The need for better descriptions of abnormal behavior has:    
 led to the development of a diagnostic checklist loosely based on subjectivity.   
 led to an increased reliance on physiological testing.   
 * led to the development of consensual diagnostic systems.   
 been a major problem in psychology and remains so today.   
    

2. A diagnostic system has two major purposes: enabling the health-care worker to provide a consistent description of the individual suffering from abnormalities and:    
 providing a narrow range of treatment plans to fit those abnormalities.   
 providing a framework for insurance companies to establish benefit policies.   
 establishing a paradigm for predicting future episodes of deviance in the population.   
 * providing a framework of reference for deciding how to treat the individual.   
    

3. The diagnostic system currently used in the United States is:    
 * DSM-IV.   
 ICD-10.   
 MMPI-II.   
 DTAT-V.   
    

4. The early editions of the Diagnostic Manual for Mental Disorders consisted of:    
 rigorous and detailed descriptions of a limited number of abnormal behaviors.   
 * brief descriptions of the symptoms of disorders and a limited analysis of their origins.   
 limited descriptions of over 397 disorders along with considerations of their origins.   
 extensive amounts of speculation concerning the symptoms and origins of over 397 disorders.    
    

5. The early systems involved in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior:    
 * were unreliable because of inconsistent diagnostic procedures.   
 were unreliable because they were based entirely on Freudian theory.   
 were mostly reliable, but limited in scope.   
 were reliable and accurate in descriptions of disorders, but vague concerning treatments.   
    

6. If an individual exhibiting abnormal behaviors receives the same diagnosis from different mental health care workers, the diagnosis would be considered:    
 * reliable.   
 valid.   
 relevant.   
 standard.    
    

7. If an individual exhibiting abnormal behaviors received a diagnosis that proved to be correct, the diagnostic system used to determine that diagnosis would be considered:    
 reliable.   
 standard.   
 * valid.   
 consistent.   
    

8. The reliability of a diagnostic system refers to:    
 * the consistency in which a specific diagnosis will be given for a particular set of symptoms.   
 the efficacy of its treatments based on the given diagnostic criterion.   
 the accuracy of a particular diagnosis based on the given diagnostic criterion.   
 the number of accurate diagnoses obtained using the given criterion.   
    

9. The validity of a diagnostic system refers to:    
 the consistency in which a specific diagnosis will be given for a particular set of symptoms.   
 the efficacy of its treatments based on the given diagnostic criterion.   
 the number of accurate diagnoses obtained based on the given diagnostic criterion.   
 * the degree to which an individual will receive the correct diagnosis.   
    

10. Unlike its predecessors, the DSM-IV contains specific symptoms which are clearly listed for each diagnosis and it also:    
 lists several potential causes for each particular disorder.   
 provides specific treatment plans for each particular disorder.   
 describes which school of thought best fits a particular set of symptoms.   
 * specifies how many symptoms must be present before a diagnosis can be made.   
    

11. In DSM-IV, ____________ lead the clinician through a series of branches based on the patient's symptoms and the branches eventually lead to a diagnosis.    
 * decision trees   
 theoretical options   
 baseline objectives   
 hypothetical examples   
    

12. In DSM-IV, all of the following are used to make the system more reliable EXCEPT:    
 a listing of specific symptoms.   
 * a listing of specific causes.   
 decision trees.   
 the use of separate axes.   
    

13. Unlike the first diagnostic manual, in DSM-IV:    
 diagnoses are categorized by theoretical application.   
 diagnostic categories are well-organized and apply only to the most prevalent disorders.   
 subjectivity plays a less prominent role in diagnosis.   
 * diagnoses are based on observed behaviors rather than assumptions of cause.   
    

14. Which of the following terms is not used to describe disorders in DSM-IV?    
 major depression   
 bi-polar disorder   
 schizophrenia   
 * anxiety neurosis   
    

15. The diagnostic criterion of DSM-IV is based upon description of symptoms and does not involve assumptions of cause; however, there is room for ________________ concerning certain causes to influence the diagnosis.    
 * objective evidence   
 subjective opinion   
 committee consensus   
 unknown variables   
    

16. In general, DSM-IV is:    
 based on the cognitive perspective.   
 based on the psychodynamic perspective.   
 based on the learning perspective.   
 * atheoretical.   
    

17. Damon was brought into the psychiatric ward by his mother who had found him in a wild state, pacing the yard and arguing vehemently--by himself. She told the doctor Damon has a history of drug use. Upon admittance, Damon's pulse was extremely high, his pupils were dilated and he was incoherent. Later, the lab found traces of methamphetamines in his blood samples. Which piece of objective evidence would most likely be used in diagnosing Damon's condition?    
 * the methamphetamines in his blood sample   
 his mother's confession that he has a history of drug use   
 Damon's incoherence   
 Damon's vital signs   
    

18. DSM-IV has increased the number of identified disorders by over 500%, as compared to the first edition of the manual. Some critics say there is a danger in this because:    
 some important disorders included in the first manual have been left out.   
 there are many more disorders that need to be included.   
 with so many potential disorders it is easy to lose sight of the individual.   
 * we are overextending the boundaries for the definition of what is abnormal.   
    

19. In DSM-IV, diagnoses are made based on:    
 * five separate dimensions.   
 personality and clinical performance.   
 general health and psychosocial adjustment.   
 a global assessment of functioning.   
    

20. All of the following are used as diagnostic criterion in DSM-IV EXCEPT:    
 general medical condition.   
 personality disorders.   
 * genetic history.   
 global assessment of functioning.   
    

21. Dr. Fell diagnosed an individual with depression. On Axis V, she indicated this individual had a high level of functioning over the past year. This is important because:    
 * it provides a model for the level of adjustment the person can be expected to achieve after the disorder has been eliminated.   
 it suggests the individual's depression is probably of no consequence.   
 it provides an indicator that the depression is organic in nature.   
 it provides an indicator that the depression is stress-related.    
    

22. If an individual told the clinician diagnosing them that during the past year their car was repossessed, and they had to temporarily leave school and get a job, the clinician would enter this information in:    
 Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning.   
 * Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems.   
 Axis I: Clinical Syndromes.   
 Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation.   
    

23. A problem with all diagnostic systems is that:    
 they are largely unreliable due to individual variability.   
 they tend to ignore the individual's subjective experiences.   
 they place too much emphasis on heredity.   
 * categorization tends to obscure some of an individual's uniqueness.   
    

24. An unfortunate aspect of all diagnostic systems, and in particular the specific diagnosis, is that:    
 * labels can infer characteristics that the diagnosed individual does not actually possess.   
 once an individual is labeled, they generally begin to behave accordingly.   
 it is difficult to get advocates of the various sub-disciplines to agree on a particular diagnosis.   
 there is generally too much subjectivity involved in developing the diagnosis.   
    

25. DSM-IV avoids terms such as "alcoholic" and instead recommends phrases like "an individual with Alcohol Dependence." This is because the term "alcoholic" implies:    
 a psychological dependence on alcohol.   
 * that alcohol influences all aspects of an individual's life, which may not be the case.   
 the individual has no responsibility to improve their condition.   
 the individual has made a conscious choice to self-medicate.   
    

26. As addressed in the text, one potentially viable alternative to using a diagnostic system is:    
 the use of a diagnostic committee.   
 family history.   
 * multiple interview analysis.   
 using a checklist of symptoms.    
    

27. The use of a checklist of symptoms for diagnosis could prove to have an advantage over a diagnostic system like DSM-IV in that:    
 it would be easier to develop a treatment plan based on a checklist.   
 a single person would provide the diagnosis.   
 a checklist would provide more than one specific treatment plan.   
 * a checklist could be completed by a variety of people, allowing for a broader perspective.   
    

28. All of the following are potential advantages a diagnostic checklist system might have over the current diagnostic system, with the exception of:    
 * a check list would provide a specific cause for a particular disorder.   
 a checklist could easily be filled out by an individual's family.   
 a checklist would provide more information.   
 a checklist could be filled out by a variety of mental health practitioners.   
    

29. Clinicians currently use interviews, observation, physiological and psychological tests to assess abnormal behavior. Generally it is customary to employ:    
 * more than one of these techniques to develop a complete analysis of behavior.   
 only one assessment technique because deviant behavior is usually easy to diagnose.   
 each assessment technique at least twice to develop a complete analysis of behavior.   
 each of these in conjunction with opinions from a panel of experts to develop a complete analysis of behavior.   
    

30. During the ___________ phase of the diagnosis process, the clinician determines what type of treatment, if any, might be necessary and if the treatment should begin immediately or if the client can wait for treatment.    
 observation   
 subjective analysis   
 psychological testing   
 * interview   
    

31. Which of the following can be determined by the interview phase of the assessment process?    
 whether the person really has a disorder.   
 what tests might be necessary.   
 what treatment may be most appropriate.   
 * all of these.   
    

32. Charly, who recently began experiencing a great deal of anxiety for no apparent reason, is sitting in a comfortable office and talking with a clinician. At first he was very nervous and uneasy but the clinician didn't seem to notice. She asked questions about his work, family, what he liked to do for recreation, and what he had been doing recently. If he paused too long she moved to a different topic and soon he forgot about being nervous. The clinician is:    
 using reverse psychology.   
 giving a structured interview.   
 * utilizing the unstructured interview technique.   
 giving a mental status exam.    
    

33. In a structured interview called a mental status exam, the client is:    
 asked to put together several puzzles in a limited amount of time.   
 asked to interpret what they see in several different pictures.   
 * asked the day's date, the year, the season, the month and other questions to determine how in touch with reality they are.   
 asked to untie, then tie their shoes, the color and shape of several objects in the room, and what their interests are.   
    

34. Interviews provide information about an individual as well as an opportunity to observe them, but they can also present problems, in that:    
 most insurance companies are not willing to pay for them.   
 * the patients may not be honest and the interviewer may base their interpretations on inference.   
 research indicates that most people prefer not to be interviewed and will not answer questions when pressed.   
 clinicians are generally not well-trained for the interview process.   
    

35. Direct observation usually plays a minor role in the assessment of abnormal behavior because:    
 * it is not practical and probably unethical.   
 it is almost impossible to observe someone without their becoming aware.   
 it is not as important to observe direct behaviors as it once used to be.   
 most mental health practitioners are unwilling to engage in it.    
    

36. Janna is a psychologist who plans to use observation in conducting an assessment. Which of following groups will she most likely be observing?    
 * children   
 people over the age of 18   
 middle-aged adults   
 elderly adults   
    

37. The most widely used objective test of abnormal behavior is the:    
 WISC-III   
 WAIS-R   
 * MMPI-2   
 TAT   
    

38. The MMPI-2 contains questions designed to form scales that measure:    
 three types of abnormal behavior.   
 nine levels of social adjustment.   
 job performance and satisfaction.   
 * nine types of abnormal behavior.   
    

39. Besides containing scales that measure nine types of abnormal behavior, the MMPI-2 also has:    
 three scales that measure job performance and satisfaction.   
 scales that measure three levels of social adjustment.   
 two scales that measure fluid and crystallized intelligence.   
 * three control scales that measure the validity of the test scores.   
    

40. Which of the following personality tests is designed primarily to measure levels of social adjustment, psychosis and neurosis?    
 The Thematic Apperception Test   
 The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory   
 The Rorschach Test   
 * None of These   
    

41. Which of the following personality tests can be scored for scales that measure social responsibility, dominance and posttraumatic stress disorder?    
 * The MMPI-2   
 The WISC-III   
 The TAT   
 The WAIS-R   
    

42. Bennie works at home building web sites because he doesn't like to go out in public. He thinks most people are unfriendly and the world is basically a hostile place. Oddly enough, the people he does come in contact with think he's vaguely hostile. In psychological terms, Bennie is most likely:    
 suffering from schizophrenia.   
 * projecting his hostility on the people he meets and the world in general.   
 avoiding social responsibility because of his fear.   
 suffering from obsessions and probably needs drug therapy.   
    

43. The best known projective personality test is:    
 the Thematic Apperception Test.   
 the D.A.P. test.   
 the WAISR-III test.   
 * the Rorschach test.   
    

44. Which of the following is not a component involved in scoring the Rorschach test?    
 the content of the individual's response   
 the aspect of the form to which the subject responds   
 * the objectivity of the measure   
 the degree to which the individual is in contact with reality   
    

45. Joon's answers on the Rorschach were scored with a proportion of F+ responses equal to 44%. What is the diagnostic interpretation of this score?    
 Joon is very emotional.   
 Joon suffers from flat affect.   
 * There is reason for concern over Joon's contact with reality.   
 Joon has little imagination.   
    

46. Walt is viewing a brightly colored Rorschach card. Unlike his responses to the black and white stimulus cards, he is taking several minutes to formulate an answer. How would Walt's therapist score this behavior?    
 Walt is an angry individual.   
 Walt fears the joy of life.   
 * Walt is demonstrating "color shock."   
 Walt has a rich fantasy life.   
    

47. Earl is viewing a brightly colored Rorschach card, but all he talks about is the gray-colored edges of the image. Earl would most likely be diagnosed as:    
 unimaginative but not abnormal.   
 monochromatic.   
 exhibiting the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia.   
 * depressed.   
    

48. When looking at her therapist's Rorschach cards, Flo sees nearly everything as in motion. For example, she describes one card as an Olympic track meet, complete with sprinters and a cheering, waving crowd. Flo's therapist would conclude that Flo:    
 * has a rich fantasy life.   
 exhibits the positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.   
 is using projection to hide her depression.   
 is in a manic phase.   
    

49. In evaluating the validity of the Rorschach, what is the appropriate conclusion?    
 It is used widely, which suggests it is a valid measure.   
 * Errors in judgment appear to occur, caused by the erroneous assumptions on which the test is challenging based.   
 Interpretations are not influenced by socioeconomic status of the clients.   
 When used in conjunction with other tests, it increases the accuracy of diagnoses.   
    

50. Ernest is looking at a projection test and telling his therapist a story relating to the people he sees in the picture. What is the name of the test that Ernest is taking?    
 * The TAT   
 The DAP   
 The Rorschach   
 The Holmes & Tyler Contradiction Assessment Test   
    

51. Evidence now indicates that on the TAT, individuals:    
 project their unconscious and conscious traits.   
 project only their unconscious traits.   
 * project only their conscious traits.   
 cannot fake their responses.    
    

52. Which of the following is considered a problem with the TAT and its interpretation?    
 The pictures are based on actual paintings that some individuals may recognize.   
 Many individuals respond well to abstract images but cannot relate to people-oriented pictures.   
 Only clients with active imaginations can tell stories with sufficient length to interpret.   
 * It is difficult to determine whether an individual is projecting their traits or the causes of their traits.   
    

53. "What bothers me is that... " is one of the stimulus items for the __________________ projection test.    
 * Incomplete Sentences Test   
 Thematic Apperception Test   
 Word Stem Priming Test   
 Children's Apperception Test   
    

54. The ___________________ is a projection test that would be considered most useful for a child psychologist.    
 * CAT   
 Incomplete Sentences Test   
 MMPI   
 TAT   
    

55. Which of the following is not an actual projection test currently used by clinicians?    
 Draw-A-Person Test   
 House-Tree-Person Test   
 CAT   
 * Word-Stem Priming Test   
    

56. Most projective tests:    
 utilize unambiguous stimuli.   
 are based on a cognitive perspective.   
 involve inkblots.   
 * do not have formal scoring procedures.    
    

57. Projective tests:    
 are playing an increasingly important role in psychology.   
 * are playing a less important role today than they did some years ago.   
 provide the most valid measure of personality.   
 provide the most reliable measure of personality.    
    

58. Which of the following is a benefit of using Intelligence tests during a diagnostic session?    
 * The results of these tests can be used to determine what type of therapy would be most effective.   
 When used with projective tests, they can reduce the incidence of errors in the diagnosis.   
 They are more objective than other measures, so are helpful in validating a subjective measure.   
 Intelligence tests cost less because they take less time to administer.   
    

59. Kobi is a 25-year-old male. As part of an inpatient treatment program, he is given an intelligence test. He is extremely anxious during the testing. In interpreting the results, the examiner would:    
 take the anxiety into consideration and expect higher performance.   
 * take the anxiety into consideration and expect lower performance.   
 ignore the anxiety because it would have no significant effect on performance.   
 ignore the anxiety because the test is standardized to account for anxiety.   
    

60. Subscales, including items based on verbal and performance tasks, would be found on the:    
 * Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.   
 Children's Apperception Test.   
 Sperman's Multi-Intelligence Test.   
 Gardner's Instrument of Dual Tasks.   
    

61. Homer has been asked by his therapist to repeat a list of seven numbers from memory. This task would be part of the _________________ subscale of the WAIS-R.    
 performance   
 mathematical   
 analytical   
 * verbal   
    

62. Maude is looking at a list of numbers and is learning to match them with symbols. This task would be part of the ____________________ subscale of the WAIS-R.    
 comprehensive   
 * performance   
 verbal   
 qualitative   
    

63. The __________________ is the most widely used intelligence test for clients over 16 years old.    
 WISC-III   
 * WAIS-R   
 WPPSI   
 Stanford-Binet    
    

64. Neuropsychological testing is designed to assess:    
 * organic brain damage.   
 personality disorders.   
 psychoticism.   
 projection.    
    

65. Beryl has been administered a test that took almost a day to complete. The test measured 14 different abilities and included puzzles that were done while blindfolded, verbal tasks, and reaction time tasks. In all likelihood, Beryl took the:    
 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.   
 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.   
 * Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Battery.   
 Stanford-Binet.    
    

66. The Halstead-Reitan and the Luria-Nebraska are two examples of:    
 projective tests.   
 objective personality tests.   
 structured interview schedules.   
 * neuropsychological batteries.    
    

67. Why is it important to determine the area of damage in an individual who exhibits abnormal behavior as a result of a head injury?    
 A determination may be made to continue with therapy or just to maintain the individual with medication alone.   
 Knowledge of the affected area will help the patient learn to deal with their disability.   
 The need for CT scans can be ruled out, which are costly and not usually covered by insurance.   
 * Identification of the nature and extent of the damage will assist in the design of a treatment plan.   
    

68. The ______________ is a technique used to view structures of the brain.    
 EEG   
 PET scan   
 * CT scan   
 fMRI   
    

69. Dr. Penfield has placed a cap with many electrodes in its netting over Alfred's head. Now Alfred has been asked to perform a number of simple tasks while Dr. Penfield records the activity of of Alfred's brain as recorded by the electrodes. This procedure is called a(n):    
 fMRI.   
 * EEG.   
 CT scan.   
 PET scan.   
    

70. In the _______________ technique of brain imaging, the rate at which radioactive glucose is used by different parts of the brain is measured.    
 fMRI   
 * PET scan   
 CT scan   
 EEG   
    

71. Physiological measurements such as blood pressure and skin moisture can be:    
 * important indicators of anxiety and arousal.   
 important indicators of depression and psychosis.   
 important indicators of abnormal behavior.   
 important indicators of attention and brain activity.   
    

72. A clinician gave three of his patients the same personality test on two separate occasions. The second test was administered approximately a month after the first and the scores varied for each individual. Given this information, which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?    
 * The test may have been valid when taken, but is not reliable for predicting future behavior.   
 The scoring procedure for the test is not valid.   
 The results from the second test are not valid because the subjects had prior knowledge.   
 The test scores are valid and could possibly be reliable for predicting future behavior.   
    

73. Which of the following is the best indicator for predicting an individual's behavior?    
 the situational demands on the individual   
 whether an individual tends to be hostile or anxious   
 recent experiences that have influenced the individual   
 * the level of hostility or anxiety an individual has and the type of situtional demands    
    

74. Howie is in the office of Dr. Wu being interviewed as part of a mental health assessment. Howie is relaxed, upbeat and telling jokes. He doesn't appear to have a care in the world. What basic conclusion might Dr. Wu draw from Howie's current behavior?    
 * His current behavior may not be indicative of his "real life" demeanor.   
 Howie is obviously well-adjusted and functioning at a high level.   
 Howie is in denial and not in touch with reality.   
 Howie is suffering from a manic episode.   
    

75. Which of the following is the most accurate and complete statement?    
 * Levels of personality types, in conjunction with situational demands, influence behavior.   
 Personality type influences behavior.   
 Situational demands have the greatest influence on behavior.   
 Traits and situations both influence behavior, but traits have the greater influence.   
    

76. Comorbidity refers to:    
 heritability factors influencing the occurrence of a particular disorder.   
 * having two disorders simultaneously.   
 the development of new symptoms as a direct result of a particular disorder.   
 transference of symptoms between individuals.   
    

77. Each of the following are possible explanations for comorbidity, with the exception of:    
 the presence of two disorders by chance.   
 one disorder causing another disorder.   
 two disorders stemming from a common cause.   
 * one disorder being replaced by another disorder.   
    

78. The symptoms necessary for a particular diagnosis are clearly stated in the DSM-IV, but there is still considerable room for subjectivity in that:    
 DSM-IV also indicates allowance should be made for the clinician's relevant experiences.   
 * clinicians making diagnoses may look for nonexistent symptoms or misinterpret behaviors.   
 interpretations of symptoms are discipline oriented and several options are listed for each.   
 there still exists a considerable number of clinicians who do not use it.   
    

79. During the late 1990's, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was a common diagnosis for children having difficulty in school. Although possibly cause for concern, a parent of a child with this prognosis might do well to realize:    
 * in some cases a diagnosis my be influenced by current trends.   
 their child's behavior could be influenced by peers and will most likely change accordingly.   
 that pharmaceutical companies are continuing to develop drugs that enhance functioning.   
 they are not alone; many parents are facing the same concerns.   
    

80. Individuals from lower socio-economic classes who suffer from psychiatric disorders are:    
 more likely to seek treatment than those who are less financially challenged.   
 * less likely to get into the mental health system than those who are less financially challenged.   
 more likely to recover than those who are less financially challenged.   
 rare, as the occurrence of mental illness in this faction is considerably less than in other groups.   
    

81. Henry makes a meager living earning minimum wage as a janitor in an industrial park. Some of his co-workers think Henry is "a little off in the head." It's true, he does sometimes hear voices and see things that nobody else can see, but he does his job, and his employers don't have a problem with him. Which of the following will most likely happen to Henry in the future?    
 He will eventually seek treatment for his hallucinations.   
 * He will not seek treatment because he probably is not aware it is an option.   
 He will eventually become stable on his own and move up in status at his job.   
 He will be fired for incompetence.   
    

82. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to seek treatment for a mental illness?    
 Nugyen, who is the middle son in a large family of Vietnamese Americans living in Seattle.   
 Amy, a single mother who works as a waitress and supplements her income selling cosmetics.   
 Perris, who is in college studying to be an actor.   
 * Angela, who is a housewife and mother of two and has a husband who works in advertising.   
    

83. To avoid bias in diagnosing an individual from an ethnic minority, it is important that the attending clinician:    
 * speak the client's language.   
 be somewhat familiar with the client's culture.   
 be unprejudiced against the client's ethnic background.   
 all of the above.   
    

84. Studies conducted over the past 31 years indicate the MMPI is ______________ in determining a diagnosis for African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans.    
 biased   
 not accurate   
 semi-accurate   
 * culture-fair   
    

85. In one study cited in the text, it was found that African-Americans who frequently washed their hands because they suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder were often diagnosed as:    
 * suffering from a skin condition.   
 suffering from a psychotic disorder.   
 suffering from hypochondriosis.   
 suffering from depression.   
    

86. Members of an ethnic minority seeking treatment for a mental illness face many difficulties, including bias in diagnostic procedures. The obvious and probably most common cause for this:    
 is racial prejudice.   
 * is the language barrier.   
 is their belief in the supernatural.   
 is their lack of formal education.   
    

87. Research findings indicate that diagnoses based on ________________ were the most accurate.    
 personal interviews   
 naturalistic observation   
 watching video taped interviews   
 * reading transcripts   
    

88. Researchers who were given both demographic information and projective tests to use for diagnosis were ______________ when compared to researchers who used only demographic information.    
 more accurate   
 as accurate   
 * less accurate   
 never accurate.   
    

89. In studies cited by the text, the addition of MMPI responses to demographic data consistently:    
 skewed the data.   
 * lead to a more valid personality assessment.   
 lead to inaccurate personality assessments.   
 made no difference in personality assessments.   
    

90. When assessing an individual for abnormal behavior, the most useful information is:    
 * that which requires the least amount of interpretation.   
 usually obtained in the initial interview.   
 usually acquired from projective tests.   
 comes from a combination of interviews and projective tests.   
    

91. Dr. Cromwell is seeing a new patient. His receptionist told him the patient recently quit his job and is worried because he doesn't feel he can seek further employment. Which of the following would be the most effective tool for Dr. Cromwell to use in assessing this patient?    
 the Rorschach test   
 naturalistic observation   
 * the MMPI-2   
 the personal interview   
    

92. A majority of the studies completed on the question of the accuracy of clinical versus statistical predication in assessing abnormal behavior indicate that:    
 clinical judgments are usually more accurate that statistical formulas.   
 clinical judgments are equal to statistical formulas.   
 statistical formulas are rarely more accurate than clinical judgments.   
 * statistical formulas are more accurate than clinical judgments.   
    

93. Which of the following are advantages inherent in using statistical formulas as a means of assessing abnormal behaviors?    
 clinicians are afforded more freedom to pursue treatment plans   
 formulas can handle unlimited information   
 formulas are objective   
 * all of the above   
    

94. When clinicians were given the results of statistical predictions as an added tool to improve their diagnosis of a patient,:    
 they consistently increased the accuracy of their predictions.   
 there was no change in the accuracy of their predictions.   
 * they consistently decreased the accuracy of their predictions.   
 they consistently enhanced the accuracy of the statistical formulas.   
    

95. Dr. Watson is researching a patient's history to see what factors might play a role in their depression and social maladjustment. By inquiring about his patient's childhood, employment history, and social contacts, Dr. Watson is using:    
 naturalistic observation.   
 correlational research.   
 * case study research.   
 experimental research.   
    

96. Case studies are an excellent means of:    
 * developing hypotheses about the causes of abnormal behaviors.   
 proving the causes of abnormal behaviors.   
 predicting what will lead to abnormal behaviors.   
 determining how to treat abnormal behaviors.   
    

97. Case studies are an excellent means of developing hypotheses pertaining to the origins of a particular abnormal behavior, but:    
 * it is impossible to use them to prove causality due to an influx of several different variables.   
 they are often misused and therefore misunderstood.   
 they are not used often as most people find them too invasive.   
 they have gradually been replaced by more efficient methods, such as naturalistic observation.   
    

98. Collecting data on a large number of people then testing to determine if people who have high scores on one variable also score highly on another is called:    
 * correlational research.   
 case study research.   
 experimental research.   
 analogue research.   
    

99. In correlational research, the nature and strength between two variable is expressed with a statistic called a(n):    
 * correlation coefficient.   
 standard deviation.   
 independent measure.   
 analysis variable.   
    

Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?    
 number of television hours watched and grade point average   
 * the height and weight of teenage boys   
 number of coats worn during the winter in elementary schools and the number of colds   
 level of anxiety and classroom test scores   
    

Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?    
 daily temperature and the number people on the beach   
 number of years of education and level of income earned   
 * number of college classes missed and grade point average   
 hours spent commuting on the freeway and levels of stress.   
    

Which of the following correlations indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?    
 +.32   
 ž00   
 * -.67   
 +.55   
    

A high negative correlation indicates a _____________ score on one variable and a __________ score on the other.    
 low; low   
 * high; low   
 average; low   
 average; high   
    

When using correlational research it is important to keep in mind:    
 * correlation does not infer causation.   
 only positive correlations infer causation.   
 only negative correlations infer causation.   
 both positive and negative correlations can infer causation.   
    

Which of the following research methods is the most useful for determining causation?    
 the case study   
 * a controlled experiment   
 a correlational study   
 an analogue study   
    

The experimental method involves:    
 examining trends in different naturally occurring variables.   
 examining trends in correlations between groups.   
 examining the range of scores between two groups.   
 * manipulating a variable in one group, but not the other, while holding all else constant.   
    

The variable that is manipulated with an aim toward influencing behavior is the:    
 compound variable.   
 dependent variable.   
 control variable.   
 * independent variable.   
    

In an experimental study, the variable that is measured is called the:    
 independent variable.   
 control variable.   
 actuated variable.   
 * dependent variable.   
    

Carlos wants to determine whether rats raised in a cage full of toys with a water dish and food container will learn to run a maze faster than rats that are raised in a cage with just the water dish and food container. In this experiment the independent variable is:    
 * the toys.   
 the water dish and food container.   
 maze performance.   
 the rats.   
    

Carlos wants to determine whether rats raised in a cage full of toys with a water dish and food container will learn to run a maze faster than rats that are raised in a cage with just the water dish and food container. In this experiment the dependent variable is:    
 the toys.   
 * maze performance.   
 the water dish and food container.   
 the rats.   
    

Which of the following is used to help insure the control and experimental conditions are equal?    
 * random assignment   
 use different time frames for testing to reduce intersubject contact   
 a pretest on the dependent variable   
 using a small sample to reduce variability   
    

In order to avoid a confound in an experimental design, it is essential to:    
 compare the experimental and control groups with a pretest.   
 * keep everything in the experimental and control groups constant, with the exception of the independent variable.   
 use a predetermined posttest to measure the dependent variable.   
 replicate the experiment to prove it is viable.   
    

If an experiment is confounded there is:    
 * a difference in more than one variable between the control and experimental groups.   
 a high negative correlation between the experimental and control groups.   
 too great a number of subjects in the experimental and control conditions.   
 not enough variability between the experimental and control groups.   
    

Multiple-baseline experimental research involves:    
 using several control groups and one experimental group.   
 * observing the subjects over a series of periods in which the independent variable is and is not manipulated.   
 using several experimental groups and one control group.   
 replicating the same experiment over different periods of time.   
    

Elias wants to determine if going to bed late at night affects circadian rhythms. He instructs his subjects to go to bed at 10:00 p.m. for two weeks, report when they first become tired at night, and how tired they are in the morning. Then he instructs them to go to bed at 1:00 a.m. for two weeks, report when they first become tired at night, and how tired they are in the morning. He intends to replicate this pattern three times. What type of research is Elias conducting?    
 * a multiple-baseline experiment   
 a controlled experiment   
 a case study   
 a correlational study   
    

To avoid practical and ethical problems in an experimental design, researchers use animals as test subjects. This poses its own problems in that:    
 it is difficult to obtain animals as test subjects.   
 it is difficult to get animals to cooperate in an experiment.   
 * the experimental results cannot always be generalized to humans.   
 it is difficult to prevent confounds in the design when using animals as subjects.   
    

Early research conducted with animals was controlled by very few limitations. Today's standards for animal research:    
 * provide for the ethical treatment of animals.   
 haven't changed much since the early 1950's.   
 are higher than the guidelines for human research.   
 have fallen lower than the initial guidelines set in the early 1950's.   
    

A research design that will test something that is similar to what you are really interested in is called a(n):    
 controlled experiment.   
 multiple-baseline experiment.   
 * analogue experiment.   
 correlational experiment.   
    

Maewan wishes to determine the effects, if any, that natural disasters, such as earthquakes and tornadoes, have on the levels of volunteer work in a community. This is a difficult, if not impossible, experimental design to manipulate, so Maewan will have to use:    
 multiple-baseline research.   
 * quasi-experimental research.   
 correlational research.   
 analogue research.    
    

Darnell wants to determine what effect, if any, child abuse has on school performance. It would be highly unethical for him to design an experiment involving the abuse of children, so he must rely on:    
 * analogue research.   
 a quasi-experimental design.   
 a correlational study.   
 a case study.   
    

It is important to understand that in quasi-experimental research:    
 * it is difficult to attribute causality to a single variable.   
 the methods used for data collection are often unethical.   
 it is often necessary to manipulate more than one variable and have more than one control.   
 the design only approximates that which the experimenter is really interested in.   
    

Using a delayed treatment procedure in which the control group does not receive the treatment until the experiment is over can be beneficial in that:    
 if the treatment is not effective, the control group is not mislead.   
 it cuts down on the initial research expenses.   
 placebo conditions often lead to an improvement in health.   
 * it can add considerably to the initial research findings.   
    

By definition, a placebo:    
 * has no therapeutic effect.   
 is given only to the experimental group.   
 is a lesser degree of treatment.   
 is a confound.   
    

When an individual in an experiment intentionally changes their behavior to match what they feel the experimenter wants, this is known as:    
 the placebo effect.   
 * demand characteristics.   
 subject transference.   
 experimenter bias.   
    

The placebo effect occurs when an individual:    
 * who believes they are receiving an effective treatment when they are not shows improvement.   
 changes their behavior to match what they feel are the expectations of the experimenter.   
 in the control group does not show improvement, but believes they are being treated.   
 in the experimental group does not show improvement even though they are being treated.   
    

To avoid the placebo effect and demand characteristics in research on treatments, it is important to include which of the following in the experimental design?    
 a treatment condition, a placebo condition and a correlational study   
 a placebo condition, a control condition and a double-blind manipulation   
 * a treatment condition, a placebo condition, and a no-treatment condition   
 a no-treatment condition and a treatment condition   
    

Which of the following is used to avoid the effects of suggestion on both patients and raters?    
 * a double-blind procedure   
 a no-treatment condition   
 a delayed treatment procedure   
 an analogue experiment   
    

In a study to determine the effects of caffeine on test performance, both the control and experimental groups were given a beverage to drink 30 minutes before taking a test. One group's drink contained caffeine and the other did not. In this experiment, neither the subjects nor the experimenter knew who was getting the caffeine. This is known as a:    
 quasi-experimental procedure.   
 analogue procedure.   
 * double-blind procedure.   
 correlational study.   
    

Genetic research involving family studies is conducted to determine:    
 * the heritability of disorders.   
 the influence of the familial environment on particular disorders.   
 the ratio of occurrence of a particular disorder in the general population.   
 the influence of socio-economic conditions on families and the inherent historical trends.   
    

Monozygotic twin studies can provide a more accurate assessment of whether or not a certain behavior is genetic in origin because monozygotic twins:    
 * share identical genes.   
 share identical experiences.   
 have different genes.   
 share the same placenta in the womb.   
    

Which of the following types of studies is the most effective for determining genetic causality?    
 family studies   
 monozygotic twin studies   
 * adoptive twin studies   
 dizygotic twin studies   
    

Research on the influence of genes in behavior has yielded very inconsistent findings. This is most likely due to:    
 * the fact that most disorders are due to more than one gene.   
 the fact that behavior is influenced almost exclusively by the environment.   
 the fact that behavior is influenced more by the environment than by genes.   
 the fact that genes do not play a role in determining behavior.   
    

Statistical tests are used to determine:    
 the validity of experimental findings.   
 * the reliability of experimental findings.   
 the importance of experimental findings.   
 the replicability of experimental findings.   
    

In order to be statistically significant, a result would have to occur by chance:    
 * fewer than 5 times out of 100.   
 fewer than 10 times out of 100.    
 fewer that 15 times out of 100.   
 fewer than 25 times out of 100.   
    

When an experimenter refers to their results as being statistically significant, they are saying:    
 the results are valid.   
 the results are important.   
 the results are replicable.   
 * the results are reliable.    
    

If the results of a particular study are statistically significant it doesn't necessarily mean the study has practical value. To determine this it is necessary to assess the study's:    
 reliability.   
 replicability.   
 theoretical orientation.   
 * clinical significance.   
    

One rule of thumb used to determine if an effect is clinically significant is:    
 * whether it causes patients to move from one category to another.   
 whether it proves to be statistically reliable.   
 whether it can be replicated.   
 whether the procedures used to arrive at the effect were valid.   
    

In DSM-IV, neurosis is just one of the descriptions listed under the clinical syndromes axes.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning, provides the diagnostician with an indication of the level of functioning the individual can expect to attain after they are well.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The use of diagnostic labels are important in that they tell the physician what symptoms to expect from a patient, and they also help the patient understand what is wrong with them.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The structured personal interview is probably the most effective diagnostic tool available to today's clinicians.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The MMPI-2 is a valuable tool for assessing personality only if an individual is honest when filling out the answers to the questions.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Objective personality tests, although not perfect, are much more viable in terms of assessing behavior than projective personality tests.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R), verbal intelligence is measured with 6 subtests.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Individual intelligence tests are helpful for predicting academic performance, but of little or no value as an indicator of "real world" performance.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Neuropsychological tests are based on the fact that specific brain areas are responsible for specific functions, and by measuring these functions the location of the brain damage can be determined.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In the CAT scan procedure, a radioactive isotope that binds to a brain chemical is administered to the patient. The amount of isotope in particular areas of the brain is an indicator of activity.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Even though a personality test may be exceptionally effective at assessing an individual's thoughts and feelings at the time it is given, it may not be effective for predicting future behaviors or explaining past behaviors.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Some ethnic minorities do not need to seek psychological treatment if they are suffering from abnormal behaviors because they have cultural remedies and folk healers.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Research findings indicate that both video and auditory cues are extremely vital components of the patient assessment process.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

It has been found that statistical formulas are consistently more accurate in making predictions about people, even when compared to the best clinical judgments.     
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Case studies provide an excellent source of hypotheses about the causes of abnormal behavior, but they cannot be used to prove that a particular hypothesis is true.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A correlation coefficient of +.25 indicates a strong, positive relationship between two variables.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Analogue research and controlled experimental research are similar in that in both methods the results are sometimes difficult to generalize to the real subjects of interest.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

To avoid demand characteristics, the patients in the placebo-treatment condition do not receive any pills or treatment involved in the other conditions.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Twin studies have shown that the higher concordance rates found in monozygotic twins as compared to dizygotic twins can be attributed to shared experience.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

In the experiment on exercise and depression conducted by the text author, the results proved clinically significant in that the depression scores of the women in the experimental group changed from 12 at the beginning of the experiment, to 3 at the end.    
 * True   
 False