The cognitive approach emphasizes that:    
 abnormal behaviors are a learned phenomenon.   
 abnormal behaviors have their root in early childhood development.   
 * abnormal behaviors result from incorrect belief systems.   
 abnormal behaviors are a result of societal problems.   
    

Samuel fears railroad crossings. He will drive miles out of his way to avoid crossing a railroad track. A cognitive theorist would possibly say:    
 * Samuel's fear is a result of inaccurate thought patterns.   
 Samuel's fear is most likely a result of some childhood trauma.   
 Samuel's fear is the result of vicarious conditioning.   
 Samuel's fear is a classically conditioned response.   
    

The three-stage theory of memory involves:    
 sensory, short-term and applied memory.   
 * sensory, short-term and long-term memory.   
 sensory, iconic and long-term memory.   
 short-term, long-term and applied memory.   
    

Sensory memory involves rapid transfer of information for processing and can be a key to understanding behavior because of an individual's:    
 misinterpretation of data.   
 avoidance of reality.   
 * selective attention.   
 inability to process.   
    

The first step in memory processing is the sensory stage, in which:    
 * information is held for a second or two, then is processed or lost.   
 associations are developed and information is stored.   
 unconscious information is brought to the surface and matched with incoming data.   
 information is filtered into long-term memory, then processed or deleted.   
    

Which of the following pairs of terms best describe short-term memory?    
 attention, selection   
 * thinking, processing   
 awareness, retrieval   
 storage, recall 48   
    

Short-term memory involves:    
 selective attention and discrimination.   
 the storage of information.   
 the retrieval of information.   
 * establishing links between new and old information.   
    

______________ memory and _______________ memory work in a constant "feedback loop," in which information is made available as needed, then placed back into storage.    
 Sensory; long-term   
 * Short-term; long-term   
 Sensory; short-term   
 Sensory; applied   
    

Which of the following pairs of terms relate best to long-term memory?    
 attention, selection   
 thinking, processing   
 * storage, activation   
 thinking, recall   
    

In the study cited in the text in which groups of students learned pleasant and unpleasant personality-related words, it was found that:    
 a person's mood has no apparent influence on recall.   
 only negative moods influence recall.   
 * both negative and positive moods can influence recall.   
 only positive moods influence recall.   
    

When Stephen was a child, his mother baked bread every Thursday and his father, who worked in a creamery, always brought home fresh butter on Thursday evening. If Stephen, who is now married with children of his own, happens to walk by a bakery, chances are:    
 * some unlooked-for memory of one or both of his parents will come to mind.   
 he will not remember anything about his mother baking bread.   
 he will remember his childhood Thursday's only if they contain negative associations.   
 he will remember his childhood Thursday's only if they contain positive associations.   
    

Memories are:    
 * clusters of components housed in inter-related networks.   
 isolated bits of information which are recall specific.   
 sensory specific and triggered only by similar circumstance or effect.   
 nonrelated bits of information compartmentalized according to content.   
    

With regard to emotion and memory it appears that:    
 only positive memories are grouped in networks.   
 only negative memories are grouped in networks.   
 * there are networks of memories that all share a common mood.   
 there is no relationship between memory and emotion.   
    

Abagail is depressed about getting a D on her math test. Research on memory indicates that while she is depressed:    
 she will be unable to think about anything but her math test.   
 she will automatically begin looking for positive associations to balance her depression.   
 * she will be more likely to recall other depressing memories.   
 her recall will not be affected.   
    

There is a "priming" effect in memory. In other words,:    
 * the use of a memory or memory network makes it easier to recall that memory in the future.   
 memories are categorized and recalled according to primary needs.   
 it takes several different prompts or primary cues to recall a specific memory.   
 recently used memories become entangled with new associations and form new networks.   
    

If you are reading your textbook and happen to drift off and look away for a moment, your thoughts will most likely:    
 focus on whatever is in your immediate vicinity.   
 revolve around what you have just read.   
 be random.   
 * drift back to whatever you have been thinking about most recently.   
    

Which of the following statements best explains the role memory can play in the development of abnormal behavior such as major depression?    
 A negative or traumatic memory is generally easier to recall than a positive memory.   
 Negative events inhibit the formation of memories, which can lead to anxiety and depression.   
 * Memories exist in networks based upon similar emotional or mood content and the activation of one memory in a network can lead to the activation of others in the same network.   
 Memory doesn't play a significant role, only learning and reinforcement history.    
    

The information we access from our long-term memory is influenced by both selective attention and selective recall. This can lead to:    
 * distortions in how we view the world.   
 gaps in the "feedback loop" between long and short-term memories.    
 forgetfulness and disruptions of the thought process.   
 storage and retrieval of non-relevant material.   
    

Our selectivity in terms of the information we attend to and the information that is stored in, and retrieved from, our long-term memory is guided by:    
 * past experience and personal bias.   
 random events.   
 early childhood development.   
 learning sets based on conditioning.   
    

Belief systems, whether accurate reflections of reality or not, can lead to particular behavior patterns, which in turn can validate the original thoughts. This is known as a:    
 positive behavior loop.   
 negative feedback loop.   
 cognitive turn-around.   
 * self-fulfilling prophecy.   
    

One day, after twenty-three unrewarding years, Sonya woke up and decided she was a worthwhile person who deserved to make a difference in the world. She quit her job as a waitress, signed up for college, got into a work study program, and four years later was teaching science and math to seventh graders. This is an example of:    
 selective attention.   
 a long-term, positive memory network.   
 * a self-fulfilling prophecy.   
 a positive feedback loop.   
    

Despite evidence to the contrary, Harold believed that others were rejecting him. He was uneasy and vaguely hostile around people. Now he has no friends and few acquaintances. Harold's situation is an example of:    
 mental illness.   
 catastrophizing.   
 a reality check.   
 * a self-fulfilling prophecy.   
    

There is evidence that indicates people begin selectively attending to and recalling specific types of information as the result of:    
 rewards and punishments.   
 cognitive learning sets.   
 peer influence.   
 * an important event that occurred early in their life.   
    

A study was cited in the text in which two groups of colleges student viewed a movie of a traffic accident. Later they were asked, using different verbs, to recall the speed of the cars upon impact. The results of this study indicate that memories:    
 * are relatively easy to distort.   
 once implanted are difficult to alter.   
 need a certain incubation period before they are reliable.   
 are rarely, if ever, entirely accurate.   
    

There is evidence that indicates false memories can be "implanted" in a person's mind if they don't have strong evidence to the contrary. Once "implanted," these memories are:    
 * very resistant to rejection.   
 easily replaced.   
 often rejected after a short period of contemplation.   
 almost always irrefutably added to an existing memory network.   
    

The unsanctioned courtroom practice referred to as "leading the witness" is a good example of :    
 how memory networks are activated.   
 * how false memories can be "implanted."   
 how difficult it is to recall a traumatic event.   
 repression.   
    

The study cited in the text in which college students were told a false story about having been hospitalized overnight as children indicates that:    
 false memories are extremely difficult to introduce.   
 personality type plays a large role in memory alteration.   
 it is easier to alter the memories of people who are prone to depression.   
 * if people are encouraged, then given time to reflect on a false memory, they are more likely to believe it.   
    

In the examples of wrongful accusation and imprisonment cited in your text, the victims were accused, interrogated for a long period of time, then given more time to think about their alleged crimes. In both cases they admitted their guilt even though they were innocent. This indicates:    
 anxiety and stress can increase the possibility of false beliefs.   
 interrogation is a powerful tool for encouraging false memories.   
 if an individual does not have strong convictions, an authority figure can sway their memory.   
 * all of the above.   
    

The unfortunate case of the man who was wrongly accused and convicted of murdering his own mother, even though he was in another state when the crime was committed, illustrates how:    
 false memories can lead to highly distorted views of the world.   
 confusion and self-doubt can increase the chance of false beliefs.   
 presentation and suggestion play a role in the introduction of false beliefs.   
 * all of the above.   
    

In the example cited in the text, the man wrongly accused and convicted of raping his own daughters was told a false story about his involvement in another incident which he initially denied. After being given a day to reflect on the new information, he:    
 * accepted the false accusation as true and even elaborated on the details.   
 accepted the first, but continued to deny the second accusation.   
 began providing elaborate details with which he attempted to prove his innocence.   
 continued to deny both accusations.   
    

When comparing the cognitive explanation for abnormal behavior to that of the psychodynamic, it becomes clear that the cognitive hypothesis has an advantage in that:    
 it is the more recent of the two.   
 * it does not rely on unconscious conflicts or beliefs, and therefore is easier to test.   
 it fits better with the modern personality type.   
 it is based on conceptual analysis and computer models.   
    

In the past few years it has been proposed that selective attention to positive things can lead to:    
 a distorted and potentially harmful view of reality.   
 * illusions of well-being and good mental health.   
 a positive feedback loop thought to be present in most who experience above-average success.   
 chemical imbalances which could play a role in insomnia and depression.   
    

The man who thought he was experiencing the symptoms of a heart attack while skiing high in the Rocky Mountains misinterpreted his body's fatigue signals because:    
 he was suffering from altitude sickness.   
 * he had an active memory network associated with his brother's recent death and became hypersensitive to his own physical symptoms.   
 he was suffering from depression.   
 these symptoms were new to him and his anxiety caused him to focus on a negative cause.   
    

Case study 3.1 about the man who thought he was having a heart attack while skiing is a good illustration of how selective attention:    
 can influence physiological symptoms.   
 works in conjunction with selective recall.   
 * can lead to aberrant beliefs and a misinterpretation of available information.   
 can decrease anxiety if properly focused.   
    

In cognitive therapy, the main goal of restructuring is:    
 finding the client's early experience which initially triggered the negative belief system.   
 changing the client's negatively conditioned behaviors.   
 * rebuilding the client's structure of beliefs.   
 establishing unconditional positive regard.   
    

In cognitive restructuring, the client is asked to keep a list of the thoughts they have when experiencing their symptoms. Then they are asked to consider those thoughts as ____________ rather than facts.    
 theories   
 * hypotheses   
 tenets   
 paradigms   
    

In cognitive restructuring, once the client begins to look at their beliefs as hypotheses instead of facts they can begin to ______________ those hypotheses.    
 disregard and ignore   
 restructure and simplify   
 * test and disprove   
 experience and understand   
    

When Barry was a child he was attacked by a Mocking Bird defending its nest. Now as an adult, he has a debilitating fear of birds. Barry's therapist has asked him to record the thoughts he has whenever his bird fear is activated and to look at them as hypotheses rather than facts. Barry is seeing a _______________ therapist.    
 humanistic   
 behavioral   
 psychoanalytical   
 * cognitive   
    

Once Barry realized the main thrust of his bird phobia centered around the thought that he would automatically be attacked if he happened to get close to a bird, his therapist had him begin going to the park to watch the pigeons. This is an example of:    
 client-centered therapy.   
 behavior psychotherapy.   
 * cognitive-behavioral therapy.   
 operant conditioning.   
    

There is a good deal of evidence that indicates cognitive therapy:    
 is less effective than a placebo.   
 * is an effective treatment.   
 is only effective when used with behavior therapy.   
 is less effective than psychoanalysis.   
    

Nigel is depressed and afraid. He reads the newspaper everyday and all he sees is violence and chaos and terror. He believes he will be attacked if he leaves his house, and does so only with great trepidation. A cognitive therapist might ask Nigel to:    
 * consider his beliefs as unproved assumptions, then test them by venturing out into the world.   
 undergo talk therapy with an aim toward uncovering the trauma from his childhood.   
 begin a process of self-actualization by engaging in informal talk sessions.   
 undergo a combination of drug treatments and exposure therapy.    
    

A therapist is addressing her client's fear of clowns by asking, "Have you ever been hurt by a clown?" "Have you ever heard of anyone being hurt by a clown?" "Aren't balloons a clown's weapon of choice?" "Can a clown hurt you with a balloon?" This is an example of:    
 cognitive-behavioral therapy.   
 verbal exposure-response therapy.   
 client-centered therapy.   
 * rational-emotive therapy   
    

Rational-emotive therapy involves:    
 * forcing a client to develop more accurate beliefs through cross-examination.   
 reflecting back what the client is saying so they may become more aware of what they want.   
 establishing a climate of unconditional-positive regard so the client feels free to grow.   
 leading the client to begin questioning their beliefs through their own observations.   
    

Using cross-examination to force clients to re-evaluate their thoughts and recognize the errors in their logic with an aim toward developing more accurate beliefs is called:    
 client-centered therapy.   
 * rational-emotive therapy.   
 exposure-response therapy.   
 operant therapy.   
    

The cognitive approach is very popular and its basic tenets are well-supported by modern cognitive psychology, but there remains a question of whether:    
 * incorrect beliefs are a cause or an effect of abnormal behavior.   
 the inherent high treatment costs can be sustained by current health-care trends.   
 or not it is truly more effective than traditional psychoanalysis.   
 or not the high rate of client recidivism makes it viable.   
    

Some evidence indicates that moods or abnormal behaviors may lead to incorrect beliefs rather than the other way around. This suggests the cognitive perspective:    
 is most likely no longer viable.   
 is very limited in its application.   
 isn't viable unless it is used with the learning approach.   
 * although still viable, doesn't answer all the questions concerning abnormal behavior.   
    

The idea that abnormal behaviors are a result of physiological problems:    
 * was first introduced by Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago.   
 was stumbled upon by French scientists in the early 1950's.   
 is a relatively recent phenomenon which began in Ivan Pavlov's laboratory.   
 was introduced by Benjamin Rush in the 1700's.   
    

For many years science was unable to effectively study the chemical and structural components of the brain. This changed primarily because of:    
 renewed interest in physiology stemming from dissatisfaction with the psychoanalytic method.   
 Pavlov's work with digestion and salivation and Thorndike's work with cats and vision.   
 * the discovery of drugs which reduced symptoms of abnormal behavior and the development of brain imaging techniques.   
 a change in the public stance against medical research and mental illness which led to an increase in government funding.   
    

In general, advocates of the physiological approach suggest that a majority of abnormal behavior is due to:    
 * chemical imbalances and problems with brain structure.   
 early experiences which physically alter brain structure, function and chemical balance.   
 the effects of drugs on brain chemistry, whether as an adult or prenatally.   
 a combination of learned experience and chemical imbalances in the brain.   
    

The area of the brain responsible for physiological functions such as breathing and heart rate is:    
 the midbrain   
 the cerebral cortex   
 * the brain stem   
 the hind brain   
    

The reticular formation, the nerve tract leading from the brain stem to the higher levels of the brain, is partially responsible for:    
 * generating arousal.   
 maintaining homeostasis.   
 regulating emotion.   
 regulating the endocrine system.   
    

The structures in the midbrain have three major functions, they control:    
 respiration, homeostasis and emotion.   
 heartbeat, homeostasis and memory processing.   
 * homeostasis, emotion and memory processing.   
 homeostasis, emotion and arousal.   
    

The hypothalamus, located in the midbrain, controls both homeostasis and emotions which could explain why depressed individuals might also have trouble:    
 * with sleep disorders and loss of appetite.   
 processing memories.   
 thinking clearly.   
 with panic attacks.   
    

The ______________ is the area of the brain responsible for higher mental functions, such as thinking and language.    
 midbrain   
 hindbrain   
 cerebellum   
 * cerebral cortex   
    

Chains of neurons make up what is known as a:    
 * nerve tract.   
 nerve impulse.   
 nerve grouping.   
 nerve cell.   
    

The branch-like structures of a neuron which receive stimulation from other neurons are:    
 axons.   
 synapses.   
 * dendrites.   
 terminal buttons.   
    

The arm-like structure which leads from the cell body of a neuron and carries electrical impulses to other neurons is the:    
 * axon.   
 synapse.   
 nerve tract.   
 dendritic tract.   
    

The gap between neurons across which the nerve impulse travels is called the:    
 * synapse.   
 vesicle.   
 Nodes of Ranvier.   
 dendritic connection.   
    

Chemicals called ______________ are released by the presynaptic neuron then flow across the synapse and enter ______________ on the dendrites or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron.    
 hormones; vesicles   
 secretions; receptor sites   
 neurotransmitters; vesicles   
 * neurotransmitters, receptor sites   
    

The process by which a nerve impulse travels down the axon is ______________, whereas the process by which it crosses the synapse is ______________.    
 chemical; electrical   
 chemical; variable   
 * electrical; chemical   
 electrical; variable   
    

Which of the following best describes the all-or-none principle of neuronal activity?    
 a neuron is either stimulated or it is not   
 a neuron releases all of its neurotransmitter or none at all   
 the strength of neuronal stimulation is always the same   
 * either a neuron fires when it is stimulated or it does not   
    

If a neuron fires when it is stimulated, it always does so with:    
 * the same strength and intensity, regardless of the strength of the stimulation that triggered it.   
 varying degrees of intensity depending upon the type of stimulation that triggered it.   
 varying degrees of intensity depending upon the number of signals it receives.   
 a strength and intensity that equals that of the incoming stimulus.   
    

The amount of neurotransmitter available at a particular synapse directly governs:    
 the strength of synaptic transmission.   
 the intensity of a neuronal impulse.   
 the availability of corresponding receptor sites.   
 * the number of times a neuron will fire and the number of neurons firing.   
    

There are many neurotransmitters and each can be present in more than one area of the brain and thus influence more than one behavior, which explains why some abnormal behaviors:    
 are more resistant to treatment than others.   
 are more easily diagnosed than others.   
 are untreatable.   
 * include combinations of otherwise unrelated sets of symptoms.   
    

The process of breaking down a neurotransmitter at the synapse is called:    
 reuptake.   
 degeneration.   
 * catabolism.   
 integration.   
    

Neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap may be reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron before it can stimulate the next neuron. This process is called.    
 * reuptake.   
 catabolism.   
 integration.   
 regeneration.   
    

Willy suffers from schizophrenia and is on medication that alters the availability of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Since neurotransmitters act in more than one area of the brain, it is likely that Willy:    
 * is suffering some type of side effects from the medication.   
 has to periodically increase his dosage to keep his symptoms under control.   
 is having to take more than one type of medication to control his schizophrenia.   
 is not much improved since he started taking the medication.   
    

Excessive reuptake, breakdown or production of a neurotransmitter can alter levels of synaptic transmission and ultimately:    
 * change behavior.   
 eliminate the neurotransmitter altogether.   
 lead to the death of nerve cells in a particular area.   
 eliminate the need for a particular neurotransmitter.   
    

Chemicals which are structurally similar to a particular neurotransmitter and fit into a receptor site, but do not cause a neuron to fire, are called:    
 inhibitory substances.   
 catabolists.   
 neurosyzygies.   
 * blocking agents.   
    

After releasing its neurotransmitter into the synapse, an inhibitory neuron impedes neuronal transmission by stimulating the presynaptic neuron and:    
 * causing it to release less neurotransmitters.   
 facilitating the process of reuptake.   
 causing it to produce enzymes that act as catabolists.   
 causing it to become less negative.   
    

After releasing its neurotransmitter into the synapse, an inhibitory neuron impedes neuronal transmission by stimulating the postsynaptic neuron and:    
 * decreases its sensitivity.   
 blocks all the receptor sites.   
 increases reuptake.   
 produces enzymes that act as catabolists.   
    

A large number of receptor sites on a postsynaptic neuron can:    
 increase the reuptake of a neurotransmitter.   
 influence the presynaptic neuron to produce more enzymes.   
 decrease neurological activity.   
 * increase neurological activity.   
    

Fluids which stimulate physiological activity and are secreted directly into the bloodstream by glands are called:    
 transmitters.   
 neurotransmitters.   
 catabolists.   
 * hormones.   
    

Many forms of abnormal behavior have a genetic basis and it is thought that up to _______ of the differences in personality among normal individuals is due to genetics.    
 25%   
 * 50%   
 75%   
 10%   
    

One of the best predictors of whether an individual will suffer from a particular abnormal behavior is:    
 the manifestation of early childhood indicators.   
 rapid cycling of moods.   
 * having biological relatives that suffer from the disorder.   
 sleep patterns and dietary habits.   
    

Over half of Winnona's relatives on her mother's side of the family suffer from some type of depression, but Winnona was always extremely cheerful and upbeat--that is until the layoff. After she lost her position as line boss at the auto plant, a job she'd worked thirteen years to get, she fell into a major depression. This is an example of:    
 * the diathesis stress explanation for abnormal behavior.   
 a classically conditioned depressive response.   
 sudden onset bi-polar disorder.   
 the manic dysfunction explanation for abnormal behavior.   
    

The notion that genes establish a predisposition for a particular disorder, which is then triggered by extreme anxiety is called the:    
 * diathesis stress explanation.   
 genetic inheritance factor.   
 abnormal heritability phenomenon.   
 trauma induced psychosis explanation.   
    

Research indicates that oxygen deprivation for the infant during the birth process can lead to the development of ______________ years later.    
 social phobias   
 low self-esteem   
 * schizophrenia   
 alcoholism   
    

Drug therapies are most effective for treating abnormal behaviors which are physiologically based, concerning problems with:    
 * synaptic transmission.   
 brain structure.   
 hormone secretion.   
 homeostasis.   
    

Correcting structural problems in the brain that lead to abnormal behavior is:    
 * usually not possible.   
 usually possible with the right combination of drug and behavior therapies.   
 usually possible with surgery.   
 usually successful, but involves a complicated process of surgery, drug and behavior therapies.   
    

Abnormal behaviors resulting from structural problems in the brain are usually due to deterioration and death of the neurons. This makes it difficult to treat the behaviors because:    
 * central nervous system neurons generally do not regenerate.   
 central nervous system neurons are only capable of partial regeneration.   
 the damage is usually too wide spread.   
 central nervous system neurons come back, but never in their original numbers.   
    

Manny exhibits problems with cognition, has a poor grasp of reality, and sometime sees things that others have been unable to verify. His doctors have determined that his brain is producing an overabundance of dopamine. The most appropriate treatment approach is:    
 rational emotive therapy.   
 * prescribing drugs which block the receptor sites for dopamine.   
 prescribing drugs which block reuptake of dopamine.   
 prescribing drugs which decrease the activity of inhibitory neurons at dopamine receptor sites.    
    

Which of the following disorders best supports the notion that physiology does not provide an explanation for all abnormal behaviors?    
 depression   
 obsessive-compulsive behaviors   
 schizophrenia   
 * phobias   
    

If a person is genetically predisposed to develop major depression because of an inability to produce normal amounts of a particular neurotransmitter, but has not yet developed symptoms,:    
 chances are they will never become depressed.   
 their brain has compensated by producing an overabundance of a similar neurotransmitter.   
 they are probably depressed but don't realize it.   
 * a psychological trauma may lower the neurotransmitter levels even more and trigger a depressive episode.   
    

The stigma attached to the use of drugs as a maintenance tool for treating psychological disorders is particularly unfair because:    
 in a majority of cases the drugs eventually cure the disorder.   
 drugs are generally used only as a last resort.   
 the mentally ill cannot usually defend themselves and justify their use of drugs.   
 * drugs are used without prejudice in a maintenance capacity for physical ailments like diabetes.    
    

The sociocultural approach to studying abnormal behaviors involves:    
 looking at the role families play in the development of psychological disorders.   
 * looking at how cultures influence which behaviors are accepted and which are not.   
 looking at the influence multi-cultural interaction has on the development of behavior.   
 looking at the historical development of abnormal behaviors.   
    

The Asian disorder known as __________ involves the fear that one's genitals are retracting into their abdominal cavity.    
 * koro   
 amok   
 bushido   
 hari-kari   
    

Schizophrenia is more prevalent in the lower socioeconomic classes, possibly because:    
 it is necessary for both parents to work and this affects childhood development.   
 * medical care for pregnant women is not adequate and this can lead to prenatal problems.   
 parents are more abusive to their children, which can lead to physiological damage.   
 people at this level are used as test subjects more often.   
    

Both families and cultures can influence the development of abnormal behaviors by:    
 determining what is and is not deviant.   
 * providing role models.   
 enabling certain behaviors.   
 establishing rules for conduct.   
    

The statement--Barry is a taxi driver because he wants to be a taxi driver, not just because it pays the bills--best relates to the _______________ perspective of psychology.    
 learning   
 behavioral   
 * humanistic   
 sociocultural   
    

A humanistic psychologist would most likely endorse which of the following statements?    
 Human beings are animals controlled by instinct and the need for physical gratification.   
 Human beings don't know what they want until circumstance conditions their preferences.   
 Human beings are nature's quintessential, physiological engineering system.   
 * Human beings are continually striving to reach a pinnacle of personal fulfillment.   
    

According to Abraham Maslow, _________________ is the highest level of fulfillment in the hierarchy of human needs.    
 self-esteem   
 * self-actualization   
 self-love   
 self-direction   
    

_______________ developed the form of therapy known as client-centered psychotherapy.    
 Abraham Maslow   
 Karen Horney   
 * Carl Rogers   
 Carl Jung   
    

The humanistic approach to abnormal behavior is based on the notion that:    
 behavior is motivated by primary physiological needs and a desire for personal growth.   
 * behavior is based on conscious choice and a desire to achieve personal fulfillment.   
 behavior is a result of consequences resulting from personal choice and societal circumstance.   
 behavior is due in part to physiology and people are not always accountable for their choices.   
    

According to Abraham Maslow, if a person reached a state of self-actualization, it meant:    
 * they were able to rise above their own needs and give freely of themselves to others.   
 they were able to like themselves despite their human flaws and failures.   
 they were able to filter through all the baggage in their lives and find what they really want.   
 they were able to isolate their needs from the needs of others and become self-fulfilled.   
    

Debbie is anxious and nervous and spends much of her time worrying about a variety of issues which have no immediate relevancy. A humanist would say that Debbie is:    
 * not reaching her personal goals of fulfillment and as a result suffers from anxiety.   
 suffering the effects of a childhood trauma, the stress of which is manifested in her anxiety.   
 selectively focusing her attention on disturbing stimuli and therefore is anxious.   
 anxious because she has learned to be that way.   
    

The main tenet of client-centered therapy is:    
 people are basically flawed and need to be gently guided toward good mental health.   
 * people are basically competent and all they need is a clarification of their ideas to realize it.   
 people are products of their experience and as such are trapped in various roles.   
 people are responsible for some, but not all of their behaviors.   
    

In client-centered therapy, the therapist:    
 * accepts the client uncritically.   
 points out the faults in a client's reasoning.   
 uses questioning to guide the client to an understanding of themselves.   
 attempts to help the client reach an understanding of the hidden issues which influence them.   
    

One reason the humanistic perspective is largely ignored today is:    
 it too closely resembles the psychoanalytic method.   
 * many of its most important concepts are poorly defined and impossible to measure.   
 it has been largely enveloped by the cognitive perspective.   
 concepts like empathy and understanding have no place in psychology.   
    

One proponent of humanism suggested that schizophrenia was not a disorder; it was actually:    
 the result of a botched experiment with LSD.   
 * the end result of an alternative form of adjustment.   
 a disease resulting from an obscure cold virus.   
 a distorted type of mimicry formed in early childhood before awareness and understanding are fully developed.    
    

Openly expressing extreme levels of grief is considered to be healthy in some cultures, but in others, such as American society, it is:    
 * labeled as a mental disorder.   
 considered embarrassing.   
 accepted only in females.   
 tolerated only in children.   
    

It is assumed that some abnormal behaviors are unique to a single culture; however, it could be the case that:    
 * disorders thought to be unique are present in other cultures, but explained differently.   
 ethnocentrism is the only culturally unique disorder.   
 observer bias is leading to manipulation of the diagnoses.   
 all of the above.   
    

When the children of parents who suffer from an abnormal behavior are adopted and raised by nonbiological parents they:    
 rarely manifest the same disorders as their biological parents.   
 * often manifest the same disorders as their biological parents.   
 usually have some type of disorder, but rarely the same type as their biological parents.   
 never manifest the same disorders as their biological parents.   
    

Bradford Collins was adopted when he was 2 years old, from biological parents who both suffered from schizophrenia. Bradford is now a happy, well-adjusted twelve-year-old who has a pony and a dog named Spot. Evidence collected from various studies suggest that Bradford:    
 will most likely never develop schizophrenia.   
 will eventually develop some type of abnormal behavior, but not schizophrenia.   
 * at the very least will probably develop mild schizophrenia or some similar cognitive disturbance.   
 there is no data to support any conclusions about what might happen.   
    

For many years psychologists thought schizophrenia was the result of:    
 airborne viruses.   
 * bad parenting.   
 a birth defect.   
 willful behavior.   
    

Advocates of the cognitive approach to abnormal behavior argue that people have dog phobias because they have vicariously learned that dogs are potentially dangerous.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

In short-term memory, connections are developed between established information and new information being processed and these connections form networks of related memories.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Memories or networks that were used recently or frequently can be activated more easily and become stronger than those that are used less frequently.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Only a fraction of the information that enters sensory memory gets passed into short-term memory, but most of the information that enters short-term memory is processed for storage in long-term memory.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Naomi witnessed a robbery at a local convenience store, but fled the scene after the incident and did not tell anyone she saw what happened. A month after the robbery a police officer showed up on her doorstep and started questioning her about what she had witnessed. Studies involving memory indicate that if Naomi's memory is comparable to the average person's, she will be able to provide the officer with highly accurate details of everything that took place.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

There is a considerable body of evidence that suggests interrogation techniques used by law enforcement officers to question suspects are extremely effective and lead to truthful confessions.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Seventeen years ago, Sadonna was given a small locket containing the picture of a little girl, by an old woman who wandered up to her mother and her in the park. She had forgotten about the incident, but recently came across the locket in a shoe box and asked her mother about it. Sadonna remembers very little about what happened, but it is likely she will believe what her mother tells her, even if it did not actually take place.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

In studies, it has been shown that cognitive therapy can be at least as effective as antidepressant drugs for reducing depression.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Recent developments in neuroscience have allowed physicians to correct abnormally developed brain structures to the point where abnormal behaviors existing before the procedure are almost conceptual entirely eradicated after the operation.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

The cell body of a neuron houses the nucleus and mitochondria and other structures essential for its function, and is also capable of receiving stimulation from other neurons.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

The all-or-none principle states that if a neuron fires, it fires with the same rate and intensity until it reaches the end of synaptic transmission, without further need of stimulation.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

An overabundance of neurotransmitters in a particular area of the brain can cause permanent structural damage.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Neurotransmission is reduced by low production of neurotransmitters, reuptake, catabolism and blocking of receptor sites.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Inhibitory neurons release neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap, which stimulate the postsynaptic neurons and reduce the likelihood that it will fire.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Our behaviors can be influenced by our current levels of hormones and also by the levels of hormones to which we were exposed during our prenatal development.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Most abnormal behaviors can be traced to a genetic component and it is likely if an individual's biological parent has a particular disorder, they will inherit the same disorder.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

It is generally agreed that genetic factors account for about 50% of the differences in personality among normal individuals.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Psychologists who subscribe to the family systems approach do not treat a disturbed individual in isolation, but instead treat the entire family.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

The sociocultural approach to abnormal psychology has established that there are relatively few differences among most cultures in what is considered deviant behavior.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Abraham Maslow believed that the achievement of positive self-esteem is the highest level of fulfillment.    
 True   
 False