______________ memory is involved in screening out irrelevant information and encoding pertinent information from the environment.    
 Short-term   
 Long-term   
 * Sensory   
 Perceptual   
    

2. _____________ memory is involved in thinking and processing information for storage.    
 Sensory   
 * Short-term   
 Long-term   
 Iconic   
    

3. The physiological processing of information for storage takes place primarily in the:    
 * hippocampus.   
 hypothalamus.   
 thalamus.   
 pons.   
    

4. ______________ are the physiological manifestations of sensory stimuli processed from the environment and encoded into memory.    
 Glial structures   
 Cortical dendrites   
 * Cell assemblies   
 Axon terminals   
    

5. Individuals who have good memories are most likely very efficient at:    
 accessing short-term memory.   
 cognitive feedback.   
 using sensory memory.   
 * organizing information for storage.   
    

6. Macy stood outside after the storm had passed and let the fresh, rain-washed air cool her body. The ozone smell was reminiscent of her childhood and staying at her Grandfather's house by the lake. She remembered the storms that came up suddenly from across the water. Then she remembered the day she almost drowned in that lake. This is an example of:    
 * a memory network.   
 spontaneous retrieval.   
 eidetic memory.   
 memory reconstruction.   
    

7. If you are trying to remember the name of an individual whom you met briefly while on vacation, the first thing you will likely recall is:    
 the person's face.   
 the person's last name.   
 * the circumstances surrounding your meeting.   
 the day of the week on which you met.   
    

8. The breakage or deterioration of a nerve pathway leading to a particular cell assembly will, in most cases, result in:    
 the loss of that particular memory.   
 the loss of a memory network.   
 a loss of associations pertaining to that particular memory.   
 * a delay in accessing or recalling that particular memory.   
    

9. Kerry suffered a severe head injury and now at times has great difficulty completing sentences because he cannot remember the particular word or words he needs to finish a thought. Kerry suffers from:    
 anterograde amnesia.   
 agnosia.   
 apraxia.   
 * aphasia.   
    

A person suffering from aphasia would have difficulty remembering or finding certain words. This is a condition commonly caused by the:    
 deterioration of the hippocampus.   
 * deterioration of neural pathways to cell assemblies.   
 destruction of memory networks.   
 destruction of cell assemblies.   
    

11. ______________ is the inability to recall previous experiences.    
 * Retrograde amnesia   
 Anterograde amnesia   
 Aphasia   
 Cognitive abulia   
    

12. An individual who has experienced a head trauma, which in turn damaged their hippocampus, would have difficulty:    
 remembering past events.   
 * processing new information into memory.   
 remembering the names of particular objects.   
 organizing information into coherent thoughts.    
    

13. The inability to process recent events into storage for recall is termed:    
 * anterograde amnesia.   
 retrograde amnesia.   
 cognitive abulia.   
 progressive memory loss.   
    

14. The man known as H.M. who had a portion of his hippocampus removed was unable to:    
 recall past information.   
 * encode new information.   
 remember the names of common objects.   
 remember simple tasks like how to dress himself or brush his teeth.   
    

15. _____________ is(are) one of the most common causes of amnesia.    
 * Head traumas   
 Neural degradation   
 Anoxia   
 Embolisms   
    

16. A blow to the head resulting in concussion will most likely:    
 disrupt the processing of new information.   
 * disrupt the recall of recently encoded information.   
 disrupt the recall of information encoded in the distant past.   
 temporarily eliminate the ability to process new information.   
    

17. Mark hit his head in a skiing accident and was unable to remember much of what he had done in in the previous week. Mark will probably:    
 * remember most of the information in time.   
 never recall any of the information he has lost.   
 experience progressive memory loss.   
 be unable to encode new information for a brief period.   
    

18. Terrence's legs suddenly felt weak and he became dizzy. When he tried to tell his friend what was happening, his speech was slurred he couldn't make his mouth work right. His confusion lasted for about ten minutes and then he was largely back to normal. Terrence likely had a:    
 * transient ischemic attack.   
 myocardial infarction.   
 cerebral infarction.   
 aneurysm.   
    

A disruption in blood supply in the brain which causes symptoms, but no permanent damage, is:    
 an embolism.   
 * a transient ischemic attack.   
 a cerebral infarction.   
 an aneurysm.    
    

20. A prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1 will cause the neurons in the brain to shrink and and eventually die, a situation which leads most often to:    
 retrograde amnesia.   
 transient ischemic attacks.   
 cerebral infarctions.   
 * anterograde amnesia.   
    

21. Korsakoff's syndrome, a disorder seen most often in individuals suffering from alcoholism, is caused by:    
 * a deterioration of the hippocampus resulting from a lack of vitamin B1.   
 cerebral embolisms resulting from alcohol dislodging fatty deposits from arterial walls.   
 cerebral infarctions due to alcohol induced high blood pressure.   
 insufficient blood supply.   
    

22. The primary symptom seen in dementia disorders is:    
 * severe memory loss.   
 severe changes in personality.   
 severe motor retardation.   
 loss of abstract reasoning.   
    

23. In the advanced stages of dementia, individuals lose their ability to plan, speak and even, in some cases, move their muscles. These symptoms are primarily the result of:    
 muscle tissue loss.   
 cardiovascular problems.   
 * memory loss.   
 severe depression.   
    

24. The loss of motor abilities seen in some individuals who suffer from dementia is called:    
 aphasia.   
 agnosia.   
 anoxia.   
 * apraxia.   
    

25. Tobias is eighty-three and suffers from severe memory loss. He is at the point where he cannot recall the names of objects like the clock on the wall or the television. This is called:    
 aphasia.   
 apraxia.   
 * agnosia.   
 anoxia.   
    

26. When she was sixty-nine, Nancy began having problems with her memory. She is now seventy-five and lives in a nursing home because she cannot do simple things like dress herself or take care of her toilet habits. She also has great difficulty remembering the names of common objects like her clothing and her shoes. She has advanced dementia with symptoms of:    
 aphasia and apraxia.   
 * apraxia and agnosia.   
 anoxia and agnosia.   
 agnosia and aphasia.   
    

An individual suffering from Alzheimer's disease will likely experience a decline in mental abilities that is:    
 * smoothly progressive.   
 sudden and devastating.   
 brief and intermittent.   
 all of the above.    
    

28. Powell, age 59, has experienced a gradual decline in intellectual abilities over the past 7 years. His disorder would be considered a:    
 nontypical dementia.   
 secondary dementia.   
 * presenile dementia.   
 senile dementia.    
    

29. ______________ dementia in a family member is associated with an increased likelihood that the person's biological relatives will also suffer from dementia.    
 Primary   
 Secondary   
 Senile   
 * Presenile   
    

30. Marlo is 66 and has suffered a gradual decline in his intellectual functioning due to Alzheimer's disease. His disorder would be considered a:    
 presenile dementia.   
 nontypical dementia.   
 secondary dementia.   
 * primary dementia.   
    

31. Declines in intellectual functioning due to physiological problems are termed ______ dementias, whereas declines in functioning due to depression are termed ________ dementias.    
 * primary; secondary   
 secondary; primary   
 senile; presenile   
 pervasive; differential   
    

32. Onset of dementia that occurs after the age of 65 is termed:    
 differential dementia.   
 pervasive dementia.   
 presenile dementia.   
 * senile dementia.   
    

33. An individual exhibiting declining intellectual abilities brought about by vascular disease would typically show:    
 a smooth steady decrease in cognitive function.   
 an initial climb in cognitive function followed by a sudden drop.   
 * sudden, periodic drops in cognitive function.   
 a single, drastic drop in cognitive function.   
    

34. Dementia brought about by Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:    
 a deterioration of neurons in the basal ganglia.   
 a step-like decline in intellectual functioning.   
 * the formation of plaque on the neurons.   
 infections and fevers of the brain.   
    

35. In ________________, the primary symptoms involve problems with movement. Dementia sets in later and is a result of additional brain deterioration.    
 * Parkinson's disease   
 Huntington's disease   
 Pick's disease   
 Alzheimer's disease   
    

_______________ disease is genetic in nature. It involves twitches of the facial area and progresses to a general jerking of the body. Steady, cerebral deterioration eventually results in dementia.    
 * Huntington's   
 Parkinson's   
 Pick's   
 Creutzfeld-Jakob   
    

37. The most common cause of dementia among elderly people is:    
 Pick's disease.   
 vascular disease.   
 * Alzheimer's disease.   
 general paresis.   
    

38. In the middle phases of Alzheimer's disease difficulty with short-term memory becomes severe and individuals sometimes cannot hold onto a thought long enough to act on it. This is a memory a problem known as:    
 * cognitive abulia.   
 agnosia.   
 aphasia.   
 apraxia.   
    

39. Paula has Alzheimer's disease. Her short-term memory abilities have degraded considerably, but she still has long-term memory functions. She is in the:    
 initial stages of the disorder.   
 latter stages of the disorder.   
 middle to latter stages of the disorder.   
 * early to middle stages of the disorder.   
    

40. Cognitive abulia is technically:    
 * an abnormal lack of ability to act or make a decision.   
 the formation of neurofibrillary tangles seen in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.   
 an inability to use or understand the syntax of language.   
 memory loss due to distraction and failure to encode.   
    

41. Alzheimer's disease is most likely to occur:    
 * after age 65.   
 between ages 55 and 65.   
 between ages 45 and 55   
 at any age after 45.   
    

42. The neurons in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease become encrusted with patches of plaque which:    
 cause the neuronal dendrites to become tangled.   
 affect serotonin and this in turn leads to distortions in perception.   
 * inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.   
 generate extemporaneous nerve impulses that lead to sensory distortions.   
    

43. Neurons in the brains of persons with Alzheimer's disease deteriorate and develop neurofibrillary tangles. This can occur anywhere in the brain, but has the most notable effect on memory when it occurs in:    
 * the hippocampus and amygdala.   
 the thalamus and hypothalamus.   
 the basal ganglia and cingulate gyrus.   
 the medulla and pons.   
    

44. In persons with Alzheimer's disease, the neural degeneration that has the most devastating effect on memory in general occurs in the:    
 amygdala.   
 * hippocampus.   
 frontal lobes.   
 medulla.    
    

The plaque which covers and poisons the neurons in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's is made up of:    
 lipids.   
 protease enzymes.   
 * protein strands.   
 neurofibillary tangles.   
    

46. Protease enzymes contribute to the formation of plaque seen on the neurons in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease by:    
 coating the neurons with nonsoluble lipids.   
 promoting the growth of fibers on the neurons.   
 * removing protein strands from the neurons, which then accumulate.   
 eating holes in the neurons which promote the growth of scar tissue.   
    

47. Attempts to improve memory in Alzheimer's patients have focused on the use of drugs which increase the availability of:    
 dopamine.   
 serotonin.   
 * acetylcholine.   
 norepinephrine.   
    

48. Marshall suffers from Alzheimer's disease and has recently been put on Arcept, a drug which increases the availability of acetylcholine. Currently, Marshall has great difficulty maintaining a train of thought and often forgets what he is doing. This new drug treatment will likely:    
 * do little to improve his memory and nothing for his neuronal deterioration.   
 improve his memory and slow the degradation of his neuronal networks.   
 temporarily halt the deterioration of his neurons.   
 improve his short-term memory remarkably, but its efficacy will be temporary.   
    

49. Drugs that are intended to improve memory in individuals with Alzheimer's disease by increasing the availability of acetylcholine have proven to be:    
 * marginally effective.   
 ineffective.   
 highly effective.   
 not cost effective.   
    

50. Which of the following drug types has been shown to be at least marginally successful in slowing neuronal degradation in patients with Alzheimer's disease?    
 MAO inhibitors   
 * protease inhibitors   
 SSRI's   
 cholinergics   
    

51. The medical term for a "stroke" is a(n):    
 abulia.   
 cerebral apraxia.   
 * cerebral infarction.   
 atrial blockage.   
    

52. The symptoms associated with a cerebral infarction:    
 always include paralysis.   
 * depend on where in the brain the infarct occurs.   
 invariably include memory loss.   
 are limited to paralysis and loss of speech.    
    

53. A person who suffers a cerebral infarction will:    
 * recover function only if another area of the brain takes over for the dead area.   
 never regain the abilities which were affected by the infarction.   
 lose whatever abilities were affected by the infarction, unless the tissues regenerate.   
 recover those abilities affected by the infarction, because the tissues will regenerate.    
    

Multi-infarct dementia is a result of:    
 a genetic disorder.   
 the third stage of syphilis.   
 * a series of small strokes.   
 a massive cerebral infarction.   
    

55. Which of the following diagnoses would best fit an individual who exhibits sporadic drops in intellectual ability?    
 Alzheimer's disease   
 HIV-related dementia   
 transient ischemic attacks   
 * multi-infarct dementia   
    

56. Terri has shown a decrease in intellectual abilities and memory. She has lost one ability at a time rather than shown a gradual deterioration. It is likely that she would be diagnosed as having:    
 transcient ischemic attacks.   
 general paresis.   
 * multi-infarct dementia.   
 Alzheimer's disease.   
    

57. The blockage of blood vessels in the brain can lead to strokes. These can be caused by a buildup of fatty material on the walls of arteries, a condition known as:    
 * atherosclerosis.   
 arteriosclerosis.   
 an embolism.   
 an aneurysm.   
    

58. _______________ are caused by clumps of artherosclerotic plaque breaking off vessel walls and blocking blood flow in vessels in the brain.    
 Aneurysms   
 * Embolisms   
 Abulias   
 Agnosias    
    

59. Multi-infarct dementias are cased by all of the following except:    
 aneurysms.   
 embolisms.   
 atherosclerosis.   
 * abulias.   
    

60. The weak spots in vessel walls in the brain, which can swell, potentially burst and lead to a stroke, are called:    
 embolisms.   
 * aneurysms.   
 abulias.   
 artereosclerotics.   
    

61. If administered quickly enough, drugs called clot busters are effective for treating:    
 aneurysms.   
 athereosclerosis.   
 arteriosclerosis.   
 * embolisms.   
    

62. Angus is somewhat concerned about the possibility of having a stroke, as several members of his family have had strokes because of their high blood pressure. He can best reduce his likelihood applied of having this problem by:    
 increasing his vitamin intake.   
 increasing the amount of protein he eats.   
 * increasing his aerobic exercise.   
 taking an aspirin every day.   
    

Research indicates that ________ is one of the most important factors in preventing dementia due to cerebral infarctions.    
 stress reduction   
 attitude   
 * diet   
 relaxation   
    

64. HIV-related dementia generally involves:    
 the reduction of short-term memory.   
 a deterioration of stored memories.   
 changes in personality.   
 * the slowing of mental functioning.   
    

65. Most of the brain damage incurred from an HIV infection occurs in the:    
 * subcortical areas.   
 neocortex.   
 brain stem.   
 mesocortical areas.   
    

66. An individual suffering from HIV-related dementia would likely have difficulty performing common, thought-related tasks such has balancing a checkbook or doing a crossword puzzle, due to a reduction in their _______________ levels.    
 acetylcholine   
 * dopamine   
 norepinephrine   
 serotonin   
    

67. Levels of the neurotransmitter __________ seem to be reduced as a result of an HIV infection, leading to an overall decrease in brain activity.    
 * dopamine   
 norepinephrine   
 acetylcholine   
 serotonin   
    

68. Problems with concentration, disruption of thoughts, and confusion are the major symptoms of:    
 multi-infarct dementia.   
 HIV-related dementia.   
 secondary dementia.   
 * delirium disorders.   
    

69. All of the following are true of delirium disorders except:    
 the individual, at times, may not know where he or she is.   
 the individual is easily distracted and cannot stay "on task."   
 * the individual may experience temporary, partial paralysis.   
 the individual may experience hallucinations.   
    

70. Delirium disorders differ from dementia in that:    
 they do not involve problems with memory.   
 * they result in behaviors that are more bizarre that those seen in dementia.   
 symptoms can develop quickly and are not always permanent.   
 they do not result from organic disorders.   
    

71. Disruptions in mental processes that are triggered by drugs, acute infection, or a sudden change in body temperature, but that go away when the triggering factor is corrected are:    
 * delirium disorders.   
 dementia disorders.   
 delirium tremens.   
 amnesia disorders.   
    

Delirium tremens are withdrawal symptoms experienced by individuals who have used high levels of ___________ for a long period of time.    
 barbiturates   
 narcotics   
 amphetamines   
 * alcohol   
    

73. Alcohol, narcotics and hallucinogens can all lead to:    
 * delirium disorders.   
 delirium tremens.   
 dementia disorders.   
 dementia psychosis.   
    

74. ___________ disorders involve disruptions in thought or attention that develop rapidly, but do not result in any long-term effects.    
 * Delirium   
 Dementia   
 Amnesia   
 Infarct   
    

75. Ferris celebrated his twenty-first birthday by taking a few caffeine tablets, then drinking a fair amount of beer and tequila. He was found around three the next morning wandering semi-naked on a local golf course and babbling about the poor condition of the greens--it was January in Cleveland. Ferris was suffering from:    
 alcohol induced dementia.   
 * alcohol related delirium.   
 amphetamine psychosis.   
 delirium tremens.   
    

76. Which of the following is not potentially a causal factor related to delirium disorders?    
 nicotine   
 encephalitis   
 dehydration   
 * strokes    
    

77. It is estimated that 1 out of every _____ Americans suffers from mental retardation to some extent.    
 15   
 * 6   
 20   
 100   
    

78. Although it is difficult to measure IQ exactly, in general, a score of ______ or below on a standardized IQ test is used as one measure of mental retardation.    
 * 70   
 65   
 85   
 60   
    

79. An individual who functioned fairly normally until the age of nineteen, but who thereafter began demonstrating a relatively serious, steady decline in cognitive and social abilities, would be diagnosed as suffering from:    
 mental retardation.   
 savant syndrome.   
 * some form of dementia.   
 trisomy.   
    

80. To be diagnosed as suffering from mental retardation, an individual must demonstrate appropriate symptoms before the age of:    
 six.   
 ten.   
 twelve.   
 * eighteen.   
    

Nickie shows poor motor development, but has learned some basic communication skills. He lives at home with his parents and can perform simple tasks under close supervision. He would applied most likely be diagnosed as having:    
 * severe mental retardation.   
 moderate mental retardation.   
 profound mental retardation.   
 mild mental retardation.   
    

82. A child who is considered profoundly mentally retarded would:    
 achieve minimal self-support.   
 function fairly well in a moderately structured environment.   
 * display minimal capacity for sensorimotor functioning.   
 acquire limited, but effective communication skills.   
    

83. Individuals who have IQ scores between 35 and 50 and who are able to complete some vocational training and care for themselves with some supervision are considered:    
 mildly mentally retarded.   
 * moderately mentally retarded.   
 severely mentally retarded.   
 chronically mentally retarded.   
    

84. Individuals who have ____________ syndrome suffer from serious retardation in most areas, but exhibit normal verbal and social skills.    
 * William's   
 savant   
 Korsakoff's   
 Klinefelter's   
    

85. Individuals who are generally retarded, save for one extraordinary ability, have what is known as:    
 William's syndrome.   
 Klinefelter's syndrome.   
 Turner's syndrome.   
 * savant syndrome.   
    

86. Which of the following disorders associated with mental retardation can also occur in individuals of fairly normal intelligence?    
 * Savant syndrome   
 William's syndrome   
 Klinefelter's syndrome   
 Turner's syndrome   
    

87. Which of the following statements concerning IQ tests is correct?    
 * Traditional IQ tests are culturally biased and therefore not always accurate.   
 Cultural allowances are built into traditional IQ tests to increase their cross-cultural accuracy.   
 Most IQ tests are designed to measure real world as well as academic abilities.   
 IQ tests have been shown to be fairly accurate regardless of cultural background.   
    

88. One study cited in the text found that IQ scores were related to academic achievement for:    
 African-American and white students, but not Hispanic students.   
 white and Hispanic students but not African-American students.   
 * only white students.   
 Hispanic, white and African-American, but not Asian-American students.   
    

89. The first widely used IQ test was developed by ______________ and intended for the purpose of predicting how well students would do in school.    
 * Alfred Binet   
 David Weschsler   
 William James   
 Stanley Schachter   
    

IQ tests may be biased in that they reflect only the individual's current functional level of ability, due to the possibility that other factors, such as physical and emotional problems, may be influencing the results. This problem is addressed in DSM-IV by requiring:    
 the use of standardized tests for IQ assessments.   
 the individual to take the same standardized test more than once.   
 * the individual to take one or more individually administered general intelligence tests.   
 more than one clinician to interpret the results of any standardized IQ test.   
    

91. In DSM-IV, the diagnosis of mental retardation requires that an individual perform poorly on an intelligence test and:    
 perform poorly in school as well.   
 exhibit poor social skills.   
 * demonstrate an inability to function adequately.   
 be behind in achieving the normal developmental benchmarks.   
    

92. DSM-IV states that the assessment of IQ must be based on:    
 a written IQ test.   
 culture-fair intelligence tests.   
 * an individually administered intelligence test.   
 a benchmark assessment by parents and teachers as well as a standardized IQ test.   
    

93. Some theorists believe that mild retardation is due to undiscovered mental defects while others feel that some individuals who are diagnosed as mildly retarded are actually just:    
 * slow to develop.   
 emotionally retarded.   
 unfairly diagnosed.   
 poor at taking tests.   
    

94. If mental retardation is due to a developmental delay, treatment should focus on:    
 * correcting the problem.   
 compensating for the problem.   
 making allowances for the delay.   
 accepting the problem.   
    

95. Kendra is seven-years-old and has performed extremely poorly on an early childhood assessment test given to her first grade class. She has had no prior educational experience. Her mother is deceased and her father works most of the time, so has very little time for Kendra. Her poor score is probably a result of:    
 * developmental delays.   
 mild retardation.   
 moderate retardation.   
 a culturally biased test.   
    

96. The Head Start program was designed and instituted to:    
 * prevent or offset delays in development.   
 identify those individuals who are mildly retarded.   
 teach individuals who are mildly retarded to cope with their disability.   
 teach others how to understand and accept those who are mentally retarded.   
    

97. Teaching coping mechanisms designed to compensate for intellectual deficits would be a strategy best implemented for someone who:    
 is developmentally delayed.   
 is culturally retarded.   
 lacks motivation or confidence.   
 * is mildly retarded.   
    

98. The causes of mild retardation appear to be due to:    
 undetected physiological defects.   
 * developmental delays or mental defects.   
 mental defects.   
 prenatal exposure to teratogens.   
    

Genetic factors account for about ___________ of the cases of mental retardation.    
 * 25%   
 35%   
 50%   
 75%   
    

A person who was born with an extra chromosome 21 would have:    
 Phenylketonuria.   
 Cretinism.   
 * Down syndrome.   
 Turner's syndrome.   
    

Which of the following women has the greatest chance of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?    
 Donna who is 25 years old and smokes.   
 Brenda who is 19 years old and drinks heavily.   
 Nancy who is 35 years old and has a healthy lifestyle.   
 * Gilda who is 45 years old and has three healthy children.    
    

Studies indicate that individuals with _______________ also develop Alzheimer's disease fairly early in life.    
 * Down syndrome   
 Turner's syndrome   
 Cretinism   
 Klinefelter's syndrome   
    

Trisomy 21, a chromosomal abnormality, is associated with:    
 Cretinism.   
 * Down syndrome.   
 Turner's syndrome.   
 Phenylketonuria.   
    

The presence of Down syndrome can be detected through:    
 * tests involving the amniotic fluid which can be done early in a pregnancy.   
 maternal blood tests which can be performed in the second trimester of a pregnancy.   
 paternal urine tests which can be performed any time prior to pregnancy.   
 DNA tests on both the mother and father at any time before the pregnancy.   
    

The risk of having a child born with Down syndrome first increases after the mother passes:    
 her mid-20's.   
 * her mid-30's   
 her mid-40's.   
 her mid-50's    
    

Individuals who are born with Down syndrome are usually ____________ as adults.    
 seriously retarded   
 institutionalized   
 * socially well adjusted   
 not retarded   
    

The emotional and motor symptoms seen in individuals who are born with ___________ are very similar to those seen in cases of autism.    
 Cretinism   
 Down syndrome   
 * Phenylketonuria   
 Turner's syndrome.   
    

Which of the following is true regarding phenylketonuria?    
 * It results from low levels of an enzyme that prevents the formation of phenylpyruvic acid.   
 It is an untreatable disorder which always results in severe retardation.   
 The formation of phenylpyruvic acid causes heart valve damage, anoxia and liver damage.   
 PKU is carried on a dominant gene and occurs in about 1 out of every 1000 live births.   
    

If diagnosed early enough, the effects of PKU can be either greatly reduced or eliminated by:    
 putting the child on a low tryptophan diet.   
 * putting the child on a low phenylalanine diet.   
 eliminating all dairy products from the child's diet.   
 supplementing the child's diet with folic acid.   
    

Phenylalanine is found in almost all foods that contain:    
 glucose.   
 cholesterol.   
 * protein.   
 carbohydrates.   
    

Three days after the Thompson's baby girl was born, the doctors discovered she had excessive amounts of phenylpyruvic acid in her system. The baby's mother was immediately told to stop breast feeding as this would contribute to the infant's developing brain damage. What will the Thompson's have to do protect their baby's health?    
 * eliminate all protein from her diet   
 eliminate all carbohydrates from her diet   
 supplement her diet with folic acid   
 eliminate all cholesterol from her diet   
    

Children with PKU are born without the ability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This amino acid then forms phenylpyruvic acid which:    
 destroys the digestive system.   
 * destroys brain tissue.   
 destroys heart tissue.   
 severely weakens the pulmonary system.    
    

Marian had PKU as a child, but was successfully treated. If she decides to have a child of her own, she would:    
 * quite likely give birth to a brain-damaged child.   
 need to receive monthly injections to break down the phenylalanine in her system.   
 be unable to become pregnant, as the disorder causes sterility.   
 likely have no difficulties.   
    

Turner's syndrome is limited to:    
 * women.   
 men.   
 Caucasians.   
 Hispanics.    
    

Women who have Turner's syndrome are missing one X chromosome and they also tend to lack:    
 * secondary sexual characteristics.   
 primary sexual characteristics.   
 the ability to fight off infection.   
 a properly functioning thyroid gland.   
    

______________ syndrome is associated with a deficit in space-form perception and a lack of secondary sexual characteristics.    
 Klinefelter's   
 Down   
 Pick's   
 * Turner's   
    

Klinefelter's syndrome is limited to:    
 Hispanics.   
 Caucasians.   
 females.   
 * males.   
    

Individuals with _______________ syndrome are born with an extra number of X chromosomes.    
 Turner's   
 Down   
 * Klinefelter's   
 Pick's    
    

___________ is due to low levels of thyroxin resulting from an abnormally formed thyroid gland.    
 Turner's syndrome   
 * Cretinism   
 Down syndrome   
 Klinefelter's syndrome   
    

Which of the following is an effective way for a mother to prevent a child in the womb from developing cretinism?    
 * using iodized table salt   
 getting a sufficient amount of folic acid   
 getting a rhogam shot   
 getting sufficient amounts of iron   
    

There are several cognitive symptoms as well as physical abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome but not all are present in every case. Which ones occur depends upon:    
 the type of alcohol the mother uses.   
 * when during the pregnancy the mother uses alcohol.   
 whether or not the mother uses other drugs in combination with alcohol.   
 whether or not the mother receives adequate nutrition while drinking.   
    

Alcohol crosses the placental barrier and adversely affects fetal brain development by:    
 killing developing brain cells.   
 disrupting neural migration.   
 disrupting the production of neurotransmitters.   
 * all of the above.   
    

Which of the following statements concerning fetal alcohol syndrome is not correct?    
 Many individuals who suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome grow up to abuse alcohol as adults.   
 Persons with FAS often suffer from hyperactivity, attention deficits and mental retardation.   
 The appearance of a particular symptom of FAS is dependent upon the prenatal period in which alcohol was used.   
 * Drinking very small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy will likely not harm the fetus.   
    

Charla is three months pregnant with her second child. She is a big fan of Italian food and likes to have an occasional glass of red wine with her rigatoni. This is a habit she started when she was pregnant with her first child, Josh, who is now a healthy three-year-old. Charla is:    
 compounding the risk of her child developing Down syndrome.   
 doing nothing to harm the child in her womb as small, infrequent amounts of alcohol do not affect development.   
 * unnecessarily exposing her unborn child to the possibility of being born with FAS.   
 compounding the risk of her child developing Turner's syndrome.   
    

The likelihood of a child being born mentally retarded is greatest if an expectant mother contracts rubella during:    
 * the first month of her pregnancy.   
 the second month of her pregnancy.   
 the second trimester of her pregnancy.   
 the third trimester of her pregnancy.   
    

Not all children whose mothers contracted rubella while they were pregnant with them develop the same effects. This is because:    
 * the damage that occurs depends upon the developmental stage during which the disease is medium contracted.   
 some strains of German measles are more virulent than others.   
 of individual differences in maternal immune systems..   
 early detection can alleviate major symptoms.   
    

Mental retardation because of maternal exposure to rubella can be prevented by:    
 early detection of the disease.   
 * vaccinations before pregnancy.   
 vaccinations during pregnancy.   
 adjusting maternal diet to be high in folic acid.   
    

Lead poisoning can cause mental retardation in a child:    
 only if the lead is ingested and absorbed through the digestive tract.   
 only if the child is exposed while in the womb.   
 * if an expectant mother is exposed to high levels of lead in the air.   
 but the effects are minimal and can be reversed with time.   
    

One study cited in the text indicated that the IQ's of children whose mothers were exposed to lead while pregnant with them were:    
 * negatively correlated to maternal lead exposure.   
 positively correlated to maternal lead exposure.   
 not related to maternal lead exposure.   
 dependent upon socioeconomic factors as well as exposure.   
    

Compared with severe forms of mental retardation, moderate retardation is:    
 more likely to be found in equal proportions in all levels of society.   
 more likely to be caused by physiological problems.   
 more likely to be found in the upper socioeconomic levels of society.   
 * more likely to be found in the lower socioeconomic levels of society.   
    

Moderate levels of mental retardation are more likely to be found in the lower social classes and in most cases are thought to be caused by:    
 exposure to toxins in the environment.   
 genetic factors.   
 * social and psychological factors.   
 physiological trauma.   
    

The learning and use of nonstandard English among English speaking minority groups:    
 has the effect of lowering IQ scores.   
 has the effect of reducing intellectual potential.   
 makes effective communication outside the group difficult.   
 * all of the above.   
    

In general, the poor language habits and limited social environments sometimes found in the lower socioeconomic classes have the effect of:    
 * hindering a child's problem-solving abilities.   
 causing mental retardation.   
 increasing a child's motivation to better their situation.   
 all of the above.   
    

Compared to their upper and middle-class counterparts, lower-class children often:    
 learn a greater variety of communication skills.   
 have more opportunities for self-exploration.   
 * learn very restricted language patterns.   
 are more motivated to succeed academically.   
    

Perrin comes from a lower-class home. Compared with middle-class children, Perrin is more likely to:    
 see himself as being in control of his situation.   
 be afforded more opportunity for unguided exploration and have a greater curiosity about life.   
 have a wider variety of effective communication skills.   
 * have authoritarian parents who do not foster an environment for intellectual development.   
    

Compared to middle-class individuals, lower-class individuals often:    
 * receive poorer prenatal and postnatal care, which can lead to mental retardation.   
 receive more attention for academic achievement.   
 have parents who have more time and interest in communicating with them.   
 are more likely to perceive themselves in control of their environment.    
    

The two factors most involved in the deinstitutionalization of mentally retarded persons are:    
 ethnocentrism and normalization.   
 technology and economics.   
 * normalization and economics.   
 empathy and normalization.    
    

The idea behind normalization is that those who are mentally retarded:    
 do not have to be influenced by their intellectual limitations.   
 are actually developmentally delayed and can be "normalized" through exposure.   
 * can partially overcome their intellectual limitations by being exposed to normal situations.   
 are too much of a burden on the economy if they are housed in institutions.   
    

The physiological processing of information for storage into memory takes place primarily in the hippocampus.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

People have a habit of finishing Mike's sentences because Mike quite often has trouble finding the right word to fit whatever concept he is trying to relate. Mike suffers from apraxia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Retrograde amnesia is often directly related to the degeneration of the hippocampus.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Poor diet can lead to anterograde amnesia, particularly a diet that is lacking in vitamin B1.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Naomi is in the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease. She sometimes forgets what she started out do, and occasionally has trouble recognizing or recalling the name or function of a specific item, but she is still able to function fairly well. Naomi is experiencing secondary dementia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

While changing a light bulb, Marvin fell off a chair and banged his head against the sink. Consequently, he developed a concussion. He experienced some memory loss, but his doctor assured him this would not be progressive and he would likely recover most of his memory. Two weeks have passed. Marvin is having headaches, and has yet to recover his memory. He has a postconcusive disorder.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

An inability to store information in short-term memory long enough to use it is called cognitive abulia.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The age of a person at the time they develop Alzheimer's disease is a good indicator of whether or not their biological family members will also suffer from the disorder.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Increasing the availability of acetylcholine in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease has proven to be marginally successful in improving memory and delaying further deterioration.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A cerebral infarction is a temporary blockage of blood flow that stems from a piece of fatty material breaking loose from a vessel wall, resulting in a variety of minor symptoms.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The increasing loss of cognitive abilities due to repeated infarctions progressively destroying more and more of the brain, is called transcient ischemic dementia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

In some cases, stroke victims are able to regain entirely their lost functions due to the fact that other areas of the brain are able to compensate.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A person suffering from hyperthermia could possibly become delirious and exhibit disorganized thinking and incoherent speech, but these symptoms would not persist if their medical condition were treated.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Delirium disorders are most frequently caused by medical conditions with an ensuing high fever.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Our ability to be innovative and creative, which is termed our fluid intelligence, declines the least as we get older.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Individually administered general intelligence tests are more accurate for determining a person's intellectual ability than standardized written IQ tests.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Theorists who espouse the notion that mild retardation is due to delayed development believe that the intellectual development of some individuals is halted at an early age for reasons other than their physiology.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Men who are over the age of 50 are more likely to father children with Down syndrome.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Women who had PKU but were successfully treated as children are likely to give birth to brain-damaged children because they still have high levels of phenylalanine which can damage the fetus.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A woman who infrequently consumes a small quantity of alcohol with meals during her pregnancy is not risking her unborn child's health because the alcohol will be absorbed and diluted by the food she eats.    
 True   
 * False