college counselor and arranges to drop one course and get tutoring for a second.    
 * Emma thinks constantly about her ex-boyfriend, arranges to "accidentally" run into him, and daydreams that he will realize that she is his true soulmate. She turns down dates from other men and rejects opportunities to meet new people.    
 Trevor's entire department is laid off without warning. He immediately puts his resume together and calls friends at other companies inquiring about potential openings.    
 James has a very high-stress job in an inner-city hospital emergency room, so he works hard at preserving his important relationships, making time for family and friends.   
    

129. As compared to men, women are more likely to ____ under stressful circumstances.    
 exercise    
 eat chocolate    
 * seek out social support    
 engage in confrontive coping   
    

130. According to research presented in the In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress, when they come home after a stressful day at work, fathers are more likely to _____ but mothers are more likely to ____.    
 * initiate conflicts with or withdraw from family members; be more nurturing toward their children    
 be more nurturing toward their children; withdraw from contact with family members    
 seek out social support from their male friends; seek out social support from their female friends    
 engage in problem-focused coping; engage in emotion-focused coping   
    

131. According to psychologist Shelley Taylor, women respond to stress with a behavioral pattern she calls:      
 escape-avoidance    
 fight-or-flight    
 * tend-and-befriend    
 confrontive coping   
    

132. In the In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress features, psychologist Shelley Taylor argues that men and women respond to stress with a fundamentally different behavioral pattern.  What evidence does she cite to support her idea?    
 * Female animals are more likely to take cover and tend offspring than fight or flee in response to a threat.    
 Male animals are more likely to take cover and tend offspring than flee.    
 Women are more likely to use emotion-focused coping strategies than men.    
 Men are more likely to seek out social support than women.   
    

133. The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "tend" refers to:    
 becoming physiologically aroused.    
 seeking social support.    
 withdrawing from the stressor and taking care of their own emotional needs.    
 * taking cover and protecting offspring.   
    

134. The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "befriend" refers to:    
 taking cover and protecting offspring.    
 * seeking social support, protection, and resources from others.    
 trying to calm oneself down through emotion-focused coping strategies.    
 rallying others to help fight or overcome a threat.   
    

135. The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's idea that women respond to stress with a different behavioral pattern than men.  According to Taylor, which hormone might be partly responsible for women's behavioral response to stress?    
 noradrenaline    
 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)    
 * oxytocin    
 cortisol   
    

136. _____ is primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.     
 * Problem-focused coping    
 Denial    
 Emotion-focused coping    
 Escape-avoidance   
    

137. When sales were down for the third month in a row, the sales manager called a meeting of all sales staff in order to analyze the situation and attempt to come up with some solutions. This example illustrates:     
 emotion-focused coping.    
 distancing.    
 * problem-focused coping.    
 a tend-and-befriend coping strategy.   
    

138. _____ is primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.     
 Problem-focused coping    
 Confrontive coping    
 Planful problem solving    
 * Emotion-focused coping   
    

139. When the football coach told the players that they had better start working harder during practice or they would be dropped from the team, he appeared to be using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.     
 * emotion-focused; confrontive coping    
 problem-focused; planful problem solving    
 emotion-focused; distancing    
 problem-focused; confrontive coping   
    

140. Faced with the financial and personal problems associated with returning to school as an adult student, Amanda estimated how much she would need to live on, how much time she could devote to working, and how much study time she would need to succeed academically. Amanda is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.     
 problem-focused; denial    
 emotion-focused; escape-avoidance    
 * problem-focused; planful problem solving    
 emotion-focused; confrontive coping   
    

141. When their basement flooded during a torrential rainstorm, Megan and Logan started making jokes about starting a fish farm in the basement to raise money to replace their ruined possessions. Their use of humor to help cope with the situation is an example of:     
 * emotion-focused coping.    
 confrontive coping.    
 problem-focused coping.    
 constructive thinking.   
    

142. Your textbook identifies several emotion-focused coping strategies. Which of the following is NOT an emotion-focused coping strategy?     
 distancing    
 escape-avoidance    
 positive reappraisal    
 * approach-avoidance   
    

143. Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.     
 emotion-focused; positive reappraisal    
 * emotion-focused; escape-avoidance    
 problem-focused; confrontive coping    
 problem-focused; seeking social support   
    

144. Whenever Caleb gets stressed out or upset, he tends to drink excessively in order to "drown his sorrows." Caleb is using a maladaptive form of an emotion-focused coping strategy called:     
 positive reappraisal.    
 distancing.    
 * escape-avoidance.    
 confrontive.   
    

145. Stephanie has a high pressure job. Every day after work, she goes for a five-mile run because it takes her mind off her job and focuses it on other things. Stephanie is using an emotion-focused coping strategy called:     
 tend-and-befriend.    
 confrontive coping.    
 denial.    
 * escape-avoidance.   
    

146. Jason frequently exceeds his line of credit at the bank and runs up large debts on his credit card. Rather than cutting back on his spending, he tends to fantasize about winning the state lottery. Jason is using a form of emotion-focused coping called:     
 positive reappraisal.    
 distancing.    
 seeking social support.    
 * escape-avoidance.   
    

147. Compared to physically inactive people, physically fit people:    
 * are less physiologically reactive to stressors and produce lower levels of stress hormones.    
 respond more vigorously to stressful situations because of their heightened physiological arousal due to exercise.    
 pass through the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome more quickly.    
 are likely to have higher levels of catecholamines and corticosteroids.   
    

148. How do stimulant drugs such as caffeine or nicotine affect people's ability to handle stress?    
 Stimulants such as the caffeine in tea or coffee are beneficial because they help people stay alert and awake during periods of acute stress.    
 Stimulants have no effect on the stress response.    
 * Stimulants like caffeine and nicotine increase the negative physiological effects of stress by increasing physiological arousal.    
 Stimulants are harmful during the alarm stage, but beneficial during the resistance and exhaustion stage.   
    

149. The textbook makes a number of suggestions for minimizing the physical effects of stress. Which of the following is NOT one of these recommendations?    
 * Increase your use of stimulants, such as coffee or tea, to help keep you alert and energized.    
 Try to establish a daily exercise routine, such as walking briskly for 20 minutes.    
 Practice progressive muscle relaxation on a regular basis.   
    
    

150. Michele uses regular aerobic exercise to minimize the physical effects of stress; Justine uses meditation and progressive muscle relaxation for the same reason. Which of the following statements about minimizing the physical effects of stress is TRUE?    
 Neither Michele's nor Justine's strategies are likely to have any effect on their physical well-being.    
 Michele is likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine have no known benefits.    
 * Both Michele's and Justine's strategies are likely to have beneficial effects on their physical well-being.    
 Michele is not likely to benefit from her exercise regime, but the relaxation techniques used by Justine are proven techniques for minimizing stress.    
    

151. When the stressor is severe and chronic and really needs immediate attention, escape-avoidance behaviors can be:     
 a helpful way to relieve psychological distress.    
 * counterproductive.    
 a coping strategy associated with the Type A behavior pattern.    
 very beneficial.    
    

152. When Nathan was having personal and academic problems while attending college, he talked to his family and friends, asking for advice and help. It would appear that Nathan is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____.     
 emotion-focused; distancing    
 * emotion-focused; seeking social support    
 problem-focused; denial    
 problem-focused; positive reappraisal    
    

153. Jeremy is an ambulance driver and a paramedic. He and some of his co-workers sometimes appear to do their job in a detached, depersonalized, but nevertheless, efficient manner. Jeremy and his co-workers are using _____ to some degree to help them deal with distressing situations.     
 * distancing    
 planful problem solving    
 positive reappraisal    
 denial    
    

154. During particularly busy and stressful shifts, Kyle and some of his coworkers in the morgue often find themselves making jokes and facetious remarks among themselves. Making jokes about a stressful situation is a form of:     
 denial.    
 planful problem solving.    
 confrontive coping.    
 * distancing.    
    

155. One of the most constructive emotion-focused coping strategies is _____ because the person who uses this tactic not only tries to minimize the negative emotional aspects of the situation, but also tries to create positive meaning by focusing on personal growth.     
 planful problem solving    
 * positive reappraisal    
 escape-avoidance    
 confrontive coping    
    

156. Although it is obvious to most of Bernie's friends and family that he drinks too much, his wife Betsy refuses to admit that he has a drinking problem. She insists that he is a moderate drinker who has the occasional glass of red wine for medicinal purposes. In this situation it is possible that Betsy is using _____.     
 confrontive coping    
 planful problem solving    
 * denial    
 distancing    
    

157. Greg was quite depressed when he didn't make the Olympic team. Upon reflection, however, he decided that the training he did and the knowledge he gained from competing against the best in the country were beneficial experiences that would help him in his personal life and in his chances next time around. Greg is using an emotion-focused coping strategy called:     
 denial.    
 confrontive coping.    
 distancing.    
 * positive reappraisal.    
    

158. Most people use multiple coping strategies in stressful situations. In the initial stages we often rely on _____ to help us step back emotionally from a problem, but once we've regained our emotional equilibrium, we may rely more on _____ to identify potential solutions to the situation.     
 confrontive coping; emotion-focused coping strategies    
 * emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies    
 problem-focused coping strategies; emotion-focused coping strategies    
 confrontive coping; distancing    
    

159. Controlling personal reactions is to _____ as exerting control over the situation is to _____.     
 * collectivistic cultures; individualistic cultures    
 problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping    
 individualistic cultures; collectivistic cultures    
 seeking social support; avoiding social support    
    

160. Regarding coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations, collectivistic cultures are to _____ as individualistic cultures are to _____.     
 individual responsibility; group responsibility    
 personal autonomy; seeking social support    
 * emotion-focused coping strategies; problem-focused coping strategies    
 problem-focused coping strategies; emotion-focused coping strategies    
    

161. Two Japanese proverbs are: "The true tolerance is to tolerate the intolerable" and "Flexibility can control rigidity." In the context of coping with stressful circumstances, what coping strategy is emphasized by these proverbs?     
 escape-avoidance    
 planful problem solving    
 seeking social support    
 * emotion-focused coping    
    

162. State University recently set up a telephone hotline to provide advice, useful suggestions, and information about the resources available on campus for students who are experiencing academic difficulties. What type of support is being provided by the people who staff the State University hotline?     
 tangible    
 * informational    
 financial    
 emotional    
    

163. When Sherri and her husband separated, her best friend Mandy put her up, lent her money, and helped her look for an apartment. This example illustrates a category of social support called:     
 informational support.    
 emotional support.    
 remedial support.    
 * tangible support.    
    

164. When Bernadette first left home to attend college, she felt lonely, isolated, and apprehensive about succeeding in her new academic environment. Bernadette frequently called her best friend Cindy, who was attending college in their home town. Cindy was very supportive, empathetic, and reassuring. Cindy is providing Bernadette with a type of social support called:     
 informational support.    
 financial support.    
 * emotional support.    
 tangible support.    
    

165. When Sabrina tried to talk to her husband Adam about the problems she was having with her boss, Adam interrupted her and said, "You're getting all upset over nothing. Now, this is what you need to do . . ." and went on to explain to her why her reaction was irrational, how she should be feeling instead, and what she should say and do if the situation ever occurred again. Based on the criteria discussed in the chapter Application, how would you evaluate Adam's attempt to provide social support for Sabrina?     
 Adam's helpful advice will significantly lessen Sabrina's distress, especially if she does what he tells her to do.    
 Because Adam is providing emotional support but not tangible or informational support, Sabrina will probably turn to another confidant.    
 * Adam's response will not help Sabrina, and may even make her feel worse.    
 Sabrina will experience a heightened sense of personal control, which should significantly lower her level of stress and decrease her chance of illness.    
    

166. Tangible support is to _____ as informational support is to _____.     
 * direct assistance, such as financial aid; helpful suggestions and advice    
 expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; direct assistance, such as financial aid    
 helpful suggestions and advice; expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard    
 expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard; helpful suggestions and advice    
    

167. Which of the following support behaviors is typically perceived as helpful by people under stress?     
 giving advice that the person has not asked for    
 helping them take their minds off their troubles by talking about yourself and your own problems    
 pretending to be cheerful    
 * being a good listener and showing concern and interest    
    

168. Imagine that a close friend turns to you for help because of personal problems and high stress levels. According to the research presented in the textbook, which of the following may NOT be helpful?     
 Be a good listener and show concern and interest.    
 * Talk about yourself and your own problems and give advice that was not asked for.    
 Ask questions that encourage the person under stress to express his or her feelings and emotions.    
 Express understanding about why the person is upset.