For purposes of clarification, it is helpful to understand that the word stress actually refers to:    
 the cause of a stressor.   
 * the response to a stressor.   
 both the cause of and response to a stressor.   
 the cause of stress.   
    

Of the following, the most appropriate operational definition for the word stressor would be:    
 * a situation requiring a major adjustment which puts unusual strain on an individual.   
 a negative situation which requires a major adjustment and puts unusual strain on an individual.   
 a situation commonly recognized as being unduly taxing.   
 the response to a situation which requires a major adjustment because it is unduly taxing.   
    

To have an adequate understanding of stress, it is important to recognize that:    
 both negative and positive situations requiring major adjustments can be stressful.   
 stress has both a psychological (emotional) and a physiological (arousal) component.   
 if not dealt with properly, stress can lead to abnormal behavior.   
 * all of the above.   
    

Research conducted by Schachter and Singer involving college students who were given drugs to increase their heart rates indicates that stress:    
 begins as an emotional response which leads to physiological arousal.   
 can always be attributed first to an emotional response.   
 can be experienced without a physiological component.   
 * begins as a cognitive response to having experienced physiological arousal.   
    

Research regarding emotion and physiological arousal indicates :    
 that arousal levels have no effect on emotional responses.   
 that emotional responses do not influence arousal levels.   
 * that both arousal and emotional responses have a learning component.   
 that physiological arousal can trigger an emotional response.    
    

Research by Zillmann and Bryant pertaining to emotion and physiological arousal has shown:    
 low levels of physical arousal can decrease an emotional response.   
 sustained physical arousal can reduce an emotional response.   
 physical arousal has no effect on an emotional response.   
 * physical arousal can increase an emotional response.   
    

The first step in the process that leads from a stressor to abnormal behavior involves:    
 recognizing the physical symptoms of stress.   
 avoidance and defense.   
 * awareness and appraisal.   
 anger and denial.   
    

To get money for college, Jules enlisted in the Navy's nuclear submarine program during the spring of his senior year in high school. He now has one week before he graduates and has to leave for training. Although he is stressed about leaving he has been telling himself that it will be an adventure, that it's only four years of his life and the time will go by quickly. Jules is using __________________ to reduce his anxiety.    
 coping mechanisms   
 avoidant thinking   
 problem solving   
 * defense mechanisms   
    

In an attempt to promote his high school chess club, Andy has agreed to a wrestling match with "Johnny the Crusher" at the next school rally. Andy is more than just a little anxious about the prospect but has decided to make the best of the two weeks remaining before the match and get himself in shape. His system of running in the morning and lifting weights after school is an example of:    
 * a coping strategy.   
 a defense mechanism.   
 an avoidance strategy.   
 abnormal behavior.   
    

Henri, who owns a laundry operation, is going to be audited by the IRS. He has been anxious and has suffered from headaches and muscle aches since his notification. He also hasn't been able to eat much or sleep at night. Henri is:    
 using defense mechanisms.   
 using avoidant thinking.   
 on the verge of mental illness.   
 * suffering from stress.   
    

Studies with patients who are seriously ill have shown that those individuals who are:    
 * less aware of how serious their illness is tend to show fewer signs of psychological distress.   
 the most aware of how serious their illness is tend to show fewer signs of distress.   
 seriously ill have equal amounts of psychological distress regardless of their knowledge.   
 more aware of how serious their illness is tend to show the most signs of psychological distress.    
    

Coping strategies to combat stress involve:    
 reducing anxiety by redefining the problem.   
 reducing anxiety by neglecting the problem.   
 reducing anxiety by engaging in activities not related to the problem.   
 * reducing anxiety by engaging in solving the problem.   
    

Defense mechanisms to combat stress involve:    
 * reducing anxiety without solving the problem.   
 reducing anxiety by solving the problem.   
 reducing anxiety by avoiding the problem.   
 reducing anxiety by accepting the problem.   
    

In a study conducted by Bennett and Holmes involving students who changed how they viewed a potential stressor (an electric shock) by redefining it as a vibrating sensation, it was found that:    
 expectations make no difference in physiological arousal.   
 personality type influences expectations which in turn affect arousal levels.   
 those who decreased their expectations had higher arousal levels after the shock than those who did not.   
 * expectations can influence physiological arousal.   
    

________________ discovered that if his patient, Anna O., spoke of her illnesses while under the influence of hypnosis, she afterwards experienced a brief reprieve from her symptoms.    
 Sigmund Freud   
 Alfred Adler   
 Franz Mesmer   
 * Josef Breuer   
    

The case of Anna O. lead Freud to the conclusion that:    
 * negating conflicts born of previous stressors can eliminate current related symptoms.   
 hypnosis is a powerful tool which can potentially eliminate hysterical disorders.   
 talking about anxiety has limited utility in reducing symptoms related to prior experience.   
 she and his colleague, Josef Breuer, were perpetrating a hoax.   
    

Freud considered the most important cause of stress to be:    
 conflicts stemming from unresolved issues related to the parent-child relationship.   
 * conflicts stemming from the individual's desire to satisfy needs and the restrictions imposed by society.   
 conflicts born of past experiences revolving around feelings of inferiority.   
 conflicts born of evolutionary history and housed in the collective unconscious.   
    

Freud believed the manifestation of abnormal behavior was directly related to how the individual:    
 resolved conflicts surrounding the id and superego encountered during the onset of puberty.   
 resolves conflicts stemming from their feelings of inferiority.   
 * resolved conflicts surrounding the id and superego encountered during early childhooD.   
 resolves conflicts involving issues such as dominance and acceptance.   
    

Freud believed that if an individual did not successfully negotiate the conflicts encountered during the oral stage of development they could become:    
 * demanding and tyrannical in later life.   
 obsessive and compulsive in later life.   
 obstinate and retentive in later life.   
 uncertain of their sexual orientation in later life.   
    

The anal stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development lasts from:    
 birth to 18 months.   
 3 to 6 years of age.   
 1 to 2 years of age.   
 * 18 months to 3 years of age.   
    

During the phallic stage of the theory of psychosexual development, the young girl identifies with her mother so she can vicariously possess her father. Freud termed this the:    
 Aphrodite complex.   
 Oedipus complex.   
 * Electra complex.   
 Iphegenia complex.   
    

Freud felt that young boys ultimately learn how to internalize the male role and behave in a culturally accepted manner by:    
 competing with their fathers.   
 competing with peers and older male siblings.   
 * identifying with their fathers instead of competing with them.   
 identifying with peers and older male siblings.   
    

Which stage of Freud's psychosexual theory seems to revolve around the concepts of jealousy, conflict and illicit sexual attraction?    
 the genital stage   
 * the phallic stage   
 the oral stage   
 the anal stage   
    

Freud's structural approach to personality was specifically his attempt to describe:    
 how an individual's personality is developeD.   
 * how conflicts are developed and resolveD.   
 how societal pressures influence behavior.   
 how anxiety influences behavior.   
    

Which of the following best describes the role played by the superego?    
 finding ways of satisfying needs without violating rules   
 thinking fun thoughts about the person next to you   
 emotional energy originating from primitive biological urges   
 * abstaining from potentially illicit behaviors   
    

According to Freudian theory, the id is governed by:    
 personality.   
 appropriate pleasure.   
 * the pleasure principle.   
 the preconscious.    
    

In Freud's structural approach to personality, the ____________ has the task of mediating the conflicts generated between the _______________.    
 * ego; id and superego   
 superego; id and ego   
 id; ego and superego   
 ego; id and libido   
    

Saroya spends an inordinate amount of time staring off into space, lost in some daydream or fantasy. In keeping with his structural approach to personality, Freud might suggest that:    
 Saroya's unconscious mind has too much influence over her preconscious minD.   
 * Saroya's ego is failing to satisfy the needs of her id and she is in danger of becoming delusional   
 Saroya's superego is restricting her conscious mind and causing her to live vicariously.   
 Saroya's preconscious mind has too much influence over her unconscious minD.   
    

Freud suggested that anxiety-provoking and threatening memories are housed in the:    
 semiconscious.   
 collective unconscious.   
 preconscious.   
 * unconscious.   
    

Nikki is suffering from the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. She knows that she knows the name of the person who just walked past her and said hello. He's been in a few of her classes and she's spoken to him on several occasions. His name is right on the edge of her memory and she knows she'll eventually remember it, but for now she can't quite get it. Freud might say the name Nikki is trying to recall is lodged in her:    
 libido.   
 conscious mind   
 unconscious minD.   
 * preconscious minD.    
    

Freudian theory proposes that memories too traumatic to face get locked away in the unconscious where they cannot be recalled,:    
 but do manifest themselves as dreams until eventually an unconscious resolution is reacheD.   
 * but will continue to influence behavior.   
 and have no further influence on behavior.   
 but do eventually get filtered into the preconscious where they influence behavior.   
    

Specifically, ________________ are psychological maneuvers in which we distort reality to avoid stress and reduce anxiety.    
 * defense mechanisms   
 coping strategies   
 interpersonal conflicts   
 latency mechanisms   
    

________________ is the process by which anxiety-provoking thoughts are forced into the unconscious.    
 * Repression   
 Suppression   
 Denial   
 Avoidance   
    

Concentrating on something non-threatening in an effort to prevent anxiety-inducing information from entering one's thoughts is known in Freudian terms as a form of:    
 repression.   
 denial.   
 * suppression.   
 avoidance.   
    

The main difference between the defense mechanisms repression and suppression is:    
 * suppression involves awareness of the problem and repression does not.   
 repression involves awareness of the problem and suppression does not.   
 repression involves denial of the problem and suppression does not.   
 suppression involves denial of the problem and repression does not.   
    

The man who argues with his wife when he is really angry at his boss is thought to be using:    
 drive displacement.   
 * object displacement.   
 denial.   
 projection.    
    

Reporters from all over the state, as well as talent scouts from several major colleges, were in the stands for the championship game between Maslow and Skinner High. Trent, the star quarter- back for the Maslow Bulldogs was kicked back, eating a doughnut in the locker room and telling his teammates not to worry, that it was just another game and the outcome didn't mean a thing. Freud, and maybe Trent's coach, would say he is engaging in:    
 suppression.   
 displacement.   
 projection.   
 * denial.    
    

Norma changed her name to Marilyn, died her hair blonde and began to walk , talk and dress in the same manner as an actress she admired very much. In Freudian terms, Norma's behavior is a form of:    
 * identification.   
 displacement.   
 projection.   
 denial.   
    

________________ can serve as a defense mechanism by helping an individual convince themselves that unpleasant characteristics they possess are really not so bad because they attribute those same characteristics to others.    
 Identification   
 Displacement   
 Denial   
 * Projection   
    

The defense mechanism rationalization involves:    
 expressing a feeling toward one individual that should be expressed toward someone else.   
 working extra hard to overcome a supposed weakness.   
 reinterpreting anxiety-provoking material to make it less threatening.   
 * disguising your actual, but unacceptable motivations.   
    

Which of the following is an example of drive displacement?    
 returning to a previously successful strategy to solve a problem   
 incorporating the mannerisms of a well-respected individual   
 smashing the car dashboard with a fist after being cut off by another driver   
 * running five miles after talking to an incredibly attractive, married individual   
    

It is important to remember that, although defense mechanisms can be helpful in reducing or avoiding anxiety, they also:    
 typically involve serious mental illness.   
 typically lead to psychologically induced physical illness.   
 typically lead to increasingly prevalent approach-avoidance behavior patterns.   
 * typically involve serious distortions of reality which reduce the effectiveness of behavior.   
    

Which of the following neo-Freudians would be most likely to agree with this statement? Most successful people are really just trying to overcome their inadequacies, imagined or real.    
 Karen Horney   
 * Alfred Adler   
 Josef Breuer   
 Carl Jung   
    

Karen Horney presented the notion that anxiety and stress are due to:    
 * interpersonal conflicts.   
 inferiority complexes.   
 evolutionary influences.   
 societal pressures.   
    

Carl Jung believed that to understand the individual, one must first:    
 carefully examine the individual's entire past.   
 carefully examine the individual's relationship with their parents.   
 * carefully examine the individual's ancestral evolution.   
 carefully examine the individual's current motivations.   
    

Which of the following neo-Freudians would be most likely to agree with this statement? Women want nothing more than that which is readily given men, power and respect in society.    
 * Karen Horney   
 Bertha Pappenheim   
 Carl Jung   
 Alfred Adler   
    

Elana has a difficult time dating. She wants to, but can't seem to let herself get close to anyone and therefore has been unable to sustain any type of intimate relationship. An advocate of Karen Horney's philosophy might consider Elana's dilemma an extension of:    
 * the inconsistencies in her parent's affection she experienced as a chilD.   
 the feelings of inferiority she learned as a chilD.   
 the demands her parents placed upon her during toilet training.   
 the lack of gratification she experienced as an infant.   
    

Freud concentrated on conflicts over biological needs as the root of anxiety and stress. But the neo-Freudians believed that the main emphasis should be placed upon:    
 * personal or interpersonal conflicts.   
 societal or cultural conflicts.   
 instinctual or ancestral conflicts embedded in the collective conscious.   
 learned behaviors and the conditioning which leads to conflict.    
    

The process of psychotherapy in perhaps its simplest form involves:    
 hypnotic suggestion.   
 increased exposure to potential threats.   
 * resolving conflict through conversation.   
 relearning normal behaviors.   
    

One form of psychotherapy called group psychotherapy has an advantage in that:    
 * an individual can realize they are not the only one with a particular problem.   
 members of the group can share costs and get less expensive therapy.   
 a variety of abnormal behaviors are usually addressed so there is something for everyone.   
 family members can usually attend meetings at no additional cost to the clients.   
    

Group psychotherapy provides an excellent avenue for individuals to take a realistic look at:    
 how truly ridiculous their behaviors have become.   
 just how bad their childhoods truly were.   
 * how they relate to others and how others relate to them.   
 the misfortunes of others and conversely the reality of their own problems.   
    

As indicated in your text, the goal of many psychotherapists is to help the client:    
 realize they actually do have serious problems.   
 * develop their own insights about their problems.   
 realize the need for a long-term client/therapist relationship.   
 realize they are actually quite normal and that everyone has problems.   
    

In general, psychotherapy can best be described as having:    
 a narrow focus which deals mainly with a client's internal problems and belief systems.   
 a narrow focus which deals mainly with the pressures put on a client by greater society.   
 * various theoretical orientations and approaches involving client/therapist communication.   
 various approaches based upon Freud's theory of personality.   
    

There is some indication that the latest trend in psychotherapy, online or e-mail therapy, may be an effective method for reducing anxiety in that:    
 * there is evidence that simply writing about one's problems can lead to improvements.   
 it has been proven that face-to-face contact can actually be detrimental to therapy.   
 it fits better with today's lifestyle.   
 people don't have to experience the shame sometimes associated with going to therapy.   
    

Skeptics who question the efficacy of therapy via the computer argue that on line therapy:    
 * lacks important interpersonal cues which are vital to the therapeutic process.   
 will increase the number of unqualified individuals selling themselves as therapists.   
 will decrease the costs but also the quality of traditional therapy.   
 will eventually destroy the privileged nature of the client/therapist relationship.   
    

According to your text, advocates of ________________ therapy say it is less expensive than traditional therapy and makes treatment available to people who would not otherwise receive it.    
 * online   
 group   
 family   
 time-limited   
    

In time-limited psychotherapy, the client and therapist:    
 agree in advance to the hours per session spent on treatment.   
 * agree in advance that the number of sessions for treatment will be limiteD.   
 agree in advance to the number of sessions per week, day or month.   
 agree in advance to work together until the problem is solveD.   
    

Research on time-limited therapy indicates that:    
 it is only about half as effective as therapy which has no limit.   
 clients almost never reach their therapeutic goals during the first block of time.   
 * it is usually at least as effective as therapy which has no limit.   
 it was a popular trend that is rapidly fading.   
    

Freddie would like to avoid talking with his therapist about the difficult and painful issues in his life, like why his fingernails are three-inches-long and filed to points, but he knows he can't. His insurance company has placed constraints upon his therapy and he and his therapist entered into an agreement before their first session. It is likely that Freddie is in:    
 * time-limited therapy.   
 on-line therapy.   
 client-centered therapy.   
 group therapy.   
    

The therapist in case study 2.2 suggests her client is moving away from others. Which theoretical view is the therapist using as a guide to treat her client?    
 conflict is a result of feelings of inferiority   
 conflict is a result of pressures in society   
 conflict is a result of biological needs   
 * conflict is a result of interpersonal relations   
    

The therapist in case study 2.2 suggests that her client's problems interacting with other people result from her tendencies to move against or away from people. This statement would indicate the therapist's psychoanalytical philosophy is most closely aligned with that of:    
 Sigmund FreuD.   
 Alfred Adler.   
 Carl Jung.   
 * Karen Horney.    
    

One of the problems with the psychodynamic perspective is that the theory does not lend itself to:    
 the theoretical understanding of patients.   
 scientific testing.   
 * clinical observation.   
 patient self-report.    
    

The concept of repression has been researched quite extensively, to the conclusion that:    
 it is still viable as a possible source of abnormal behavior.   
 it is viable, but only in conjunction with a fugue state.   
 * there is no consistent evidence to support it.   
 it is only viable in cases of severe trauma such as a wartime experience.    
    

There are serious problems with Freud's use of case studies as the sole support for his theories, including the point that:    
 * there is no documentation on record other than his own to support his findings.   
 most of his colleagues of the time did not agree with his findings.   
 with case studies it is virtually impossible to link a disorder to a particular experience.   
 he didn't use enough case studies to accurately quantify his findings.   
    

Which of the following has been found to be a problem with Freud's Theory?    
 * Freud did not report his case studies accurately.   
 Freud did not do enough case studies to make valid conclusions.   
 It has been discovered that many of Freud's patients were actually malingering.   
 There is no documentation on record other than his own to support his findings.   
    

In the strange case of Emma Eckstein, the chronic nose bleeds she reported, diagnosed by Sigmund Freud as hysterical in nature and caused by sexual longing, turned out to be:    
 self-inflicted and it was discovered she was really suffering from Munchausen's Syndrome.   
 faked and she was found to be malingering.   
 connected to her menstrual cycle just as Freud had postulateD.   
 * the direct result of over a foot of gauze left in her nasal cavity during an operation by one of Freud's associates.   
    

Many of Freud's ideas have been challenged, found to be lacking, or completely abandoneD. One such notion which is coming increasingly under fire is:    
 defense mechanisms.   
 the role of stress in abnormal behavior.   
 * the role of negative early childhood experiences in the development of personality.   
 psychotherapy.   
    

The learning approach to abnormal behavior:    
 avoids all unverifiable notions.   
 is based only on observable behaviors.   
 does not make any assumptions about internal processes.   
 * all of these are true   
    

A classically conditioned response is developed when a previously neutral stimulus is:    
 * consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus.   
 consistently paired with another neutral stimulus.   
 rewarded on a variable ratio schedule.   
 rewarded on an intermittent basis.   
    

In Pavlov's experiments on salivation, the powdered meat was the:    
 generalized stimulus.   
 conditioned stimulus.   
 * unconditioned stimulus.   
 neutral stimulus.    
    

In Pavlov's experiments on salivation, the bell paired with the meat powder was the:    
 generalized stimulus.   
 conditioned stimulus.   
 * neutral stimulus.   
 unconditioned stimulus   
    

In Pavlov's experiment on salivation, when the bell elicited the salivation response it became the:    
 generalized stimulus.   
 neutral stimulus.   
 unconditioned stimulus.   
 * conditioned stimulus.   
    

The procedures used by Watson with "Little Albert" demonstrated the principles of:    
 operant conditioning.   
 * classical conditioning.   
 vicarious conditioning.   
 observational learning.   
    

The researchers who used Little Albert to demonstrate the classical conditioning of fear were:    
 * John Watson and Rosalie Raynor.   
 John Watson and Ivan Pavlov.   
 Edward Thorndike and Rosalie Raynor.   
 B.F. Skinner and Mary Cover Jones.   
    

The text book author writes of experiences involving cleanser, soiled monkey cages, nausea (and later on a frying pan), in which he was classically conditioneD. In the author's example the unconditioned stimulus was ______________ and the conditioned stimulus was _____________.    
 the frying pan; the nausea   
 the cleanser; a soiled monkey cage   
 * a soiled monkey cage; the cleanser   
 the nausea; the cleanser    
    

After being conditioned to fear a white rat, "Little Albert" also became afraid when exposed to either a ball of cotton, a rabbit or a dog. Those new fear responses are an example of:    
 extinction.   
 over-extension.   
 discrimination.   
 * generalization.   
    

Seamus is an avid golfer who foolishly decided to play out his last hole despite being caught in a vicious thunderstorm. During his final stroke the green was hit by lightening and Seamus was literally blown out of his golf shoes. Since that incident, Seamus has been afraid to wear any type of athletic shoe. His fear of all athletic shoes is an example of:    
 * generalization.   
 superstitious behavior.   
 extinction.   
 discrimination.   
    

The development of a classically conditioned fear response through observation is termed:    
 * vicarious conditioning.   
 generalization.   
 latent learning.   
 deferred imitation.   
    

Understanding the concept of generalization is useful in that:    
 * it can potentially lead to an explanation of the origin of seemingly unrelated fears.   
 it helps provide an explanation for the occurrence of vicarious conditioning.   
 it helps explain the persistence of specific classically conditioned responses.   
 it provides an alternative to stimulus discrimination as an explanation of behavior.   
    

When Nadia was a child she used to catch spiders in the yard of her farm house and play with them on the porch. One day when she heard her mother scream, she rushed into the house and applied saw her mother frantically brushing the front of her shirt in an attempt to knock off a spider that had drifted down from the ceiling. Since that day, Nadia has been afraid of spiders. This is an example of:    
 generalization.   
 * vicarious conditioning.   
 higher-order conditioning.   
 operant conditioning.   
    

The experiment cited in your text in which a red light was paired with a shock to the hooves of sheep illustrates that:    
 a classically conditioned response will eventually disappear on its on.   
 a classically conditioned response needs periodic reinforcement to persist.   
 a classically conditioned response can become generalized over time.   
 * a classically conditioned response, once established, can last indefinitely.    
    

A classically conditioned response can be eliminated through a process called extinction, which involves:    
 repeated presentations of objects which resemble the conditioned stimulus.   
 repeated presentations of a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus.   
 repeated presentations of a neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus.   
 * repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.   
    

When Carol was a small child she repeatedly went to the doctor for allergy shots. As a result she became classically conditioned to fear white coats. Now she works as a cosmetician and is required to wear white coats herself. Because of this work-related wardrobe necessity, she has gradually lost her fear. This is an example of:    
 * extinction.   
 stimulus discrimination.   
 generalization.   
 spontaneous recovery.   
    

Spontaneous recovery is:    
 the sudden elimination of a classically conditioned fear response.   
 * the return of a classically conditioned response after extinction has occurreD.   
 remembering the incident or stimulus which caused the initial conditioned response.   
 the conditioned stimulus inexplicably reverting to its former neutral status.   
    

When spontaneous recovery occurs, the recovered response will be:    
 stronger than it was before extinction occurreD.   
 * weaker than it was before extinction occurreD.   
 no different than it was before extinction occurreD.   
 stronger than it was before extinction, then it will gradually fade.    
    

Classically conditioned responses are:    
 under voluntary control.   
 * involuntary responses.   
 optional responses.   
 negative responses.   
    

Operantly conditioned responses are developed when a response is consistently:    
 * followed by a rewarD.   
 followed by a conditioned stimulus.   
 followed by an unconditioned stimulus.   
 followed by a neutral stimulus.    
    

The researcher most typically associated with operant conditioning is:    
 Ivan Pavlov.   
 John B. Watson   
 * B.F. Skinner.   
 Albert BandurA.   
    

Operant and classical conditioning each involve learned behaviors, but they differ in that:    
 a classically conditioned response is voluntary and an operant one is not.   
 a classically conditioned response is based on punishment and an operant response is based on rewards.   
 * an operantly conditioned response is voluntary and a classically conditioned response is not.   
 an operantly conditioned response is based on punishment and a classically conditioned response is based on rewards.   
    

Gregor is nervous around people and fears embarrassment when he comes into contact with other others, so he avoids it. He lives alone and makes his living trading on the Internet; groceries and other non-virtual necessities are taken care of after midnight when fewer people are out. Gregor is relaxed and happy until he has to venture into the worlD. His situation best illustrates:    
 how classical conditioning can lead to abnormal behavior.   
 * how operant conditioning can lead to abnormal behavior.   
 how vicarious conditioning can lead to abnormal behavior.   
 how generalization can lead to abnormal behavior.   
    

To understand operantly conditioned behaviors and what drives a particular response, it is particularly important to take a close look at:    
 the lag time between stimulus and response.   
 the number of trials needed to develop a consistent response.   
 whether the response has been generalized to other neutral stimuli.   
 * what the individual involved considers rewarding or punishing.   
    

Developing a behavioral response through the observation of others is known as:    
 vicarious classical conditioning.   
 * vicarious operant conditioning.   
 vicarious generalization.   
 spontaneous generalization.   
    

When a nationally renowned athlete reaches the pinnacle of their sport and begins to endorse products on television, such as the athletic shoes they wear, people of all ages take notice and buy. This example best illustrates the concept of:    
 * observational learning.   
 classical conditioning.   
 generalization.   
 intermittent reinforcement.   
    

When an operant response no longer results in a reward and the individual no longer uses the response, __________ has occurreD.    
 generalization   
 * extinction   
 modeling   
 reduction   
    

One way to increase resistance to extinction of an operantly conditioned response is to:    
 present the subject with similar stimuli.   
 consistently pair the response with the unconditioned stimulus.   
 stop rewarding the response.   
 * reward the responses inconsistently.    
    

Monique is six-years-old and has decided she doesn't want to go to bed at night. For five nights Monique's mother put her in bed and let her fuss and Monique eventually fell asleep. On the sixth night Monique was initially quiet then began to whimper and her mother went into her room and read her a story. What effect will this probably have on Monique's tantrums?    
 They will disappear all together.   
 They will decrease in frequency.   
 It will have no effect.   
 * They will return in full force.   
    

When developing a new response, it is important that individuals receive rewards:    
 only after they've responded appropriately several times.   
 after every second or third response.   
 intermittently to increase the likelihood of the response.   
 * each time they use the response.   
    

All of the following are examples of intermittent schedules of reinforcement EXCEPT:    
 * picking up your daily mail.   
 putting money on a horse race.   
 going fishing.   
 playing a card game.   
    

Samuel avoids dogs because he had a bad experience with a German Shepherd when he was a chilD. His fear was initially ____________ and is now maintained through _____________.    
 operantly conditioned; classical conditioning   
 operantly conditioned; operant conditioning   
 classically conditioned; classical conditioning   
 * classically conditioned; operant conditioning   
    

Exposure therapy is used to treat:    
 * classically conditioned emotional responses.   
 operantly conditioned emotional responses.   
 classically conditioned behavioral responses.   
 operantly conditioned behavioral responses.   
    

In behavior therapy, the unlearning of abnormal emotional responses and behaviors is accomplished primarily through:    
 flooding.   
 exposure.   
 * extinction.   
 identification.   
    

One criticism of the learning perspective is:    
 some of the research that supported it hasn't been replicateD.   
 it explains behavior in the lower animals, but not humans.   
 * it may not be sufficient to explain complex abnormal behaviors such as hallucinations.   
 it was developed specifically to compete with the psychodynamic approach.   
    

The conclusion that the learning approach explains simpler behaviors but cannot account for more complex abnormal behaviors lends credence to the notion that:    
 the psychodynamic theory offers the best explanation.   
 it should be abandoned as an explanation.   
 more research in the mechanisms behind learning is needeD.   
 * different disorders have different causes.   
    

The expectancy explanation supports the notion that classically conditioned behavior is:    
 a result of connections in the brain.   
 based upon problem-solving   
 a function of probability.   
 * based upon anticipation.   
    

The expectancy explanation supports the notion that operantly conditioned behavior is:    
 a result of connections in the brain.   
 * based upon problem-solving.   
 a function of probability.   
 based upon anticipation.   
    

The author's investigation of students who were rewarded or not based upon their verbal responses suggests that:    
 behavior is not predictable.   
 operant conditioning is an automatic process.   
 * awareness plays a role in conditioning.   
 classical conditioning is an automatic process.    
    

The author's investigation of students who were rewarded or not based upon their verbal responses suggests that operant conditioning is due, at least in part to:    
 * cooperation.   
 avoidance.   
 generalization.   
 expectation.   
    

Of the following, the best explanation for why extinction reduces phobias is:    
 * it changes expectations about what will happen after the conditioned stimulus appears.   
 people expect it to work based on information given them by their therapists.   
 conditioned responses gradually disappear with time anyway.   
 new information helps to rewire the brain.   
    

Virgil has found that stepping outside and waving his arms is an effective method for scaring the pigeons off the roof of his house. One day he decides to increase the impact by yelling as he waves his arms and this too scares the pigeons. If Virgil gets lazy and sits in the house with the door open and yells, using the expectancy explanation for classical conditioning as a model, one would predict:    
 the birds would immediately take flight.   
 Virgil would start waving his arms.   
 * Virgil's yelling would have no impact on the birds without a personal appearance.   
 a majority, but not all of the birds would take flight.   
    

Using the expectancy explanation for operant conditioning as a model, one might predict that if an individual has knowledge of a response-reward scenario they:    
 * may or may not choose to engage in the response and receive the rewarD.   
 have no choice but to engage in the response and receive the rewarD.   
 will not engage in the response to receive the rewarD.   
 will engage in the response if it generalizes to prior response-reward scenarios.   
    

Both positive and negative situations can be stressful because they can both require major adjustments.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Physiological arousal by some non-emotional stimulus can lead to a false emotional response.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Josef Breuer's patient, Anna O., eventually was completely cured of all her illnesses.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Freud's stages of psychosexual development were based on extensive, well-documented research conducted by he and his colleague, Josef Breuer.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Stephan has few feelings for the needs and want of others. He often disregards even the simplest rules of society, and he steals every chance he gets. Freud would say that Stephan failed to develop a conscious during the oral stage of his psychosexual development.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

What Freud referred to as the Electra complex occurs during the latency stage of his theory of psychosexual development.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Tabitha fell into a partially collapsed well and remained trapped for two days before she was rescueD. A Freudian theorist might predict that when Tabitha is older she will have no conscious memory of the experience, but it will still influence her behavior in some way.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Most behavioral theorists discount a majority of Freud's theories, with the exception of his ideas concerning defense mechanisms.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The neo-Freudians broke with Freud over his psychosexual theory and his reliance on defense mechanisms as causes of abnormal behaviors.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Freud's psychoanalytic theory, although once widely accepted, is largely discounted by most professionals in the mental health field today.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

There is a general consensus among psychotherapists today that most abnormal behaviors can be traced to problems originating from within the client.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Despite over 80 years of research, there is no consistent clinical or laboratory evidence for the notion of repression, the cornerstone of Freud's explanation of abnormal behavior.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Freud and his followers placed a great deal of emphasis on the role played by early childhood experience in the development of abnormal behavior, an idea which in recent years has benefited immensely from a preponderance of scientific research.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Recent research indicates that the amount of training a psychotherapist has does nothing to predict how successful they will be in resolving client problems.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Classical conditioning can be used to develop positive responses as well as negative responses.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Sheila has checked the coin slots in public pay telephones since she was a teen-ager. Today she is 42 and still can't resist checking for money when she walks by a public phone. A learning theorist would say that Sheila was classically conditioned by her early success finding money in pay phones because it occurred on a variable reinforcement schedule.    
 True   
 * False