_______________ disorders involve the presence of physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable physical cause and no resulting physical damage.    
 Dissociative   
 * Somatoform   
 Psychosomatic   
 Depersonalization   
    

2. _________________ disorders involve the presence of physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable physical cause, but the symptoms result in physical damage.    
 * Psychosomatic   
 Somatoform   
 Dissociative   
 Depersonalization   
    

3. If an individual complained often of having a variety of symptoms, such as headaches, nausea, joint pains and sexual dysfunction which could be linked to no physical cause, they would receive a general diagnosis of:    
 conversion disorder.   
 * somatization disorder.   
 hypochondriasis.   
 pain disorder.   
    

4. Most people have some type of career; Cherese has some type of ailment. She spends a great deal of time consulting physicians about a variety of symptoms, such as headaches, muscle aches, blurred vision, menstrual problems and stomach illnesses, which the doctors have been unable to link to any physical cause. Despite this, she still insists something is wrong. Cherese has:    
 * somatization disorder.   
 hypochondriasis.   
 pain disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
    

5. One week Brad thought he had stomach cancer because he was experiencing slight indigestion. After a medical exam he was briefly reassured, but soon decided he must have diabetes because he felt weak and light headed after not eating for half a day. Brad is exhibiting symptoms of:    
 conversion disorder.   
 body dysmorphic disorder.   
 * hypochondriasis.   
 pain disorder.    
    

6. If an individual is suffering from _________________, they irrationally believe that minor ailments are actually major disorders and these beliefs cause them a great deal of anxiety.    
 pain disorder   
 conversion disorder   
 * hypochondriasis   
 phobic pain disorder   
    

7. Disorders stemming from psychological causes and resulting in physical damage are:    
 * psychosomatic disorders.   
 somatic disorders.   
 conversion disorders.   
 pain disorders.   
    

8. Individuals with _______________ exhibit excessive anxiety about one or two symptoms, whereas individuals who have _______________ are concerned with a wide variety of current symptoms and diseases.    
 psychosomatic disorder; hypochondriasis   
 somatoform disorder; psychosomatic disorder   
 hypochondriasis; conversion disorder   
 * hypochondriasis; somatoform disorder   
    

Julian awoke on the morning of his first major recital and found that both of his hands had gone numb during the night. He tried shaking them and soaking them in warm water, and rubbing them, but could achieve no more than a tingle in either one. Julian likely has:    
 * conversion disorder.   
 pain disorder.   
 somatization disorder.   
 body dysmorphic disorder.   
    

10. The most conclusive evidence that an individual is suffering from _____________ disorder is the occurrence of a symptom pattern that could not possibly be the result of physical cause.    
 somatization   
 psychosomatic   
 pain   
 * conversion   
    

11. In ______________ disorder there is usually an absence of negative consequences that would normally result from the physical symptoms which are present, and those symptoms may also change depending on the type of stressor to which the individual is exposed.    
 psychosomatic   
 somatization   
 * conversion   
 pain   
    

12. Which of the following is a difficulty inherent in separating conversion disorders from actual physical disorders when attempting a diagnosis?    
 Conversion disorders often lead to physical damage.   
 * There is an increasing awareness of medical knowledge among the general public.   
 The rigid consistency of symptom patterns is common to both disorders.   
 The current lack of knowledge about the disorders make diagnosis difficult.   
    

13. Which of the following differentiates pain disorder from somatization disorder?    
 * In pain disorder, pain is the only symptom reported.   
 Pain disorder can lead to serious physical damage if not treated.   
 Somatization disorder can lead to serious physical damage if not treated.   
 Somatization disorder involves paralysis.   
    

14. Barry complains of having a serious pain in his right arm. He has been to many different doctors who have ran a variety of tests, but none of them have found any physical reason for his pain. The only symptom Barry has is the pain in his arm. He is likely suffering from:    
 * pain disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 somatization disorder.   
 body dysomorphic disorder.   
    

15. __________ disorder involves a preoccupation with some imagined or minor defect in one's physical appearance.    
 Conversion   
 Somatization   
 * Body dysmorphic   
 Psychogenic   
    

16. The symptoms of ______________ disorder are often accompanied by social phobias, occupational withdrawal and the obsessive-compulsive disorder.    
 * body dysmorphic   
 conversion   
 somatization   
 psychosomatic   
    

Tia is obsessed with her weight. Every time she looks in a mirror she notices a new flaw in her appearance, some imagined bit of cellulite or an area that needs toning. She fasts and exercises fanatically, to the point of endangering her health, and as a result no longer menstruates. Tia challenging has:    
 body dysmorphic disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 * anorexia.   
 bulimia.   
    

18. _____________ involves an epidemic of a particular manifestation of a somatoform disorder.    
 Mass somatoform disorder   
 * Mass psychogenic illness   
 Mass psychosomatic phenomenon   
 Mass conversion disorder   
    

19. The best known epidemic of the mass psychogenic illnesses involves:    
 the case in Bali, where 45 women died from heart failure.   
 the outbreak of "shell-shocked" soldiers during WWI.   
 * the dancing manias which took place in the 15th and 16th centuries.   
 the Salem witch trials.   
    

20. In one case of mass psychogenic illness it was found that those who exhibited symptoms had a higher rate of mood and somatization disorders than the individuals who did not. This suggests:    
 * people who develop the disorder may be psychologically predisposed.   
 the illness is a culmination of an extended exposure to some harmful environmental effect.   
 the illness is not viable as a mass phenomenon.   
 people who develop the disorder are actually malingerers seeking attention.   
    

21. All of the following are somatoform disorders, with the exception of:    
 * fugue disorder.   
 somatization disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 pain disorder.   
    

22. In addition to their complaints about physical symptoms, individuals with somatization disorder often report anxiety and depression. These two symptoms:    
 * are a possible consequence of the individual's belief that a serious medical condition exists.   
 are what actually causes the somatization disorder.   
 are an unrelated phenomenon and often remain even after the somatization disorder is gone.   
 are the result of serious physical illness brought about by the somatization disorder.   
    

23. Glove anesthesia is a classic example of:    
 hypochondriasis.   
 * conversion disorder.   
 pain disorder.   
 psychosomatic disorder.   
    

24. Historical descriptions of what appear to be conversion disorders indicate women were the primary suffers. The ancient Greeks attributed these disorders to:    
 female menses.   
 lifestyle and diet.   
 a weak nervous system.   
 * a wandering womb.   
    

25. The term _____________ comes from the Greek word for womb.    
 somato   
 conversion   
 * hysteria   
 menses   
    

Like the ancient Greeks, Freud believed that hysterical disorders resulted from conflicts over sexuality; however, he differed in that:    
 * he believed men could also develop the disorder.   
 he believed the disorder was limited to post-menopausal women.   
 he believed the disorder was limited to women.   
 he believed the disorder could be cured by increasing sexual contact.   
    

27. It is estimated that about ______ of the population experiences the various somatofom disorders.    
 10%   
 * 2%   
 7%   
 15%   
    

28. _______________ is a somatoform disorder in Asia that involves the belief that the genitals are withdrawing into the body and that death will follow.    
 dhat   
 bushido   
 * koro   
 sukra   
    

29. Farrokh lives in India. He has come to the city of Bombay to consult with a physician. He is depressed, feels weak and fatigued and lacks the stamina and virility to which he is accustomed. The doctor has been unable to find any physical cause for Farrokh's malaise, but suspects a decline in vital fluids. Farrokh is likely suffering from a somatoform disorder known as:    
 * dhat.   
 sukra.    
 koro.   
 dunjab.   
    

30. Evidence indicates that somatoform disorders that occur in different cultures are probably:    
 due to different physiological causes.   
 * due to a common underlying cause, but are manifested differently due to differing beliefs.   
 culturally specific due to a function of role models, belief systems and lifestyles.   
 not treatable with other than culturally specific remedies.   
    

31. The Asian disorder koro is similar to western disorders involving bodily concerns, such as body dysmorphic disorder, in that:    
 koro occurs mostly in women.   
 it is untreatable with medication.   
 it is widely considered to be a factitious disorder.   
 * it is treatable with antidepressant drugs like clomipramine.   
    

32. Kevin took several anatomy and physiology classes while in school and has a decent working knowledge of the skeletal muscular system. Recently, while lifting some boxes at work, he claims to have seriously injured his back and is now attempting to garner a large insurance settlement because he can no longer work. Oddly enough, Kevin has no difficulty playing basketball with his friends. Kevin is:    
 exhibiting symptoms of factitious disorder.   
 exhibiting symptoms of Munchausen syndrome.   
 * malingering.   
 faking a body dysmorphic disorder.   
    

33. Disorders that are consciously faked to gain attention and sympathy are termed:    
 * factitious disorders.   
 conversion disorders.   
 malingering disorder.   
 dysmorphic disorders   
    

If a parent was to harm their child in a non-obvious way, then rush them to the hospital because the parent enjoyed the notoriety of being the parent of an ill child, they would be diagnosed as having:    
 * Munchausen syndrome by proxy.   
 factitious disorder.   
 malingering syndrome by proxy.   
 conversion disorder.    
    

35. When a treatment having no therapeutic value is administered to an individual and consequently improves the individual's condition because they were lead to believe it should, this is called:    
 * the placebo effect.   
 the Ryan effect.   
 healing by proxy.   
 the factitious treatment effect.   
    

36. What relevance does the placebo effect have to somatoform disorders?    
 It provides an indication that a majority of people with the disorder are probably faking.   
 * It provides evidence that individuals really believe they have the disorder and are not faking.   
 It suggests there is an underlying physiological cause triggered by suggestion.   
 It has no relevance to somatoform disorders.   
    

37. The example cited in the text pertaining to the individuals diagnosed with conversion disorder, who were later found to have Tourettes syndrome, illustrates:    
 * the difficulties inherent in differentiating somatoform disorders from real physical ailments.   
 how little is actually known about conversion disorders.   
 the lack of diagnostic techniques available for assessing individuals with Tourettes.   
 how somatoform disorders often become legitimate physical ailments.   
    

38. Patients with somatoform disorders are often extremely difficult to diagnose and as a result receive extensive medical tests. This has been estimated to cost the Unitized States health care system between:    
 10 and 20 million dollars.   
 * 20 and 30 billion dollars.   
 50 and 60 billion dollars.   
 5 and 10 million dollars.   
    

39. In one program, physicians were informed beforehand of patients who had somatization disorder. This resulted in a reduction of the patients' medical costs and also:    
 * a surprising improvement in the patients' physical functioning.   
 a surprising increase in the number of symptoms bout which the patient complained.   
 an unusual increase in actual physical problems.   
 a surprising number of patients that were completely cured.   
    

40. Somatoform disorders consist of physical symptoms for which there is no demonstrable cause, which indicates:    
 an unlikeness that a cause for most somatoform disorders will ever be found.   
 * a possible current lack of sophistication pertaining to our ability to understand some disorders.   
 an unwillingness on the part of the medical profession to pursue a difficult diagnosis.   
 people with somatoform disorders should really be diagnosed as having factitious disorder.   
    

41. Some years ago women who showed the physical symptoms of pregnancy, but who were not actually pregnant, were diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder called:    
 * pseudocyesis.   
 hysterical pregnancy.   
 ectopic pregnancy.   
 factitious pregnancy.   
    

The somatoform disorder known as pseudocyesis or "sham pregnancy" is:    
 extremely rare, but does occasionally occur.   
 known to occur mostly in third world countries which lack medical sophistication.   
 more common today than it was thirty years ago when it was first discovered.   
 * no longer a diagnosis as the symptoms involved were found to have a physical cause.   
    

43. Freud's speculation that pent-up emotional energy was converted into physical symptoms provides the basis for the term:    
 hypochondriasis.   
 dissociative disorder.   
 fugue disorder.   
 * conversion disorder.    
    

44. The psychodynamic explanation suggests that somatoform disorders occur because:    
 * pent-up emotional energy associated with drives is converted into physical symptoms.   
 an inability of the superego to control the id.   
 harmful fixations which occur in childhood lead to repression.   
 people tend to catastrophize.   
    

45. The reduction of symptoms, such as anxiety, due to a release of pent-up emotions is called:    
 pseudcyesis.   
 dysmorphia.   
 * catharsis.   
 pseudoeuphoria.   
    

46. Freud suggested that the expression of emotions which have been previously denied an outlet will lead to a reduction of symptoms. This type of emotional release is now called:    
 projection.   
 transfer.   
 meta-emotinal cognition.   
 * catharsis.   
    

47. The basic tenet of the _____________ explanation is that the symptoms of the various somatoform disorders are acquired and used because they result in rewards.    
 psychodynamic   
 cognitive   
 * learning   
 pragmatic   
    

48. Which of the following statements would a learning theorist most likely endorse?    
 If needs are not met, the unexpressed emotional energy may lead to a somatoform illness.   
 A preoccupation with certain minor physiological symptoms may lead to somatoform illness.   
 Observation can lead to classically conditioned somatoform symptoms.   
 * Somatoform symptoms can provide an excuse for failure and in that way can be rewarding.   
    

49. According to the learning explanation, somatoform disorders occur because the individual could possibly be rewarded in all of the following ways EXCEPT:    
 * the symptoms provide gratification for impulses that cannot be satisfied in other ways.   
 the symptoms attract concern and sympathy.   
 the symptoms provide an explanation for failure.   
 the person is able to avoid some threatening situation.    
    

50. When faced with a stressor, Jessie develops a number of vague, recurrent complaints about her health, but the symptoms do not have any demonstrable physical cause. According to the learning explanation, Jessie:    
 has adopted a role through classical conditioning.   
 seems to be suffering from factitious disorder.   
 * has internalized the role of a sick individual.   
 is exhibiting classic signs of a malingerer.   
    

The notion that role models contribute to the development of somatoform disorders has been:    
 largely dismissed as a non-testable hypothesis.   
 abandoned due to evidence indicating selective attention plays a greater role.   
 * supported by a variety of investigations.   
 overlooked and at present lacks research support.   
    

52. Individuals with hypchondriasis are more likely than others to have:    
 * a high level of family illness.   
 very little exposure to illness.   
 extremely limited knowledge of medicine, symptoms and treatments.   
 relatively little stress in their lives.   
    

53. The ___________ explanation states that somatoform disorders occur because individuals focus too much attention on particular physical sensations or characteristics and misinterpret them.    
 * cognitive   
 learning   
 psychodynamic   
 behavioral   
    

54. In one study it was found that students who concentrated their attention on bodily sites and sensations:    
 * reported twice as many physical symptoms as students who listened to music.   
 reported fewer symptoms than students who listened to music.   
 reported about the same number of symptoms as students who listened to music.   
 reported slightly more symptoms than students who listened to music.    
    

55. Everett constantly complains of severe and prolonged pain that appears to have no organic cause. According to a physiological explanation, it may be that Everett:    
 * has a high level of physiological arousal and is more sensitive to bodily sensations.   
 has structural abnormalities in his orbitofrontal cortical area which may lead to phantom pain.   
 has low levels of a particular neurotransmitter which governs the pain response.   
 is suffering a psychological illness as a result of physiological abnormalities.   
    

56. Jacob has numerous, recurrent physical complaints which appear to have no demonstrable physical cause. Compared with most people, it is likely that he:    
 * has an unusually high level of physiological arousal.   
 is less sensitive to physical processes and therefore less able to interpret physical sensations.   
 has a less active endocrine system.   
 has a greater concentration of endorphins circulating throughout his system.   
    

57. It has been found that conversion disorders are more likely to occur:    
 * on the left side of the body.   
 on the right side of the body.   
 in individuals who are ambidextrous.   
 on the right side of the body in those who are right-handed.   
    

58. In brief, the hemispheric dominance explanation for somatoform disorders presents the idea that high emotional arousal levels disrupt functioning:    
 on the left side of the brain which causes unusual symptoms on the left side of the body.   
 * on the right side of the brain which causes unusual symptoms on the left side of the body.   
 on the right side of the brain which causes unusual symptoms on the right side of the body.   
 on the left side of the brain which causes unusual symptoms on the right side of the body.   
    

There is a growing belief that somatoform disorders may actually be a subtype of:    
 * obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
 posttraumatic stress disorder.   
 panic disorder.   
 dissociative disorder.   
    

60. The fact that people with somatization disorder pay an excessive amount of attention to their health and have concerns which are not based in reality provides some compelling evidence for a possible link between somatoform disorders and:    
 schizophrenia.   
 dissociative disorder.   
 * obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
 posttraumatic stress disorder.   
    

61. Which of the following have been found to be an effective treatment for both obsessive-compulsive behavior and some somatoform disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder?    
 neuroleptic drugs   
 * antidepressant drugs   
 antianxiety drugs   
 seizure medications   
    

62. Which of the following is a management strategy engaged in to help individuals with somatoform disorders?    
 stress reduction which leads to lower arousal levels   
 changing beliefs about symptoms   
 prescribing antidepressant drugs   
 * all of the above   
    

63. Which of the following statements concerning the treatment of somatoform disorders is true?    
 * Somatoform disorders are usually difficult to treat, and instead are managed through the factual use of several different strategies.   
 Somatoform disorders are impossible to treat, and instead are controlled with drug therapy.   
 Somatoform disorders are easily treated with a combination of drug and cognitive therapy.   
 Somatoform disorders are generally quickly cured once a diagnosis is established.   
    

64. In general there are __________ strategies used to treat or manage somatoform disorders.    
 two   
 three   
 four   
 * five   
    

65. The main symptom involved in _____________ disorder is a lack of awareness or loss of contact with important aspects of personality or the environment.    
 * dissociative   
 conversion   
 somatoform   
 dysmorphic   
    

66. The term dissociative is used because it is assumed individuals with symptoms like amnesia are ____________ experiences or parts of themselves that are stressful.    
 * repressing   
 suppressing   
 forgetting   
 denying   
    

The sudden inability to remember important personal information or events following a severe stressor, in the absence of physical trauma or organic brain damage, is the major symptom conceptual pattern for persons suffering from:    
 dissociative fugue.   
 depersonalization disorder.   
 * dissociative amnesia.   
 dissociative identity disorder.   
    

68. Jenny was found wandering around in the woods some distance from the accident site. When questioned, she remembered nothing about hitting the pedestrian in the middle of the crosswalk with her sport-utility vehicle. Jenny was not hurt in the accident, but does appear to have:    
 dissociative identity disorder.   
 dissociative fugue.   
 depersonalization disorder.   
 * dissociative amnesia.   
    

69. A person who suddenly and unexpectedly travels to a new locale, assumes a new identity, and is amnesiac for his or her previous identity, is said to be suffering from:    
 * dissociative fugue.   
 dissociative identity disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 dissociative amnesia.    
    

70. During the aftermath of a major hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas, several people are missing and presumed dead. A year later one of the missing individuals, Torey Minor, is found living in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, under the name of Beth Green. She has no memory of the husband and children she left in Galveston and has plans to marry a man in Ft. Smith. She is suffering from:    
 dissociative identity disorder.   
 * dissociative fugue.   
 conversion disorder.   
 depersonalization disorder.   
    

71. The feature of fugue that distinguishes it from amnesia is that in the fugue the individual:    
 experiences a stressful event immediately before the loss of information occurs.   
 * is unaware of lost material and substitutes new information in its place.   
 generally exhibits extreme antisocial behavior.   
 usually has total recall within a week of the incident which triggered the amnesiac episode.   
    

72. In DSM-IV, the disorder formerly termed multiple personality disorder is now labeled:    
 * dissociative identity disorder.   
 split personality disorder.   
 factitious identity disorder.   
 dementia praecox.   
    

73. To be diagnosed as suffering from dissociative identity disorder, an individual must appear to have at least ____ or more distinctly different personalities.    
 three   
 * two   
 four   
 five   
    

74. A person with dissociative identity disorder usually has a "good" personality and:    
 * a contrasting "bad" personality of which the "good" personality is unaware.   
 two or more "bad" personalities which work in tandem to control the "good" personality.   
 a "bad" personality and two to three other unrelated disorders embedded in their unconscious.   
 a "child-like" personality which contrasts with their normal adult role.   
    

Which of the following is used to describe an individual with one personality that has either split off from reality or has split itself between the functions of reasoning and emotion?    
 split personality   
 dissociative identity   
 * schizophrenia   
 multiple personality   
    

76. Janet works for an accounting firm where she is well-respected. She is also well-liked at McKnife's Bar, but down there they call her Jill. One day a stranger came up to Janet on the street and began speaking to her as if they were extremely well acquainted. She would have almost believed they were if he hadn't insisted on calling her Jill. Lately Janet has been noticing odd things about her life, blocks of time for which she cannot account, bills for which she is not responsible. If she were to seek psychiatric help, she would likely be diagnosed as having:    
 split personality.   
 dissociative fugue.   
 depersonalization disorder.   
 * dissociative identity disorder.   
    

77. The _____________ disorder involves persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from one's body or mental processes.    
 dissociative identity   
 dissociative fugue   
 desomatization   
 * depersonalization   
    

78. A person afflicted with _____________ might say, "I sometimes feel I'm going crazy. I mean it's as if I were somehow above me and looking down upon myself."    
 dissociative identity disorder   
 psychogenic fugue   
 conversion disorder   
 * depersonalization disorder   
    

79. Darnell is totally conscious, but experiencing a situation in which he feels as if he were in a dream, somehow out of his body and viewing himself from a distance. Darnell is completely sober and not in any chemically altered state. He is likely experiencing :    
 * depersonalization.   
 psychogenic fugue.   
 self-induced hypnosis.   
 an alter-ego.   
    

80. Persons who feel as if they were out of their bodies, as if their bodies were distorted, or as if they were acting mechanically, would be diagnosed as suffering from:    
 possession/trance disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 * depersonalization disorder.   
 schizophrenic disorder.    
    

81. A major difference between the depersonalization disorder and schizophrenia is that the individual with schizophrenia:    
 * believes the symptoms they are experiencing are truly representative of reality.   
 is almost always a serious substance abuser.   
 rarely experiences any anxiety over their symptoms.   
 is aware the symptoms they are experiencing do not represent reality.    
    

82. The depersonalization disorder differs from the other dissociative disorders in that:    
 * it does not involve memory or identity loss.   
 it involves memory loss only about 50% of the time.   
 it is not a response to stress.   
 it generally involves substance abuse of some type.   
    

The major problem with explaining dissociative disorders with repression is that repression:    
 occurs with other disorders as well.   
 is only one of the possible causes of dissociative disorders.   
 has been verified as causing memory distortions but no other disorder.   
 * is not supported by objective evidence.   
    

84. Individuals who were exposed to stressors in the laboratory and then tested for memories of related material ____ their memories for the stressor and ____ their memories for the related material.    
 lost; lost   
 * retained; retained   
 lost; retained   
 retained; lost    
    

85. In the case studies cited to support the notion of repression, the inability to remember stressful events, such as battle experiences, may have been due to:    
 somatization.   
 depersonalization.   
 fear induced amnesia   
 * physically induced amnesia.   
    

86. Follow-up research on trauma victims indicates that if an individual were exposed to a major stressor they would be more likely to:    
 * recall the event in great detail and possibly even develop PTSD.   
 repress the event and in some cases develop a type of dissociative disorder.   
 recall very few details of the event, and then only with the help of therapy.   
 initially repress the event, but eventually have total recall with the aid of therapy.    
    

87. Studies of individuals known to have experienced traumatic events and who were then tested to find if they had repressed the memories of those events showed that:    
 individuals were able to remember the events, but were unable to provide details.   
 in only 10% of the cases were the individuals able to remember the events.   
 * in every case the individuals were able to remember the events.   
 in most cases the individuals completely blocked out the events.   
    

88. In a review of numerous reports of dissociative amnesia following traumatic events, it was found that amnesia (i.e., non-reporting of the event) occurred:    
 mostly in women.   
 * only when the individuals were not directly asked about the experience.   
 only in those who had been seriously injured.   
 as a legitimate phenomenon in about only 30% of the cases.   
    

89. In a study in which individuals who were known to have been abused as children were later interviewed and were directly asked about the abuse, ____ of them acknowledged the abuse.    
 10%   
 38%   
 63%   
 * 100%    
    

90. When experts on repression watched video tapes of psychotherapy sessions in which repression was believed to be occurring, it was found that the experts:    
 all concurred accurately on each incident of repression.   
 * could not agree on when repression was occurring.   
 could only agree on the occurrence of repression after discussion.   
 agreed that there is no evidence for repression.    
    

Dr. Fell is interviewing Nigel, a survivor who lives a few blocks from the Blankenship freeway bypass that collapsed during a recent earthquake. Dr. Fell believes Nigel's memory of the collapse has been repressed because Nigel hasn't told him about the incident. Given what is known about repression, what is the most likely reason Nigel hasn't spoken of the collapse?    
 The event was traumatic enough to cause Nigel to develop dissociative amnesia.   
 * Nigel never saw the actual collapse, and so cannot accurately relay details.   
 Nigel has been traumatized to the point where he is now in a state of dissociative fugue.   
 Nigel is still in a state of shock, which often leads to dissociative episodes.   
    

92. The question of whether or not dissociative identity disorder is a viable phenomenon has important legal ramifications, in that an individual:    
 * may not be held responsible for illegal acts committed by an alternative personality.   
 diagnosed as such is automatically remanded to the custody of a state asylum.   
 diagnosed as such generally receives concurrent sentencing.   
 diagnosed as such is put in a halfway house and required by law to seek treatment.    
    

93. Which of the following statements accurately reflects what is currently known about the case of Sybil?    
 She is now known to have had more personalities than originally documented.   
 * The therapist involved planted the personalities and related memories.   
 She suffered from dissociative fugue as well as dissociative identity disorder.   
 It reflects the standard by which other cases of dissociative identity are measured.   
    

94. Raycene supports the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder. She cites as evidence personality and intelligence tests which indicate there are large differences between the various personalities of any one patient. This evidence:    
 is not persuasive because the individuals who interpreted the tests were aware of the diagnosis.   
 * is not persuasive because the tests can easily be faked.   
 is persuasive because the individuals who interpreted the tests were blind to the conditions.   
 is persuasive because these results are not due to chance.    
    

95. At the present time empirical evidence for the existence of dissociative identity disorder is:    
 * virtually nonexistent.   
 unnecessary due to the large number of case studies available which support the disorder.   
 conclusive due to differences among the personalities of patients recorded on personality tests.   
 conclusive based on differing brain wave activity associated with the different personalities.    
    

96. In studies involving physiological measures such as heart rate, cerebral blood flow and skin conductance of an actor playing a role, compared to the same measurements on an individual diagnosed as having dissociative personality disorder, it was found that there was:    
 a greater difference in the personalities of the dissociative individual.   
 * fewer differences in the dissociative individual than that of the person who is role playing.   
 a greater difference in some of the personalities of the dissociative individual.   
 a greater difference in the dominant alter-ego of the dissociative individual.   
    

97. In studies involving the physiological bases for dissociative identity disorder, EEG differences between the personalities of individuals who were role playing were actually _____________ the differences between the personalities of individuals diagnosed as having dissociative personality easy disorder.    
 less than   
 the same as   
 * greater than   
 less quantifiable    
    

According to the text, what is one possible reason that some therapists never see a single case of dissociative disorder while others report seeing hundreds?    
 Therapists who see many dissociative disorders are more sensitive to its subtle symptoms.   
 * Therapists who see many dissociative disorders may subtly suggest symptoms to their patients.   
 Therapists who do not see dissociative disorders may lack the training needed for a diagnosis.   
 Some therapists may ignore symptoms based on personal beliefs.   
    

99. Problems which develop as a result of therapeutic intervention are called ___________ disorders.    
 aphasic   
 factitious   
 taphephobic   
 * iatrogenic    
    

The text presents a therapy session in which a therapist is talking to a client. The therapist says, "There appears to be another part of Ken that I haven't talked to...Would you please come, Part, so I can talk to you?" The patient subsequently began exhibiting symptoms of dissociative personality disorder. This is an example of a(n):    
 * iatrogenic disorder.   
 repressive episode.   
 factitious disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
    

Those who discount the dissociative identity disorder as a natural phenomenon believe it is a:    
 misdiagnosed psychogenic fugue.   
 bipolar disorder.   
 conversion disorder.   
 * product of suggestion.   
    

Kenneth Bianchi claimed to have multiple personalities. His alleged second personality came:    
 when he was six years old.   
 when he was thirteen years old.   
 while he was committing one of the murders.   
 * during a hypnotic interview conducted by a psychologist.    
    

In the Hillside Strangler case, it appears that Kenneth Bianchi:    
 had at least three different personalities.   
 had more than three distinct personalities.   
 * had antisocial personality disorder.   
 suffered from dissociative fugue.   
    

Transcripts of an interview with Kenneth Bianchi provide an indication that his "dissociative personality disorder" was:    
 actually a dissociative fugue.   
 a direct result of his traumatic childhood.   
 * actually born from a suggestion by the defense psychologist.   
 only one of many disorders he suffered from.   
    

A recent survey of American psychiatrists revealed that about __________ believe there is strong support for dissociative amnesia and dissociative personality disorder.    
 * 25%   
 35%   
 50%   
 75%   
    

A psychodynamic theorist would probably suggest that an individual who "woke up" in a strange town with a strange name and a second family, then realized their first home had been devastated a year earlier by a massive flood, was:    
 role playing and decided to quit because it wasn't rewarding anymore.   
 * emerging from a fugue state induced by massive repression of a stressful event.   
 faking because they learned to avoid responsibility in early childhood.   
 emerging from severe PTSD.   
    

Many psychodynamic theorists assume that:    
 parental role models provide the basis for dissociative disorders.   
 substance abuse is at the root of dissociative disorders.   
 * early childhood sexual abuse is at the root of dissociative disorders.   
 an unsuccessful transition of the phallic stage provides the basis for dissociative disorders.    
    

From the cognitive perspective, the multiple personality disorder could be a result of conflicts among the different roles we all play in different situations. A problem with this explanation is:    
 there are usually no conflicts among the roles we play.   
 we are unaware of the other roles we play.   
 we drift from role to role without realizing we have changed.   
 * we are aware of each of the roles we play.    
    

Penny claims to suffer from multiple personality disorder and has an "infant self" who responds to stress by retreating to her bed so that others can take care of her. The learning theory suggests that Penny behaves this way because:    
 she is repressing abuse she experienced as a child.   
 * it is rewarding.   
 she has a low level of arousal.   
 she has social phobia.    
    

Which of the following has been traditionally accepted concerning the treatment of dissociative disorders?    
 Drug therapy is not advised as it generally adds to the repressive state.   
 Psychoanalysis is an excellent method for getting at the root of the repression.   
 * There must initially be a resolution of the conflict which made it necessary to dissociate.   
 Drug therapy can alter brain chemistry sufficiently enough to reduce dissociative episodes.   
    

Which of the following best describes current treatment methods for dissociative disorders?    
 * The efficacy of current treatments for dissociative disorders is considered controversial.   
 Psychodynamic talk therapy is widely considered to be highly effective.   
 A combination of cognitive and learning therapies seem to be the most effective treatment.   
 A combination of antidepressant drugs and cognitive therapy has proven to be optimal.   
    

Many therapists are now considering patients who present dissociative symptoms as actually having:    
 factitious episodes.   
 anxiety attacks.   
 complex posttraumatic stress syndrome.   
 * personality disorders.   
    

If dissociative disorders are truly not viable as traditionally described and explained, this would indicate that individuals exhibiting dissociative symptoms:    
 * would still need some type of treatment for the problem that lead them to these behaviors.   
 most likely have a type of antisocial disorder and should be treated accordingly.   
 do not really need treatment, and are employing these behaviors to avoid responsibility.   
 really have a form of factitious disorder and should be treated with antidepressants.   
    

According to the text, which of the following is an accurate assessment of dissociative sorders?    
 There is no objective evidence for the existence of dissociative disorders.   
 Dissociative disorders exist, but most likely only on a phenomenological level.   
 It might be more accurate to say dissociative disorders are based upon delusion rather than dissociation.   
 * all of the above   
    

Individuals with somatization disorder reject the notion that their symptoms are caused by physiological factors and they persist in seeking psychiatric help.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Walter has hypochondriasis. If he is a typical, he can look forward to spending much of his life suffering while generating inordinately high medical bills and incurring little or no benefit.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

An individual who has conversion disorder may experience a variety of symptoms that can change to fit whatever stressful situation they happen to anticipate.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Typically, individuals who succumb to mass psychogenic illness come from highly dysfunctional backgrounds involving abuse and neglect.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Women are more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from somatoform disorders than men. This could be a result of diagnostic bias based on historical patterns.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

An individual who is malingering is faking symptoms because they desire the attention and sympathy generally given to those who are ill.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The proxy effect occurs when an individual is given a treatment that has no therapeutic value, but the individual shows improvement in health anyway because they believe the treatment works.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The placebo effect provides convincing evidence that some individuals with somatoform symptoms really believe they are ill and are not faking, despite lacking an obvious physical cause.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Current research has revealed that somatoform disorders are due in large part to the suppression of emotional energy such as anger and grief.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Learning theory suggests that individuals develop somatoform disorders through role playing and maintain them because they are rewarding.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

There is relatively little evidence supporting the notion that selective attention can influence the development of somatoform disorders.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Laboratory tests indicate that individuals with somatoform disorders show lower levels of physiological arousal during stress than others who do not have a somatoform disorder.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Due to a similarity in symptoms and effective drug treatments, there is a growing belief that somatoform disorders are actually a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Dissociative fugue is characterized by a sudden inability to remember important personal information or events to a greater extent than ordinary forgetfulness.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Brandon is unaware that he left his first wife and children after his business failed. He now lives in a town that is 300 miles away, has a different family, a different name and a new business. Brandon is suffering from dissociative identity disorder.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Dissociative amnesia is distinguished from other forms of memory loss by the fact that the individual is motivated not to remember something as a way of reducing stress.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In dissociative personality disorder an individual may have only one personality, but that personality has split off from reality to the point that it manifests several different styles.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Recent surveys indicate that over 75% of those clinicians polled believe there is enough empirical evidence to support the existence of dissociative disorders.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Most dissociative disorders are centered around the concept of repression, but there currently is no objective evidence to support the existence of repression.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Research studies indicate that individuals exposed to serious trauma are likely to have more difficulty forgetting the trauma than dissociating from it.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Several of the world's leading experts on repression attended a conference at which they were shown videotapes of therapy sessions in which it was believed that repression was occurring. During discussions the experts were able to agree upon over 50% of the repressive episodes.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Some theorists have reported cases of dissociative identity in which one personality experienced some type of physical pain while others did not; however, these differences have not been independently verified or compared to differences that can be induced by suggestion.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

There are solid indications which suggest that dissociative personality disorder is actually much more prevalent than once believed. The disorder has just been misdiagnosed as schizophrenia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

One possible explanation for the occurrence of dissociative-like symptoms is the notion that they are rewarding in that they provide an excuse for certain behavior.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Due to the fact that there is no agreement as to whether dissociative disorders exist, there is currently no treatment available for those who manifest dissociative symptoms.    
 True   
 * False