Of the following, which phrase best describes anxiety?    
 * an emotional state that involves fear, worry and physiological arousal   
 an emotional state involving an exaggerated, inexplicable fear of a particular object   
 an excessive fear of persecution, coupled with hypervigilance and physiological arousal   
 excessive worry leading to inability to function in a public setting   
    

2. Every morning before she leaves for work, Avril removes the masking tape she has used to seal the door of her house which leads into the garage. Then she uses her broom to sweep a wide path on the concrete to her car. Next she thoroughly sweeps off the entire car, after which she opens the passenger side door and sprays the interior of the vehicle with insecticide. She will enter the vehicle only after she has accomplished all of these maneuvers and is certain there are no spiders inside. The primary cause of Avril's unusual behavior can best be attributed to:    
 an obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
 a panic disorder.   
 * a phobic disorder.   
 a generalized anxiety disorder.    
    

3. A phobic disorder can best be described as:    
 a generalized fear of the future.   
 brief moments of intense anxiety which lead to obsessive behaviors.   
 generalized anxiety associated with the fear of reexperiencing an extremely traumatic event.   
 * persistent and irrational fears of a specific object, activity, or situation.   
    

4. Anxiety which occurs across many situations, has no readily apparent cause, and persists for at least six months is called:    
 acute stress disorder.   
 * generalized anxiety disorder   
 panic disorder.   
 posttraumatic stress disorder.    
    

5. The DSM-IV lists six specific anxiety disorders. An individual is considered to have one of these disorders if their symptoms:    
 * impair the individual's functioning to the point of being clinically significant.   
 occur at least twice during a six month time frame.   
 promote the institutionalization of the individual.   
 are recognized by at least two members of the APA. 95   
    

6. Dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pains, fear, and disorientation are all symptoms of:    
 generalized anxiety disorder.   
 an intense phobic reaction.   
 * a panic attack.   
 an acute stress disorder.   
    

7. If a person suffering from a major depressive episode also begins to experience acute anxiety, the anxiety is considered to be:    
 a primary symptom.   
 * a secondary symptom.   
 unimportant.   
 non-related.   
    

8. When an individual who suffers from generalized anxiety disorder becomes depressed and irritable, the depression and irritability are:    
 * considered to be secondary symptoms which result from the anxiety.   
 considered to causal and most likely responsible for the anxiety.   
 considered to be indicators that the individual should be put on medication.   
 considered to be unrelated and therefore of no consequence.   
    

9. Some of the immediate symptoms of anxiety include dry mouth, shallow breathing, a rapid pulse and increased blood pressure. These are also some of the same responses inherent in a fear reaction. Both are a result of:    
 prolonged and intense physiological arousal.   
 * a high level of arousal of the autonomic nervous system.   
 an increase in the activity of the somatic nervous system.   
 a stimulus response set derived from certain expectations.   
    

10. Prolonged arousal stemming from chronic anxiety can lead to:    
 * high blood pressure and heart attacks.   
 a rapid pulse and increased blood pressure.   
 muscular tension and headaches.   
 hyperventilation resulting in light-headedness.   
    

11. Anxiety can sometimes cause an individual to begin breathing too rapidly, a process known as hyperventilation, which can cause:    
 tingling of the extremities and heart palpitations.   
 light-headedness and headache.   
 chest pains and breathlessness.   
 * all of these.   
    

12. In twenty-five minutes, Ingrid will conduct a class on feminism and the break-down of the masculine role in society to a group of displaced steel-workers for the Diversity and Gender Sensitivity Training section of a job placement program. While nervously pacing the floor in her office, she suddenly starts breathing rapidly and shallowly, her fingers start tingling and she begins to feel light-headed. Ingrid is most likely:    
 having a heart attack.   
 experiencing fatigue.   
 having a nervous breakdown.   
 * hyperventilating.   
    

13. Because of their high arousal level, anxious individuals often engage in pointless motor activity, such as pacing or fidgeting. This generally serves to:    
 reduce their levels of tension.   
 help tire them out and enable them to rest.   
 provide a focal point on which to concentrate and thus decrease anxiety.   
 * decrease productivity and interfere with effective functioning.   
    

14. As the text states, experiencing anxiety is not always negative. Normal levels of anxiety can actually serve to:    
 lower blood pressure and reduce stress levels.   
 provide an avenue for glucogenesis.   
 improve immune system function.   
 * provide motivation and increase productivity.   
    

15. Which of the following statements pertaining to the physical symptoms manifested by individuals suffering from anxiety is correct?    
 * Not everyone who suffers from anxiety experiences the same physical symptoms.   
 Most individuals who suffer from anxiety experience the same physical symptoms.   
 Anxiety is a mental state, therefore individuals who suffer from it generally do not experience physical symptoms.   
 Physical symptoms, although rare, are usually limited to headaches and muscle tension.   
    

16. Loomis is an air traffic controller. He experiences a fair amount of anxiety while at work, but is troubled by it at home. Loomis has received several awards for his on the job performance, and colleagues, despite thinking he's more than a little high-strung, consider him the best controller in the tower. Which of the following is the best possible explanation for Loomis's success?    
 He keeps his anxiety under control by taking several benzodiazepines during a shift.   
 * A moderate amount of anxiety can actually enhance motivation and performance.   
 For prolonged periods, such as an eight hour shift, a moderate amount of anxiety can serve to reduce the physiological effects of stress.   
 His father was a successful air traffic controller and passed those genes on to Loomis.   
    

17. According to the text, there are three factors to be considered when making a distinction between normal and abnormal anxiety: the level of anxiety; the justification for the anxiety; and:    
 the duration of the anxiety.   
 the repetition of the anxiety.   
 * the consequences of the anxiety.   
 the type of anxiety.   
    

18. In the end, the decision about whether or not an individual is experiencing an abnormal amount of anxiety is usually:    
 based on the concurring opinions of two medical professionals.   
 * a subjective one, based upon whether or not a person feels their life is adversely affected.   
 based upon rigid criteria established in the DSM-IV.   
 left up to one's personal health professional.   
    

19. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the current opinion among mental health professionals pertaining to anxiety and the anxiety disorders?    
 The various anxiety disorders are simply variations on the common symptom of anxiety.   
 * The various anxiety disorders are different disorders that stem from different causes.   
 In most cases anxiety is actually a mental manifestation of undetected physical symptoms.   
 Anxiety is often a reaction formation stemming from repression and denial.    
    

20. Fears pertaining to specific objects, activities, or situations that are greater than what is justified and have no basis in reality are called:    
 * phobias.   
 panics.   
 terrors.   
 anxieties.   
    

21. According to the text, the extent to which a particular phobia will interfere with an individual's life is generally determined by:    
 the type of medication the individual is taking.   
 the individual's personality type.   
 * the likelihood of the individual encountering the feared object in their daily life.   
 the specific cause of the phobia.   
    

22. Demetrius is happily married, expecting to be a father soon, and has a very lucrative position as a code writer with a large software firm in Newark. He would say his life is perfect, with the exception of one thing. Demetrius has an intense, irrational fear of cows. However, since he is perfectly happy in the city and has no desire to visit the country, it would be safe to assume:    
 * his phobia will rarely, if ever have an impact on his life.   
 his phobia will eventually force him to seek treatment of some type.   
 his phobia will be inherited by his offspring as its origins are most likely genetic.   
 his phobia will interfere with his ability to consume milk or dairy products.   
    

23. ______________ is the abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed places.    
 Agoraphobia   
 * Claustrophobia   
 Xenophobia   
 Coulrophobia   
    

24. A person who suffers from a phobia and cannot avoid the object or situation connected to their fear may experience:    
 uncontrollable emotional outbursts.   
 fainting spells.   
 overwhelming fear and panic.   
 * all of these.   
    

25. Individuals who suffer from one phobia often:    
 have a variety of other anxieties.   
 * experience no other types of fear or anxiety.   
 are prone to developing serious physical illness. p.   
 develop serious mental illness later in life.   
    

26. John Madden, a famous television sportscaster, ex-football player and ex-coach of the Oakland Raiders, is a man whose career takes him all over the United States. Consequently he spends a great deal of time riding the bus to work. Mr. Madden rides instead of flies because he:    
 is 6 ft. 4 in. tall, weighs 260 lbs. and just can't get comfortable in first class.   
 * suffers from claustrophobia.   
 is afraid of heights.   
 believes that driving the bus is less expensive than flying, and spending money makes him anxious.   
    

27. Individuals who suffer from agoraphobia are not necessarily afraid of being in contact with other people; what they are afraid of is:    
 traveling alone in wide open spaces.   
 becoming the victim of a senseless crime.   
 * embarrassing themselves in public.   
 being under scrutiny in public.   
    

28. Louise runs a successful, online dating service for people whom she likes to refer kindly to as "the-please-pick-me" crowd. Ironically, although she is single and quite attractive, she never goes out on dates; in fact, she rarely leaves her house. She shops on the Internet, has her food delivered and watches movies for entertainment. Her friends often ask her to go out with them, but she always finds an excuse not to go. Louise has an intense fear of being embarrassed in public and finding herself in a situation she can't escape. This is consistent with:    
 behavior indicative of claustrophobia.   
 fears faced by those with social phobia.   
 displays of generalized anxiety.   
 * a diagnosis of agoraphobia.   
    

29. Agoraphobia and social phobia are very similar in that they both involve a fear of embarrassment in a public setting; however, people who suffer from social phobia specifically fear:    
 being in crowded locations.   
 * being in situations where scrutiny by others is likely.    
 being unable to escape if physically threatened.   
 commitment.   
    

30. Social phobia is fairly common, afflicting about ________ percent of women and about _______ percent of men at some point in their lives.    
 * 15; 11   
 25; 10   
 3; 1   
 5; 1   
    

31. Ben is at a social function with his wife, Joon. He is hiding behind a sizable aspidistra in a corner of the room, drinking a large martini and watching Joon chat with her co-workers. Ben is miserable and came to this party only because he felt guilty about saying no to his wife--again. He doesn't mind getting out in public, but he is absolutely terrified of the prospect of having to hold a conversation with someone. He is sure great toads will leap out of his mouth as soon as he opens it and he'll be hugely embarrassed. Consequently, Ben desperately tries to avoid all parties. He most likely suffers from:    
 * social phobia.   
 generalized anxiety.   
 a panic attack.   
 agoraphobia.   
    

32. Which of the following fits the psychodynamic explanation for why people develop phobias?    
 Phobias are classically conditioned fear responses.   
 * Phobic fears represent the repressed nature of stressful conflict.   
 Phobias are incorrect beliefs about the danger posed by the phobic stimuli or situation.   
 Phobias are largely influenced by genetic factors.   
    

33. Which of the following explanations for why people develop phobias is NOT based upon empirical evidence and therefore largely disregarded by most mental health professionals?    
 the physiological explanation   
 the cognitive explanation   
 * the psychodynamic explanation   
 the learning explanation   
    

34. The learning explanation pertaining to the origin of phobias proposes that:    
 phobias are the result of conflicts that are too threatening to be expressed directly.   
 * phobias are classically conditioned fear responses.   
 phobias result from incorrect information and incorrect beliefs.   
 phobias result from unconscious observation and deferred imitation.   
    

35. What role does operant conditioning play in the persistence of phobias?    
 Fear is paired with a stimulus, causing the stimulus to elicit fear.   
 An individual needs only to hear about another's fearful experience to become conditioned to the same fear.   
 * To avoid fear, individuals tend to avoid the phobic stimuli, and therefore do not discover it poses no threat.   
 Fear responses are strengthened each time an individual comes in contact with the phobic stimuli.   
    

36. Elaine, a research assistant for a large petro-chemical corporation, has an irrational fear of snakes. Her employers assigned her to evaluate the performance of a new garden hose designed to resist cracking and kinking. During the demonstration, which consisted of a 4 ft. length of brake line being twisted, knotted and stretched, Elaine felt herself becoming anxious and panicky and eventually had to leave the room. Elaine's fear reaction can best be explained by:    
 * generalization.   
 claustrophobia.   
 extinction.   
 vicarious conditioning.   
    

37. According to the conditioning explanation for agoraphobia, in many cases the frightening experience that provides the basis for the fear is a(an):    
 embarrassing situation.   
 generalized fear response.   
 extreme introversion.   
 * panic attack.   
    

38. People sometimes develop a phobia for an object or situation with which they have never come into contact, this is because:    
 people who develop phobias tend to be paranoid.   
 fear is a classically conditioned response.   
 * fear can be vicariously conditioned.   
 people with phobias suffer from incorrect beliefs.   
    

39. The phrase, phobias are the result of incorrect beliefs about the danger posed by the phobic stimuli or situation, describes the ______________ explanation for why people develop phobias.    
 learning   
 psychodynamic   
 humanistic   
 * cognitive   
    

40. According to the cognitive perspective, people who have phobias:    
 progressively generalize fear-related situations until they reach a phobic state.   
 * have incorrect information which leads to incorrect beliefs.   
 repress inappropriate beliefs which leads to a conditioned phobic response.   
 have learned to fear a particular stimulus or situation.   
    

41. Cognitive therapists argue that eliminating a phobia through the introduction of an appropriate belief system and thus negating the incorrect thoughts which cause it is not as simple as it might seem because:    
 there is a high rate of recidivism in people who exhibit phobic behavior.   
 * the incorrect thoughts are automatic and the individual has no control over them.   
 biochemical imbalances in the brain disrupt the production of neurotransmitters which reduce phobic behaviors.   
 the incorrect thoughts have been classically conditioned and it takes a great deal of therapy to eliminate them.   
    

42. The learning and the cognitive explanations for the development of phobias both make sense, but which perspective is the correct one?    
 Neither perspective is correct; phobias are specifically the result of biochemical imbalances.   
 Psychologists have concluded that the cognitive perspective has invalidated the learning explanation.   
 Psychologists have concluded that the learning explanation has invalidated the cognitive perspective.   
 * Both are correct and in some instances the cause of a phobia may be best explained by a combination of the two explanations.   
    

43. There are two pathways in the brain which lead to the amygdala, the area responsible for fear. One is a direct route involving no thought and the other a process involving the analysis of the potentially fearful stimuli. This fact best supports the:    
 * idea that some phobias are a combination of classically conditioned fears and incorrect beliefs.   
 idea that all phobias are a result of classical conditioning.   
 idea that all phobias are a result of incorrect beliefs.   
 physiological explanation for the development of phobias.   
    

44. The physiological perspective does not explain why people have phobias, but it does suggest a reason for why certain individuals are more likely to develop a phobia. Which of the following statements supports this?    
 People with neurological conditions are more likely to develop a phobia.   
 * High physiological arousal sets up a predisposition to develop a phobia.   
 In a study of brain anatomy, it was found the people with enlarged amygdalas were prone to develop phobias.   
 Currently a majority of the psychiatric community believes that physiology has very little to do with the development of phobias.   
    

45. Of the following, which option supports the notion that high arousal levels contribute to the conditioning of phobias?    
 Higher levels of arousal enhance the conditioning process.   
 Highly aroused individuals are more likely to respond with fear to a potentially fearful situation, thus the fear is likely to be paired with the stimuli.   
 Fearful experiences are more likely to be stored in memory.   
 * All of these options support this notion.   
    

46. According to the text, whether or not an individual has high physiological arousal levels is in large part genetic. Given what you have read about the relationship between physiology and the development of phobias this might suggest:    
 specific phobias are genetic in origin.   
 drugs that reduce arousal levels are the optimal treatment for phobias.   
 * there is a strong heritability factor in the development of phobias.   
 inheritance of phobias is hormonally linked.   
    

47. Using behavior modification in a controlled setting to repeatedly expose an individual to a stimulus that would normally elicit fear is called:    
 biofeedback training.   
 * extinction.   
 stimulus response training.   
 habituation training.   
    

48. Extinction, a technique involving repeated, controlled exposures of an individual to the situation or object which inspires the phobia is used with:    
 psychoanalysis in the psychodynamic approach.   
 exposure therapy in the cognitive approach.   
 * behavior modification in the learning approach.   
 biofeedback training in the physiological approach.   
    

49. In some cases repeated exposure to a frightening stimulus as part of extinction can result in very high levels of fear. The term for this is:    
 systematic desensitization.   
 exposure response.   
 cramming.   
 * flooding.   
    

50. In behavior modification, exposing a person to graduated levels of the phobic object is called:    
 * systematic desensitization.   
 stimulus-response training.   
 target-response exposure.   
 flooding.   
    

51. Sandra is a thirty-three-year-old dentist who lives in a small town on the Pacific coast. She has always had an irrational fear of the ocean. Even looking at it from a distance can cause her to become anxious. Sandra often drives miles out of her way to avoid the water, which hampers her life considerably. A friend taking a psychology class suggested Sandra try looking at ocean pictures, then when she is comfortable she could spend time looking at the ocean from a distance. After a while she could begin decreasing her distance and watching the water from a closer viewpoint. Eventually she could work her way down to the beach. This is an example of:    
 flooding.   
 progressive relaxation training.   
 exposure response therapy.   
 * systematic desensitization.    
    

52. The use of computers and virtual reality to promote the extinction of phobias has:    
 yielded a great deal of evidence that suggests it will likely become the treatment of choice.   
 * not yielded enough evidence to draw conclusions concerning its effectiveness.   
 been proven not to be effective in the treatment of phobias.   
 become quite common at most behavior modification treatment facilities.   
    

53. Which of the following statements pertaining to extinction-based treatments is correct?    
 In comparison with other treatments, individuals undergoing extinction based treatment usually show greater and faster improvement.   
 Treatments based on extinction are less used today than they were some years ago.   
 The cognitive approach in the treatment of phobias has gradually gained popularity over extinction-based therapy.   
 * All of these statements are correct.   
    

54. When two groups of subjects with driving phobias were compared, one group receiving cognitive training as well as exposure training, and the other group receiving just the exposure training, it was found:    
 * both groups showed an equal amount of reduction in their anxiety levels.   
 the group receiving the cognitive training showed a greater reduction in anxiety.   
 the group receiving just the exposure training showed a greater reduction in anxiety.   
 neither group showed any reduction in their anxiety levels.   
    

55. Findings on the cognitive approach to eliminating phobias suggest that:    
 cognitive therapy is not effective in treating phobias.   
 * cognitive therapy involving exposure is an effective strategy for treating phobias.   
 cognitive therapy is most effective for treating social phobia.   
 cognitive therapy coupled with psychotherapy is the most effective treatment strategy for phobias.   
    

56. Xanax, a benzodiazepine, can be effective in the treatment of phobias because it:    
 * eliminates fear by inhibiting physiological arousal.   
 stimulates the production of endorphins, the body's natural pain killers.   
 induces sleep.   
 has a strong placebo effect.   
    

57. Which of the following is a benzodiazepine and effective in the treatment of phobias?    
 Prozac   
 Rohypnol   
 Zoloft   
 * Valium   
    

58. ____________ are effective in the treatment of phobias because they limit the degree to which the heart rate can increase and thus reduce the fear response.    
 SSRI's   
 Dopamine antagonists   
 * Beta Blockers   
 Neuroleptics    
    

59. Initially treatments involving benzodiazepines are effective because they suppress the phobic fears, but as treatment progresses:    
 * individuals become more likely to expose themselves to the phobic stimulus and thus promote extinction.   
 individuals develop a tolerance and the drugs become ineffective.   
 the side effects begin to outweigh the benefits of the drugs.   
 there is a rebound effect and the fear response becomes too great to suppress.   
    

60. Helena is extremely afraid of small, enclosed spaces. She has recently landed a great-paying job at the box factory, but is having a very difficult time getting into her work. Which of the following options would be the most effective in helping Helena reduce her fears?    
 Endure, and eventually her fears will pass.   
 * Take Beta-Blockers.   
 Visit a psychoanalyst and attempt to discover the root of her fears.   
 Develop a compulsive routine at work.   
    

61. Maurene cannot stop worrying about potential disasters. Nothing bad has ever happened to her, so when she is not worrying about being killed crossing the street, or having a tree fall on her house, she worries about why she worries. Maurene doesn't remember when she started being so nervous, but she knows it's been going on for at least a year. What might she be suffering from?    
 Panic Disorder   
 Agoraphobia   
 Depression   
 * Generalized Anxiety Disorder   
    

62. What does the acronym GAD, stand for?    
 * Generalized Anxiety Disorder   
 Generative Anger Disorder   
 Generalized Anger Displacement   
 Generalized Anger Dysfunction   
    

63. What is the frequency of occurrence of worry-related thoughts by the average sufferer of GAD, despite attempts at suppression?    
 5 times the frequency of non-sufferers.   
 10 times the frequency of non-sufferers.   
 about six thoughts an hour   
 * about two thoughts every minute   
    

64. What is the frequency of occurrence of generalized anxiety disorder among men and women in the general population?    
 about 15% in women and 29% in men   
 * about 7% in women and 4% in men   
 about 1% in women and 3% in men   
 The frequency is difficult to estimate because most individuals hide their disorder.   
    

65. What is the general opinion of mental health professionals regarding Freud's contention that GAD is caused by repression?    
 It is widely regarded as one of the most relevant theories currently in use.   
 It provides a sound base from which to pursue the cognitive explanation for GAD.   
 * Most mental health professionals have abandoned it.   
 Although behaviorists do not accept this explanation, advocates from the other schools of thought acknowledge its validity.   
    

66. Why doesn't classical conditioning provide a good explanation for generalized anxiety disorder?    
 Suppression is thought to be the mechanism by which generalized anxiety typically occurs.   
 Conscious fears can be identified as the focal point of the anxiety in GAD.   
 * In generalized anxiety disorder, the anxiety is not linked to a specific stimuli.   
 Classical conditioning is not a good explanation for any of the anxiety disorders.   
    

67. _______________ are the basis for the cognitive explanation for generalized anxiety disorder.    
 Repressions   
 Phobias   
 * Incorrect beliefs   
 Panic attacks   
    

68. What is the difference between GAD and social phobia?    
 * GAD sufferers report their main concern is social embarrassment because of their anxiety, whereas social phobics are anxious about embarrassing themselves in group situations.   
 GAD is related to heart conditions whereas social phobias are classically conditioned.   
 GAD is an acute condition whereas social phobia is chronic.   
 GAD sufferers are anxious about embarrassing themselves in group situations, while social phobics report their main concern is social embarrassment because of their anxiety.    
    

69. The results of the experiment in which anxious and non-anxious individuals learned lists of words that were neutral, positive, and threat-related, and then had to recall them, provided some factual indication:    
 that a state of anxiety does not influence the occurrence of anxious thoughts.   
 * that in some cases anxiety influences beliefs rather than the other way around.   
 that belief systems are a major factor in most cases of anxiety.   
 that anxious people suppress threat-related cognitions.   
    

70. What is one of the strongest arguments against the cognitive perspective on the origins of GAD?    
 * It does not explain why many GAD sufferers have biological relatives who also suffer from the disorder.   
 It is widely considered that GAD is the result of operant conditioning.   
 Modeling or observational learning has been demonstrated to be a causal factor in GAD.   
 Unconscious thoughts have been empirically demonstrated as a common source of GAD.   
    

The physiological explanation suggests GAD results from:    
 * the malfunction of neurons and neurotransmitters.   
 an overactive endocrine system.   
 the overuse of prescription drugs.   
 a heart condition known as mitral valve prolapse.   
    

72. Low levels of the neurotransmitter ______________ are associated with GAD.    
 serotonin   
 acetylcholine   
 * GABA   
 norepinephrine   
    

73. Is there a relationship between the neurotransmitter GABA and GAD?    
 * Yes, too little GABA contributes to GAD.   
 No, there is no relation between the two.   
 No, too little serotonin is thought to cause GAD.   
 Yes, too much GABA contributes to GAD.   
    

74. What role do inhibitory neurons play in GAD?    
 They produce dopamine which regulates physiology by decreasing heart rate.   
 * If they don't produce enough GABA, the excitatory neurons become too active.   
 If there are insufficient numbers of inhibitory neurons, then anxiety results.   
 If they produce too much GABA, the sympathetic nervous system becomes overactive.   
    

75. Based on the study of twins, the heritability of GAD is thought to be about:    
 80%.   
 50%.   
 40%.   
 * 30%.   
    

76. Why is mitral valve prolapse diagnosed more often in highly anxious people than in the general population?    
 * Highly anxious individuals are more likely to seek medical attention.   
 Mitral valve prolapse is a primary contributor to anxiety-related disorders because of the fear induced by heart murmurs.   
 Backflow of the blood into the heart reduces blood flow to the brain and serves to decrease the function of inhibitory neurons which in turn leads to anxiety.   
 Chronic anxiety, and the subsequent increased heart rate, leads to mitral valve prolapse.   
    

77. Herkimer has settled into a comfortable chair and is listening to soothing phrases spoken by a trainer who is helping him with his anxiety disorder. This treatment is called:    
 biofeedback training.   
 * progressive muscle relaxation training.   
 meditation.   
 cognitive reappraisal therapy.   
    

78. The idea behind progressive muscle relaxation is:    
 relaxed muscle tissue facilitates GABA production which decreases excitatory responses.   
 cognitive, in that it is designed to refocus attention away from anxiety.   
 * that individuals, having learned to relax, may then apply this technique at will to their anxiety.   
 based upon transcendental meditation and requires many years to master.   
    

79. _____________ Is a technique which attempts to promote relaxation through the observation and subsequent control of physiological responses, as indicated by heart monitor or blood pressure indicators.    
 * Biofeedback training.   
 Progressive muscle relaxation training   
 Transcentechnical meditation   
 Virtual reality desensitization   
    

80. Evidence on biofeedback training indicates that it:    
 promotes cardiovascular health.   
 is an effective treatment for high blood pressure.   
 generalizes beyond the treatment setting.   
 * is no more beneficial than simply sitting quiet and resting.   
    

81. A _________ is a meaningless word which serves to provide distraction through repetition while one is meditating.    
 gaba   
 beta   
 mandala   
 * mantra   
    

82. The evidence on meditation as a means for reducing anxiety suggest:    
 * it is no more effective than simply resting.   
 it helps to replenish energy and thus enables a person to better cope with stress.   
 it is more effective than traditional psychotherapy.   
 it is more effective for the treatment of phobias than for reducing anxiety.   
    

83. Naomi has taken several stress management classes and found none of them helped her relax. An enthusiastic friend told her about some meditation classes being conducted off campus by the renowned yogi, Ber Adon Wan. Naomi signed up and has since found meditation to be effective in reducing her anxiety. What is the most likely reason for this?    
 * Naomi's expectations about the effects of meditation have helped reduce her anxiety.   
 She has been able to transcend her negative emotional plane and renew her positive energy.   
 Research suggests that meditation, particularly the repetition of the mantra, increases the arousal level of the autonomic nervous system.   
 Western science is no match for Eastern mysticism.    
    

84. ____________ are a class of drugs used to treat anxiety.    
 Neuroleptics   
 * Anxiolytics   
 Narcotics   
 Tricyclics   
    

85. The antianxiety drugs work by facilitating the entrance of GABA into:    
 receptor sites on the excitatory neurons in the endocrine system.   
 receptor sites on the inhibitory neurons in the endocrine system.   
 * receptor sites on the inhibitory neurons in the limbic system.   
 receptor sites on the excitatory neurons in the limbic system.   
    

86. ____________ is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety that is very safe due to the fact there is an upper limit to its ability to reduce neurological activity.    
 Prozac   
 * Valium   
 Lithium   
 Xanax   
    

87. ____________ is a recently developed antianxiety drug which has been found to be highly effective and have fewer side effects than the benzodiazepines.    
 * Buspirone   
 Lorazepam   
 Alprazolam   
 Chlordiazepoxide   
    

88. What seems to be the general consensus concerning the side effects resulting from the use of antianxiety drugs?    
 The side effects by far outweigh the benefits of the drugs.   
 * The side effects are usually not severe enough to disrupt normal living.   
 Side effects are extremely rare, occurring in less than 2% of the population taking the drugs.   
 The side effects can be prevented by periodically changing drug types.   
    

89. It is likely that most individuals with GAD will not have to take drugs their entire lives to control their anxiety because:    
 the efficacy of drug treatments diminish with age until they eventually are ineffective.   
 eventually the drugs will cure the anxiety.   
 * anxiety disorders diminish with age.   
 the dangers of addiction compel most psychiatrists to prescribe drugs for a limited time.   
    

90. Hans is concerned about his mother who is taking Xanax to treat her generalized anxiety. She has been taking the drug for six months and he is worried she might develop a dependence on the drug and become addicted. Research on this indicates that:    
 * dependence on benzodiazepines can develop after prolonged use at high doses.   
 dependence does not occur with the use of benzodiazepines.   
 benzodiazepines lose their efficacy after extended periods as well as their addictive quality.   
 there is not enough evidence on the use of benzodiazepines to know if they are addictive.   
    

91. One problem in determining whether or not drug dependence results from the usage of antianxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines is:    
 most people are cured of their symptoms before it can be decided if they are dependent.   
 most people who suffer from anxiety are not willing to take part in the research to find out.   
 * symptoms that occur after drug use is discontinued may be the same symptoms for which the drug was originally intended.   
 people with GAD do not care if they become addicted as long as they can function normally otherwise.   
    

92. The primary function of cognitive therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder is to:    
 * help an individual realize they can cope with their anxiety.   
 change an individual's specific incorrect beliefs about impending problems.   
 provide a sound base upon which to build a psychoanalytic treatment program.   
 overcome the operantly conditioned fears which promote the anxiety.   
    

93. A(n) _____________ involves brief periods of exceptionally intense, spontaneous, anxiety during which the individual may think they are having a heart attack and dying.    
 * panic disorder   
 anxiety attack   
 phobic response   
 mitral valve prolapse   
    

94. Some individuals who suffer from panic attacks think they are going crazy and this causes them to worry about losing control in a public location. If this condition becomes extreme it may:    
 lead to social phobia.   
 * lead to panic disorder with agoraphobia.   
 lead to generalized anxiety disorder.   
 lead to panic disorder with anxiety.   
    

95. Individuals who have panic disorder are also very likely to display symptoms which meet the diagnostic criteria for:    
 social phobia.   
 obsessive-compulsive disorder.   
 major dementia.   
 * major depression.   
    

96. Panic disorder is thought to be fairly common, occurring in about ________% of women and _________% of men.    
 12; 6   
 15; 12   
 8; 12   
 * 5; 2   
    

97. It was found that injections of sodium lactate, which turns to carbon dioxide in the blood stream, trigger panic attacks in people:    
 who have mitral valve prolapse.   
 who are prone to suggestibility.   
 who suffer from agoraphobia.   
 * whose biological relatives suffer from panic attacks.   
    

98. If an individual has a personal or family history of panic disorder, a mixture of too much ______ in the air they breath can cause them to have a panic attack.    
 nitrogen   
 oxygen   
 nitrous oxide   
 * carbon dioxide   
    

99. An interesting fact concerning panic attacks, that also provides some criticism for the cognitive explanation--which proposes panic disorder is a misrepresentation of physiological arousal, is:    
 * panic attacks sometimes occur during stage 4 sleep.   
 panic attacks are linked to specific phobias.   
 panic attacks sometime occur during narcoleptic fits.   
 panic attacks can be introduced by taking neuroleptic drugs.   
    

Hyperventilation, a state which involves rapid, shallow breathing can induce ______________ in persons who have a familial history of the disorder.    
 an anxiety attack   
 a phobic response   
 * a panic attack   
 a narcoleptic fit   
    

Which of the following explanations for the origin of panic attacks, although interesting, has no empirical support and as a consequence is widely ignored?    
 * Psychodynamic   
 Cognitive   
 Physiological   
 None of these are empirically supported.   
    

Why isn't the learning perspective, the idea that panic attacks are classically conditioned anxiety responses, viable for explaining panic disorder?    
 Panic attacks are rooted in threatening material stored in the unconscious.   
 Panic attacks occur in too large a segment of society to be explained by learning theory.   
 Panic attacks are actually triggered by a misinterpretation of physiological arousal.   
 * Panic attacks are not linked to specific stimuli.   
    

The cognitive explanation for the origin of panic disorder provides that panic attacks are the result of misinterpretations of physiological arousal and this leads to an exaggeration of symptoms, but this interpretation cannot explain why:    
 panic attacks occur during stage 4 sleep.   
 antidepressant drugs reduce panic disorder.   
 sodium lactate triggers panic attacks.   
 * all of these.   
    

The physiological explanation for panic disorder provides that panic attacks are triggered by:    
 an overproduction of GABA in the inhibitory neurons of the reticular activating system.   
 an overproduction of GABA in the excitatory neurons of the reticular activating system.   
 an underactive respiratory control center in the brain stem.   
 * an overly sensitive respiratory control center in the brain stem.   
    

Ondine's curse is a disorder in which an individual has:    
 an overly sensitive respiratory control center.   
 an overproduction of GABA in the reticular activating system.   
 an exaggerated response to physiological arousal due to brain stem activity.   
 * an insensitivity to a lack of oxygen in the blood stream.   
    

Adrian, like her maternal grandmother who recently passed away, suffers from panic disorder. Lately she has noticed her attacks tend to happen while she is slumped in her chair at her writing desk. She cannot understand this as writing in her journal is normally cathartic. Given what you have read about panic disorder, which perspective on its origins does Adrian's case support?    
 * the physiological perspective   
 the cognitive perspective   
 the learning perspective   
 the psychodynamic perspective   
    

Andrew's panic disorder was so severe he almost lost his job as a lighting technician with the Rogue's Reprise traveling theater company. His panic attacks caused him to bolt in the middle of a production, leaving the leading lady stranded without a spot to see in. After several impromptu blackouts, Andrew became convinced he should see a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist prescribed Prozac, an antidepressant. Why would an antidepressant help Andrew?    
 Antidepressants increase GABA production and thus inhibit the firing of excitatory neurons.   
 Antidepressants stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system and shut down the body's excitatory response.   
 * Antidepressants block the reuptake of serotonin, which inhibits activity in the respiratory control center.   
 Antidepressants introduce more oxygen into the blood stream by helping it bind more efficiently with red blood cells.   
    

In using the cognitive approach to treating panic disorders, it was found that:    
 cognitive restructuring was effective in changing the cause of the disorder.   
 * simply informing clients their panic was not dangerous was as effective as traditional cognitive therapy.   
 the cognitive approach used in conjunction with the learning approach is the most effective treatment.   
 there is no evidence to prove that any aspect of cognitive therapy is useful in treating panic disorder.   
    

Ultimately, the effectiveness of the cognitive approach to treating panic disorder may be due to:    
 * learning to cope and using deep breathing.   
 the development of more accurate interpretations of arousal.   
 revealing the underlying cause of the disorder.   
 reversing the operantly conditioned thought processes that lead to it.   
    

Panic disorder is thought to be caused by an overactive respiratory center in the brain stem which:    
 increases arousal of the sympathetic nervous system causing respiration to increase dramatically, leading to hyperventilation, which in turn causes a panic attack.   
 shuts down GABA facilitators, decreasing the firing of excitatory neurons and lowering respiration, with a subsequent feeling of suffocation.   
 * "panic" in a way by sending false alarms of impending suffocation to the higher functioning areas of the brain.   
 overproduces serotonin and shuts down inhibitory neurons in the reticular activating system.   
    

In a double-blind experiment in which patients were randomly assigned to drug or placebo conditions, for those individuals who had been on antidepressants, what happened when the antidepressants were discontinued?    
 The panic attacks remained in a state of suppression.   
 The effects of a drug dependence quickly became apparent.   
 The panic attacks resurfaced in a milder form.   
 * The panic attacks resumed.    
    

The fact that individuals have nocturnal panic attacks provides evidence to support the:    
 * physiological perspective because oxygen levels in the blood are reduced when we sleep.   
 psychodynamic approach in that dreams are thought to play an integral role in the disorder.   
 learning approach because conditioned responses occur even in sleep.   
 cognitive approach because incorrect thoughts are reflected in dreams and nightmares.   
    

According to the physiological perspective on the origin of panic attacks, which of the following options is an effective treatment if one does not wish to take medication?    
 dietary supplements   
 * aerobic exercise.   
 increased sleep   
 systematic desensitization    
    

Why is aerobic exercise an effective alternative to drug treatment for panic disorder?    
 * Aerobic exercise increases the production of serotonin.   
 Aerobic exercise decreases the production of GABA.   
 Aerobic exercise allows a restructuring of the thought process.   
 Aerobic exercise decreases body weight so abnormal levels of serotonin are adequate.   
    

Why is aerobic exercise a viable alternative to drug treatment for panic disorder?    
 Aerobic exercise functions as a powerful placebo because it requires lots of energy.   
 Aerobic exercise causes individuals to sleep more deeply.   
 Aerobic exercise increases the rate of GABA production.   
 * Aerobic exercise enhances cardiovascular fitness so oxygen is processed more efficiently.   
    

Generalized anxiety disorder involves anxiety that occurs within four days of an extremely traumatic event and lasts less than four weeks.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Depression and irritability due to lack of sleep are primary symptoms of anxiety disorders.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Level and justification of anxiety are ultimately the most important factors in distinguishing between normal and abnormal anxiety.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A critical element in the diagnosis of a phobia is the presence of fear that is greater than what is justified by the situation.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Agoraphobia is the fear of small, enclosed spaces.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The case of Little Albert provides a good illustration of the psychodynamic perspective of the origin of phobias.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Classical conditioning explains the origins of phobias, while operant conditioning may explain their persistence.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Physiology can explain why a person develops a specific phobia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The psychodynamic approach advocated by Freud for the treatment of phobias is no longer used by most mental health professionals.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Identification of the original cause of the anxiety disorder is an important component of treatments based on learning theory.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Prozac and Anafranil are potent benzodiazepines that are effective in the treatment of phobias.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Treatments for phobias that are based on extinction are effective, overall.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

GAD involves anxiety that is persistent across many situations and lasts for at least six months.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In addition to providing a good explanation for the origins of phobias, classical conditioning also works well in explaining the development of generalized anxiety disorder.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Individuals who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder worry most about past occurrences they can do nothing to change.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Persons who suffer from anxiety also tend to have a heart condition known as mitral valve prolapse; therefore, this condition is likely to contribute to anxiety disorders.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Biofeedback is no more effective for reducing responses such as heart rate and blood pressure than simply sitting quietly and resting.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

There appears to be a strong placebo effect involved in the positive results obtained by persons who meditate in reducing the physiological arousal related to their anxiety.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Drugs like Xanax work to reduce the symptoms of anxiety by increasing the likelihood that serotonin will fit into the receptor sites of excitatory neurons.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Panic attacks are considered to be severe cases of phobia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

An empirically supported explanation for the origin of panic attacks is that they are the results of misinterpretations and exaggerations of normal physical symptoms.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Cognitive therapy can be effective in the treatment of panic disorders because it helps individuals learn to cope.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Cross-country skiing or sustained bouts of brisk walking are viable alternatives to Prozac in the reduction of panic attacks.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Prozac assists with the treatment of panic disorder because it increases GABA activity, which then inhibits the reactivity of the respiratory control center.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Ondine's curse is a disorder in which the respiratory control center is insensitive to low levels of oxygen in the blood.    
 * True   
 False