A(n) ________ is a persistent idea, thought or impulse that a person cannot get out of their mind.    
 compulsion   
 phobia   
 * obsession   
 operation   
    

2. Brenda cannot go five minutes without worrying about how she might become infected by a disease or contaminated by some virus or bacteria. She looks at everything she comes in contact with in terms of its potential to make her ill. Brenda has a(n):    
 * obsession.   
 compulsion.   
 phobia.   
 mania.   
    

3. Which of the following excerpts from a conversation illustrates an individual with an obsession?    
 "The kitchen door isn't right. I've considered all the angles and it's still crooked."   
 "Two steps to the side, the left side, before I walk through any door. It keeps me safe."   
 "I'll take door number two. I've always wanted to do that . . . take door number two."   
 * "Doors, I think about them all the time, so many doors, so many different doors. I can't stop."   
    

4. A(n) ______________ is a behavior that an individual feels driven to perform over and over.    
 * compulsion   
 obsession   
 mania   
 fixation   
    

5. Before Alex pours milk on his cereal he taps the bowl five times with his spoon. Before he takes his first bite, he walks around the table three times, then before he sits back down he scoots his chair in and out five times. These rituals ensure he will live to be at least 75. Alex is exhibiting _________________ behavior.    
 obsessive   
 * compulsive   
 fixated   
 manic    
    

6. Which of the following is an example of a compulsion?    
 Thinking about death all the time.   
 * Always flipping a light switch a set number of times when leaving a room, just to be safe.   
 Having fish for dinner on Fridays.   
 Driving 192 miles, then waiting in line five hours before getting in to see Luna Tek in concert.    
    

7. People who exhibit compulsive behaviors are compelled to perform their rituals because:    
 * they believe something bad will happen if they don't.   
 they learned them in childhood and cannot stop.   
 they receive a great deal of satisfaction from them.   
 they believe the rituals help them become disciplined in their lives.   
    

8. Which of the following behaviors would be labeled as compulsive?    
 gambling to excess   
 drinking alcohol every night   
 habitually overeating   
 * counting on one's fingertips to reduce anxiety   
    

9. In case study 6.1 in the text, the individual suffering from OCD felt stop signs meant his heart might stop. In order to pass one he had to:    
 * ask permission from whomever was in the vehicle with him.   
 cross himself three times.   
 flip a U-turn, then pass the sign.   
 coast through the intersection without coming to a full stop.   
    

10. In case study 6.1 in the text, the individual suffering from OCD initially saw his compulsions as acts of ______________, as exemplified by his refusal to use the top plate in the cupboard.    
 contrition   
 * protection   
 selfishness   
 avoidance   
    

11. In case study 6.1 in the text, if the individual denied one of his compulsions, such as refusing to circle his office building after work, he:    
 * developed severe panic symptoms.   
 developed a lasting sense of achievement.   
 found he would not have to perform that particular ritual again.   
 made up for it the next day by circling the building twice as many times.   
    

12. In case study 6.1 in the text, Bill, the individual suffering from OCD felt that his compulsions:    
 were random and not related to anything.   
 were acts of atonement intended to compensate for his misguided youth.   
 came from voices in his head.   
 * were connected by a strange logic stemming from the belief they protected him from dying.   
    

13. People who suffer from OCD are:    
 generally diagnosed as having other psychiatric problems as well.   
 usually victims of some severe psychological trauma.   
 often rewarded by their compulsive behavior.   
 * usually otherwise very normal.   
    

14. As she leaves her apartment in the morning, Carla hears a song that she likes. She remembers this song throughout the day and cannot get it out of her head. By the next morning she has forgotten the song. Carla would be said to have:    
 an obsession.   
 a compulsion.   
 mania.   
 * normal cognitions.   
    

15. Individuals who focus on obsessions are doing so to avoid thinking inappropriate thoughts. This statement best reflects the ______________ perspective on OCD.    
 learning   
 cognitive   
 * psychodynamic   
 behavioral   
    

16. Psychodynamic theorists originally argued that compulsions were:    
 * used to prevent an individual from engaging in inappropriate behaviors.   
 the result of early childhood imitation.   
 behaviors resulting directly from inappropriate belief systems.   
 beneficial in that they reduced anxiety.   
    

17. Which of the following statements about OCD fits most closely with the learning perspective?    
 Obsessions are substitutes engaged in to prevent the manifestation of other "bad" behaviors.   
 Obsessions are a direct result of selective attention and selective recall.   
 * Obsessive behaviors reduce anxiety and therefore will be perpetuated.   
 Obsessive behaviors are acts of imitation learned in childhood and stored in the unconscious.   
    

18. Individuals with OCD have high levels of anxiety and use their obsessions and compulsions to reduce their anxiety. This statement reflects the:    
 cognitive perspective.   
 * learning perspective.   
 psychodynamic perspective.   
 humanistic perspective.   
    

19. While driving the freeway, Alex will stare at an object on the side of the road and blink several times to ensure bad things won't happen. A learning theorist would say:    
 * Alex is anxious about driving the freeway and the blinking behavior relieves his anxiety.   
 Alex is blocking inappropriate thoughts about other drivers on the road.   
 Alex has focused primarily on the number of accidents that happen on the freeway and as a result is semi-delusional.   
 Alex is redirecting his anger with other drivers toward objects on the side of the road.    
    

20. The cognitive explanation for compulsions is that they are the result of:    
 * incorrect beliefs.   
 unconscious conflicts.   
 operant conditioning.   
 childhood trauma.   
    

21. The viability of the cognitive explanation for OCD is weakened by the fact that:    
 compulsions often mask other, more bizarre behaviors.   
 compulsions are sometimes the result of imitation.   
 the individual exhibiting compulsive behavior is often unaware of it.   
 * the OCD individual often knows their beliefs and behaviors are irrational.   
    

22. The cognitive explanation for OCD is partially correct in that it seems incorrect beliefs do guide behaviors, but it does not adequately explain:    
 * how highly incredible incorrect beliefs develop.   
 the role selective attention plays in OCD.   
 how selective recall influences the development of unusual behavior.   
 all of these are correct.   
    

23. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been strongly linked to OCD?    
 dopamine   
 * serotonin   
 norepinephrine   
 acetylcholine   
    

24. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin can result in depression and possibly:    
 * obsessive-compulsive behavior.   
 schizophrenia.   
 manic episodes.   
 panic attacks.   
    

25. Which of the following is an antidepressant that increases the availability of serotonin and is effective in reducing symptoms in some cases of obsessive-compulsive behavior?    
 Thorazine   
 Xanax   
 Lithium   
 * Zoloft   
    

26. Research has provided a strong link between serotonin and OCD in that decreasing the availability of serotonin:    
 decreases obsessive compulsive symptoms in about half of those who suffer from OCD.   
 * increases obsessive compulsive symptoms in about half of those who suffer from OCD.   
 decreases obsessive compulsive symptoms in all of those who suffer from OCD.   
 increases obsessive compulsive symptoms in all of those who suffer from OCD.   
    

27. High levels of activity in the caudate nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia have been linked to:    
 depression.   
 * obsessive-compulsive behavior.   
 schizophrenia   
 panic disorder.   
    

28. The ______________ , the nerve tract that connects the caudate nucleus and the basal ganglia to the orbitofrontal area of the brain, shows high levels of activity in those individuals who suffer from OCD.    
 * cingulate gyrus   
 corpus callosum   
 cortical thalamic tract   
 abducens   
    

29. OCD has been linked to both low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ and high levels of activity in the _______________ area of the brain.    
 * serotonin; orbitofrontal cortex   
 dopamine; prefrontal cortex   
 serotonin; prefrontal cortex   
 dopamine; orbitofrontal cortex   
    

30. Individuals who have __________________, which involves increased levels of brain activity, sometimes show the simultaneous development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.    
 * epilepsy   
 schizophrenia   
 narcolepsy   
 tardive dyskenesia   
    

31. Mr. Ervin from case study 6.2 in the text developed severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms most likely as a result of:    
 job-related stress.   
 alcohol-related brain damage.   
 insufficient levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   
 * a brain tumor.   
    

32. The severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms developed by Mr. Ervin of case study 6.2 in the text were most likely the result of complications stemming from a tumor in his:    
 prefrontal cortex.   
 cortical thalamic area.   
 entorhinal cortex.   
 * orbitofrontal area.   
    

33. Indirect measures of neurological problems that rely on monitoring such things as motor coordination are called:    
 Epstein-Barr tests   
 fMRI scans   
 organic determiners.   
 * soft signs.   
    

34. What is the rate of soft signs of brain dysfunction in individuals with OCD, compared to those individuals who do not show symptoms of OCD?    
 * 4 times   
 8 times   
 16 times   
 2 times   
    

35. Which of the following describes the most likely evidence that OCD is genetic in origin?    
 Relatives of OCD sufferers were more likely to seek treatment for compulsions.   
 The tendency for brain trauma, such as tumor onset, runs in families.   
 * Biological relatives of individuals with OCD may be 12 times more likely to exhibit symptoms than control groups.   
 Psychoanalytic therapy, which relies on restructuring thoughts, is largely ineffective in treating individuals with OCD.   
    

36. One of the cognitive disruptions associated with OCD and related brain dysfunctions involves:    
 processing of sensory information in the thalamus.   
 transfer of information to the limbic system from nuclei in the brain stem.   
 * information processing that drives belief systems.   
 judging the importance of particular events.   
    

37. It has been hypothesized that individuals with OCD do not have the ability to assess the environment correctly. This leads to:    
 * a need to do things repeatedly until they get them right.   
 inhibition of the error-detection system.   
 inattention to important details.   
 all of these   
    

38. Disruptions of information processing systems associated with OCD leads to:    
 disorganized thought patterns.   
 * incorrect beliefs and ritualized behaviors.   
 hallucinations, eventually.   
 major motor malfunctions.   
    

39. What is the approximate rate of recovery for sufferers from OCD, as indicated by a 40-year follow-up study?    
 33%   
 66%   
 75%   
 * 50%   
    

40. ____________________________ is involved in the cognitive approach to treating OCD.    
 Catastrophizing and rationalization   
 Redirection and desensitization   
 * Exposure and response prevention   
 Generalization and discrimination   
    

41. Putting an OCD individual in a situation where they feel compelled to use their rituals to avoid danger, then not allowing them engage in those rituals is the ____________ treatment approach for OCD, called _________________.    
 * cognitive; exposure response prevention   
 learning; desensitization   
 cognitive; desensitization   
 learning; exposure response prevention   
    

42. Which area of the brain known for high levels of activity in individuals with OCD has been reported to show a reduced amount of activity after the individual has undergone exposure response prevention?    
 basal ganglia   
 * caudate nucleus   
 orbitofrontal cortex   
 cingulate gyrus   
    

43. Sometimes Derek spends more than an hour counting and recounting the rows of food in the supermarket before he can begin his grocery shopping. If he were treated with exposure response prevention for a period of three weeks, it is likely that his counting compulsion:    
 would become worse, due to the anxiety over not being able to engage in it.   
 would be the same as when he began treatment.   
 would be slightly less than when he began treatment.   
 * would be substantially less than when he began treatment.   
    

44. Results from an experiment in which individuals with OCD were treated with different dose levels of the antidepressant, Prozac, indicate:    
 only high dosages of Prozac are effective in treating OCD.   
 Prozac is not an effective treatment for OCD.   
 low levels of Prozac have no effect, but higher levels actually increase symptoms.   
 * low levels of Prozac reduce symptoms, but higher dose levels are the most effective.   
    

45. The antidepressant, Prozac, is effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder because:    
 it increases reuptake of serotonin at the synapse.   
 it increases the availability of dopamine receptor sites, and dopamine balances serotonin.   
 * it increases the availability of serotonin at the synapse.   
 it decreases the availability of serotonin at the synapse.   
    

46. Antidepressants such as Prozac, which increase serotonin availability, are effective in treating OCD most likely because:    
 high levels of serotonin increases brain activity in the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia.   
 serotonin stimulates arousal and enhances awareness.   
 * serotonin reduces levels of brain activity in areas with high activity in OCD sufferers.   
 they improve mood and reduce the anxiety which leads to OCD.   
    

47. When her dosage of Prozac was increased from 20 mg. to 40 mg., the woman in case study 6.3 who was suffering from depression experienced an unlooked for side-effect. Two days after she started taking the increased dosage:    
 * her compulsive behaviors completely disappeared.   
 she stopped her old compulsions but developed several new obsessions.   
 her anxiety over her compulsions disappeared and she became less depressed.   
 she became more obsessed but engaged in her compulsive behaviors less often.   
    

48. Research indicates that a combination of cognitive therapy and antidepressants in treating OCD:    
 is more effective than either of the two treatments when used alone.   
 * is not more effective than either of the two treatments when used alone.   
 is actually less effective than either of the two treatments when used alone.   
 is more effective for a small percentage of people than either of the two treatments used alone.    
    

49. The surgical procedure known as a cingulotomy is effective in about ____________ of those individuals with OCD on whom it is performed.    
 10%   
 25%   
 75%   
 * 50%   
    

50. The surgical procedure used in treating individuals with OCD is known as:    
 * a cingulotomy.   
 a lobotomy.   
 an orbitofrontal probe.   
 stereoscopic surgery.   
    

51. Hans will undergo a surgery in which small lesions are made in his cingulate gyrus, the nerve tract that connects the basal ganglia and thalamus to the orbitofrontal area of the cortex. This operation is intended to:    
 reduce his symptoms of posttraumatic stress.   
 * reduce his obsessive-compulsive behaviors.   
 eliminate his symptoms of acute stress.   
 reduce the frequency of his depressive episodes.   
    

52. Tawnya counts the items in her purse more than 100 times each day. She has sought treatment for her OCD, but cognitive therapy and antidepressant medications have not been effective. What treatment options are left for Tawnya?    
 * a surgical procedure known as a cingulotomy   
 a combination of exposure response prevention and Prozac   
 systematic desensitization   
 a combination of relaxation therapy and antianxiety medication   
    

53. A combination of the ______________ and ______________ explanations for OCD is emerging as the most viable overall explanation for obsessive-compulsive behavior.    
 * cognitive; physiological   
 cognitive; learning   
 learning; physiological   
 learning; psychoanalytic   
    

54. Robbie checks the door to his office fifty or sixty times every time he leaves work. He feels that if he doesn't do this he will be robbed or if not, have something equally bad happen to him. What is the most viable explanation for the origin of Robbie's incorrect beliefs?    
 anxiety and work-related stress   
 unconscious conflicts related to negative feelings about his employment   
 selective attention leading to selective recall and anxiety   
 * physiological problems in his brain disrupting information processing   
    

55. Which of the following individuals would likely receive a diagnosis of PTSD?    
 Rob, who recently was in a car accident and is now anxious about driving.   
 * Bella, who feels detached and drained and has been having nightmares for months about the tornado that destroyed her trailer house.   
 Jim, who was the first person at the scene of a terrible traffic accident, and occasionally remembers the bodies he saw laying on the highway.   
 Sadia, who, a few days after she was robbed, felt numb, anxious and scared, but now thinks of the incident only fleetingly.   
    

56. To receive a diagnosis of PTSD an individual must have witnessed or experienced a traumatic event and:    
 experience anxiety and nightmares that occur less than four weeks after the trauma.   
 continually recall the event in some form.   
 * persistently reexperience the event, be emotionally detached, have a high arousal level and symptoms that last for more than a month.   
 be emotionally numb and have flashbacks that occur less than a month after the event, and last at least one week.   
    

57. An individual with PTSD persistently relives the event which traumatized them. These "flashbacks" generally continue for:    
 less than one year.   
 * many years after the event.   
 two to three months.   
 about one year, then the mind usually heals itself.   
    

58. Which of the following "symptoms" are typically associated with PTSD?    
 abrupt and dramatic mood swings   
 incoherent thoughts and inappropriate belief systems   
 frequent and extended bouts of alcohol abuse   
 * emotional detachment, heightened arousal and nightmares   
    

59. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder began receiving widespread attention after:    
 the Battle of the Bulge in WWII.   
 it was diagnosed in WWI veterans.   
 veterans began coming home from the Korean war.   
 * it was diagnosed in veterans of the Vietnam war.   
    

60. The Vietnam veteran in case study 6.4 relived his trauma in many ways. One particularly virulent stimulus which caused him to reexperience a tragic event was:    
 sitting in a room full of strangers.   
 walking on a crowded sidewalk.   
 * seeing an open, green treeline.   
 telling his wife about his experiences.   
    

61. Posttraumatic stress disorder:    
 * can result from a variety of traumas including, child abuse and natural disasters.   
 results only from stressful combat experience.   
 is a relatively new disorder.   
 involves hallucinations and flashbacks.   
    

62. Recent studies indicate that in many cases the memories of previous stressful experiences which are blamed for symptoms such as anxiety and depression are:    
 * inaccurate.   
 always entirely correct.   
 fabricated.   
 usually correct.    
    

63. When Margo was a child she witnessed an airplane crash in which 30 people were killed in a field behind her house. She is now 29 and has recently become depressed, nervous and anxious and doesn't know why. Which of the following is the most appropriate response to this scenario?    
 Margo is clearly suffering from PTSD as a result of having witnessed a terrible disaster.   
 Margo is suffering a pre-midlife crisis because she will soon become 30 years old.   
 * Margo's anxiety could have a number of causes and she should be evaluated by a clinician.   
 Margo is suffering from delayed onset of Acute Stress syndrome.   
    

64. Carl is an individual who served in Vietnam. He is now in his mid-forties. He is apathetic, sometimes anxious and has no sense of direction in his life. Carl could possibly be diagnosed as having PTSD. One potential problem with this diagnosis is that:    
 it would only be correct if he developed these feelings while in Vietnam.   
 PTSD cannot be used as a diagnosis more than 10 years after the trauma occurred.   
 * these feelings are not uncommon among males as they move through middle adulthood.   
 Carl would have to have been personally injured to develop PTSD.   
    

65. A study conducted with veterans of the Gulf war showed that two years after filling out the initial questionnaire almost ___________ of the men, when interviewed again, changed the stories of their combat experiences.    
 * 90%   
 50%   
 20%   
 none   
    

66. In a study conducted with veterans of the Gulf war, it was found that those individuals who had been diagnosed as having PTSD were:    
 more likely to accurately retell the stories of their war experiences.   
 * more likely to change the stories of their war experiences to include more traumatic events.   
 more likely to change the stories of their war experiences to include fewer traumatic events.   
 more likely not to remember the their traumatic war experiences.   
    

67. Investigations involving individuals who have been through natural disasters and other stressful events indicate that, in at least some of the individuals, the symptoms of PTSD:    
 are being faked.   
 are due in large part to physiological abnormalities.   
 * are not actually linked to the stressful experience.   
 are greatly exaggerated over time.   
    

68. Some individuals who have been diagnosed with PTSD appear to change their memories over time to incorporate more trauma into the original stressful event. This is possibly due to:    
 a need to garner more sympathy from those around them   
 * a need to explain current symptoms such as anxiety and depression.   
 recent physiological problems causing new symptoms and changes in memory.   
 neurological imbalances brought about by hormonal changes influenced by stress.   
    

69. Which of the following can produce symptoms which are similar to those of PTSD and as a result potentially lead to a misdiagnosis of PTSD?    
 shock due to blood loss   
 altitude sickness   
 bi-polar disorders   
 * a concussion    
    

70. Studies indicate one criterion for determining who might develop PTSD is:    
 the age of the individual when they experience a traumatic event.   
 the length of time the individual is exposed to a particular trauma.   
 * if the individual has a history of traumatic experiences.   
 the personality of the individual.   
    

71. Which of the following is true of the psychodynamic notion that PTSD is a result of repressed memories of a traumatic event?    
 It provides a viable alternative to the cognitive perspective.   
 It is widely accepted and has been supported in laboratory studies.   
 * It lacks empirical support.   
 Recent physiological findings have stimulated a renewed interest in this perspective.   
    

72. Evidence that individuals who have been diagnosed with PTSD often exhibit symptoms when confronted with stimuli that is similar to the original trauma supports the ____________ explanation for PTSD.    
 * learning   
 psychodynamic   
 cognitive   
 dionetic   
    

73. Jarvis was hit by a small red car while riding his bike to work. Both of his legs were broken in the accident, but he fortunately avoided head trauma because he was wearing a helmet. Jarvis has nightmares about the accident, and has not ridden a bike since. Every time he sees a red car he becomes extremely nervous and agitated. His aversion to red cars is an example of:    
 operant conditioning.   
 anxiety stemming from repression.   
 * classical conditioning.   
 an obsession.   
    

74. Andrew witnessed a collision between a passenger train and a semi-truck at the railroad crossing on the outskirts of the town where he lives. Even though it has been six months since the accident, Andrew still won't drive across the track unless he absolutely has to do so. When he medium does, he becomes incredibly fearful. Andrew's fear and avoidance of the railroad crossing is an example of:    
 repressed anxiety leading to an approach/avoidance gradient.   
 operant conditioning.   
 * an incorrect belief system.   
 an obsession.   
    

75. If an individual were to respond with a great deal of fear and agitation to a stimulus which was similar to something which, at some earlier point in their life, had caused them a great deal of trauma, this response would be due to:    
 a combination of classical and operant conditioning.   
 a combination of classical conditioning and obsessive behavior.   
 a combination of incorrect beliefs and obsessive behavior.   
 * a combination of incorrect beliefs and classical conditioning.   
    

76. Which of the following is a similarity between phobias and posttraumatic-stress disorder?    
 * In both disorders individuals try to avoid the stimuli which cause them distress.   
 In both disorders individuals experience a great deal of depression.   
 Neither of the disorders can be treated using drug therapy.   
 The recovery rate for both disorders is minimal.   
    

77. According to the cognitive perspective, individuals with PTSD who exhibit a fear response to stimuli similar to the trauma which initiated their disorder do so because:    
 * they have developed a belief that similar stimuli will result in the same type of trauma.   
 the original incident created a chemical imbalance which makes them susceptible to similar stimuli.   
 they have been classically conditioned and are generalizing their fear to similar stimuli.   
 this hinders their ability to repress the original traumatic memory.   
    

78. Which of the following provides the best explanation for why some individuals who experience a major trauma develop PTSD while others who experience the same trauma do not?    
 The individuals who develop PTSD have lower neurological arousal levels.   
 The individuals who develop PTSD have a longer exposure time to the trauma.   
 The individuals who develop PTSD do not have adequate familial support systems.   
 * The individuals who develop PTSD have higher neurological arousal levels.   
    

79. Research indicates that an individual with higher levels of neurological arousal is:    
 less likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD.   
 not likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD.   
 * more likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD.   
 likely to develop PTSD independent of the type or extent of the trauma in their life.   
    

80. Blaine has always been steady and easy-going. It takes a great deal of excitement for him to become aroused. Research into the physiology behind PTSD indicates that if an individual of Blaine's temperament were to be involved in a severely traumatic incident, they would:    
 * be less likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD than other, more excitable people.   
 be more likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD than other, more excitable people.   
 be just as likely to develop symptoms associated with PTSD as other, more excitable people.   
 be unpredictable in their behavior; research in this area has not been conclusive.   
    

81. Currently some of the most effective methods used to treat PSTD involve:    
 * some form of exposure, whether symbolic or real, to the anxiety provoking stimuli.   
 antianxiety drugs.   
 rational emotive therapy combined with antianxiety drugs.   
 some form of psychoanalysis.    
    

82. Granger spent one tour of duty with the marines in Vietnam. He witnessed horrible things while he was there, and has had nightmares and flashbacks for many years. He is now in treatment and is mostly over his PTSD. If he were to have a sudden relapse of symptoms:    
 it would be a strong indication that he will probably never be entirely recovered.   
 they would be much more intense than any he has previously experienced.   
 it would be extremely rare because once conditioned fear responses are eliminated they don't usually return.   
 * it should be considered a short-term setback that further treatments will correct.   
    

83. A sudden relapse of symptoms in an individual who has recovered from PTSD is called:    
 * spontaneous recovery.   
 return onset.   
 posttraumatic recovery.   
 delayed extinction.   
    

84. If an individual who is undergoing exposure therapy and recovering from posttraumatic stress experiences a spontaneous recovery of symptoms:    
 it is considered a treatment failure.   
 it is a major setback and new treatment avenues should be considered.   
 * it is simply a short-term setback and further treatments will reduce the recovered responses.   
 it is an indication that drug therapy should be added to the exposure therapy.    
    

85. For learning theorists the key to overcoming PTSD lies in:    
 changing how the stressor is viewed.   
 * breaking the link between the classically conditioned stimulus and the fear associated with it.   
 helping the client find out what they are truly afraid of.   
 uncovering the unconscious links between the stimulus and the fear it illicits.   
    

86. Cognitive theorists believe the key to treating PSTD lies in:    
 breaking the bond between the conditioned stimulus and the fear it illlicits.   
 uncovering the unconscious links between the stimulus and the fear it illicits.   
 * changing the incorrect beliefs regarding the feared stimulus.   
 helping the client find what is really driving their fears.   
    

87. Comparisons of cognitive therapy involving exposure and cognitive restructuring with therapy involving only exposure, indicate that:    
 exposure and cognitive therapy combined are more effective.   
 * the two treatments are equally effective.   
 exposure therapy alone is more effective.   
 cognitive restructuring is the key element in the treatment of PTSD.   
    

88. Jolanda was attacked on the walk in front of her building by a man with a knife. He slashed her across the arm and stole her purse. She has since developed severe posttraumatic stress and is now undergoing stress inoculation training to reduce her anxiety. Research indicates this:    
 will not be effective in reducing her PTSD symptoms.   
 will be less effective than exposure therapy in reducing her PTSD symptoms.   
 will be more effective than exposure therapy in reducing her PTSD symptoms.   
 * will be equally effective as exposure therapy in reducing her PTSD symptoms.    
    

89. Studies indicate that stress inoculation training can be just as effective as exposure therapy in reducing the symptoms of PTSD. Which of the following options best explains this?    
 The training gives individuals the confidence that they can control their anxiety.   
 Learning muscle relaxation techniques may block anxiety responses.   
 Relaxation techniques may lead to a reduction in anxiety and this leads to extinction.   
 * all of the above   
    

90. Dreyfus recently had the good fortune to be one of 17 passengers who survived the crash of a mid-sized passenger plane. Which of the following treatment strategies would be the most effective in helping to prevent Dreyfus from developing PTSD?    
 exposure therapy   
 cognitive therapy   
 cognitive therapy involving exposure   
 * cognitive therapy involving exposure and inoculation training   
    

91. ____________ is a drug that can be used to control the anxiety symptoms related to PTSD.    
 Lithium   
 Prozac   
 Elavil   
 * Xanax   
    

92. Which of the following symptoms of PTSD are amenable to drug therapies?    
 * anxiety and depression   
 sexual dysfunction   
 insomnia and withdrawal   
 irritability and hostility   
    

93. A couple weeks after his auto accident, Tony developed severe anxiety, started having nightmares about the accident and became socially withdrawn. These symptoms lasted for almost a month and then subsided. Tony was suffering from what is clinically known as:    
 * acute stress disorder.   
 posttraumatic stress disorder.   
 a delayed onset stress reaction.   
 stress-related malaise.   
    

94. Which of the following differentiates acute stress disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder?    
 Individuals who have acute stress disorder do not have flashbacks related to the trauma.   
 Individuals who have acute stress disorder do not generally become depressed.   
 * Acute stress disorder lasts between two days and four weeks.   
 Acute stress disorder requires medication and PTSD does not.   
    

95. Which of the following is a good predictor for PTSD?    
 severe anxiety after a trauma   
 prolonged depression   
 insomnia   
 * acute stress disorder   
    

96. Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion that distinguishes acute stress disorder from posttraumatic stress disorder?    
 * symptoms must occur within one month of the trauma and last no longer than one month   
 symptoms must occur immediately after the trauma and last no longer than two weeks   
 symptoms must be less severe and last for no more than six weeks   
 symptoms must be less severe and last for no more than one week   
    

97. Which of the following statements is true?    
 Men are more likely than women to develop an anxiety disorder.   
 * Women are more likely than men to suffer from phobias.   
 There is no gender difference in the development of anxiety disorders.   
 Women are more likely to develop a phobia; men are more likely to develop multiple phobias.    
    

98. Which of the following individuals would be most prone to developing an anxiety disorder?    
 Janet who works as a consultant for a prominent advertising agency.   
 * Cindy, a high school graduate and married mother of three, who works as a housewife.   
 Paige, who is finishing her law degree at a large university.   
 David, who is a technician for an electronics firm and works a lot of overtime.    
    

99. Which of the following would be more likely to cause stress for a man?    
 changes in health   
 arguments with a partner   
 * the beginning of an intimate relationship   
 problems with colleagues   
    

Which of the following would be more likely to cause stress for a woman?    
 the beginning of an intimate relationship   
 a change in personal habits   
 * arguments with a partner   
 a change in residence   
    

Sada is 35 years old and has suffered from agoraphobia for most of her life. Research indicates that as Sada becomes older, her anxiety disorder:    
 will increase slightly.   
 will increase substantially.   
 * will decline.   
 will remain the same.   
    

Axel is 63 years old. For most of his life he has been intensely afraid of spiders. But a few years ago he inadvertently discovered they no longer bothered him when he walked into a web and calmly brushed it away. When he was younger the sensation of a spider web on his face would have just about given him a heart attack. Why has Axel's phobia apparently diminished?    
 He is apathetic about all aspects of life because he is approaching old age.   
 * Over time, Axel's classically conditioned anxiety response has been extinguished.   
 As people age, serotonin levels increase dramatically and help promote a sense of well-being.   
 It probably has not. Axel's weakened vision is likely responsible for his lack of a reaction.    
    

Some data indicate that individuals with less education are more prone to develop phobias. This information suggests support for the ______________ explanation for anxiety.    
 psychodynamic   
 learning   
 * cognitive   
 socio-cultural   
    

With regard to anxiety disorders and social class, it has been found that:    
 * individuals who struggle financially are more likely to develop a disorder.   
 individuals who have higher incomes are more likely to develop a disorder.   
 individuals with mid-range incomes are more likely to develop a disorder.   
 social class is not an adequate predictor of who will develop a disorder.   
    

Which of the following statements accurately reflects how ethnicity and culture influence the development of anxiety disorders within a particular country?    
 Sub-cultures tend to have more anxiety disorders than the dominant culture.   
 Sub-cultures tend to have fewer anxiety disorders than the dominant culture.   
 * There is no evidence of cross-cultural differences in the development of anxiety disorders.   
 Some countries show a moderate difference in the cross-cultural occurrence of anxiety.   
    

As per recent research findings, which of the following American cultural groups has the highest rate of anxiety disorders?    
 Native Americans   
 Hispanic Americans   
 Vietnamese Americans   
 * There is no evidence that indicates a difference in the occurrence of anxiety disorders across cultural groups.   
    

Which of the following factors has the least amount of influence in determining whether an individual will or will not develop some form of anxiety disorder?    
 * cultural background   
 financial status   
 place of residence   
 occupation   
    

The performance of a compulsive act relieves anxiety and gives the OCD individual at least some momentary gratification.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

Both the Psychodynmic and Learning explanations for OCD consider avoidance or reduction of anxiety to be the reason people engage in compulsive behaviors; however, both these perspectives are difficult to sustain, in that compulsions persist in the absence of anxiety.     
 *    
    
    
    
    

The cognitive perspective provides an adequate and convincing overall explanation for OCD. east    
    
 *    
    
    
    

Anafranil is an antidepressant drug that increases serotonin and can be effective in treating OCD.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Several studies indicate that in a majority of cases, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a direct result of decreased availability of the neurotransmitter serotonin.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

The cingulate gyrus is the nerve tract that connects the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia to the orbitofrontal area of the brain. All of these structures exhibit an unusually high amount of activity in individuals who have OCD.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Individuals with Parkinson's disease, which involves increased levels of brain activity, sometimes show a simultaneous development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Through the use of brain imaging techniques, scientists have found an unusual number of abnormal structures in the prefrontal and neo-cortical areas of individuals with OCD.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

Rob has OCD. Research indicates that he is about four times as likely to have minor problems with motor coordination as someone who does not have OCD.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

High levels of activity in the orbitofrontal area of the cortex may cause individuals to be excessively concerned about errors, and this leads them to repeat certain behavior.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

In most cases, exposure and response prevention is effective for treating OCD, but not as effective as drug therapy.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

In several trials, there has been promising evidence indicating that exposure and response prevention used in conjunction with antidepressant medication is more effective in reducing the symptoms of OCD than drug therapy alone.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

The incorrect beliefs inherent in OCD are believed to be due in large part to problems in the brain that disrupt the processing of information.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Emotionally, Tobias has been a walking-dead-man for the past two weeks, ever since he saw his friend misjudge his last bungee jump. Tobias sometimes jerks awake at night, covered in sweat after reliving the moment when he realized the rope was too long. Tobias would be diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

The idea that in many cases the memories of previous stressful experiences that are blamed for the symptoms of PTSD are simply inaccurate is gaining increasing support.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Having a history of traumatic experiences may affect changes in an individual's nervous system which increase arousal levels and susceptibility to PTSD.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

The learning perspective (i.e., PTSD is a classically conditioned fear response) provides the most comprehensive explanation for posttraumatic stress disorder.     
 *    
    
    
    
    

A recent study indicates that stress inoculation is more effective than exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring in reducing symptoms of PTSD.    
    
 *    
    
    
    

The symptoms of acute stress disorder are essentially identical to those of PTSD with the exceptions of onset and duration.    
 *    
    
    
    
    

Through the use of converging methods, it has been established that females are more predisposed to anxiety disorders than males because of physiological factors such as genetics and hormonal levels.    
    
 *