1. In psychology, the term personality refers to:     
 a person's skill in making others feel good about themselves.    
 the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays.    
 the way people perceive a particular person.    
 * an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.   
    

2. Personality theories:     
 * attempt to explain how and why people are similar and different.    
 focus on explaining the development of a specific personality characteristic, such as shyness.    
 emphasize that human nature is fundamentally bad.    
 are impossible to test scientifically.   
    

3. The emphasis on unconscious mental processes is to _____ as the emphasis on learning and conscious cognitive processes is to _____.     
 the trait perspective; the humanistic perspective    
 * the psychoanalytic perspective; the social cognitive perspective    
 the humanistic perspective; the psychoanalytic perspective    
 the social cognitive perspective; the trait perspective   
    

4. Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.     
 trait    
 social cognitive    
 * psychoanalytic    
 humanistic   
    

5. Carter believes that people are basically good and that each person will naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential. Carter's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.     
 trait    
 social cognitive    
 psychoanalytic    
 * humanistic   
    

6. Janet believes that learning experiences play a critical role in the development of personality, especially in the development of a person's goals and beliefs about one's abilities. Janet's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.     
 psychoanalytic    
 trait    
 * social cognitive    
 humanistic   
    

7. Early in his medical career, Freud investigated the anesthetic properties of _____.     
 * cocaine    
 nitrous oxide    
 ether    
 morphine   
    

8. _____ had a strong influence on Freud's early career, introducing him to the use of hypnosis in treating patients with psychological problems.     
 Alfred Adler    
 * Joseph Breuer    
 Albert Bandura    
 Carl Jung   
    

9. The publication of the book entitled _____ in 1895 is regarded as the formal beginning of psychoanalysis.     
 "The Interpretation of Dreams"    
 "Civilization and Its Discontents"    
 * "Studies in Hysteria"    
 "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life"   
    

10. Who wrote The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Interpretation of Dreams?     
 Carl Jung    
 * Sigmund Freud    
 Joseph Breuer    
 Karen Horney   
    

11. Freud's famous technique of free association involved:     
 * patients spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.    
 patients describing long-forgotten memories.    
 patients making up a story about an ambiguous picture.    
 patients reporting what they "saw" in an inkblot.   
    

12. Very late in his life, Freud left Vienna and moved to England because:     
 he was awarded a teaching position at Oxford University.    
 he wanted to return to the place where he was born.    
 he was bankrupt.    
 * his life was threatened by the Nazis.   
    

13. Even though Mary was not thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring memories about that day to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Mary's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.     
 * preconscious    
 unconscious    
 conscious    
 latent   
    

14. Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness in Freud's theory?     
 the preconscious    
 * the collective unconscious    
 the conscious    
 the unconscious   
    

15. According to Freud, what was "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activity" of the mind?     
 memories of childhood    
 information revealed through hypnosis    
 feelings of anger toward one's parents    
 * the interpretation of dreams   
    

16. Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called the _____ content.     
 * manifest    
 repressed    
 latent    
 instinctual   
    

17. Anna is sitting in Sigmund Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. After some discussion, Freud suggests to Anna that the train probably symbolized a man's penis and the action of entering the dark tunnel probably symbolized sexual intercourse. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the symbolic, or hidden, meaning of the dream images is called the _____ content.     
 lucid    
 manifest    
 * latent    
 primal   
    

18. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the:     
 manifest content.    
 primal content.    
 * latent content.    
 lucid content.   
    

19. What is a "Freudian slip"?     
 An undergarment worn by fashionable upper-class women in Vienna in the early 1900s.    
 A humorous term for a pratfall or stumble in early silent-movie comedies, perfected by Charlie Chaplin.    
 Freud's near-fatal accident, in which he tripped over his couch and hit his head on a statue of Moses.    
 * An unintentional mistake, accident, or misstatement that Freud interpreted as revealing unconscious wishes or motives.   
    

20. In Freud's theory, which component of personality is present at birth and completely unconscious?     
 the superego    
 the ego    
 the archetype    
 * the id   
    

21. Which definition reflects Freud's view of the id?     
 * the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification    
 the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world    
 the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts    
 the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations   
    

22. The prologue to Chapter 10 described the story of the twins, Julian and Kenneth. Using Freud's terminology, which component of personality was dominating Julian's behavior when he tried to rob the drugstore?     
 the ego    
 * the id    
 the superego    
 Eros   
    

23. Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.     
 * id; ego    
 id; superego    
 ego; superego    
 superego; id   
    

24. According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____, whereas the id is guided by the _____.     
 manifest content; latent content    
 latency stage; genital stage    
 * reality principle; pleasure principle    
 pleasure principle; archetypes   
    

25. Which definition reflects Freud's view of the ego?     
 the moralistic component of personality that evaluates the acceptability of behavior and thoughts    
 the irrational component of personality that seeks immediate gratification    
 the inherited mental images of universal human themes and preoccupations    
 * the rational, organized component of personality that is sensitive to the demands of the external world   
    

26. Freud used the term _____ to refer to sexual energy or motivation.     
 Thanatos    
 * libido    
 latent content    
 reaction formation   
    

27. Eric was once seriously injured in a hang-gliding accident, yet he continues to engage in this dangerous activity. Freud would probably explain Eric's dangerous hobby as a reflection of:     
 * Thanatos.    
 Eros.    
 the reality principle.    
 the pleasure principle.   
    

28. According to Freud, _____ is reflected in behaviors that enhance our chances of survival, and _____ is reflected in aggressive, reckless, and dangerous behaviors that are life threatening.     
 rationalization; repression    
 * Eros; Thanatos    
 the id; the ego    
 Thanatos; libido   
    

29. According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to:     
 punish the self by inflicting feelings of guilt and inferiority.    
 delay gratification until a socially acceptable time.    
 * seek pleasure, avoid pain, and reduce tension.    
 channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways.   
    

30. In Freud's theory of personality, the _____ operates on the _____, which is the capacity to delay gratification until an appropriate time.     
 id; pleasure principle    
 superego; reality principle    
 * ego; reality principle    
 superego; moral principle   
    

31. At day care, 3-year-old Sara has learned that she has to wait her turn to ride on the tricycle rather than push another child off the tricycle. Using Freud's terminology, Sara's ability to postpone gratification in a socially acceptable way is a reflection of her _____.     
 id    
 * ego    
 superego    
 pleasure principle   
    

32. When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his _____.     
 id    
 ego    
 * superego    
 pleasure principle   
    

33. Your sense of conscience corresponds to which component of personality in Freud's theory?     
 Thanatos    
 id    
 ego    
 * superego   
    

34. Which of the following statements reflects Freud's view of the superego?     
 * It is the moralistic and self-evaluative component of personality.    
 It is "a cauldron of seething excitement" that wants immediate gratification of instinctual drives and urges.    
 It is the component of personality that operates on the reality principle.    
 It is the source of the life instinct and death instinct.   
    

35. Ego defense mechanisms:     
 increase anxiety.    
 operate consciously.    
 * distort thoughts or perceptions of reality.    
 operate on the principle of unconditional positive regard.   
    

36. When Carol was 8 years old, her mother died. As an adult, Carol has no memories of attending her mother's funeral. Which ego defense mechanism in Freud's theory would best account for the fact that Carol has no memories of this upsetting event?     
 undoing    
 projection    
 displacement    
 * repression   
    

37. Freud believed that a special form of displacement, called _____, is largely responsible for the productive and creative contributions of people and even whole societies.     
 regression    
 projection    
 * sublimation    
 reaction formation   
    

38. Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?     
 * displacement    
 sublimation    
 denial    
 rationalization   
    

39. While talking to another coworker, Doug makes many hateful comments about Brian behind his back. Later that morning when he sees Brian, Doug acts very friendly to Brian and offers to buy him lunch. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Doug's behavior?     
 sublimation    
 * undoing    
 repression    
 projection   
    

40. After Jack's loan application for the new car was rejected, he told a friend that he was glad he had not gotten the loan because his old car was still very reliable and he really didn't want to make monthly car payments. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Jack's behavior?     
 repression    
 undoing    
 * rationalization    
 reaction formation   
    

41. Although Karen's divorce was finalized several months ago, she still refers to Jonathan as her "husband" rather than her "ex-husband" when talking with friends. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Karen's behavior?     
 displacement    
 undoing    
 rationalization    
 * denial   
    

42. Troy and Carrie are a couple. Although Troy is not able to consciously admit he has strong feelings of sexual attraction to other women, he suspects and accuses Carrie of being sexually attracted to other men, even though Carrie has never done anything to arouse such suspicions. Which ego defense mechanism best explains Troy's behavior?     
 displacement    
 * projection    
 sublimation    
 undoing   
    

43. _____ is a form of _____ in which sexual urges are channeled into productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities.     
 * Sublimation; displacement    
 Undoing; repression    
 Reaction formation; rationalization    
 Repression; denial   
    

44. Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves:     
 attributing one's own unacceptable urges to others.    
 channeling sexual urges into productive, nonsexual activities.    
 * behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.    
 atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.   
    

45. Unconscious repentance is to the ego defense mechanism of _____ as going to the opposite extreme is to the ego defense mechanism of _____.     
 displacement; sublimation    
 rationalization; repression    
 * undoing; reaction formation    
 denial; projection   
    

46. Because the beginnings of his own sexual attraction to some of the girls in his seventh-grade class were so anxiety-provoking to Jeff, he often found himself teasing the girls to whom he was most attracted. Jeff's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?     
 rationalization    
 displacement    
 * reaction formation    
 undoing   
    

47. After Patty broke up with him, Evan told his friends how happy he was that Patty was out of his life. Nevertheless, Evan keeps thinking of things that he left at Patty's apartment and calls her or stops by her apartment several times a week. Each time he sees her, he acts hateful toward Patty and tells her that he hopes he never sees her again. Evan's behavior is best explained by which of the following ego defense mechanisms?     
 * reaction formation    
 identification    
 displacement    
 undoing   
    

48. Which of the following statements about ego defense mechanisms is FALSE?     
 According to Freud, the use of ego defense mechanisms requires the continuous expenditure of psychological energy.    
 Psychologically healthy people often use ego defense mechanisms to temporarily deal with stressful events.    
 Ego defense mechanisms let us buy time while we seek a realistic solution to a problem.    
 * With the exception of sublimation, all of the ego defense mechanisms increase feelings of anxiety.   
    

49. Which of the following represents the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?     
 * oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital    
 oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic    
 anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital    
 oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic   
    

50. In Freud's theory, if a parent overindulges or frustrates the child's expression of pleasurable feelings at a particular psychosexual stage of development:     
 the ego may not develop.    
 * the child may experience fixation and continue to seek pleasure through behaviors associated with the particular psychosexual stage.    
 the parent will experience the psychological wrath of the superego, which will promote strong feelings of guilt and inferiority.    
 the child will experience reaction formation and behave in a way that is directly opposite to the frustrated desires.   
    

51. Because her baby seemed to enjoy putting so many things in his mouth, Jessica provided the infant with many different kinds of pacifiers and chewable toys. According to Freud's theory, Jessica is running the risk of producing _____ at the _____ psychosexual stage of development.     
 identification; phallic    
 the Oedipus complex; genital    
 * fixation; oral    
 projection; anal   
    

52. Gordon's 5-year-old son has recently become very possessive of his mother, pushing Gordon away whenever he tries to hug his wife. Freud would probably suggest that the little boy's behaviors reflect:     
 fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development.    
 the latency stage of psychosexual development.    
 * the Oedipus complex.    
 his attainment of the genital stage of psychosexual development.   
    

53. According to Freud's theory, the Oedipus complex:     
 occurs during the oral stage of psychosexual development.    
 * is the child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent.    
 first appears during the adolescent years, when sexual urges begin to surface.    
 is resolved through the defense mechanism of sublimation.   
    

54. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex produces _____ in little boys and _____ in little girls.     
 identification; sublimation    
 latency; fixation    
 the inferiority complex; the superiority complex    
 * castration anxiety; penis envy   
    

55. Five-year-old Cara has recently begun imitating her mother's actions and mannerisms. Freud would probably say that Cara's identification with her mother is the child's way of resolving the anxiety caused by:     
 fixation at the oral stage.    
 the genital stage of psychosexual development.    
 * the Oedipus complex.    
 Thanatos.   
    

56. According to Freud, the successful resolution of the phallic stage of psychosexual development involves the child's use of the defense mechanism of _____.     
 * identification.    
 fixation.    
 displacement.    
 undoing.   
    

57. Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's behavior suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.     
 phallic    
 genital    
 * latency    
 oral   
    

58. According to Freud, the sexual urges of children during the latency stage of psychosexual development:     
 are directed toward playmates of the opposite sex.    
 intensify and cause great anxiety.    
 * become repressed, and the child prefers to play with same-sex friends.    
 produce catharsis.   
    

59. According to Freud, during the genital stage of psychosexual development:     
 sexual urges are repressed.    
 * incestuous sexual urges toward the opposite-sex parent resurface.    
 identification with same-sex peers occurs.    
 oral fixation occurs.   
    

60. In Freud's view, the final attainment of a psychologically healthy personality and sense of sexuality occurs when the individual:     
 achieves the goal of the Oedipus complex.    
 achieves fixation.    
 * directs sexual urges toward socially acceptable substitutes for the opposite-sex parent.    
 represses all sexual urges.   
    

61. Who or what were the neo-Freudians?     
 A group of artists who applied Freud's ideas to painting, sculpture, drama, and poetry.    
 A group of psychologists who tried to reconcile Freud's ideas with contemporary neuroscience.    
 * A group of personality theorists who accepted many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their personality theories.    
 A group of political activists who objected to Freud's ideas on moral and religious grounds.   
    

62. The neo-Freudians did NOT reject Freud's notion that:     
 sexual urges are the primary motivator of behavior.    
 early childhood experiences are the sole determinant of personality.    
 basic human nature is aggressive and destructive.    
 * unconscious mental processes influence behavior.   
    

63. Which of the following theorists is NOT a neo-Freudian?     
 * Carl Rogers    
 Alfred Adler    
 Karen Horney    
 Carl Jung   
    

64. In contrast to Freud, Carl Jung believed that:     
 there were eight stages of psychosexual development.    
 people are driven to overcome feelings of inferiority.    
 men often suffer from womb envy.    
 * personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.   
    

65. Calling him his "crown prince" and "adopted son," which of the neo-Freudians did Sigmund Freud choose to succeed him in leading the international psychoanalytic movement?     
 Erik Erikson    
 Alfred Adler    
 Abraham Maslow    
 * Carl Jung   
    

66. It was _____ who said, "The whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution is born anew in the brain structure of every individual."     
 Alfred Adler    
 * Carl Jung    
 Karen Horney    
 Robert Plomin   
    

67. According to Carl Jung, the collective unconscious:     
 occurs in close relationships and friendships.    
 is responsible for the Oedipus complex.    
 * is the part of the unconscious mind that reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.    
 is the source of sexual and aggressive instinctual drives.   
    

68. Jung believed that feminine and masculine qualities are represented in which of the following pairs of archetypes?     
 introvert and extravert    
 matriarch and warrior    
 * anima and animus    
 water and fire   
    

69. Jung believed that the sense of self and psychic wholeness is universally symbolized by:     
 clouds.    
 the ocean.    
 the temple.    
 * the mandala.   
    

70. Which of the following statements best describes Jung's notion of archetypes?     
 Each person is motivated to overcome the weaknesses in his or her particular archetype.    
 * Each person inherits mental images that reflect universal human themes.    
 Each person develops a strong sense of competence in a particular skill or area of knowledge, which becomes that person's archetype.    
 A person's personality or archetype is shaped by his or her upbringing.   
    

71. Jung was the first to describe the basic characteristics of which of the following personality types?     
 * the introvert versus the extravert    
 the trusting versus the suspicious    
 the neurotic versus the psychotic    
 the self-assured versus the apprehensive   
    

72. In contrast to Freud, psychoanalyst Karen Horney emphasized the importance of _____ in personality development.     
 sexual conflicts during the adolescent years    
 * human relationships    
 striving for superiority    
 unconditional love and acceptance   
    

73. Psychoanalyst Karen Horney described _____ as "the feeling that a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world."     
 loneliness    
 inferiority    
 * basic anxiety    
 abandonment fear   
    

74. In psychoanalyst Karen Horney's view, people who move "against" others have a strong need for:     
 independence and self-sufficiency.    
 approval and affection.    
 creativity and spontaneity.    
 * power and feelings of superiority.   
    

75. According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, people who move "toward" other people may have an excessive need for:     
 power.    
 * approval and affection.    
 independence and self-sufficiency.    
 feelings of superiority.   
    

76. According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, people who move "away from" other people may have an excessive need for:     
 power.    
 approval and affection.    
 * independence and self-sufficiency.    
 feelings of superiority.   
    

77. In contrast to Freud's view of psychosexual development, psychoanalyst Karen Horney contended that:     
 females feel inferior because they lack a penis.    
 girls do not experience the Oedipus complex until adolescence.    
 girls resolve the Oedipus complex long before boys do.    
 * males often envy the capacity of females to bear children.   
    

78. According to psychoanalyst Karen Horney, males often envy the capacity of women to bear children, which she termed _____.     
 * womb envy    
 penis shame    
 reproductive inferiority    
 genesis anxiety   
    

79. It was _____ who said, "My own belief is that man has the capacity as well as the desire to develop his potentialities and become a decent human being, and that these deteriorate if his relationship to others and hence to himself is, and continues to be, disturbed."     
 Alfred Adler    
 Carl Jung    
 * Karen Horney    
 Albert Bandura   
    

80. It was _____ who said, "One should be capable of giving in to others, of fighting, and of keeping to oneself. The three can complement each other and make for a harmonious whole."     
 Alfred Adler    
 Carl Jung    
 * Karen Horney    
 Albert Bandura   
    

81. The collective unconscious is to _____ as womb envy is to _____.     
 Jung; Adler    
 * Jung; Horney    
 Erikson; Adler    
 Adler; Horney   
    

82. In contrast to Freud's ideas, Alfred Adler believed that:     
 the images and themes contained in the collective unconscious are transmitted from one generation to the next.    
 * the most fundamental human motive was the desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection.    
 there are eight stages of psychosocial development that occur throughout the lifespan.    
 the Oedipus complex persists and resurfaces throughout life.   
    

83. According to Alfred Adler, feelings of _____ are universal during infancy and childhood.     
 anxiety    
 guilt    
 * inferiority    
 superiority   
    

84. Despite the fact that Isaac is actually incompetent at many of the tasks that his job entails, he is constantly bragging about his accomplishments, abilities, and skills. Alfred Adler would probably suggest that Isaac has developed _____ to cover up his weaknesses.     
 an archetype    
 sublimation    
 * a superiority complex    
 an inferiority complex   
    

85. Wendy often avoids trying or learning new tasks because she sees herself as inadequate, weak, and helpless. Alfred Adler would probably suggest that Wendy has developed _____ that keeps her from striving for mastery and self-improvement.     
 an archetype    
 sublimation    
 a superiority complex    
 * an inferiority complex   
    

86. According to Alfred Adler, feelings of inferiority:     
 are more prominent in women than in men.    
 are the most fundamental archetype of the collective unconscious.    
 * motivate people to compensate for real or imagined weaknesses.    
 are resolved during the latency stage of psychosexual development.   
    

87. The collective unconscious is to _____ as the inferiority complex is to _____.     
 Carl Rogers; Karen Horney    
 * Carl Jung; Alfred Adler    
 Alfred Adler; Sigmund Freud    
 Karen Horney; Carl Jung   
    

88. The inferiority complex is to _____ as basic anxiety is to _____.     
 * Adler; Horney    
 Jung; Adler    
 Erikson; Jung    
 Adler; Jung   
    

89. It was _____ who said, "To be human means to have inferiority feelings. . . . But in the mentally healthy person this inferiority feeling acts as a motive for productivity, as a motive for attempting to overcome obstacles, to maintain oneself in life."     
 * Alfred Adler    
 Carl Jung    
 Karen Horney    
 Albert Bandura   
    

90. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Freud's theory of personality?     
 Freud based his theory on self-analysis and a small number of patients.    
 Many of Freud's psychoanalytic concepts are so vague that they are impossible to objectively measure or confirm.    
 Freud did not keep detailed records of his therapy sessions with his patients, so it is impossible to objectively verify his observations.    
 * Freud's lifelong addiction to cocaine and several other drugs distorted his thinking.   
    

91. Freud's personality theory was primarily based on case studies of:     
 his family members.    
 a large group of patients who were randomly chosen to be a representative sample of the Austrian population.    
 * a small number of middle-class and upper-class patients, himself, and historical figures.    
 himself, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler.   
    

92. Many psychoanalytic ideas are difficult to test because:     
 * they cannot be operationally defined and objectively measured.    
 ethical guidelines prohibit this kind of research.    
 it is impossible to recruit naive research subjects who are unaware of Freud's ideas.    
 Freud's original notes and experimental data were destroyed by the Nazis.   
    

93. Which of the following psychoanalytic ideas has NOT been supported by empirical research?     
 Much of mental life is unconscious.    
 * Children predictably progress through the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital psychosexual stages.    
 Early childhood experiences are important to adult relationships and personality development.    
 Some people are better than others at controlling their impulses and directing their energies toward socially acceptable ends.   
    

94. Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been criticized as sexist. To defend Freud against this accusation, a follower of Freud might point to:     
 Freud's notion of penis envy.    
 Freud's view that men represent "normal" psychological development, whereas women are a deviation from the male norm.    
 * the active involvement of women in the early psychoanalytic movement.    
 Freud's belief that women were more emotional and less ethical than men.   
    

95. Which of the following is referred to as the "third force" in psychology?     
 * humanistic psychology    
 the social cognitive perspective on personality    
 the neo-Freudian approach    
 behavioral genetics   
    

96. Two psychologists who made important contributions to the humanistic perspective on personality were:     
 B. F. Skinner and Albert Bandura    
 Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung    
 * Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers    
 Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell   
    

97. Humanistic psychology is a view of personality that emphasizes:     
 reciprocal determinism.    
 * the study of psychologically healthy people.    
 the importance of genetic factors in personality.    
 unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.   
    

98. Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow contended that:     
 the only way to understand the development of a psychologically healthy personality was to study people with severe psychological problems.    
 genetic factors are much more important than situational factors in personality development.    
 * human motives are arranged in an hierarchy.    
 all people eventually achieve self-actualization.   
    

99. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualized people?     
 They perceive themselves, others, and external reality realistically.    
 * They tend to be dependent on others and have a strong need to be surrounded by other people.    
 They tend to be spontaneous, natural, and open in their behavior and thoughts.    
 They tend to be creative.   
    

100. Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers contended that the most basic human motive is:     
 aggression.    
 conditional positive regard.    
 * the actualizing tendency.    
 striving for superiority over others.   
    

101. Logan and Paula were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Logan was convinced that society would collapse and that chaos would occur, as there would be nothing to hold back the destructive, hostile tendencies of people. Logan's views are most similar to those of:     
 * Sigmund Freud.    
 Carl Rogers.    
 Alfred Adler.    
 Albert Bandura.   
    

102. Ethan and Holly were debating what would happen to society if the government collapsed and the military and police were disbanded. Holly felt strongly that although things would probably be chaotic at first, people would very naturally strive to help each other in constructive ways. Holly's views are most similar to those of:     
 Sigmund Freud.    
 * Carl Rogers.    
 Alfred Adler.    
 Carl Jung.   
    

103. It was _____ who said, "Man is a wolf to man."     
 Carl Jung    
 Karen Horney    
 Alfred Adler    
 * Sigmund Freud   
    

104. It was _____ who said, "I dare to believe that when the human being is inwardly free to choose whatever he deeply values, he tends to value those objects, experiences, and goals that will make for his own survival, growth, and development, and for the survival and development of others."     
 Carl Jung    
 * Carl Rogers    
 Sigmund Freud    
 Alfred Adler   
    

105. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, a person is highly motivated to act in a way that is consistent with:     
 his or her sense of self-efficacy in a particular situation.    
 the behavior of others.    
 his or her source traits.    
 * his or her self-concept.   
    

106. Spencer has always considered himself to be an honest person. So when he walked into the empty classroom and found a wallet that contained a hundred dollars in cash, he took it to the campus security office. According to Carl Rogers's theory of personality, Spencer's behavior when he found the purse was motivated by:     
 the unconscious fear of getting caught.    
 * his desire to act in a way that was consistent with his self-concept.    
 the sense of guilt he would feel if he kept the money.    
 the "imaginary audience" or his belief that someone might observe his behavior.   
    

107. According to Carl Rogers, when a child senses that he is loved and valued only when he behaves in a way that is acceptable to his parents, the parents are displaying _____ toward the child.     
 congruence    
 self-efficacy    
 * conditional positive regard    
 unconditional positive regard   
    

108. Five-year-old Sam begins to cry when he discovers that his pet turtle has died. His father scolds Sam for crying and says, "Big boys don't cry." According to Carl Rogers, because Sam's father is using _____, Sam is likely to _____ his feelings of sadness in the future.     
 punishment; exaggerate    
 ego defense mechanisms; rationalize    
 unconditional positive regard; accept    
 * conditional positive regard; deny   
    

109. Four-year-old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Rogers's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of _____ from her parents.     
 conditional positive regard    
 reciprocal determinism    
 * unconditional positive regard    
 self-efficacy   
    

110. Which of the following statements about Carl Rogers's theory of personality is FALSE?     
 * Rogers strongly advocated permissive parenting to help create psychologically healthy children.    
 Rogers believed that psychological problems can occur when people are in a state of incongruence and out of touch with their true feelings.    
 Rogers believed that basic human nature is positive, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy.    
 Rogers advocated the use of unconditional positive regard to promote the development of a psychologically healthy personality.   
    

111. What term did Carl Rogers use to describe a psychologically healthy person who does not deny or distort thoughts or emotions and has a flexible self-concept?     
 * the fully functioning person    
 a self-actualized person    
 an extravert    
 the reciprocally-determined person   
    

112. In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self.     
 displacement    
 conditional positive regard    
 * congruence    
 unconditional positive regard   
    

113. Carl Rogers's theory of personality and humanistic psychology has been criticized for:     
 * being naively optimistic about human nature.    
 being based solely on experimental evidence.    
 having no practical application.    
 overemphasizing the role of genetics in personality development.   
    

114. Humanistic theories of personality have helped promote the scientific study of:     
 unconscious influences on personality, emotions, and psychological conflicts.    
 human aggression.    
 * creativity and the healthy personality.    
 the role of genetics in personality.   
    

115. The _____ perspective on personality emphasizes conscious thought processes, self-regulation, and the importance of situational influences.     
 humanistic    
 psychoanalytic    
 trait    
 * social cognitive   
    

116. Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?     
 * the social cognitive perspective    
 the humanistic perspective    
 the trait perspective    
 the psychoanalytic perspective   
    

117. In what way is the social cognitive perspective on personality similar to the humanistic perspective on personality?     
 Both perspectives stress unconscious influences.    
 * Both perspectives stress the importance of conscious thoughts about the self.    
 Both perspectives stress the importance of genetic influences.    
 Both perspectives stress case studies and insights derived from individual psychotherapy.   
    

118. Identify the correct way in which the social cognitive perspective on personality differs from both the psychoanalytic and the humanistic perspectives.     
 The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of unconscious influences.    
 The social cognitive perspective stresses the importance of individual differences.    
 The social cognitive perspective emphasizes insights derived from case studies.    
 * The social cognitive perspective emphasizes information derived from empirical research and experimental data.   
    

119. _____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory called _____.     
 * Albert Bandura; social cognitive theory    
 Carl Rogers; humanistic psychology    
 Sigmund Freud; psychoanalysis    
 Raymond Cattell; the five-factor model   
    

120. According to Bandura's theory, which of the following factors is likely to contribute to the self-regulation of behavior?     
 the strength of the person's superego    
 effective ego defense mechanisms    
 * observing other people's behavior and the consequences of their actions    
 experiencing unconditional positive regard from parents, teachers, and other authority figures   
    

121. According to reciprocal determinism:     
 * human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.    
 unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality.    
 self-efficacy interacts with the environment to determine one's reactions to events in one's life.    
 human behavior is determined by the unconscious personality dynamics that give rise to self-efficacy.   
    

122. Your subjective belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called:     
 a defense mechanism.    
 * self-efficacy.    
 the self-concept.    
 Factor 5, Conscientiousness.   
    

123. Rhonda feels confident in her ability to dance the part of Clara in The Nutcracker ballet. Albert Bandura would say that Rhonda is showing a high level of:     
 reciprocal determinism.    
 unconditional positive regard.    
 * self-efficacy.    
 sublimation.   
    

124. Gillian's club is planning a 10K race as a fund-raiser. Because Gillian had never run in a race before, she was certain that she would not be able to complete the 10K and instead volunteered to screen and register the runners. How might the social cognitive theory be used to explain Gillian's behavior?     
 Gillian is low on Factor 5, Persistence.    
 The absence of unconditional positive regard in Gillian's childhood has left her full of self-doubt and anxiety.    
 * Gillian has a strong sense of self-efficacy when it comes to talking to people and writing down information, but she has a weak sense of self-efficacy when it comes to running in a race.    
 Gillian suffers from unresolved, unconscious conflicts regarding her femininity and repressed competitive urges.   
    

125. According to Albert Bandura, what is the best way to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy in a particular realm of behavior?     
 Through unconditional positive regard and a congruent self-concept.    
 * Through observational learning and mastery experiences.    
 Adopting the ego defense mechanisms of sublimation and displacement.    
 By developing a more positive "possible self" in that realm of behavior.   
    

126. According to social cognitive theory, the self-system is:     
 * flexible.    
 unchanging.    
 composed of the id, ego, and superego.    
 congruent.   
    

127. Social cognitive theorists tend to believe that people are:     
 innately good, but can be warped by an unhealthy upbringing.    
 innately destructive, but can be raised to conform to societal rules.    
 controlled solely by external, environmental events.    
 * largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.   
    

128. Which of the following represents a key STRENGTH of the social cognitive perspective?     
 The social cognitive perspective provides a good explanation of irrational human behavior.    
 The social cognitive perspective has provided a way to test empirically psychoanalytic concepts, such as the Oedipus complex and superego.    
 * Social cognitive concepts, such as self-efficacy, can be operationally defined and empirically tested.    
 The social cognitive perspective has had a major impact on areas outside of personality theory and psychology, such as art, literature, and philosophy.   
    

129. Which of the following represents a key WEAKNESS of the social cognitive perspective?     
 The social cognitive perspective has no empirical support.    
 * The social cognitive perspective focuses only on limited aspects of human personality.    
 The social cognitive perspective is based upon clinical observations of a very small group of people, most of whom were being treated for psychological problems.    
 Social cognitive concepts have little or no applicability to daily life.   
    

130. Identify the personality theorist who wrote, "The massive threats to human welfare are generally brought about by deliberate acts of principle, rather than unrestrained acts of impulse."     
 * Albert Bandura    
 Sigmund Freud    
 Carl Rogers    
 Hans Eysenck   
    

131. According to Albert Bandura, many of the most horrifying examples of human cruelty, such as the Nazi extermination camps during World War II, have been due to:     
 * consciously chosen goals and motives and rational behavior.    
 negative social and personal experiences which warp the developing person.    
 the failure of societal laws and the superego to control the aggressive id.    
 leaders who are high in the traits of psychoticism and neuroticism.   
    

132. Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual differences?     
 * the trait perspective    
 the psychoanalytic perspective    
 the humanistic perspective    
 the social cognitive perspective   
    

133. When David is asked to describe his best friend Josh, he responds: "Josh is very friendly, pretty intelligent, and a really nice guy. He seems laid-back, but he actually works hard at keeping up with his college classes. He's a lot of fun because he's always ready to try something new." David's description of his friend's personality would be most consistent with which of the following approaches to personality?     
 psychoanalytic    
 social cognitive    
 humanistic    
 * trait   
    

134. A focus on similarities among people is to the _____ perspective as a focus on differences among people is to the _____ perspective.     
 trait; social cognitive    
 psychoanalytic; humanistic    
 * psychoanalytic; trait    
 social cognitive; humanistic   
    

135. Dr. Barkulis is a trait theorist. He would be most likely to describe an individual in terms of her:     
 unconscious conflicts and repressed wishes.    
 * unique combination of characteristics or attributes.    
 self-concept.    
 level of self-efficacy.   
    

136. A trait is formally defined as:     
 a set of beliefs that are held about the self.    
 an unconscious motive or drive.    
 a specific defense mechanism that produces a particular pattern of behavior.    
 * a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain way.   
    

137. Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.     
 psychoanalytic    
 * trait    
 humanistic    
 social cognitive   
    

138. Traits that are easy to infer from observable behaviors are called _____ traits.     
 * surface    
 source    
 conscious    
 congruent   
    

139. Trait theorists have analyzed and grouped large numbers of _____ traits in order to identify a smaller number of _____.     
 surface traits; universal psychological needs    
 source traits; traits that most people share    
 * surface traits; source traits    
 source traits; surface traits   
    

140. "Punctual" is to "conscientious" as _____ is to _____.     
 introversion; extroversion    
 * surface trait; source trait    
 Freud; Maslow    
 psychoanalytic; social cognitive   
    

141. Trait theorists tend to believe that:     
 behavior is determined more by situational influences than by innate personal characteristics.    
 there are thousands of source traits, but only a few important surface traits.    
 because personality is so complex, no single set of personality dimensions can possibly describe the nature of a unique individual.    
 * there are a small number of source traits that represent a universal way of describing individual personality differences.   
    

142. Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called _____ to sort through a large number of personality traits and identify those that represented the most basic dimensions of personality.     
 * factor analysis    
 archetyping    
 the MMPI technique    
 meta-analysis   
    

143. Identify the trait theorist who believed that personality could be described in terms of sixteen personality dimensions.     
 Hans Eysenck    
 Albert Bandura    
 * Raymond Cattell    
 Robert McCrae   
    

144. According to Raymond Cattell, the most basic dimensions of personality can be described in terms of _____ factors.     
 three    
 * sixteen    
 five    
 twenty   
    

145. According to Hans Eysenck, personality can be best described in terms of which basic trait dimensions?     
 * introversion/extroversion; stability/neuroticism; and psychoticism.    
 introverted/neurotic; extraverted/neurotic; extraverted/stable; and introverted/stable.    
 neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.    
 extroversion and psychoticism.   
    

146. Alyssa is a quiet, rather shy young woman who lives at home while attending college. She would rather meet an old friend for coffee than meet new people or go to parties.  In terms of Hans Eysenck's model of personality, Alyssa appears to rate high on the trait of _____.     
 repression    
 psychoticism    
 * introversion    
 extraversion   
    

147. According to Eysenck's theory, the four basic personality types are:     
 Psychotic-Extraverted; Psychotic-Introverted; Psychotic-Stable; and Psychotic-Unstable.    
 * Extraverted-Neurotic; Extraverted-Stable; Introverted-Neurotic; and Introverted-Stable.    
 Agreeable-Emotional; Disagreeable-Stable; Cheerful-Peaceful; and Gloomy-Restless.    
 Average; Reserved; Outgoing; Psychotic.   
    

148. In Hans Eysenck's personality model, someone who is high on the trait dimension of psychoticism would be:     
 warm and caring toward other people.    
 moody, anxious, restless, and emotionally unstable.    
 * antisocial, cold, hostile, and unconcerned about other people.    
 unconventional, imaginative, and creative.   
    

149. A personality test reveals that Jacqueline is antagonistic, ruthless, and suspicious, while Melissa is acquiescent, soft-hearted, and trusting. It appears that Jacqueline and Melissa have scored at opposite ends of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.     
 Conscientiousness    
 Openness to Experience    
 Extraversion    
 * Agreeableness   
    

150. Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks out new experiences.  Will is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished.  In terms of the five-factor model, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of _____, while Will would probably score high on the dimension of _____.     
 Extraversion; Introversion    
 * Openness to Experience; Conscientiousness    
 Originality; Conventionality    
 Agreeableness; Neuroticism   
    

151. According to Eysenck's theory, _____ tend to seek out stimulating environments, whereas _____ tend to avoid stimulating environments.     
 neurotics; psychotics    
 psychotics; neurotics    
 * extraverts; introverts    
 introverts; extraverts   
    

152. Margaret has been classified as high in extroversion. According to Eysenck's theory, she is most likely to seek out a(n) _____ environment in order to _____.     
 * stimulating; raise her level of arousal    
 unstimulating; lower her level of arousal    
 stimulating; lower her level of arousal    
 unstimulating; compensate for her outgoing personality style   
    

153. John has been classified as high in introversion. Eysenck would predict that:     
 his nervous system is not as easily aroused as is an extravert's nervous system.    
 he would prefer a quiet environment, because he would tend to react to new stimuli less intensely than an extravert would.    
 he would seek out and thrive in a highly stimulating environment.    
 * he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.   
    

154. The Focus on Neuroscience described an fMRI study that investigated how people with different personality traits responded to positive and negative images. The study compared brain activation in participants who scored high on the trait of _____ with participants who scored high on the trait of _____.     
 neuroticism; psychoticism    
 conscientiousness; agreeableness    
 openness to experience; introversion    
 * extraversion;  neuroticism   
    

155. The Focus on Neuroscience described an fMRI study that investigated how people with different personality traits responded to positive and negative images.  What was the chief finding of the study?     
 High extraversion scores were associated with higher levels of brain activation in response to both positive and negative images, while high introversion scores were associated with lower levels of brain activation to both negative and positive images.    
 Participants who scored high on extraversion had more left hemisphere activity than participants who scored high on neuroticism.    
 * High extraversion scores were associated with greater brain activation in response to positive images, and high neuroticism scores were associated with greater brain activation in response to negative images.    
 Participants who scored high on extraversion had more right hemisphere activity than participants who scored high on neuroticism.   
    

156. The Focus on Neuroscience described an fMRI study that investigated how people with different personality traits responded to positive and negative images.  What was the major conclusion of this study?     
 * Specific personality traits are associated with individual differences in the brain's response to emotional stimuli.    
 There were no major differences in brain activity between people who differ in personality traits.    
 Although there might be differences in brain activity patterns in people with different personality traits, these differences are too subtle to be measured with current neuroscience techniques.    
 Extraversion is associated with left hemisphere brain activity, while neuroticism is associated with right hemisphere brain activity.   
    

157. The most widely accepted trait theory today is called:     
 the Sixteen Personality Factor Model (16 PF).    
 * the five-factor model of personality.    
 the reciprocal determinism model of personality.    
 the interaction model.   
    

158. According to the _____ model of personality, personality can be defined in terms of five basic dimensions.     
 psychoanalytic    
 social cognitive    
 * five-factor    
 behavioral genetic   
    

159. The "Big Five" are:     
 Freud, Rogers, Maslow, Bandura, and Eysenck.    
 Introversion, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Stability, and Psychoticism.    
 * Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.    
 The Rorschach, TAT, MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF.   
    

160. Cross-cultural research on traits has found that:     
 * people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.    
 every culture has its own unique way of describing the basic structure of personality.    
 collectivistic cultures describe the structure of personality in a very different way than individualistic cultures.    
 Asian societies tend to describe personality in terms of self-orientation and other-orientation, rather than in terms of individual characteristics.   
    

161. At 25, James is a very calm, even-tempered person who enjoys socializing with others and likes a lot of variety in his life. Psychological research would predict that at age 45, James would:     
 probably experience a midlife crisis, which could change his personality traits in unexpected ways.    
 become much more introverted and prefer a quieter lifestyle, a tendency that would increase throughout middle and late adulthood.    
 display traits that were exactly the opposite to those traits he displayed at age 25.    
 * display personality traits that were very similar to his personality traits at age 25.   
    

162. Regarding the relative consistency of personality traits across different situations, most researchers today believe that:     
 external situational influences have a greater effect on behavior than internal personality traits.    
 external situational influences have virtually no impact on behavior.    
 personality traits are likely to influence behavior only in situations that involve rigid social rules or expectations.    
 * external situational influences may limit the expression of personality traits, but personality traits are generally consistent across a wide variety of situations.   
    

163. The field of behavioral genetics studies the:     
 behaviors that are determined solely by genes.    
 * effects of genes and heredity on behavior.    
 effects of behavior on genes and heredity.    
 effects of hormones on genes and behavior.   
    

164. Professor Lannigan specializes in human behavioral genetics. Which of the following research methods is she NOT likely to use in her research?     
 Study identical twins who have been raised apart.    
 Compare adopted individuals to their adoptive families and their biological families.    
 Measure similarities and differences among people who are genetically related in differing degrees.    
 * Use genetic engineering to alter a particular gene and then observe the effects on a person's personality traits or behavior.   
    

165. Polly and Marlene are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _____, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to _____.     
 * genetic influences; environmental influences    
 environmental influences; genetic influences    
 coincidence; genetic influences    
 heritability; heredity   
    

166. Daniel was adopted at birth. In a behavioral genetics study, similarities between Daniel and his adoptive parents are considered to be due to _____, and similarities between Daniel and his biological parents are considered to be due to _____.     
 genetic influences; environmental influences    
 * environmental influences; genetic influences    
 coincidence; environmental influences    
 heritability; environmental influences   
    

167. Assume that "friendliness" is a genetically influenced trait. Which of the following groups would you expect to be MOST similar on the trait of friendliness?     
 fraternal twins    
 biological siblings    
 parents and their firstborn child    
 * identical twins   
    

168. The data that provide evidence for the genetic influence on personality traits:     
 * also provide evidence for the importance of environmental influences.    
 demonstrate that personality traits are almost entirely due to genetics, and environmental influences have no effect on personality.    
 demonstrate that some traits are wholly due to genetics, and other traits are wholly due to environmental influences.    
 demonstrate that Freud's theory of personality has no validity.   
    

169. One explanation discussed in the text for the similarities between adult identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in separate homes is that:     
 * two unrelated people of exactly the same age and sex would also have many traits and preferences in common.    
 similarities are due to their having identical astrological profiles, despite being raised in different homes.    
 every aspect of personality, including individual preferences, is determined by genes.    
 without the researchers' knowledge, the twin pairs compared notes before being interviewed.   
    

170. An emergenic trait is defined as a trait that:     
 is completely due to environmental influences.    
 is common to all members of a particular racial group.    
 * is the result of a unique configuration of many interacting genes.    
 cannot be measured by any known personality tests.   
    

171. Which of the following is NOT an important weakness of the trait approach to personality?     
 * Trait theories have no empirical research support.    
 Trait theories don't really explain how individual differences develop.    
 Trait theories label and describe individual differences, but they do not explain personality.    
 Trait theories only deal with one aspect of personality and do not address other issues, such as motivation, growth and development, or the role of the unconscious.   
    

172. Dr. Stack is a psychologist who is conducting research in the area of personality traits. Which of the following topics is she MOST likely to investigate?     
 increasing feelings of self-efficacy among first-year college students    
 * personality differences among family members    
 unconscious influences on personality and behavior    
 the effects of unconditional positive regard in early childhood   
    

173. Sigmund Freud is to _____ as Carl Rogers is to _____.     
 Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura    
 psychoanalytic; social cognitive    
 * psychoanalytic; humanistic    
 social cognitive; psychoanalytic   
    

174. _____ is to trait theory as _____ is to social cognitive theory.     
 Sigmund Freud; Raymond Cattell    
 Karen Horney; Albert Bandura    
 Albert Bandura; Carl Rogers    
 * Raymond Cattell; Albert Bandura   
    

175. Which of the following personality theorists emphasized conscious thoughts and experience?     
 Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney    
 Alfred Adler and Carl Jung    
 Carl Jung and Karen Horney    
 * Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura   
    

176. Which of the following personality theorists emphasized unconscious motives?     
 Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura    
 Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell    
 * Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung    
 Hans Eysenck and Abraham Maslow   
    

177. Astrology was originally based upon:     
 the idea that gene expression was influenced by magnetic and gravitational fields.    
 * the assumption that the stars, sun, and planets revolved around the earth.    
 the realization that birth rates vary from one season to another.    
 empirical data that showed that people born in different months had particular personality characteristics.   
    

178. What was found in the study by Carlson described in the "Science Versus Pseudoscience" box on astrology?     
 Astrologers were about 90 percent accurate in their forecasts.    
 Astrologers were able to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a highly significant rate.    
 * Astrologers were unable to correctly match astrological profiles with CPI profiles at a rate any higher than chance.    
 Using CPI profiles, the astrologers could correctly predict the month in which a person was born.   
    

179. The two basic types of personality tests are:     
 aptitude and achievement tests.    
 trait and intelligence tests.    
 normal and abnormal functioning tests.    
 * projective tests and self-report inventories.   
    

180. What type of personality test involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image and is used to assess unconscious motives and conflicts?     
 * a projective test    
 a self-report inventory    
 an aptitude test    
 an achievement test   
    

181. Serena's psychologist asked her to look carefully at several ambiguous images and say what she sees in the images. Serena's psychologist is using what kind of personality test?     
 the California Personality Inventory    
 * a projective test    
 the 16 PF    
 a self-report inventory   
    

182. Dr. Romero asked her patient, Glen, to study a brightly colored image made by an inkblot on a card. She asked Glen to tell her what he "saw" in the image and took careful notes of his descriptions. What test is Dr. Romero using?     
 the Thematic Apperception Test    
 the Thematic Inkblot Test    
 * the Rorschach Inkblot Test    
 the Minnesota Multiphasic Test   
    

183. Graphology is:     
 * a pseudoscience that claims handwriting can reveal personality traits, temperament, intelligence, occupational attributes, and reasoning ability.    
 a projective personality test.    
 the study of graphs to assess unconscious personality traits.    
 a technique used by trait theorists to uncover unconscious motives.   
    

184. The research study described in your text tested the ability of graphologists to discriminate among people in different occupations because graphologists claim to have special expertise in the area of:     
 * predicting which job applicant will prove to be successful in a particular occupation.    
 predicting people who are most likely to have accidents.    
 predicting a job applicant's level of achievement motivation.    
 predicting the likelihood that a person will behave honestly.   
    

185. Your textbook discusses a research study that attempted to test the ability of graphologists to distinguish between three groups of people based on their handwriting. The three groups were:     
 astrologers, graphologists, and psychologists.    
 * successful and unsuccessful secretaries; actors and monks; and librarians and entrepreneurs.    
 priests, politicians, and scientists.    
 successful and unsuccessful actors; secretaries and circus performers; and janitors and pilots.   
    

186. Your textbook describes a research study that was designed to test the ability of graphologists to use handwriting samples to distinguish among occupational groups. What were the results of this study?     
 Among the evaluators involved in the study, the graphologists were the best in the ability to distinguish among occupational groups.    
 Psychologists were more accurate than graphologists when they evaluated handwriting samples, but less accurate than graphologists when they evaluated typewritten transcripts of the handwriting samples.    
 * The graphologists predicted that they would be 100 percent accurate in distinguishing among occupational groups, but their overall performance was only slightly better than that of untrained evaluators.    
 Successful secretaries, but not unsuccessful secretaries, showed the greatest proficiency in distinguishing among different occupational groups based on handwriting samples.   
    

187. Dr. Duran showed his patient Adam a series of cards, each of which depicted an ambiguous scene, such as two people talking on a park bench, or an older woman looking over a young woman's shoulder. Dr. Duran asked Adam to tell him a story about the picture. What test is Dr. Duran using?     
 * the Thematic Apperception Test    
 the Thematic Inkblot Test    
 the Rorschach Inkblot Test    
 the Minnesota Multiphasic Test   
    

188. The main strength of projective tests is that:     
 the tests are valid, meaning they measure what they are supposed to measure.    
 different examiners are likely to find very similar results if they give the test to the same individual.    
 the scoring of projective tests is extremely objective.    
 * they provide a great deal of qualitative information about an individual, which may be helpful in psychotherapy.   
    

189. Regarding projective tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?     
 The scoring of projective tests is very subjective.    
 Projective tests often produce inconsistent results.    
 * Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.    
 When they administer a projective test, different examiners may arrive at different conclusions about the same individual.   
    

190. The type of personality test that involves people's responding to specific questions and comparing the responses to established norms collected on large groups of people is called a(n):     
 projective test.    
 * self-report inventory.    
 aptitude test.    
 IQ test.   
    

191. According to your textbook, the most widely used self-report inventory is the:     
 Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT.    
 Rorschach Inkblot Test.    
 Children's Apperception Test, or CAT.    
 * Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.   
    

192. Dr. Kildare gave his patient a lengthy test that involved more than 500 questions. The patient was instructed to respond to each statement with either "True," "False," or "Cannot say." Dr. Kildare told his patient that the test would be scored by computer, but that he would analyze the results and discuss them with her. Most likely, Dr. Kildare's patient has taken which personality test?     
 * the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI.   
 Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT.    
 Rorschach Inkblot Test.    
 Children's Apperception Test, or CAT.   
    

193. Two self-report inventories that were originally designed to assess the personality characteristics of normal populations are:     
 the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT).    
 * the California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF).    
 the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.    
 The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.    
    

194. Identify the personality test that was originally developed by Raymond Cattell and that is based upon Cattell's trait theory.     
 the CPI    
 the TAT    
 the MMPI    
 * the 16 PF    
    

195. Dr. Klein frequently uses the _____ in his clinical practice to generate personality profiles on sixteen dimensions of personality, especially when he is counseling marital partners.     
 CPI    
 * 16 PF    
 MMPI    
 Rorschach Inkblot Test    
    

196. Which of the following is NOT a strength of the self-report inventories discussed in your textbook?     
 Scoring is very objective and consistent from one examiner to another or from one time period to another.    
 The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to predict future behavior.    
 * The MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF can be used to provide qualitative information about the individual's unconscious motives, conflicts, and feelings.    
 Research studies have established that the MMPI, CPI, and 16 PF are all reliable and valid measures of personality.    
    

197. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report inventories?     
 People may misjudge their own attitudes and behaviors.    
 People can sometimes successfully fake their responses or intentionally deceive the examiner.    
 Since some inventories have hundreds of items, people may not answer every item carefully and accurately.    
 * Scoring is very subjective and may vary from one examiner to another.    
    

198. Dr. Wilkerson has given her new patient several psychological tests. What approach should Dr. Wilkerson take in interpreting the test results?     
 She should assume that the tests tell her everything she needs to know about her new patient.    
 She should assume that the test results are likely to contradict her patient's self-concept.    
 * She should combine her knowledge of the test results with behavioral observations and information from other sources, including the patient himself.    
 She should assume that the Rorschach and TAT tests will provide the most reliable insights into her patient's personality traits.    
    

199. "Possible selves" refers to:     
 ego defense mechanisms that involve fantasy.    
 * aspects of the self-concept that reflect images that people hope, fear, or expect to become in the future.    
 those aspects of the self-concept that are congruent with a person's emotions and experiences.    
 the unconscious aspects of the self-concept that are repressed because they are felt to be unacceptable.    
    

200. Even before she enrolled in college, Diana's dream was to become a veterinarian. She is taking several college classes required to apply to a veterinary school. Diana's possible selves are likely to have a positive effect on:     
 her surface traits, but not her source traits.    
 her psychosexual stage of personality development.    
 the archetypes she experiences in her dreams and fantasies.    
 * her level of motivation and beliefs of self-efficacy in college.    
    

201. Dylan wishes to apply the research on "possible selves" to help him become more motivated in college. As a first step, he should:     
 go to the student counseling center and ask to take the 16 PF.    
 recognize and nurture his repressed actualizing tendency.    
 * become consciously aware of the possible selves that he already holds and evaluate their effect on him.    
 choose heroic figures from films and novels as models for his future possible selves.    
    

202. Jose is a ninth-grader who dreams of becoming a major-league baseball player. Because of his _____, Jose will probably practice longer and harder than the other players on his high school softball team.     
 trait of conscientiousness    
 extraversion    
 superiority complex    
 * possible self