1. Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history?     
 From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders.    
 * Early psychologists disagreed about which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study.    
 Virtually all of the early psychologists were trained as medical doctors.    
 The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was founded in the seventeenth century.   
    

2. Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about such psychological topics as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?     
 * Aristotle    
 Plato    
 Augustine    
 Aquinas   
    

3. In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of:     
 Aristotle.    
 * Descartes.    
 Wundt.    
 Ebbinghaus.   
    

4. French philosopher RenŽ Descartes:     
 strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science.    
 * promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism.    
 was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology.    
 had a close friendship with Sigmund Freud.   
    

5. Interactive dualism is the idea that:     
 all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive.    
 most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind.    
 * mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.    
 people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other.   
    

6. Psychology is formally defined as:     
 the treatment of mental illness.    
 the study of human problems.    
 * the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.    
 the scientific investigation of unconscious mental processes.   
    

7. Your psychology professor says that we are biological creatures and are heavily influenced by our genes. You are not sure that you agree with her, believing that we are who we are because of our environments and what we learn. You and your psychology professor are:     
 * describing the parts of the nature-nurture issue.    
 expressing views that Wundt studied.    
 demonstrating the interactive dualism debate.    
 describing the questions that Aristotle wrote about.   
    

8. What is a key difference between the philosophical debates of centuries ago and the scientific debates of psychology today?     
 Philosophers questioned the extent to which nurture influenced actions, whereas psychologists today are more concerned with issues related to nature's effects on actions.    
 Psychologists today believe that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact, whereas philosophers believed that the mind and the body acted as one.    
 Philosophers believed that the study of consciousness was the important area of investigation for psychology, whereas psychologists today believe that the study of learning should be the major area of investigation.    
 * Philosophers relied largely on logical reasoning and intuition to arrive at their conclusions, whereas today's psychologists base their conclusions on the systematic gathering of evidence to test and support ideas.   
    

9. Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?     
 history    
 mathematics    
 physics    
 * physiology   
    

10. How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?     
 In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior.    
 At the International Physiology Convention in 1868, leading physiologists signed the document "Separation of Physiology and Psychology."    
 * Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.    
 The famous Bonn University Physiology Department voted to split into two departments - physiology and psychology.   
    

11. Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?     
 the nature of religious beliefs    
 * fundamental psychological processes, such as the reaction to an auditory stimulus    
 mental disorders and abnormal behavior    
 damaged areas of the human brain   
    

12. Wilhelm Wundt:     
 * was a German physiologist.    
 was the first scientist to dissect the human brain in the early 1600s.    
 is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes.    
 trained Sigmund Freud in the use of hypnosis to treat mental disorders.   
    

13. Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology:     
 * in his famous text titled Principles of Physiological Psychology.    
 in a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1939.    
 in a public debate with William James at Harvard University.    
 on the famous "lecture wall" at the University of Hamburg.   
    

14. Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?     
 Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled "On the Soul."    
 The 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitled Behaviorism.    
 * The establishment of the first psychology laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879.    
 Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in 1946.   
    

15. Which early approach or "school" of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener?     
 nominalism    
 pragmatism    
 functionalism    
 * structuralism   
    

16. More so than any other male psychologist at that time, it was ______ who helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.     
 G. Stanley Hall    
 Carl Jung    
 William James    
 * Edward Titchener   
    

17. Structuralism:     
 was founded by William James as the first early "school" of psychology.    
 ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one.    
 * was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings.    
 contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation.   
    

18. The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of:     
 habits and adaptive behavior.    
 physiology.    
 the relative importance of nature versus nurture.    
 * the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.   
    

19. Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?     
 functionalism    
 Gestalt    
 behaviorism    
 * structuralism   
    

20. "What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?" This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of:     
 humanism.    
 behaviorism.    
 functionalism.    
 * structuralism.   
    

21. You are a subject in an experiment who is told: "Look at this ball very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?     
 psychoanalysis    
 functionalism    
 * structuralism    
 behaviorism   
    

22. As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffee mug carefully and then report all of your sensations and feelings about the coffee mug after viewing it. What psychological technique have you been told to use?     
 psychoanalysis    
 * introspection    
 interactive dualism    
 natural selection   
    

23. What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique?     
 It was an unreliable method since different subjects often provided different reports about the same stimulus.    
 * There was too great an emphasis on the physiological mechanisms that made the technique work so effectively.    
 Introspection could not be used to study children or animals.    
 A number of topics, including learning, development, and mental disorders could not be studied using this technique.   
    

24. One important limitation of introspection as a scientific method was that:     
 * introspection could not be used to study behavior in children or animals.    
 introspection could only be used to study the behavior of people in groups.    
 introspection emphasized unconscious mental processes rather than conscious mental processes.    
 introspection was only appropriate as a method to study complex topics, such as learning, development, and personality.   
    

25. Of the early schools of psychology, which was the first to disappear?     
 psychoanalysis    
 functionalism    
 behaviorism    
 * structuralism   
    

26. Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?     
 * William James    
 Sigmund Freud    
 B. F. Skinner    
 Abraham Maslow   
    

27. _____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.     
 Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener    
 William James; Mary Calkins    
 * Edward Titchener; William James    
 Mary Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt   
    

28. It took more than ten years to write and was over 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook, Principles of Psychology?     
 John B. Watson    
 Margaret Floy Washburn    
 B. F. Skinner    
 * William James   
    

29. "I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the functions of behavior." Such a statement would most likely be made by:     
 * William James    
 Sigmund Freud    
 B. F. Skinner    
 John B. Watson   
    

30. Who said: "Now the immediate fact which psychology, the science of mind, has to study is also the most general fact. It is the fact that in each of us, when awake (and often when asleep), some kind of consciousness is always going on."     
 John B. Watson    
 * William James    
 B. F. Skinner    
 Mary Whiton Calkins   
    

31. Which early school of psychology examined how psychology be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment?     
 structuralism    
 behaviorism    
 psychoanalysis    
 * functionalism   
    

32. Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?     
 structuralism    
 Gestalt psychology    
 * functionalism    
 introspection   
    

33. Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that:     
 psychology should not focus on the study of conscious experience, but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors.    
 psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings.    
 * psychology should study conscious experience.    
 psychological findings should be applied to areas like education and child rearing.   
    

34. Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?     
 William James    
 * G. Stanley Hall    
 James Watson    
 Mary Whiton Calkins   
    

35. Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?     
 Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.    
 Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.    
 Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States.    
 * Calkins founded Gestalt psychology.   
    

36. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Mary Whiton Calkins?     
 She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University.    
 * She was president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality.    
 She was an early pioneer who left the field of psychology before her research was published.    
 She inspired one of Sigmund Freud's most famous case studies.   
    

37. The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:     
 Mary Whiton Calkins.    
 * Margaret Floy Washburn.    
 Anna Freud.    
 Margaret Mead.   
    

38. Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University?     
 Because she was wrongly accused of falsifying the data in her doctoral dissertation.    
 Because at the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research.    
 Because William James became deeply depressed and left Harvard University before he certified that she had completed her degree requirements.    
 * Because she was a woman.   
    

39. Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:     
 studied psychology at Radcliffe and Harvard.    
 were students of William James.    
 * were elected president of the American Psychological Association.    
 were students of Sigmund Freud.   
    

40. Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?     
 * Margaret Floy Washburn    
 John B. Watson    
 Mary Whiton Calkins    
 Edward B. Titchener   
    

41. Psychoanalysis emphasized:     
 * unconscious causes of behavior.    
 overt behavior and principles of learning.    
 psychological growth and conscious experience.    
 the perception of whole figures.   
    

42. Who would have been most likely to say: "Why you behave the way you do is because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?     
 William James    
 John B. Watson    
 * Sigmund Freud    
 G. Stanley Hall   
    

43. Sigmund Freud:     
 * believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.    
 successfully treated William James for major depression.    
 taught at Cornell University after Edward Titchener died.    
 founded humanistic psychology.   
    

44. Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?     
 structuralism    
 * psychoanalysis    
 behaviorism    
 functionalism   
    

45. The founder of psychoanalysis was:     
 American psychologist B. F. Skinner.    
 American psychologist Carl Rogers.    
 German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.    
 * Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.   
    

46. Behaviorism was characterized by:     
 * the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.    
 a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.    
 a focus upon the importance of free will and self-determination.    
 an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.   
    

47. The founder of behaviorism was:     
 G. Stanley Hall.    
 William James.    
 * John Watson.    
 Max Wertheimer.   
    

48. Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:     
 Wundt, Titchener, and James.    
 James, Watson, and Calkins.    
 Maslow, Freud, and Rogers.    
 * Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.   
    

49. Which of the following statements about behaviorism is true?     
 B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism.    
 Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness.    
 Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious behaviors.    
 * John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic.   
    

50. "My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences."  Such a statement would most likely be made by:     
 * John B. Watson.    
 William James.    
 Sigmund Freud.    
 Carl Rogers.   
    

51. Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food?     
 American psychologist Margaret Washburn    
 * Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov    
 Austrian physician Sigmund Freud    
 American psychologist B. F. Skinner   
    

52. With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement and punishment?     
 G. Stanley Hall    
 Abraham Maslow    
 * B. F. Skinner    
 William James   
    

53. Conscious experiences is to unconscious experiences as _____ is to _____.     
 B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow    
 * Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud    
 Wilhelm Wundt; John B. Watson    
 William James; Wilhelm Wundt   
    

54. Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include:     
 * Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.    
 Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner.    
 Sigmund Freud and Max Wertheimer.    
 John Watson and B. F. Skinner.   
    

55. Humanistic psychology emphasized:     
 the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions.    
 the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors.    
 unconscious determinants of personality and behavior.    
 * free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.   
    

56. Humanistic psychology was called the "third force" because it:     
 * provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches that were dominant at the time, behaviorism and psychoanalysis.    
 was based upon the belief that there were three forces that motivated all human behavior.    
 proposed that there were three methods that could be used to scientifically study human behavior.    
 was composed of three separate branches, or schools.   
    

57. _____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.     
 Freud; James    
 Skinner; Calkins    
 * Freud; Rogers    
 Wertheimer; Pavlov   
    

58. The development of drugs that helped control the symptoms of severe psychological disorders and development of techniques to study the human brain contributed to the importance of _____ psychology in recent decades.     
 industrial/organizational    
 cognitive    
 humanistic    
 * biological   
    

59. "Changes in the Brain with Age" would most likely be a journal article written by a psychologist who subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.     
 * biological    
 psychodynamic    
 behavioral    
 cognitive   
    

60. Dr. Jackson is studying changes in the brain after stressful experiences. Dr. Jackson is most likely to subscribe to the _____ perspective.     
 behavioral    
 cross-cultural    
 * biological    
 psychoanalytic   
    

61. The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.     
 cognitive    
 biological    
 humanistic    
 * psychodynamic   
    

62. Freud's landmark theory of personality became the basis of which perspective in contemporary psychology?     
 cognitive    
 * psychodynamic    
 humanistic    
 behavioral   
    

63. Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should study the laws of learning and outwardly observable behavior form the basis of which perspective in contemporary psychology?     
 cognitive    
 psychodynamic    
 humanistic    
 * behavioral   
    

64. The fundamental laws of learning are a focus of the _____ perspective of psychology.     
 cognitive    
 humanistic    
 * behavioral    
 cross-cultural   
    

65. Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who helps people develop choices and self-direction in striving to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon probably subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.     
 cross-cultural    
 psychodynamic    
 cognitive    
 * humanistic   
    

66. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:     
 * the important role of mental processes in how people process information, develop language, solve problems, and think.    
 how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.    
 the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.    
 the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.   
    

67. Which of the following contributed to the "cognitive revolution" and a return to the study of mental processes?     
 When the Russian government announced in 1961 that it was conducting mental telepathy experiments.    
 * The invention of the first computers in the 1950s.    
 The publication of Washburn's study that conclusively showed that mammals dream.    
 The famous sign language studies with the chimp, Washoe.   
    

68. The term cognitive revolution refers to:     
 a political movement that swept the United States after World War I.    
 * a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a "revolt" from traditional behaviorism.    
 the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors.    
 the revolt of research subjects against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.   
    

69. As a psychology researcher, you have found that the expression of emotions in public differs among people from the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits best with which perspective in psychology?     
 evolutionary perspective    
 * cross-cultural perspective    
 cognitive perspective    
 humanistic perspective   
    

70. Research on social loafing demonstrated that European subjects engage in social loafing whereas Chinese subjects display the opposite behavior. These results illustrate the importance of _____ psychology.     
 * cross-cultural    
 cognitive    
 biological    
 humanistic   
    

71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures?     
 A person's identity is closely tied to the identity of a larger group, such as a family or work group.    
 The needs and goals of the group are valued over the needs and goals of the individual.    
 They are more commonly found in Asia and South America than in North America and Europe.    
 * The importance of self-reliance and individual achievement are emphasized.   
    

72. In contrast to collectivistic cultures, individualistic cultures tend to:     
 * value the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.    
 stress the interdependence of all people.    
 be less susceptible to cultural influences.    
 downplay individual abilities and achievements.   
    

73. Psychologist Harry Triandis has said, "All cultures are simultaneously very similar and very different."  What does Triandis mean by this statement?     
 Because individuals are so different, cultures cannot be meaningfully studied or compared.    
 * People in different cultures share many fundamental human attributes and motives, yet people in each culture express these qualities and motives in different ways.    
 Ethnocentrism is more prevalent in some cultures than in others.    
 Collectivistic cultures cannot be understood by members of individualistic cultures.   
    

74. In cross-cultural psychology, the term culture refers to:     
 American music and art.    
 * the attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another.    
 the universal human motives and beliefs that are shared by all people.    
 a colony of bacteria grown in the laboratory, typically in a small glass dish.   
    

75. During her first trip abroad, Paula was surprised to find that people in other cultures ate such foods as snails, squid, insects, lizards, earthworms, and seaweed. "One day they will become civilized like us and eat normal foods like donuts, pizza, hot dogs, and hamburgers and fries," she wrote to her parents. Paula's remarks reflect a tendency called:     
 collectivism.    
 * ethnocentrism.    
 expectancy effects.    
 demand characteristics.   
    

76. When Susan learned that infants in Mayan families in Guatemala often sleep in their mother's bed until the child is two or three years old, she expressed her surprise that the Mayan culture was so "backward" compared to American culture. Susan's views are a good example of _____ in action.     
 normative social influence    
 illusory correlation    
 * ethnocentrism    
 expectancy effects   
    

77. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to:     
 behave in accordance with cultural norms.    
 stress the importance of cross-cultural psychology.    
 * use your own culture as the standard for judging other cultures.    
 deny your ethnic heritage.   
    

78. Which statement best characterizes the evolutionary perspective of psychology?     
 Human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction.    
 To fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures.    
 * A given psychological process exists in the form it does because the process solved a specific problem of individual survival or reproduction recurring over the course of human history.    
 As medical and technological advances have evolved, the biological basis of behavior should be the primary focus of contemporary psychology.   
    

79. Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective:     
 * believe that psychological processes that help individuals adapt to their environment also help them survive, reproduce, and pass those abilities on to future generations.    
 study the fundamental changes in psychological processes and behavior that occur from generation to generation in people.    
 study how different languages evolved.    
 study the tools, artifacts, and drawings of our earliest ancestors.   
    

80. Evolutionary psychology:     
 emphasizes the sweeping changes in human behavior and psychological processes that have occurred in the last 1,000 years.    
 studies the fundamental changes in psychological processes and behavior that occur from generation to generation in people.    
 * sometimes compares a particular behavior across species to develop insights about the adaptive function of that behavior.    
 was established by William James, who was close friends with Charles Darwin.   
    

81. One of the pie charts presented in chapter one listed the specialty areas of psychologists who had recently received their doctorates.  Which specialty area was selected most often?     
 Industrial and organizational psychology    
 School psychology    
 * Clinical psychology    
 Biological psychology   
    

82. One of the pie charts presented in chapter one listed the primary employment settings for psychologists.  What was the most common employment setting for psychologists?     
 Federal, state, or local government agencies    
 * Private practice    
 State or local mental hospitals    
 Business and corporate settings   
    

83. Dr. Nelson studies the psychological factors that seem to be associated with the development of heart disease. Dr. Nelson specializes in:     
 educational psychology.    
 industrial/organizational psychology.    
 * health psychology.    
 developmental psychology.   
    

84. Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:     
 * mental processes.    
 children with special needs.    
 how people are affected by their social environments.    
 psychological disorders and their treatment.   
    

85. Jake is a psychology graduate student who has decided to make the study of basic topics in psychology, such as learning, memory, and sensation, his major field. Jake has likely selected which of the following as his area of specialization?     
 biological psychology    
 * experimental psychology    
 personality psychology    
 clinical psychology   
    

86. Professor Anderson is interested in how family relationships change over time. During the last two decades, he has kept track of and repeatedly surveyed the same group of 3,000 participants about changes in their relationship with their parents and siblings. Professor Anderson is most likely a _____ psychologist.     
 personality    
 health    
 cognitive    
 * developmental   
    

87. Dr. Meziere is giving a presentation on her research at the Annual Symposium of Health Psychologists. Which of the following presentation titles is most likely hers?     
 "Improving Employee Morale in Unfavorable Working Conditions"    
 "The Possible Role of the Cultural Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia and Depression"    
 * "The Impact of Interpersonal Loss on Immune System Functioning"    
 "The Genetic Basis of Personality"   
    

88. Dr. McNair has been studying the effects of different levels of estrogen hormones on mating behaviors in male and female hamsters. On the basis of this information, you might conclude that Dr. McNair is a _____ psychologist.     
 cognitive    
 developmental    
 * biological    
 clinical   
    

89. Which of the following titles would most likely be found in a research journal for social psychology?     
 "Increased levels of the male hormone, testosterone, causes increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats"    
 * "The effects of compliments on helping behavior"    
 "Decreases in intellectual functioning can be reversed through increased mental activities in the older adult"    
 "Motivational effects of stress"   
    

90. Which area of psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique?     
 educational psychology    
 social psychology    
 cross-cultural psychology    
 * personality psychology   
    

91. Dr. Kerrick has developed a training program for young children that will help the children learn to read at a quicker pace and with greater comprehension. What kind of psychologist is Dr. Kerrick?     
 * educational    
 personality    
 organizational    
 clinical   
    

92. What field of psychology focuses on designing programs that promote the intellectual, social, and emotional development of children?     
 social    
 cognitive    
 health    
 * school   
    

93. Mrs. Brunberg works with children who have special needs, helping them to develop their intellectual and social skills. Mrs. Brunberg is most likely a _____ psychologist.     
 health    
 cognitive    
 * school    
 clinical   
    

94. Lynn has just received a research grant to study the effect of downsizing on morale at a large computer company. Lynn is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.     
 cross-cultural    
 biological    
 * industrial/organizational    
 personality   
    

95. Joanna has suffered a series of personal setbacks, including the death of a family member, academic problems in college, and a divorce. She feels so sad, upset, and lonely that she is contemplating suicide. Joanna could probably best be helped by a(n) _____ psychologist.     
 experimental    
 * clinical    
 industrial/organizational    
 educational   
    

96. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about clinical psychologists?     
 They have extensive training in psychological disorders, psychotherapy, and psychological testing.    
 They often work in private practice, hospitals, or community mental health centers.    
 They may conduct psychotherapy with individuals, couples, families, or groups of unrelated people.    
 * As a regular part of their training, they are supervised in prescribing medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures.   
    

97. Dr. Mason and Dr. Jacobson are both involved in treating people with severe mental disorders. Dr. Mason cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but Dr. Jacobson frequently prescribes medications. Dr. Mason is probably a _____, whereas Dr. Jacobson is probably a _____.     
 psychiatrist; clinical psychologist    
 experimental psychologist; biological psychologist    
 * clinical psychologist; psychiatrist    
 social psychologist; health psychologist   
    

98. Which of the following statements about prescribing medications for psychological symptoms is TRUE?     
 Only psychiatrists can prescribe medications for psychological symptoms.    
 Because there are so few psychiatrists in Alaska, it became the first state to allow clinical psychologists to prescribe a small number of medications for treating psychological disorders.    
 * Psychologists in New Mexico can qualify for prescription privileges if they complete additional coursework and a practicum supervised by a physician.    
 As a matter of federal law, psychologists are prohibited from prescribing any type of medication.   
    

99. Which of the following best represents psychology's basic goals?     
 investigate and treat mental illness    
 * describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior    
 listen to, counsel, and console people with problems    
 apply the findings of animal research to abnormal behavior   
    

100. Which is NOT one of the basic goals of psychology?     
 predict    
 * evaluate    
 explain    
 describe   
    

101. Psychologists are guided by the basic scientific assumption that events are lawful. What does this mean to psychologists?     
 Psychologists are required to obey the law in all of their professional activities.    
 * Psychologists assume that behavior and mental processes follow consistent patterns.    
 Psychologists recognize that behavior typically follows the laws created by society.    
 Psychologists assume that abnormal behavior is unlawful whereas normal behavior is lawful.   
    

102. When researchers create questions to investigate, generate evidence, and draw conclusions, they are guided by a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that is (are) called:     
 * the scientific method.    
 the Gestalt principle.    
 critical thinking.    
 primary variables.   
    

103. Like other scientists, psychologists are guided by the assumption that:     
 only experimental data has scientific relevance.    
 statistically significant results have practical significance.    
 certain phenomena will never be understood.    
 * events are lawful and ultimately explainable.   
    

104. Psychologists assume that:     
 * behavior and mental processes have a cause or causes.    
 there are no parallels between human and animal behavior.    
 human behavior can be accurately predicted in any situation.    
 some aspects of behavior and mental processes cannot be understood by scientific means.   
    

105. People who engage in critical thinking:     
 try to boil down all complex issues to a yes/no proposition.    
 evaluate evidence from their own perspective only.    
 readily accept an explanation if the explanation makes sense.    
 * are open to new ideas yet maintain a sense of skepticism.   
    

106. In general, critical thinking refers to the practice of:     
 criticizing other people.    
 assuming that new ideas are wrong until proven otherwise.    
 * actively questioning statements rather than blindly accepting them.    
 using personal opinions to determine the conclusions drawn.   
    

107. Critical thinkers engage in reflective thinking. This means that they:     
 assume other perspectives.    
 are aware of biases and assumptions.    
 maintain an attitude of healthy skepticism.    
 * expect and accept complexity.   
    

108. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:     
 * observation, measurement, and experimentation.    
 intuition, logic, and critical thinking.    
 experience, philosophy, and opinion.    
 experience, logic, and statistics.   
    

109. Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?     
 formulate a hypothesis that can be tested empirically    
 design the study and collect data    
 analyze the data and draw conclusions    
 * apply the findings to solve human problems   
    

110. The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the:     
 theories.    
 * variables.    
 dependent correlations.    
 coefficients.   
    

111. A hypothesis is:     
 * a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.    
 a geometrical construct often used in statistical analyses.    
 a theory that has been proven.    
 the operational definition assigned to the independent variable.   
    

112. An operational definition is:     
 a research design in which the participants act or operate as their own control group.    
 * a precise description of how each variable in a particular study will be manipulated or measured.    
 one that has been approved by the American Psychological Association.    
 a statistical method used in psychological research to correct for bias that may be operating in the experimental situation.   
    

113. A researcher sets out to test the following statement: "Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke." This statement is an example of:     
 a theory.    
 an operational definition.    
 * a hypothesis.    
 experimenter bias.   
    

114. Which of the following would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety?     
 an unpleasant emotional state    
 feelings of worry, tension, dread or fear    
 * a score on a psychological test that asked people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale    
 None of the other alternatives is correct because anxiety is a subjective emotional state that cannot be operationally defined.   
    

115. Descriptive research methods:     
 * typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior.    
 are no longer used in contemporary psychology.    
 have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques.    
 provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.   
    

116. The basic goal of the experimental method is to:     
 * demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable.    
 describe and predict naturally occurring phenomena.    
 investigate a single subject in depth.    
 discover new operational definitions.   
    

117. Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable?     
 naturalistic observation    
 survey    
 * experimental method    
 descriptive method   
    

118. Unobtrusively, Professor Baddeley and two of her students record the willingness of boys and girls to volunteer for an elephant or a donkey ride at the local zoo. Baddeley is using:     
 unethical research practices.    
 experimental research methods.    
 meta-analysis.    
 * descriptive research methods.   
    

119. In contrast to the experimental method, the basic goal of the descriptive methods is to:     
 describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.    
 manipulate variables in a meaningful way.    
 deduce valid operational definitions and generate new experiments.    
 * observe and describe behavior.   
    

120. Psychologists use statistics to:     
 * analyze the data collected and determine if the results support the hypothesis.    
 generate new theories.    
 prove that a theory is true.    
 confuse introductory psychology students.   
    

121. Dr. Hazlett used statistics and determined that her experimental effect was statistically significant. Dr. Hazlett would then conclude that:     
 * the results of the experiment were not likely to have occurred by chance.    
 the results of the experiment have practical importance in everyday life.    
 the hypothesis for the experiment was not supported.    
 one variable did not have any effect on the other variable in the experiment.   
    

122. According to Professor Zarkov's data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are "statistically significant" means that:     
 there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables.    
 * the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.    
 the finding has no mathematical validity.    
 the finding can be used to generate new theories.   
    

123. Psychologist Oliver was interested in whether men and women differ in sexual attitudes. She found that over 170 studies had already been published on this issue. Using _____, she combined the results of these studies and analyzed the data for overall trends.     
 * meta-analysis    
 naturalistic observation    
 an experimental group    
 graphology   
    

124. Meta-analysis is:     
 * a statistical technique that combines and analyzes the findings from many different studies on a particular topic in order to determine overall trends.    
 the final step in the scientific method.    
 a type of computer program used to collect and analyze the results of case study research.    
 a pseudoscience.   
    

125. A meta-analysis is most useful when:     
 there are not enough subjects in an experiment.    
 * a particular issue has generated a large number of studies, some of which have produced weak or contradictory results.    
 the statistical analysis indicates that the results are statistically significant but the hypothesis is not supported.    
 the experiment has never been replicated.   
    

126. When psychologists report the findings of a study in a scientific journal, it's important that they include a description of all of the following EXCEPT:     
 how the study participants were chosen.    
 how the data were analyzed.    
 how variables were operationally defined.    
 * how the journal reviewers responded to the findings.   
    

127. In order to increase confidence in the findings of a particular study, it is important that the study and its results:     
 have practical significance.    
 be widely reported.    
 * be repeated or replicated.    
 be tested by meta-analysis.   
    

128. The word replicate refers to:     
 a second statistical analysis of the study's results by an independent researcher.    
 confirming a researcher's results with meta-analysis.    
 a statistical technique.    
 * repeating a study using the same research methods but different subjects.   
    

129. Which of the following conditions would increase scientific confidence in a particular research finding?     
 If the study was conducted by a well-known or famous psychologist.    
 If the study was reported by CNN, MSNBC, and other news agencies.    
 * If independent researchers repeated the study using different participants and the same basic finding occurred again.    
 If other researchers felt that the finding fit with their personal experience.   
    

130. A _____ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n) _____ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings.     
 * hypothesis; theory    
 variable; operational definition    
 theory; hypothesis    
 descriptive method; experimental method   
    

131. A theory:     
 is another term that means the same thing as a hypothesis.    
 * integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic.    
 is based strictly on speculation rather than any kind of empirical evidence.    
 is a statement of absolute fact that eventually becomes a scientific law.   
    

132. Theory is to hypothesis as _____ is to _____.     
 prediction; control    
 chance; description    
 control; model    
 * model; prediction   
    

133. A useful theory is one that does all of the following EXCEPT:     
 furthers the understanding of behavior.    
 allows predictions to be made.    
 * ensures statistical significance in an experiment.    
 stimulates new research.   
    

134. When psychologists systematically observe and record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings, they are using a descriptive method called:     
 case study survey research.    
 meta-analysis.    
 * naturalistic observation.    
 the experiment.   
    

135. Dr. Harmon wants to study the conditions under which some children are rejected by their peers. Daily, from the beginning of a school year, she carefully observes and records the behavior of kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in the classroom and on the playground. Dr. Harmon is using:     
 a survey.    
 * naturalistic observation.    
 a case study.    
 the experimental method.   
    

136. The primary goal of naturalistic observation is to:     
 conduct an experiment in a nonartificial environment.    
 * detect natural behavior patterns.    
 improve the survival rate of endangered species and preserve threatened habitats.    
 disrupt natural behavior patterns and observe the results.   
    

137. Which of the following is a key advantage of naturalistic observation?     
 Researchers can manipulate animal and human behavior.    
 Operational definitions are not needed, since only natural behaviors are studied.    
 Researchers can easily duplicate conditions that have been first investigated in laboratory settings.    
 * Researchers can study behavior that could not ethically be manipulated in an experiment.   
    

138. Why do researchers try to avoid being detected by their subjects when engaged in naturalistic observations?     
 The researchers themselves could be considered to be a dependent variable that affects the results of the study.    
 * Naturally occurring behavior patterns might not occur if the subjects become aware that they are being observed.    
 It is unethical to engage in any kind of research, even naturalistic observation, unless there is prior permission by the subjects.    
 Subjects may continue to act naturally with the researchers, but the researchers may not act like researchers once they begin to interact with the subjects.   
    

139. In Robert Levine's research on the "pace of life" in 31 different countries, he measured the amount of time it took a pedestrian to walk 60 feet on a downtown city street. This represented the:     
 * operational definition.    
 independent variable.    
 dependent variable.    
 hypothesis.   
    

140. What was the operational definition in Robert Levine's study of the "pace of life" in 31 countries?     
 the prediction that the pace of life would vary in different countries    
 * the amount of time it took a pedestrian to walk 60 feet on a downtown city street    
 the finding that Irish pedestrians walk faster than Brazilians    
 the number of observers   
    

141. In Pepler and Craig's naturalistic observation study of bullying behavior among children, how did they collect their data?     
 Two camp counselors independently recorded how often older boys verbally or physically threatened the younger boys.    
 Children who came to the nurse's office for various injuries were carefully interviewed as to how the injuries occurred.    
 * The children wore wireless microphones and the researchers used a camcorder with a telephoto lens.    
 Three older kids hanging around the neighborhood were actually trained observers who used personal digital assistants (PDAs) to record the details of any bullying incidents that occurred.   
    

142. In Pepler and Craig's naturalistic observation study of bullying behavior among children, they discovered that:     
 on school playgrounds, boys bully other children at a much higher rate than girls do.    
 teachers actively prevent aggressive behavior from occurring on crowded school playgrounds.    
 a single child is almost always the source of physical and verbal aggression on school playgrounds.    
 * physical and verbal aggressive behavior is common among children of both sexes on crowded school playgrounds.   
    

143. A case study is a(n):     
 * in-depth investigation of a single individual, often involving information from a wide variety of sources.    
 method of determining whether an experiment reflects natural conditions.    
 survey involving only people who are likely to confirm the experimenter's hypothesis.    
 study involving multiple subjects who all suffer from the same psychological problems and are given the same experimental treatment.   
    

144. Dr. Anders has extensively studied seven individuals who have suffered similar brain injuries. His research involves lengthy interviews and psychological testing of each individual. Which type of research method is Dr. Anders using?     
 an experiment    
 naturalistic observation    
 * a multiple case study    
 a survey   
    

145. Which of the following is an important advantage of surveys?     
 Surveys can be developed by people with no scientific training.    
 * Researchers are able to gather information from a very large group of people.    
 The dependent variable is more easily manipulated than in formal experiments.    
 If there are more than 3,000 participants, the results are likely to be valid no matter how the participants were chosen.   
    

146. In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n):     
 preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey.    
 * carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied.    
 small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants.    
 example of a completed questionnaire, which is mailed to survey participants.   
    

147. A representative sample is a:     
 * group of subjects that closely parallels the larger group to be studied on all relevant characteristics, such as age, sex, and race.    
 sample questionnaire that represents the most likely set of survey responses.    
 small group of volunteers who try to predict the survey results.    
 list of all the possible questions that might be represented on the final survey.   
    

148. Sample is to population as _____ is to _____.     
 random selection; naturalistic observation    
 * some; all    
 case study; survey    
 case study; multiple case study   
    

149. What process is used to make sure that survey participants are a representative sample of the population that is being studied?     
 double-blind selection    
 single-blind selection    
 * random selection    
 weighted parametric sampling   
    

150. Professor Lyon decided to study food preferences of U.S. college students, so he asked his students to volunteer to participate in a lengthy survey. Professor Lyon's survey results are probably invalid because he did not use:     
 an operational definition    
 * random selection    
 a valid hypothesis    
 independent and dependent variables   
    

151. One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that:     
 * people may misrepresent their personal characteristics or lie in their responses.    
 random selection procedures are not possible with these forms of data collection.    
 expectancy effects usually invalidate the findings.    
 these techniques produce illusory correlations rather than true correlations.   
    

152. Of the over 3,000 people who participated in the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), a survey on the sexual practices of American adults:     
 all had volunteered to be in the survey by responding to advertisements.    
 each was randomly assigned to the different experimental conditions in the study.    
 * each was randomly selected from the entire U.S. population.    
 almost all were from either California or New York.   
    

153. Researchers Craig Anderson and Karen Dill (2000) surveyed college students about their video game playing habits.  What did the survey reveal?     
 University students spent virtually no time playing video games.    
 * Although the average amount of time spent playing video games decreased as students progressed from high school to college, the college students still averaged more than two hours per week.    
 Female students spent only about 15 minutes per week playing video games while male students averaged more than three hours per week playing video games.    
 Only about 15% of the female students and 35% of the male students reported being regular video game players.   
    

154. What was a limitation of the video game playing survey by researchers Craig Anderson and Karen Dill?     
 Only households with a computer were allowed to participate in the survey.    
 Only people playing violent video games in game parlors, pizza restaurants, and movie theater lobbies were randomly selected.    
 * The survey was not based on a random sample of American youth.    
 Only about half of the survey participants completed the entire survey.   
    

155. To ensure that participants are responding honestly and consistently, survey researchers might:     
 check the participant's answers with other family members.    
 interview the participants on two separate occasions using two different interviewers.    
 * ask the same basic question at several points in the interview.    
 check the participant's responses with the spouse or a friend of the participant.   
    

156. Professor Nelson wishes to investigate the relationship between stress and visits to the college mental health clinic. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate?     
 graphology    
 * a correlational study    
 an experiment    
 a naturalistic experiment   
    

157. A correlational study:     
 * examines how strongly two variables are related to one another.    
 can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.    
 is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines.    
 has little utility, since it is merely descriptive.   
    

158. A correlation coefficient is:     
 * a numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.    
 an independent variable that is used in a correlational study.    
 a numerical indicator of the statistical significance of the findings in a particular research study.    
 a numerical indicator of the degree of genetic relatedness among members of the same family.   
    

159. Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the strongest relationship between two factors?     
 -.15    
 +.03    
 +.38    
 * -.80   
    

160. Which of the following is NOT a possible correlation coefficient?     
 +1.00    
 -.98    
 * +1.72    
 +.54   
    

161. After conducting a statistical analysis of responses to a survey, Professor Patterson finds a correlation of +2.36 between participation in sporting events and physical injuries. This indicates that:     
 * Professor Patterson has made a serious error in calculating the correlation coefficient.    
 a cause-and-effect relationship exists between participation in sporting events and physical injuries.    
 as participation in sporting events increases, the risk of physical injury also increases.    
 as participation in sporting events decreases, the risk of physical injury increases.   
    

162. After analyzing her data, Professor Nelson discovers that a correlation coefficient of +.75 exists between the amount of coffee a person drinks and the degree of stress experienced. Professor Nelson can safely conclude that:     
 there is no relationship between stress and coffee consumption.    
 stress causes people to drink coffee.    
 * as coffee consumption increases, stress also increases.    
 drinking coffee produces stress.   
    

163. Your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawns he sees. This represents:     
 * a positive correlation.    
 a negative correlation.    
 a cause-and-effect relationship.    
 scientific proof that yawning is contagious.   
    

164. A perfect positive correlation:     
 is statistically impossible.    
 * would mean that every time Factor A occurred, Factor B also occurred.    
 would mean that Factor A caused Factor B to occur.    
 Both Answers b and c above are correct.   
    

165. Positive correlation is to negative correlation as _____ is to _____.     
 correlation coefficient; correlational study    
 1.00; 0.00    
 * variables moving in the same direction; variables moving in opposite directions    
 variables moving in opposite directions; variables moving in the same direction   
    

166. Professor Williams is investigating loneliness. Participants in the study complete the UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure their level of loneliness. They also answer questions on a survey about many aspects of their personal life. In analyzing the results of her study, Professor Williams finds that as the number of friends increases, the level of loneliness tends to decrease. This represents a _____ correlation.     
 positive    
 * negative    
 spurious    
 cause-and-effect   
    

167. Which of the following is true regarding correlational research?     
 Correlational research indicates causality in either a positive or negative direction.    
 * Correlational research cannot demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship.    
 Correlations can tell you about relations between two variables but it is not possible to make predictions based upon correlational research.    
 Correlations are able to predict the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables.   
    

168. Correlational research is valuable because:     
 one can conclude meaningful cause-and-effect relationships when several correlations are examined collectively.    
 variables can be easily manipulated by the experimenter to yield effects of the variables.    
 correlations allow researchers to predict the cause of one variable's effect on another.    
 * correlational research can be used to rule out some factors and identify others that merit more intensive study.   
    

169. The research method that is used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effects on another variable is called:     
 the descriptive method.    
 the correlational method.    
 * the experimental method.    
 the meta-analytic method.   
    

170. In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:     
 affected by changes in the dependent variable.    
 unknown.    
 beyond the researcher's control, as it independently varies or changes over time.    
 * deliberately manipulated by the researcher.   
    

171. In an experiment, the dependent variable is:     
 always equivalent to zero.    
 * affected by changes in the independent variable.    
 measured only in the control group subjects.    
 deliberately manipulated by the researcher.   
    

172. Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?     
 change in the symptoms of depression    
 the method used to recruit participants for the study    
 * the type of psychotherapy used to treat depression    
 the cost of the study   
    

173. Professor Hebb is studying whether learning is affected by different environments. He raises some rats in cages with many interesting objects to play on and explore. Other rats are raised in isolated, barren cages with none of the interesting objects. Later, Hebb carefully records how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze with no mistakes. What is the independent variable in this study?     
 how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze    
 * being raised in an interesting or a barren environment    
 the use of animals versus people    
 the number of rats in the study   
    

174. Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser is a health psychologist studying whether stress impairs the body's ability to heal. In the highly stressful week before final exams, dental students are given an oral punch biopsy - a small sample of gum tissue is removed.  The number of days for the oral wound to completely heal is recorded. The same dental students receive a second oral punch biopsy during summer vacation. Once again, the number of days until the oral wound completely healed was recorded.  What is the independent variable in this study?     
 the number of days for the oral wound to heal    
 * whether the oral wound was created during a high stress or low stress period    
 whether the dental students were working or relaxing during the summer vacation    
 the average number of hours of sleep the students experienced in the day immediately following the gum wound   
    

175. A health psychologist is conducting an experiment to investigate the notion that short-term psychological distress influences the immune system. Subjects in the first group watched a 30-minute film in which a carpenter and his assistant demonstrated how to build a deck for a house. Subjects in the second group watched an almost identical film, except that during last few minutes of the film, the carpenter slipped while operating an electric hand saw and cut off one of his assistant's fingers. Immediately after the film, blood samples were drawn from each subject and assessed for the number of disease-fighting white blood cells. What is the independent variable in this experiment?     
 The number of mistakes made by subjects in recalling details of the film.    
 If the research participants had seen either the carpenter or the carpenter's assistant on television before.    
 The number of white blood cells found in the blood sample.    
 * Exposure to the neutral film or to the film showing the accident.   
    

176. Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, subjects in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the subjects' abilities at solving geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?     
 high carbohydrate versus high protein breakfast    
 two weeks    
 * ability to solve geometry problems    
 Not enough information is provided in the question to determine what the dependent variable is.   
    

177. Random assignment refers to a procedure that:     
 * assures that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions.    
 helps psychologists determine which factors should be defined as dependent variables.    
 is used in statistics to determine whether results are random or simply due to chance.    
 randomly assigns different procedures to different researchers in order to minimize experimenter bias.   
    

178. In Dr. Foster's study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but it has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:     
 * group that receives the new medication.    
 group that receives the medication without the active ingredients.    
 anxiety group.    
 group without anxiety.   
    

179. In a study of children's reading abilities, one group of 8-year-olds is exposed to a new program that supposedly enhances reading abilities. Another group is taught with standard methods for teaching reading. Results of the study indicated that the children taught with the new program learned to read more complex material than did the group who were exposed to the standard teaching methods. In this study, which is the control group?     
 the group exposed to the new program    
 the development of the new program    
 the group that improved its reading abilities    
 * the group that received the standard teaching methods   
    

180. The experimental group is the group of:     
 subjects exposed to the dependent variable.    
 * subjects exposed to the independent variable.    
 psychologists who are collaborating on an experiment.    
 variables that require operational definitions.   
    

181. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is:     
 to serve as a baseline to which changes in the experimental group can be compared.    
 to record changes that might occur naturally without exposure to the independent variable.    
 to ensure that ethical standards are maintained.    
 * both a and b are correct.   
    

182. What was the hypothesis in the Anderson and Dill video game experiment?     
 That males were more likely to choose violent video games, while females were more likely to choose nonviolent video games.    
 Compared to playing arcade-type video games, playing strategy video games would increase the ability to solve math problems.    
 That people play more aggressively when playing against the computer as compared to playing against a real person.    
 * That playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior.   
    

183. The participants in the Anderson and Dill video game experiment were:     
 recruited using newspaper ads and flyers.    
 * college students enrolled in an introductory psychology class.    
 adolescents in a juvenile offender rehabilitation program.    
 all female.   
    

184. Individuals who did not want to participate in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 played checkers or chess instead.    
 * completed a different activity in order to get class credit.    
 completed the survey and two personality measures.    
 were assigned to the no-treatment control group.   
    

185. In Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 * there were an almost equal number of male and female participants.    
 the participants were all male.    
 the students had two weeks to practice both video games before the first experimental session.    
 half of the students used a joystick and half used the computer mouse to control the video game.   
    

186. Participants in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 were assigned to experimental conditions based on how many years of prior experience they had playing computerized video games    
 wore 3D goggles to heighten the sense of realism.    
 could select from video games rated "E" (Everyone), "T" (Teen), or "M" (Mature).    
 * were randomly assigned to the different experimental groups.   
    

187. What was the independent variable in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment?     
 * Playing the violent video game Wolfenstein 3D.    
 How many points the participant scored while wearing the 3D goggles.    
 Whether the person used a joystick or a computer mouse to play the video game.    
 How long and loudly the person blasted their opponent with noise.   
    

188. The participants assigned to the experimental group in Anderson and Dill's video game ex Answer: C  189. The participants assigned to the control group in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:   
 * played Myst.    
 played Wolfenstein 3D.    
 were told the actual purpose of the study before the experimental session began.    
 wore 3D goggles during the practice session but not during the experimental session.    
    

190. How were the video games chosen in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment?     
 By randomly selecting among video games rated "M" or "Mature."    
 By randomly selecting among video games rated "E" or "Everyone."    
 * From a previous study in which participants rated the difficulty, enjoyment, and frustration of several video games.    
 Microsoft provided copies of their top-selling action game and their top-selling family game.    
    

191. What was the dependent variable in Anderson and Dill's video game experiment?     
 Playing the Wolfenstein 3D or Myst video game.    
 * How long and loudly the person blasted their opponent with noise.    
 Whether the person used a joystick or a computer mouse to play the video game.    
 How many points the participant scored while wearing the 3D goggles.    
    

192. What was the standard measure of aggressive behavior that Anderson and Dill used in their experiment?     
 * The Competitive Reaction Time Task.    
 The Aggressive Reactions Checklist (ARC).    
 The Harvard Aggressive Behaviors Scale (HABS).    
 Analysis of the videotapes by two independent raters.    
    

193. In Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 * participants were led to believe that they were playing against another person in the Competitive Reaction Time Task.    
 almost all of the female participants chose one of the video games rated "E" for "Everyone."    
 the two raters agreed better than 96% of the time in making judgments about aggressive behavior.    
 two participants could not wear the 3D goggles and were eliminated from the experiment.    
    

194. At the conclusion of Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 * participants were debriefed and given a statement explaining the study's actual hypothesis and procedures.    
 participants were given a brand new copy of one of the video games as compensation for participating in the study.    
 the video tapes were analyzed for instances of aggressive behavior by two independent raters.    
 it was explained to each participant that his or her opponent was actually working with the experimenters and was supposed to act aggressively.    
    

195. What were the results of Anderson and Dill's video game experiment?     
 Participants who wore the 3D goggles behaved more aggressively.    
 * Participants who played Wolfenstein 3D delivered longer noise blasts to their opponents than participants who played Myst.    
 After playing the violent video game, male students behaved more aggressively while female students behaved less aggressively.    
 Participants who played Myst delivered longer noise blasts to their opponents than participants who played Wolfenstein 3D.    
    

196. The results of Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 were discounted because the researchers failed to use the double-blind technique.    
 * confirmed their hypothesis.    
 drew criticism from other psychologists and researchers for the manner in which they operationally defined aggressive behavior.    
 were not submitted for publication until they had been replicated by other researchers.    
    

197. How did Anderson and Dill formally report the findings of their video game experiment?     
 They appeared on the television news program 60 Minutes.    
 They held a news conference at the annual "Video Gamers' Conference."    
 They were interviewed and their study was described in the "Science" section of The New York Times.    
 * They wrote up the study and it was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.    
    

198. The results of Anderson and Dill's video game experiment:     
 were contradicted by the results of their correlational study based on a student survey and personality measures.    
 had little impact because the statistical analysis was flawed.    
 * provided additional support for the idea that exposure to violent video games can cause some people to become more aggressive.    
 were discounted because the evidence was purely correlational.    
    

199. In an experiment, the control group is:     
 the group of scientists who determine the value to be assigned to the independent variable.    
 the group of administrators who determine whether a given procedure is ethical.    
 * the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except for the treatment of interest.    
 the group of participants who are exposed only to the dependent variable.    
    

200. The experimental group:     
 is exposed to all of the independent and dependent variables.    
 * is exposed to the treatment of interest.    
 is exposed to all experimental controls, but not the dependent variable.    
 is usually compensated at a higher rate than the control group.    
    

201. In trying to make sense out of the unusual experimental results, Dr. Kling and Dr. Hunger carefully reviewed a video tape of the experimental assistant interacting with the research participants. "Look at that!" said Dr. Hunger as he pointed at the screen. "He's smiling as he hands the fake vitamins to the participants in the placebo control group but he didn't smile when he handed the real vitamins to the participants in the experimental group." "Well," said Dr. Kling, shaking his head, "it looks like we'll have to invalidate the experiment because:     
 * the experimental assistant was displaying demand characteristics."    
 the requirement of random assignment has been violated."    
 the research assistant changed the study from a single-blind study to a double-blind study."    
 the research assistant forgot to debrief the participants before handing out the vitamins."    
    

202. A placebo is:     
 * a fake treatment or substance with no known effects.    
 the dependent variable in an experiment testing drug effects.    
 a statistical technique used to eliminate errors in measurement.    
 a drug that is supplied to the experimental groups.    
    

203. The purpose of using a placebo control group in an experiment is often to:     
 measure the effects of the dependent variable.    
 dupe the subject into accepting the experiment's results.    
 * control for expectancy effects.    
 persuade other researchers that the experiment is valid.    
    

204. In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. The participants assigned to the group that got bottled water with no caffeine represented the _____ in this study.     
 dependent variable    
 * placebo control group    
 meta-analysis    
 experimental group    
    

205. In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. Neither the researcher who handed out the bottled water nor the study participants knew whether the water contained caffeine or not. This study was using a _____ technique.     
 correlational    
 case study    
 single-blind    
 * double-blind    
    

206. Expectancy effects     
 * a change in a subject's behavior that is produced by the belief or expectation that change should occur.    
 the researcher's confidence in his or her findings.    
 the instructions that are given to the research subjects before the experiment begins.    
 the results that the researcher expects to discover.    
    

207. In a double-blind study:     
 only the researcher knows which subjects have been exposed to the independent variable.    
 both the researcher and the subjects know whether the subjects have been exposed to the independent variable.    
 the subject is blindfolded during treatment.    
 * both the subjects and the researcher who interacts with them are unaware of which subjects have been exposed to the independent variable.    
    

208. The purpose of using a double-blind research design is to:     
 * guard against the possibility that the researcher will treat subjects differently or communicate the behavior that is expected of the subjects.    
 guard against the release of confidential information.    
 guarantee the anonymity of the subjects.    
 determine which subjects will be exposed to the dependent variable.    
    

209. In a natural experiment:     
 the experimenter manipulates one variable and examines the effects of that variable on a naturally occurring behavior.    
 * researchers carefully observe and measure the impact of a naturally occurring event on people.    
 some subjects receive an experimental treatment, and some receive a placebo.    
 expectancy effects are determined by the naturalistic observation of subjects' behaviors.    
    

210. A health psychologist is interested in studying how losing a loved one influences the immune system. From reading the obituaries in the newspaper, she identifies and contacts seventy recently widowed people who agree to have a blood sample drawn. She also takes blood samples from a closely matched group of people who are happily married. The blood samples from both groups are assessed for number of disease-fighting white blood cells. This study is an example of:     
 * a natural experiment.    
 a double-blind technique.    
 meta-analysis    
 illusory correlation    
    

211. Dr. Schneiderman believes that the constant noise of city life has a greater impact on the stress hormones of people who have just moved into the city than on those of people who have lived in the city for at least three years. Dr. Schneiderman would most likely use a _____ to experimentally test this hypothesis.     
 correlation    
 survey    
 * natural experiment    
 double-blind experiment    
    

212. A natural experiment refers to:     
 an experiment that studies how behavior is influenced by natural phenomena, such as weather patterns, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.    
 * a study in which psychologists carefully observe the impact of an event on study participants, but do not manipulate the event themselves.    
 a study in which the methodology is not preplanned, but unfolds naturally.    
 a special kind of case study, in which an individual is carefully studied as he or she behaves normally.    
    

213. In the natural experiment by Gary Evans studying the effect of noise exposure on children, the independent variable was _____ and the dependent variable was _____.     
 * aircraft noise; physical and physiological indicators of stress    
 physical and psychological indicators of stress; aircraft noise    
 physical indicators of stress; psychological indicators of stress    
 living in New York City; living in Billings, Montana    
    

214. Experiments can provide important information about phenomena, but they do have their limitations. Which of the following is one of those limitations?     
 * Experiments are conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments and may thus have little to do with actual behavior.    
 Experiments do not provide sufficient information about the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.    
 Experiments are excellent at describing a phenomenon but do not provide any predictive information for the phenomenon.    
 Experiments fail to address important ethical issues about how people can be treated in the name of scientific inquiry.    
    

215. Limitations of the experimental method include which of the following?     
 It may not be feasible to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.    
 * It may not be ethical or possible to experimentally investigate some issues.    
 Cultural factors cannot be studied experimentally.    
 Because the subjects are "blind" to the experimental conditions, they are unable to give informed consent.    
    

216. A pseudoscience is a:     
 specific branch of science focused on a single issue and based on compelling empirical evidence.    
 group of different sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, that focus on the same general issue.    
 * fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence.    
 form of science that emphasizes findings that have practical value (applied science) rather than new knowledge just for the sake of new knowledge (pure science).    
    

217. The word pseudo is derived from Greek and means:     
 numerous or many.    
 * fake or phony.    
 applied or practical.    
 unconventional or unusual.    
    

218. As you flip through the television channels, you come across the "Psychic Friends Network." Having studied scientific research methods in your psychology class, you realize that the psychic "readings" that are promoted on the television lack established scientific explanations. In other words, psychic predictions are considered to be:     
 illusory correlations.    
 examples of the rule of falsifiability.    
 a significant violation of experimental ethics.    
 * paranormal phenomena.    
    

219. A friend tells you that putting a pyramid under your bed as you sleep at night will enhance your "psychic energy" and give you "inner peace." Pseudoscientific claims like this:     
 * violate the rule of falsifiability, because they use vague terms like "psychic energy" and "inner peace."    
 are best studied using the method of illusory correlation.    
 can only be tested with natural experiments.    
 would be unethical to test because the researcher would have to use a double-blind study.    
    

220. After getting high grades on two exams, Shana is convinced that if she uses her special pencil with the university logo on it during exams, she will do well on exams. This is an example of:     
 a paranormal phenomenon.    
 an irrefutable claim.    
 * an illusory correlation.    
 the rule of falsifiability.    
    

221. An illusory correlation is:     
 a method that leads to scientific claims that are false despite having empirical evidence that the claims are true.    
 * the mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not.    
 a positive correlation that is actually a negative correlation.    
 a claim that is irrefutable despite conflicting evidence.    
    

222. To bolster the credibility of their claims, pseudosciences:     
 * typically use lots of scientific jargon.    
 apply the rule of falsifiability.    
 rely on empirical evidence.    
 apply experimental methods.    
    

223. Your textbook authors have created a model that identifies the different steps in the evaluation process of the scientific method. This model is known as the _____ model.     
 "RULE of 2"    
 "THEORY"    
 * "Is it TRUE?"    
 "Is it FALSE?"    
    

224. Your textbook authors created the "Is It TRUE?" model to help you identify basic scientific questions to ask in evaluating various claims. In this model, the "T" in TRUE refers to:     
 how many Times the hypothesis was replicated.    
 * whether the claim is empirically Testable.    
 the Technical accuracy of the experimental results.    
 the experimental Treatments used in the research.    
    

225. To help develop your ability to think scientifically, your textbook authors created the "Is It TRUE?" model. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions in the model?     
 T = Is It Testable?    
 R = Is It Reliable?    
 U = Is It Unusual?    
 * E = Is it Empirical?    
    

226. Your textbook authors created the "Is It TRUE?" model, which can help you remember basic scientific questions to ask in evaluating almost any claim.  In this model, the letter "R" equals the question "Is it Reliable?"  Which question below best describes what this means?     
 * If others repeated the test, were the same results obtained?    
 Are the results different from what one might expect to occur if nothing more than chance was operating during the evaluation?    
 If the claim is not testable, is there any physical evidence to support the results?    
 Are there any other explanations for the results?    
    

227. Under the American Psychological Association's ethical code for psychologists, psychological researchers:     
 * must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants.    
 must consult each participant's family doctor.    
 are never allowed to use any form of deception.    
 can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals.    
    

228. The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:     
 all participants must read and approve any written reports of the research results before they are published.    
 * participants must be completely informed about the nature and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time.    
 research participants must agree not to divulge any information about the nature of the study to any outside party.    
 once the participants have agreed to participate in the study, they may not withdraw for any reason other than medical necessity.    
    

229. Deception in psychology experiments:     
 has not been allowed since the 1960s when two research participants died in Milton Hudson's infamous "obedience" experiments.    
 * is still allowed under certain conditions.    
 is not allowed in the United States but is allowed in Canada.    
 was banned after the American Psychological Association was harshly criticized for approving the sensory deprivation experiments at the U.S. Air Force Academy in the 1980s.    
    

230. Psychologists can use deception techniques as part of a study only when certain conditions have been met. Which is one of these conditions?     
 Animal models have demonstrated the importance of the research to humans.    
 * It is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception.    
 The researchers have ensured the confidentiality of identifiable information about the participants.    
 There are significant factors that influence the subject's willingness to participate in the research.    
    

231. Once a person has agreed to participate in a research study as a subject:     
 the person is obligated to stay in the study until its conclusion.    
 the person gives up his or her right to confidentiality of information.    
 deception may be used since the person has agreed to the research participation.    
 * the person is still free to withdraw from the research at any time.    
    

232. Juanita participated in a psychology research project that involved answering a number of arithmetic problems. During the experiment, she was informed that her answers were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant, explaining the purpose of the experiment, told Juanita that she had actually answered all items correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents:     
 informed consent.    
 confidentiality.    
 * debriefing.    
 voluntary participation.    
    

233. In accordance with the APA Ethical Guidelines, at the conclusion of the Anderson and Dill video game study, the participants:     
 were interviewed by two clinical psychologists to ensure that no psychological harm had occurred.    
 were allowed to see the complete list of participants and the experimental conditions to which they were assigned.    
 * were debriefed and the actual hypothesis and procedures involved in the study were explained.    
 signed a nondisclosure statement in which they agreed not to divulge any information about the study until the study was formally published.    
    

234. Ethical standards for animal research in psychology:     
 are identical for research using human subjects.    
 are nonexistent.    
 * are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws.    
 apply only to research using monkeys and chimps.    
    

235. Of the psychological studies conducted in the United States that use animals, which animals are most commonly used?     
 * rats, mice, or other rodents    
 chimps or gorillas    
 pigeons or sparrows    
 dogs and cats    
    

236. Psychology research using animals as research subjects:     
 is much more common than research using humans as subjects.    
 * has contributed to the understanding of memory, stress, and psychological disorders and their treatment.    
 almost always involves exposing the animals to pain or suffering.    
 almost always involves the use of monkeys or chimpanzees.    
    

237. What percentage of psychological studies in any given year involve nonhuman animals as subjects?     
 90    
 70    
 50    
 * less than 10    
    

238. The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the behavior of different animal species is called:     
 evolutionary psychology.    
 * comparative psychology.    
 experimental psychology.    
 ecological psychology.    
    

239. Animals are used in psychological research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:     
 that there are many similarities between human and animal behavior.    
 that it is often easier to study changes over the lifespan with animals.    
 * that animal research is not subject to ethical rules and guidelines.    
 to promote the survival of endangered species.    
    

240. According to the chapter's Application section, which of the following statements is TRUE?     
 Testimonials from people who have actually used a psychology-related product, such as a hypnosis tape, represent strong evidence that a product is effective.    
 You would be wise to assume that your life experiences are identical to those of the vast majority of people.    
 You can trust the accuracy of newspaper or magazine reports of psychological findings as long as it is a well-known publication.    
 * Reporters sometimes add their own interpretation to the research they report, thereby misrepresenting the research findings.    
    

241. How might the different goals of media and science clash?     
 Media reporters are more likely to objectively report research findings than are the scientists who discovered them.    
 Scientists are more interested in taking personal credit for new discoveries, while media reporters are more interested in the discoveries themselves.    
 * Media reporters are often more interested in attracting viewers or listeners than accurately portraying scientific findings.    
 Media reporters are likely to have different political goals than scientists.    
    

242. A news article about psychological research on sex differences in the rates of major depression noted that the research was originally reported in Psychological Science, a journal published by the American Psychological Society. Knowing this, you can safely assume that:     
 * the study was probably reviewed by other psychologists with expertise in research methods before the study was accepted for publication.    
 the reporter read the published study before interviewing the researchers.    
 the researchers paid to have the study published in a professional journal.    
 the news article is reporting the results of the study in an unbiased, even-handed manner.    
    

243. Anecdotal evidence:     
 is more reliable than data generated by artificial laboratory experiments.    
 * consists of telling personal stories to support a particular claim.    
 is essentially the same as conducting a survey.    
 typically involves large groups of randomly selected research participants.    
    

244. In critically evaluating a media report about a psychological finding or study, you should:     
 always remember that the terms "correlation" and "causality" mean the same thing.    
 * look for the elements of good research design, including operational definitions of the variables and the use of control groups.    
 remember that some of the most compelling scientific evidence is anecdotal evidence.    
 assume that the reporter understands all the details of the study.    
    

245. According to the chapter's Application section, when psychological research is reported in the mass media, which of the following is a good indicator of credibility?     
 the specific location where the research was conducted    
 * the professional journal in which the research was originally published    
 whether the research was supported by a government grant    
 the number of subjects who participated in the study