The milder form of the major depressive disorder is known as:    
 unipolar depression.   
 * dysthymic disorder.   
 cyclothymic disorder.   
 manic-depressive disorder.   
    

2. The two major types of mood disorders are:    
 dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorder.   
 schizoid depressive disorder and manic depressive disorder.   
 * unipolar depression and bipolar depression.   
 manic-depression and bipolar depression.   
    

3. An individual suffering from a less severe form of bipolar depression would be diagnosed with:    
 manic depression.   
 dysthymic disorder.   
 * cyclothymic disorder.   
 unipolar depression.   
    

4. Major depressive disorder is also referred to as:    
 bipolar disorder.   
 dysthymic disorder.   
 * unipolar depression.   
 cyclothymic depression.   
    

5. As stated in the text, the rate of relapse for serious depression is about:    
 30%.   
 50%.   
 75%.   
 * 90%.   
    

6. Studies by Lewinsohn and others indicate that, world wide, the prevalence of depression:    
 * is increasing.   
 is decreasing.   
 has remained stable since the mid-fifties.   
 cycles with the geo-political climate.    
    

7. Which of the following best illustrates the "negative triad of depression?"    
 James feels he is no good, has no prospects and will probably fail at whatever he tries.   
 Robin suspects the world is a good place, but is depressed because she is afraid to find out.   
 Trish feels she has potential but will never succeed because life is unfair.   
 * Jill is full of self-loathing, thinks the world is unfair, life is rotten and her future is hopeless.    
    

8. There have been indications that, in some cases, depressed individuals are:    
 * more accurate in their self-perceptions than those who are not depressed.   
 actually distorting their self-perceptions upward to compensate for their depression.   
 actually happy to be depressed because it is a safe and familiar state of being for them.   
 more accurate in their assessment of the emotional states of others than themselves.   
    

9. Three examples of cognitive symptoms involved in depression are:    
 impaired thinking, low arousal, and negative self-image.   
 low motivation, low arousal and negative self-image.   
 * memory problems, low motivation and low self-esteem.   
 low self-esteem, memory problems, and physical lethargy.   
    

10. Low motivation is a cognitive factor in depression because:    
 thought patterns have a direct influence on neurotransmitters which can influence depression.   
 * individuals do not believe they can overcome their problems, so they don't bother to try.   
 it leads to physical lethargy, which in turn can cause depression.   
 people with low motivation often have low self-esteem.   
    

11. During periods of depression people are ____________ at solving intellectual and social problems.    
 often more adept   
 no different   
 * less adept   
 more insightful   
    

12. ______________ is the most common motor symptom involved in depression.    
 Psychomotor agitation   
 * Psychomotor retardation   
 Intermittent catatonia   
 Balance retardation   
    

13. Catrina spends most of the day slumped in a chair, staring blankly at the floor. She rarely moves or speaks. When she does talk she sometimes has difficulty finishing a sentence. Catrina is seriously depressed and exhibiting symptoms of:    
 * psychomotor retardation.   
 psychomotor catatonia.   
 rigid catatonia.   
 cognitive retardation.   
    

14. Mr. Erebus spends his days drifting in and out of sleep on a sofa in a room where the shades are always drawn. He is slow of movement, slow in speech and when he does get up he walks as if under a heavy burden. Mr. Erebus is fine physically, but his thoughts are dark and hollow. Considering the symptoms of his depression, what might Mr. Erebus's prognosis be?    
 * He will experience a low rate of recovery from his depression.   
 He will experience a rapid recovery from his depression.   
 He will probably never recover from his depression.   
 He will experience a spontaneous recovery, then a sudden relapse.   
    

15. Depressed individuals who show psychomotor retardation also have more problems with cognitive functioning and:    
 no hope for recovery.   
 * a low rate of recovery.   
 usually develop other psychiatric problems.   
 a high rate of other physiological disorders.   
    

16. Depressed individuals who are unhappy, restless and can't keep still are exhibiting symptoms of:    
 * psychomotor agitation.   
 mania.   
 recovery.   
 cognitive agitation.   
    

17. Depressed individuals who show symptoms of psychomotor agitation:    
 are often able to focus their energy and accomplish many goals.   
 * engage in random activities that are not focused on any particular goal.   
 often become manic and exhibit pronounced mood swings.   
 often have serious dependency problems.   
    

18. In general, which of the following are the four physical symptoms most often associated with depression?    
 headaches, nausea, loss of libido and increased appetite   
 * disturbed sleep, appetite fluctuation, loss of libido and physical illness   
 disturbed sleep, loss of libido, headaches and nausea   
 headaches, nausea, decreased appetite and loss of libido   
    

19. Seth is depressed and has been so for over a month. He goes to bed an 10:00 p.m. every night, but consistently cannot sleep past 1:00 a.m. no matter what he tries. Given this information it is likely that Seth's depression is:    
 * severe.   
 mild.   
 on the wane.   
 not treatable.   
    

20. Depressed individuals often experience disruptions in their appetites which typically:    
 involve a decrease in appetite.   
 involve an increase in appetite.   
 last long after the depression is over.   
 * can go either way.   
    

21. If a depressed individual develops a loss of libido, they are experiencing a loss of:    
 appetite.   
 sleep.   
 energy.   
 * sexual energy.   
    

22. Depressed individuals sometimes experience a loss of sexual energy. This can result directly from the depression or from:    
 * the drugs being taken to relieve the depression.   
 the insomnia involved in the depression.   
 low energy levels due to disrupted food intake.   
 decreased metabolism causing reduced blood pressure.   
    

23. Depressed individuals are more likely to develop a serious illness because depression:    
 makes it less likely they will seek medical help.   
 * causes a decline in the functioning of the immune system.   
 is often in itself a sign of a serious physiological illness.   
 reduces their will to live.   
    

24. Janna Rose has been seriously depressed for almost three months. She has also developed a bronchial problem that required her to seek medical attention. The nurse at the clinic took blood samples from Jana Rose and sent them to the lab. One would expect the results to reveal:    
 a higher than normal white blood cell count.   
 a higher than normal red blood cell count.   
 a lower than normal red blood cell count.   
 * a lower than normal white blood cell count.   
    

25. Which of the following is thought to be the mechanism behind the decreased functioning of the immune system in depressed individuals?    
 lower metabolic function   
 sleep deprivation    
 psychomotor agitation   
 * stress   
    

26. Which of the following physiological disorders is increasingly being linked to depression?    
 * cardiovascular disease   
 diabetes   
 cancer   
 asthma   
    

27. Depressed individuals who seek treatment for their physical symptoms but ignore their psychological symptoms are demonstrating what is called:    
 dysthymic depression.   
 * masked depression.   
 cyclothymic depression.   
 depression denial.   
    

28. Diane, the young women with major depression from case study 8.1, minimizes her positive accomplishments. Ironically her low self-opinion has prevented her from establishing any:    
 desire to improve her condition.   
 job opportunities that might lead to a better self-image.   
 therapy or counseling that might help her improve her condition.   
 * friendships that could provide support and help her challenge her negative self-image.   
    

29. Two factors which influence a diagnosis of depression are:    
 the anger and sadness involved in the depression.   
 the sadness and depth of emotion involved in the depression.   
 the type and length of the depression.   
 * the depth and duration of the depression.   
    

30. Which of the following is an example of a primary depression?    
 * Rob has no energy, can't sleep or eat, has felt depressed and unable to concentrate for weeks.   
 Kyle has no energy, can't sleep or eat, is depressed and misses Kayla a great deal.   
 Tom is tired, depressed and wants to quit his job so he can move to his girlfriend's hometown.   
 Max is drunk for the sixth weekend in a row. He is miserable, depressed and wants to die.   
    

31. A depressive episode resulting from some other disorder, such as anxiety or a physical illness, would be termed a:    
 dysthymic depression.   
 * secondary depression.   
 primary depression.   
 cyclothymic depression.   
    

32. Individuals who have ______________ depression are often not diagnosed as having a disorder because their symptoms are not as severe and as a result they do not receive treatment.    
 * dysthymic   
 primary   
 secondary   
 endogenous    
    

33. Parker feels tired and drained and just a little bit hopeless about life. He sometimes has difficulty making even minor decisions and can't seem to concentrate on what he is trying to accomplish. Some days are better than others, and he does well at his job, but he is never really happy. Parker is likely suffering from:    
 * dysthymia.   
 cylcothymia   
 major depressive disorder.   
 manic depression.   
    

34. In a follow-up of children who suffered from dysthymia, it was found that almost ________ had developed major depressive disorder.    
 10%   
 25%   
 30%   
 * 50%   
    

35. A diagnosis of depression with postpartum onset is given for:    
 a mild depression that sets in one or two weeks before birth of the child.   
 a severe depression that begins after the second trimester of pregnancy.   
 a major depressive episode that lasts for one or two days after the birth of the child.   
 * a severe and persistent depression that starts within a month after giving birth.   
    

36. Seinna gave birth to a healthy baby boy. She became depressed shortly after the birth, and has felt sad and weepy and hopeless for almost two weeks. Seinna has:    
 dysthymia.   
 endogenous melancholia.   
 endogenous depression.   
 * postpartum depression.   
    

37. Which of the following would be considered as an occurrence of the "maternity blues?"    
 * Margo, who was weepy and sad for a few days after she gave birth.   
 Genna, who fell into serious despair as she watched the pregnancy test turn blue.   
 Beth, who could not get out of bed the last three months of her pregnancy.   
 Kayla, who became very depressed one month after she gave birth.   
    

38. Studies indicate that women diagnosed as suffering from depression with postpartum onset are more likely to:    
 be older, first-time mothers.   
 be younger, first-time mothers.   
 be older women with one or more children.   
 * have a history of depression.   
    

39. Evidence indicates that children of depressed mothers have an increased risk of:    
 developing an early childhood disease.   
 developing antisocial personality disorder.   
 * developing emotional and cognitive problems during early school years.   
 developing physical abnormalities such as arrhythmias.   
    

40. Which of the following is thought to be a contributing factor leading to postpartum depression?    
 absence of the father   
 number of previous unsuccessful pregnancies   
 * hormonal fluctuations   
 duration of labor   
    

41. The increase in the number of hospital admissions for depression during the winter has been linked to:    
 the decrease in ambient temperature.   
 a decrease in social contact and physical activity due to increased difficulty in traveling.   
 * the number of hours of light in a day.   
 holiday anxiety.   
    

42. During the winter months Darius is less active, sometimes has trouble sleeping and in general just doesn't feel too happy about life, whereas the rest of the time he is fine. He would likely be diagnosed as having:    
 major depression.   
 dysthymia.   
 * depression with seasonal pattern.   
 bi-polar disorder.   
    

43. Critics object to a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder because:    
 not all women suffer from the disorder.   
 * they feel the diagnosis was introduced just to increase the amount of patients for clinicians.   
 it is extremely rare.   
 they feel insurance companies will not recognize it, and medical costs will increase.   
    

44. Hannah gets anxious, moody and despondent every month before she begins her menstruation. She feels overwhelmed by life, desperately out of control and often cries or gets angry for no apparent reason. Hannah would be diagnosed as suffering from:    
 * premenstrual dysphoric disorder.   
 premenstrual syndrome.   
 endogenous depression.   
 primary depression.    
    

45. Sometimes Brenda gets a little moody right around the time she menstruates. She finds she is less tolerant and occasionally overreacts a bit, but it doesn't affect her life too much. Brenda experiences what is generally referred to as:    
 * premenstrual syndrome.   
 premenstrual dysphoric disorder.   
 dysthymia.   
 cyclothymic depression.   
    

46. The ratio of women to men who are diagnosed as suffering from depression is about:    
 1:1.   
 1:2.   
 3:1.   
 * 2:1.   
    

47. The text cited the possibility that women are more prone to depression than men because they experience more stress. This might account for some of the difference, but research indicates:    
 there is actually no difference in the frequency of depression among men and women.   
 there is only a significant difference in the frequency of depression in single mothers.   
 * under comparable levels of stress, women still have higher levels of depression than men.   
 under comparable levels of stress with women, men have higher levels of depression.    
    

48. Of the following, which would be the most likely reason that women are more prone to depression than men?    
 Women are physically weaker than men and less resistant to stress.   
 Women are less able psychologically to deal with stress.   
 Women have to live with men.   
 * Women tend to internalize conflict and use more passive strategies in problem solving.   
    

49. The idea that physiological factors predispose women to suffer more depression than men is based on the fact that different rates do not appear until the hormonal changes of puberty begin. Critics of this notion point out:    
 the research to support this was conducted in the late 1960's and many factors have changed.   
 the support research was based on a limited socio-economic sample and is not all inclusive.   
 * that adolescence is more stressful for women than men.   
 that changes in hormonal levels are no greater for women than men.   
    

50. There is a striking difference in depression associated with age, in that there is:    
 a substantial decrease among older persons.   
 a substantial increase among those individuals in their late twenties.   
 * a substantial increase among older persons.   
 a substantial increase in middle age, then a decrease in old age.   
    

51. There is an increase in depression among older individuals which is likely due to changing social status and failing health, and also:    
 expectations that older people should be depressed.   
 widespread occurrence of ageism and prejudice against the elderly.   
 * structural problems in the brain.   
 none of the above.   
    

52. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience depression.?    
 Marie, who is married and works as a youth counselor.   
 John, who is middle-aged, wealthy and contemplating early retirement.   
 * Lisa, who is married, works in a motel and is living right above the poverty line.   
 Martin, who has just graduated high school and is making minimum wage as a take-out cook.   
    

53. Research on depression indicates that individuals in the lower socio-economic classes:    
 suffer the same amount of depression as those in higher classes.   
 * suffer from more depression than those in higher classes.   
 suffer from less depression than those in higher classes.   
 none of the above.   
    

54. Which of the following is true?    
 Caucasian Americans experience more incidents of depression.   
 African Americans experience more incidents of depression.   
 Hispanic Americans experience more incidents of depression.   
 * There is no evidence that ethnicity is related to depression.   
    

55. Miguel immigrated to the United States from Chile and has been living in northern California for the past thirteen years. He is now thirty-seven, has a wife and four children and is making payments on a small farm. Miguel recently became very depressed. Which of the following is the most likely the cause of his depression?    
 * socio-economic stressors   
 Miguel's ethnic background   
 Miguel's age   
 Miguel's marriage   
    

56. ____________, above and beyond everything else, is one of the best predictors of depression.    
 Age   
 * Stress   
 Economic status   
 Gender   
    

57. The key factor in the psychodynamic explanation for depression is:    
 repression.   
 denial.   
 avoidance   
 * stress   
    

58. The two neurotransmitters implicated in depression are:    
 serotonin and acetylcholine.   
 serotonin and dopamine.   
 * norepinephrine and serotonin.   
 norepinephrine and dopamine.   
    

59. In one investigation it was found that almost ________ of the individuals who experienced a catastrophic financial loss when a bank failed developed severe depression, whereas only ______ of individuals who did not experience that loss developed depression.    
 * 30%; 2%   
 50%; 10%   
 10%; 25%   
 5%; 30%   
    

60. Research involving comparisons between individuals who live near a damaged nuclear plant and those who live near a coal-fired plant or no energy plant, indicated:    
 there was no difference in levels of depression among the groups.   
 those near the nuclear plant performed better on intelligence tests.   
 those near the nuclear plant reported lower levels of depression.   
 * those near the nuclear plant reported higher levels of depression.   
    

61. Prolonged stress can lead to depression because:    
 * it causes a reduction in the levels of neurotransmitters related to mood.   
 it causes an increase in the levels of neurotransmitters related to mood.   
 it decreases the production of hormones, such as insulin, and this can lead to mood swings.   
 it decreases the production of naturally occurring steroids.   
    

62. When monkeys who had high social status were moved to a situation in which they had low social status, their neurotransmitter levels _______ and they appeared to become __________.    
 * decreased; depressed   
 increased; manic   
 decreased; manic   
 increased; depressed    
    

63. There is a link between social support and the occurrence of depression. The most important factor seems to be:    
 the number of friendships an individual has.   
 the gender of the friends an individual has.   
 * the quality of the friendship an individual has.   
 cultural influences.   
    

64. Gabriel tends to challenge the world and face problems head on, whereas Gracie, his wife, either accepts or avoids problems. Based on this, what prediction could be made about each individual's relative susceptibility to depression?    
 Gabriel will be less likely to become depressed because of his aggressive coping strategies.   
 Gracie will be less likely to become depressed because she accepts the inevitability of stress.   
 Gabriel is more likely to become depressed because of his aggressive coping strategies.   
 * An accurate prediction could not be made because it is not clear if coping strategies lead to depression.    
    

65. Individuals who are depressed tend to use a(n) ___________________ coping strategy when dealing with stressors, which often serves to help maintain their depression.    
 aggressive   
 * passive   
 approach/avoidance   
 approach/approach   
    

66. It is likely that depressed individuals who engage in passive coping strategies:    
 * will be depressed for a longer period of time.   
 will quickly recover from their depression.   
 have dysthymic rather than major depression.   
 suffer from bipolar rather than unipolar depression.   
    

67. Nicholas runs five miles every day unlike his identical twin, Jacob, who spends his leisure time sitting in front of a computer and gets relatively little aerobic exercise. If faced with a major stressor, which of these two would be less likely to become depressed?    
 Because they share the same genes, they would be equally likely to become depressed.   
 Jacob, because his system is not already taxed by copious amounts of strenuous exercise.   
 * Nicholas, because individuals who exercise show smaller physiological responses to stress.   
 There is not enough research evidence to draw a conclusion from this information.   
    

68. The author cites a study in which he compared students who engaged in regular aerobic exercise to those who had relaxation training or no treatment at all. The results indicate:    
 * students in the exercise group had lower levels of depression.   
 students in the relaxation training group had lower levels of depression.   
 students in the control group had lower levels of depression.   
 there was no difference in the levels of depression between groups.   
    

69. The cognitive explanation suggests people become depressed because:    
 they are modeling the behaviors of others.   
 stressors reduce their psychological resistance to depression.   
 multiple stressors have "taught" them to be depressed.   
 * they have negative beliefs that lead to the depression.   
    

70. Cognitive theorists believe that ______________ play a key role in why some people develop depression while others do not.    
 hormonal factors   
 imitation and selective attention   
 stress and support systems   
 * early negative experiences   
    

71. Research studies indicate that individuals who are depressed:    
 do not distinguish between negative and positive information.   
 automatically attend to positive information as a kind of defense mechanism.   
 * selectively attend to negative information.   
 are more likely to repress negative episodes in their lives.   
    

72. Marlis tends to look at the negative aspects of life and can find something bad about almost any situation. Her friend, Tina is just the opposite. Tina is always looking on the bright side and rarely expresses a negative thought. Given this information, what prediction could we make concerning which of these two women will be more likely to become depressed?    
 Tina will be more likely to become depressed because she is obviously in denial.   
 Marlis will be more likely to become depressed because she dwells on negative cognitions.   
 Even though she has negative beliefs, Marlis will be less likely to become depressed because Tina is her friend.   
 * An accurate prediction cannot be made because there is no evidence supporting the notion that beliefs influence the onset of depression.   
    

73. Investigators who measured the occurrence of depression in individuals with a high level of negative beliefs found:    
 a causal link between depression and negative beliefs.   
 a slightly greater incidence of depression among those individuals as compared to others.   
 * there is no causal link between depression and negative beliefs.   
 a huge increase in the incidence of depression among those individuals as compared to others.    
    

74. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to develop a major depression?    
 * A person with negative beliefs who has experienced many stressful life events.   
 A person who has experienced many stressful life events.   
 A person who continually harbors negative beliefs about life.   
 A person who has low self-esteem.    
    

75. Which of the following statements accurately reflects current thought pertaining to the relationship between negative beliefs and depression?    
 There is a causal link between negative beliefs and depression.   
 Negative beliefs have no influence on depression.   
 * Negative beliefs may prolong depression.   
 Latent negative beliefs are at the root of many depressive episodes.   
    

76. Feye is depressed and feels she has no control over the negative things in her life and has no power to change. This is consistent with the:    
 physiological explanation for depression.   
 psychodynamic explanation for depression.   
 cognitive explanation for depression.   
 * learned helplessness explanation for depression.   
    

77. Individuals with negative beliefs feel they are ______________ for the negative things that occur in their lives, whereas individuals with learned helplessness believe they are _______________ .    
 not responsible; victims of chance   
 responsible; taught to be negative   
 somehow targeted; not responsible for their lives   
 * responsible; unable to control their lives   
    

78. In one experiment dogs were given shocks from which they tried to escape but could not. Twenty-four hours later when they were shocked again, but allowed the opportunity to escape, they:    
 * endured the shocks and did not attempt to escape.   
 quickly learned to escape.   
 eventually learned to escape.   
 immediately attacked the enclosure.   
    

79. The similarity between the helpless behavior of dogs that had been exposed to inescapable shocks and the behavior of depressed humans led researchers to formulate:    
 the excessive punishment hypothesis of depression.   
 * the learned helplessness hypothesis of depression.   
 the selective attention hypothesis of depression.   
 the physiological hypothesis of depression.   
    

80. After being exposed to a loud noise which they attempted to, but could not control or avoid, students were given another trial and it was found that:    
 they made about the same number of attempts to control the noise as in the first trial.   
 they made more attempts to control the noise than they had in the first trial.   
 they made no attempts to control the noise.   
 * they made far fewer attempts to control the noise.   
    

81. The fact that individuals who cannot escape from a stressor must subsequently endure more stress than those who can control stressors suggests that depression probably results from:    
 * increased stress.   
 feelings of helplessness.   
 selective attention.   
 incorrect beliefs.   
    

82. Support for the notion that stress is the crucial factor in learned helplessness comes from research:    
 * that demonstrated stress-related physiological changes in the brains of animals that had been exposed to situations in which they were helpless.   
 that showed women who have been exposed to arbitrary violence tend to suffer from alcoholism.   
 involving the brains of rats who showed an increase in dopamine levels in response to stress and so exhibited signs of depression.   
 that showed increased levels of anabolic steroids, which mimic physiological reactions to stress, induce depression.   
    

83. From a general physiological standpoint, depression is thought to be due to:    
 over-activity of the limbic system.   
 an overactive endocrine system.   
 * problems in areas of the brain responsible for mood.   
 circulatory and pulmonary problems.   
    

84. Decreased availability of certain neurotransmitters in areas of the brain responsible for positive mood is thought to be one factor which may lead to:    
 mania.   
 * depression.   
 obsessions.   
 compulsions.   
    

85. Substance resulting from the natural break down of neurotransmitters in the brain are called:    
 catabolites.   
 endocrines.   
 * metabolites.    
 endorphins.   
    

86. Measuring the levels of metabolites in spinal fluid and urine is an indirect method of measuring:    
 hormones.   
 * neurotransmitters.   
 endocrines.   
 catabolites.   
    

87. Lower than normal levels of the metabolite MHPG in a patient's cerebral spinal fluid would indicate that the person has low levels of the neurotransmitter _____________ and is also possibly ______________.    
 * norepinephrine; depressed   
 serotonin; bi-poplar   
 dopamine; schizophrenic   
 norepinephrine; manic   
    

88. Research on the relationship between metabolite levels and depression has indicated that metabolite levels start to __________ a few days ______________ the onset of depression.    
 fall; after   
 rise; before   
 rise; after   
 * fall; before   
    

89. Evidence which indicates a causal relationship between neurotransmitters and depression comes from the finding that:    
 * drugs that lower levels of neurotransmitters involved in mood increase depression.   
 drugs that raise levels of neurotransmitters involved in mood increase depression.   
 placebos influence depression as much as drugs which lower neurotransmitter levels.   
 there is no evidence for a causal relationship between neurotransmitters and depression.   
    

90. MHPG levels, the metabolite of norepinephrine, are:    
 * lower during depression and higher during mania.   
 lower during depression and mania.   
 higher during depression and lower during mania.   
 higher during depression and mania.   
    

91. __________ an amino acid found in protein is relevant to depression because once inside the body it is converted into serotonin.    
 Glutamate   
 Umami   
 * Tryptophan   
 Thyrotropin   
    

92. In a study of the connection between diet and depression, individuals fed low tryptophan diets for one day reported mild depression:    
 only if they had eaten relatively little the day before.   
 in all of the trials.   
 two to three days after the trial.   
 * only if they also had a family history of depression.   
    

93. The ____________ is a structure in the mid-brain which is thought to be responsible for mood, sleep, appetite and sexual arousal.    
 * hypothalamus   
 thalamus   
 medulla   
 cingulate   
    

94. Physiology provides an explanation for why depressed individuals often experience problems with sleep, appetite and sexual response, in that:    
 their hormone levels are lower and this leads to behavioral changes.   
 * the hypothalamus, which regulates these behaviors, is affected by the same neurotransmitters that play a role in depression.   
 sleep loss and changes in appetite can lead to depression and sexual dysfunction.   
 the medulla, which regulates basic body function, is influenced by changes in serotonin levels.   
    

95. Mandy has been severely depressed for several months and recently decided to seek medical treatment. Her physician gave her a prescription for Prozac, an antidepressant. What can Mandy expect to happen after she begins taking the drug?    
 * It will probably be a couple of weeks before her depression begins to lift.   
 She will experience an almost immediate relief from her depression.   
 She will immediately experience a few side-effects, but should be cured with a day or two.   
 It will take one to two days before her depression lifts.   
    

96. Drugs used to treat depression increase neurotransmitter levels within a couple of hours, but the depressions do not lift for:    
 at least 24 hours.   
 24 to 36 hours.   
 * several weeks.   
 months.   
    

97. Low neurological activity in the ________________, the area of the brain responsible for analytical thinking, could lead to the impaired thought processes and problems with memory that are found in depression.    
 * left prefrontal cortex   
 orbitofrontal cortex   
 pyriform cortex   
 subcutaneous cortex   
    

98. When depressed and nondepressed persons work on complex intellectual tasks, the depressed persons show:    
 more activity in the prefrontal cortex.   
 no activity in the prefrontal cortex.   
 * less activity in the prefrontal cortex.   
 an equal amount of activity in the prefrontal cortex.   
    

99. The ____________ is a band of nerve tracts that encircles a number of structures in the mid-brain and then leads to the frontal lobes.    
 hypoglossal   
 inferior peduncle   
 * cingulate gyrus   
 superior colliculus   
    

The cingulate gyrus, a band of nerve tracts that connects mid-brain areas to the frontal lobes is ___________ in individuals who are depressed.    
 * underactive   
 overactive   
 nonfunctional   
 atrophied   
    

The ____________, which plays a role in motor activity, is underactive in individuals who are depressed and this may explain why these individuals show psychomotor retardation.    
 * basal ganglia   
 medulla oblongata   
 reticular activating system   
 prefrontal cortex   
    

The cingulate connects emotion centers in the mid-brain to thought centers in the prefrontal cortex. The lower levels of activity in this area in individuals who are depressed indicate:    
 that neurotransmitter levels are not actually relevant to depression.   
 that depression is strictly a matter of physiology.   
 * a possibility that mood is not being properly integrated with other material.   
 that thought processes are independent of mood.   
    

Depression is more likely to occur in individuals whose strokes occur in the _____________ cortex rather than the ______________ cortex.    
 * left prefrontal; right prefrontal   
 right prefrontal; left prefrontal   
 orbitofrontal; left prefrontal   
 orbitofrontal; right prefrontal   
    

Maggie is an elderly woman who recently suffered from a stroke in the left prefrontal cortex area. Because of the location, Maggie is:    
 likely to suffer from psychomotor retardation.   
 likely to suffer very few adverse affects.   
 likely to become manic.   
 * likely to suffer from depression.   
    

MRI scans reveal that in depressed individuals there is an area in the left prefrontal cortex that is about:    
 45% larger than it is in non-depressed individuals.   
 25% larger than it is in non-depressed individuals.   
 75% smaller than it is in non-depressed individuals.   
 * 45% smaller than it is in non-depressed individuals.    
    

Individuals who have biological relatives who suffer from depression are:    
 not as likely to suffer from depression.   
 * more than twice as likely to suffer from depression as other individuals.   
 five times as likely to suffer from depression as other individuals.   
 just as likely as other individuals to suffer from depression.   
    

The most convincing evidence for a genetic basis for depression comes from the study of:    
 * individuals who were raised by non-biological parents.   
 monkeys raised in captivity.   
 genealogies.   
 dizygotic twins.   
    

Studies of individuals raised by adoptive parents indicate there is a strong genetic factor involved in depression. Overall, the heritability of depression appears to be:    
 about 100%   
 * between 33% and 45%.   
 between 25% and 50%.   
 between 75% and 100%.   
    

Children whose biological parents are depressed but who are adopted at birth and raised by nondepressed parents:    
 * have higher rates of depression than adopted children whose biological parents are not depressed.   
 have the same rates of depression as adopted children whose biological parents are not depressed.   
 have lower rates of depression than adopted children whose biological parents are not depressed.   
 exhibit no predictable pattern regarding depressive tendencies.   
    

The results of an investigation done with rhesus monkeys revealed that if infant monkeys with low levels of serotonin were adopted by parents with high levels of serotonin, the level of serotonin in the adopted monkeys:    
 increased, suggesting there is a strong environmental influence involved in depression.   
 increased, suggesting genetics play a small role in depression.   
 * remained low, suggesting that genetic factors do influence neurotransmitters.   
 became exactly that of the adoptive parents.    
    

There is now evidence which indicates that some individuals are more likely than others to be involved in stressful situations. As indicated by the text, this is likely due to:    
 * the influence of heritability on serotonin levels.   
 observation and role playing.   
 a feedback loop involving norepinephrine and serotonin.   
 early childhood modeling of parental behaviors.   
    

In studies conducted with twins which were aimed at looking into the role genetic factors play in stressful life events, it was found that identical twins:    
 share about the same number of stressful life events as fraternal twins.   
 do not share the same number of stressful life events if raised apart.   
 do not have similar numbers of stressful life events.   
 * have a higher rate of shared stressful life events than fraternal twins.   
    

There is evidence that indicates low levels of serotonin can lead to impulsivity, poor decision making and possibly stressful situations. If serotonin levels are influenced by genes this could mean:    
 * genes indirectly influence the number of stressors in the lives of some individuals.   
 the environment plays very little part in the occurrence of stress in some individuals' lives.   
 neurotransmitter levels have very little influence on depression.   
 none of the above.   
    

Individuals born in Finland between October and November of 1957 were more likely to suffer from depression later in life than individuals born in the same months of preceding years. This was later attributed to the fact there was a severe influenza epidemic 3 to 6 months before those individuals were born. This provides an excellent example of how:    
 genes influence behavior.   
 * the environment can influence genetic expression and thus behavior.   
 women weakened by illness during pregnancy can make poor mothers and influence behavioral outcomes.   
 correlations are not always due to causation.   
    

Therapy derived from the psychodynamic approach, in which clinicians first help their clients identify stressors causing depression, then work with the client to resolve the stress, is called:    
 psychoanalysis.   
 stress replacement therapy.   
 rational emotive therapy.   
 * interpersonal psychotherapy.   
    

When interpersonal psychotherapy was compared to cognitive therapy, antidepressants and placebo, the results indicated that it was:    
 * comparable to the cognitive therapy and antidepressant treatments and better than the placebo.   
 comparable to the cognitive therapy, but not as effective as antidepressants.   
 comparable to the cognitive therapy and the placebo, but not as effective as antidepressants.   
 less effective than the antidepressant.   
    

Interpersonal psychotherapy is an effective treatment for depression, but so are other types of of psychotherapy with widely differing approaches. The fact that differing forms of psychotherapy are effective would indicate:    
 further research into repression is needed.   
 psychotherapy should be the only treatment for depression.   
 stress is the likely the cause for all depressions.   
 * social support, the common element in these therapies, is likely the beneficial component.    
    

Jesse is seeing a therapist who is challenging her to take a hard look at her self image and also the way she views the world, with an aim toward deciding if her outlook really reflects reality. Jesse is seeing a _______________ therapist.    
 psychodynamic   
 learning   
 humanistic   
 * cognitive   
    

______________ for depression involves identifying , testing and replacing a client's incorrect belief systems.    
 Psychodynamic therapy   
 Learning therapy   
 Humanistic therapy   
 * Cognitive-behavior therapy   
    

In the third phase of cognitive-behavior therapy, the client is asked to replace their negative beliefs. An important aspect of this phase is _______________ to promote the new ideas.    
 * planning activities   
 group therapy   
 meditation   
 relaxation training   
    

In ______________ therapy, patients eventually become independent of the therapist because they learn to question and/or recognize the validity of their ideas.    
 * cognitive   
 psychodynamic   
 learning   
 group   
    

When compared to drug therapy, cognitive therapy used to treat moderate depression is:    
 less effective.   
 * equally effective.   
 more effective.   
 about twice as effective.   
    

If an individual suffering from moderate depression were to receive cognitive therapy in conjunction with drug therapy, they would likely:    
 be wasting their money as the two combined are no more effective than either treatment alone.   
 experience a slightly lower recovery rate due to a double-treatment confound.   
 be completely cured of their depression almost immediately.   
 * experience a quicker recovery rate than they would with either treatment alone.   
    

Tricyclic and bicyclic antidepressant drugs work by:    
 catabolizing neurotransmitters.   
 increasing neurotransmitter production.   
 * reducing the reuptake of neurotransmitters.   
 increasing the number of receptor sites.   
    

_____________ are referred to as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs.    
 Tricyclics such as Elavil   
 * Bicyclics such as Prozac   
 MAOIs such as Nardil   
 Atypical drugs such as Effexor   
    

Which of the following categories of antidepressant drugs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine?    
 bicyclics   
 MAOIs   
 lithium salts   
 * tricyclics   
    

Bennie is seeing a therapist for depression. The therapist decides the best treatment for Bennie is antidepressant drug therapy. For maximum benefit with the least amount of serious side effects, which of the following antidepressants would the therapist prescribe?    
 Nardil   
 Elavil   
 Anafranil   
 * Zoloft   
    

When Prozac was first introduced, there was some speculation that it could lead to:    
 seizures and convulsions.   
 pulmonary and cardiovascular problems.   
 * suicide and murder.   
 anxiety and mania.   
    

MAOIs, or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, work by:    
 blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters.   
 increasing neurotransmitter production.   
 * reducing catabolism of neurotransmitters.   
 increasing the number of neurotransmitter receptor sites.   
    

_______________ react with a substance called tryamine, which can lead to a severe increase in blood pressure and possibly strokes.    
 Tricyclics   
 * MAOIs   
 SSRIs   
 Bicyclics   
    

Due to an increased potential for serious side effects, ______________ are generally prescribed only after all other antidepressant drugs have been found to be ineffective.    
 SSRIs   
 tricyclics   
 bicyclics   
 * MAOIs   
    

_____________, generally used for bi-polar disorder, is used alone or in combination with bicyclics and tricyclics to treat depression when those drugs are not completely effective.    
 Effexor   
 Nardil   
 Marplan   
 * Lithium   
    

Psychomotor stimulants decrease depression by:    
 blocking reuptake.   
 catabolizing neurotransmitters.   
 building receptor sites.   
 * increasing neurotransmitter production.   
    

Which of the following drug types are generally addictive and have only short-term effects?    
 SSRIs   
 MAOIs   
 * Psychomotor stimulants   
 Benzodiazepines   
    

Psychomotor stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, work by increasing the production of neurotransmitters. When the use of these drugs is discontinued, it causes:    
 * neurons to produce even less neurotransmitters than before the drugs were used.   
 neurons to produce more neurotransmitters than before the drugs were used.   
 neurons to produce the same amount of neurotransmitters as when the drugs were used.   
 neurons to atrophy, leading to a complete cessation of neurotransmitter production.   
    

In a study in which patients were randomly assigned to conditions in which they received either Prozac or Paxil, almost 90% of the subjects reported a decrease in depression of ______ or better.    
 * 50%   
 75%   
 90%   
 25%    
    

Which of the following statements concerning antidepressant drugs is true?    
 In many cases antidepressants can provide a cure for depression.   
 * There is usually a delay of about 4 weeks before antidepressants have an effect.   
 Most antidepressants can be taken only a short time as they are moderately addictive.   
 MAOIs are the safest and most effective of the antidepressant drugs.   
    

Janie is a moderately depressed individual who has been taking Prozac for the last 5 weeks and is just now starting to feel really good about life. What can she expect from her drug therapy?    
 She can expect to be completely cured within 6 to 8 months.   
 She can expect to become addicted to the drug if she takes it longer than 2 to 3 months.   
 She can expect the drugs effectiveness to wear off within 2 to 3 months as her body adjusts.   
 * She can expect to take the drug for a prolonged period as it is only a treatment and not a cure.   
    

Bicyclic and tricyclic antidepressants can have side effects such as dryness of mouth, blurring of vision, heart palpitations and drowsiness, but in many cases:    
 the body adjusts over time and the side effects disappear.   
 individuals can learn to cope with the side effects.   
 the side effects are preferable to the symptoms the drugs are being used to treat.   
 * all of the above.   
    

A notable side effect that occurs with many of the bicyclic antidepressants is:    
 insomnia.   
 * sexual dysfunction.   
 incontinence.   
 paranoia.   
    

Electroconvulsive therapy is used widely for the treatment of depression and it is estimated that more than _________ patients in the United States receive it each day.    
 1,000   
 2,000   
 5,000   
 * 10,000   
    

ECT was originally developed as a treatment for:    
 depression.   
 * schizophrenia.   
 bi-polar disorder.   
 alcoholism.   
    

Which of the following statements concerning ECT is true?    
 * If after 8 to10 trials the treatment is still not effective, it is usually abandoned.   
 Patients are usually rendered unconscious as a result of the treatment.   
 Many patients experience severe side effects, such as nausea and vomiting.   
 ECT is decreasing in popularity and is rarely used.   
    

ECT works quickly in reducing depression, which makes it an important treatment for:    
 patients who do not respond to drug therapy.   
 patients who do not respond to psychotherapy.   
 * patients who are suicidal as a result of their depression.   
 patients who would not otherwise seek treatment.   
    

In research trials, it was found that ECT can be effective in helping those patients who are:    
 schizophrenic as well as depressed.   
 prone to seizures.   
 * not helped by medication.   
 depressed as a result of cortical damage.   
    

In some cases the use of drugs to limit depression after ECT is not effective. In those situations it is often necessary to use:    
 hospitalization.   
 * maintenance ECT.   
 cognitive therapies and drug treatments.   
 insulin shock treatment.   
    

One occasional side effect of ECT is:    
 seizures.   
 * retrograde amnesia.   
 severe heart palpitations.   
 bone fractures.   
    

Retrograde amnesia, an occasional side effect of ECT, involves:    
 * the loss of memory for past events.   
 the temporary loss of identity.   
 the loss of memory for recent events.   
 an inability to recognize people.   
    

High frequencies of electromagnetic pulses cause neurons to:    
 atrophy.   
 fire slowly.   
 stop firing.   
 * fire rapidly.   
    

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a treatment for depression which stimulates neurons in selected areas via the administration of electromagnetic pulses. This has the effect of:    
 reducing the activity of the neurons.   
 completely stopping the neurons from firing.   
 * causing the neurons to fire rapidly which disrupts normal functioning.   
 causing the neurons to fire rapidly which enhances normal functioning.   
    

Depressed patients who did not respond well to antidepressants underwent a trial in which half received transcranial magnetic stimulation and half did not. The group who underwent the actual treatment showed an immediate:    
 10% reduction in their symptoms.   
 * 50% reduction in their symptoms.   
 100% reduction in their symptoms.   
 lack of any type of response.   
    

Which of the following statements regarding light treatment therapy is true?    
 Light treatment therapy as been proved to be ineffectual as a treatment for depression.   
 Light treatment therapy is as effective as ECT in the treatment of depression.   
 Dim light has been found to be the most effective treatment for those with mild depression.   
 * Light treatment therapy is effective for at least some individuals.   
    

In light treatment therapy, ____________ light seems to be the most effective.    
 dim   
 * bright   
 intermittent   
 neon   
    

The production of melatonin, a hormone which regulates sleep cycles and at high levels may depress mood, is:    
 * increased when periods of light are shorter.   
 decreased when periods of light are shorter.   
 increased when sleep periods are extended.   
 not affected by light.   
    

Apart from feeling badly, people who are depressed suffer from slowed thought processes and impairments in memory that can interfere with their functioning.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

It may be that depressed individuals do not distort their self-perceptions downward, but that nondepressed individuals actually distort their self-perceptions upward.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Marla is suffering from severe depression. She was recently diagnosed as having type II diabetes and her physical condition is contributing a great deal to her depression. Marla's case is an example of masked depression.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder was recently established as a diagnosis in DSM-IV.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Perrin is facing a serious financial crisis and has been severely stressed for a couple of months. He is also extremely depressed. On the surface it would seem obvious to assume his depression is directly resulting from his financial situation, but what is likely happening is the stress he is under has lowered his serotonin levels.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

When compared with students who were under similar stress levels but who underwent relaxation therapy, students who were involved in aerobic fitness training reported comparable levels of depression.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Interpersonal psychotherapy, as well as other types of psychotherapy, have been proven to be the the most effective treatments for depression and these, in combination with drug therapy, are the treatments of choice for many therapists.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Cognitive theorists argue that incorrect beliefs are the cause of depression which, according to recent findings, has proved to be the case.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Depressed persons are more likely to recall things such as failures, being left out of peer groups or being criticized by teachers or employers.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Although negative beliefs do not cause depression by themselves, it may be that they predispose individuals to become depressed when the individuals are exposed to stress.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Deidre has been employed in her current position for 8 years. Recently she learned that the company is going bankrupt and that she has approximately 3 months left at her job. She feels hopeless about her situation, unable to do anything to improve it and is seriously depressed. Deidre's depression is most likely resulting from her perceived inability to control her life.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A depressed individual would likely have low levels of (MHPG) in their cerebral spinal fluid which would indicate they also have low levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Depression is more likely to occur in individuals whose strokes occurred in the left prefrontal cortex rather than the right prefrontal cortex.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Studies indicate when depressed individuals are given medication to relieve their depression, they do become less depressed but despite their mood alteration continue to harbor negative beliefs.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Cognitive therapy and drug therapy for depression are about equally effective, but when the two treatments are combined, the efficacy is still equal to that of either treatment alone.     
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Tricyclic antidepressants, such as Tofranil and Elavil, increase the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking catabolization of these neurotransmitters.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Generally there is a delay of about 4 weeks between the time an individual begins taking an antidepressant and starts to notice an improvement in symptoms.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Bicyclic antidepressants, such as Prozac and Zoloft, generally have fewer side effects than the tricyclics and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Potential side effects resulting from the use of antidepressants are pervasive and cannot be regulated even through dosage adjustment.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

After ECT, patients can be put on maintenance doses of an antidepressant drug which will generally decrease the incidence of relapse.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

ECT is the optimal treatment procedure for most cases of depression.    
 True   
 * False