Sexual behaviors which are considered illegal in many states are:    
 * not necessarily defined as abnormal in DSM-IV.   
 usually defined as abnormal in DSM-IV.   
 always defined as abnormal in DSM-IV.   
 never considered in DSM-IV.   
    

2. If a particular sexual behavior is defined in some capacity as being illegal,:    
 * it is not automatically considered abnormal.   
 it is automatically considered abnormal.   
 it is considered abnormal only if it is deviant.   
 it is rarely considered abnormal.   
    

3. In DSM-IV, homosexuality is:    
 considered a disorder only if it makes the individual anxious or uncomfortable.   
 * not listed as a disorder.   
 considered a disorder only if the individual would like to change their preference.   
 considered as one of the paraphilias.   
    

4. _______________ involve the absence or failure of the sexual response at some point during the sexual response cycle.    
 Paraphilias   
 Gender identity disorders   
 * Sexual dysfunctions   
 Sexual fetishes   
    

5. Stu is a good-looking, athletic, single man in his early twenties. The female employees at the advertising agency where he works all think he is quite attractive. Stu could have a date every night if he wanted, but he just is not interested. There are rumors at the office that he is gay, but he isn't. He just doesn't think much about sex. Stu likely has a(n) _____________ disorder.    
 arousal   
 gender identity   
 schizoid personality   
 * desire   
    

6. An individual who is diagnosed as having a desire disorder would:    
 lack the ability to become sexually aroused.   
 lack the ability to achieve an orgasm.   
 lack sexual interest in individuals of the opposite sex.   
 * lack sexual urges and interest in sex.    
    

7. A lack of interest in sex is termed:    
 sexual aversion disorder.   
 sexual arousal disorder.   
 hyperactive sexual desire disorder.   
 * hypoactive sexual desire disorder.   
    

8. Darla becomes physically ill at the thought of anyone touching her in an intimate way. She has been romantically involved only once in her life, and that didn't last long because she wouldn't let the guy get close to her. Darla probably has a(n):    
 * sexual aversion disorder.   
 hypoactive sexual desire disorder.   
 paraphilia.   
 sexual arousal disorder.   
    

9. Individuals who have desire disorders:    
 are usually content with their lack of a sex life.   
 are usually extremely concerned about their sexual deficit.   
 * vary in their responses and attitudes pertaining to their disorder.   
 are often very concerned about how others view them.   
    

An individual who frequently developed headaches or other excuses when their partner attempted to become sexually intimate would most likely have a(n):    
 arousal disorder.   
 paraphilia.   
 * desire disorder.   
 orgasmic disorder.   
    

11. According to the psychological perspective, the frequent comment, "Not tonight, dear," in response to sexual overtures would be characteristic of an individual:    
 who simply has no interest in sex.   
 * who is attempting to manipulate or punish their partner.   
 who is hiding their latent homosexuality.   
 who is unhappy with their choice of partner.   
    

12. Psychological explanations for desire disorders include all of the following except:    
 a belief that sex is "dirty."   
 stress.   
 punishing one's partner.   
 * sexual identification with the wrong parent.   
    

13. Psychotherapy is a popular technique for treating desire disorders:    
 and has been proven effective in several clinical trials.   
 but has been proven effective only for sexual aversion disorder.   
 * but there is no consistent evidence that it is effective.   
 but seems to work only for underactive sexual desire.   
    

14. The physiological explanation for desire disorders is based on:    
 * hormonal imbalances.   
 insufficient neurological arousal.   
 insufficient blood flow.   
 amygdaloid dysfunction.   
    

15. The ______________ is the area of the brain which is responsible for sexual arousal in general.    
 pituitary gland   
 thalamus   
 * hypothalamus   
 amygdala   
    

16. ____________ is the hormone, released by the pituitary gland in response to sexual stimulation, that stimulates the male testes.    
 Testosterone   
 Progesterone   
 * Gonadotropin   
 Androgen   
    

17. In normally functioning males, sexual desire does not increase uncontrollably once the testes become stimulated to produce testosterone because:    
 the pituitary gland automatically secretes a finite amount of releasing hormone.   
 the testes automatically produce a finite amount of testosterone.   
 gonadotropins are produced in a finite amount which does not allow for overstimulation.   
 * testosterone triggers the hypothalamus to reduce the production of the releasing hormone.    
    

18. Which of the following is the correct sequence in which glands are stimulated and hormones released in the process of male sexual arousal?    
 testosterone, pituitary gland, releasing hormone, testes, gonadotropins   
 gonadotropins, pituitary gland, releasing hormone, testes, testosterone   
 releasing hormone, pituitary gland, progesterone, testes, testosterone   
 * releasing hormone, pituitary gland, gonadotropins, testes, testosterone   
    

In women, the gonadotropic hormones stimulate the ovaries to produce:    
 * progesterone.   
 androgen.   
 oxytocin.    
 testosterone.   
    

20. Research indicates that males with low levels of testosterone show _________ sexual desire in response to fantasy compared to their counterparts with normal levels of testosterone and ______ physical response to stimulation.    
 the same; little   
 lower; no   
 * lower; unimpaired   
 the same; greater   
    

21. Randolf has a low level of testosterone. Compared with males who have normal levels of testosterone, he will likely show:    
 lower sexual desire and a lesser degree of physical arousal.   
 the same sexual desire, but a limited ability to become physically aroused.   
 * lower sexual desire, but the same physical arousal levels when stimulated.   
 no sexual desire and no interest in becoming physically aroused.   
    

22. With increasing age, a man's testosterone levels decline. This means he will likely experience:    
 * lower sexual desire and arousal, but normal levels of satisfaction when stimulated.   
 lower sexual desire, arousal and enjoyment.   
 an almost complete loss of interest in sexual activity.   
 no changes in sexual interest or behavior as external sexual triggers will not have changed.   
    

23. Males with low levels of testosterone who were injected with testosterone showed levels of sexual arousal while fantasizing about sex that were:    
 far lower than that of males with normal levels of testosterone.   
 the same as pre-injection levels.   
 * similar to those of males with normal levels of testosterone.   
 slightly higher than pre-injection levels.   
    

24. Which of these statements concerning hormone levels and sexual arousal in women is correct?    
 There is no correlation between hormone levels and sexual desire.   
 * There is no consistent evidence to support a link between hormone levels and sexual desire.   
 A majority of evidence indicates an increase in sexual arousal around the time of menses.   
 A majority of evidence indicates an increase in sexual arousal around the time of ovulation.   
    

25. Several studies have clearly documented that _________ can decrease hormone levels in humans.    
 * psychological stress   
 temperature fluctuation   
 light fluctuation   
 seasonal changes   
    

26. Research indicates that psychological stress:    
 inadvertently leads to increased sexual arousal by triggering gonadotropin releasing hormone.   
 disconnects the negative feedback loop in the cycle of sexual arousal.   
 * decreases hormonal levels which then lowers levels of desire.   
 has little or no effect on the cycle of sexual arousal.   
    

If low levels of sexual arousal in a male are due to a physiological problem, then treatment likely:    
 * will involve testosterone replacement therapy.   
 will involve gonadotropin replacement therapy.   
 will be limited to counseling and learning coping mechanisms.   
 will not be successful on any level.   
    

28. Daryl is happy with his life except for one thing. He doesn't have much interest in sex and wonders if maybe there is something wrong. He is healthy, doesn't have any problems becoming physically aroused and isn't under any stress. He just has a hard time becoming interested. Which of the following treatments would likely benefit him the most?    
 * testosterone replacement therapy   
 psychotherapy   
 SSRI's   
 group therapy   
    

29. If low levels of sexual desire in a male are due to the effects of stress, then the treatment should:    
 * be directed at stress reduction.   
 involve testosterone replacement therapy.   
 involve psychotherapy.   
 involve exposure to erotic material.   
    

30. Alex is overworked but physically healthy. He is undergoing therapy because he is concerned about his lack of interest in sexual activity. His low sexual arousal levels are probably related to:    
 low testosterone levels.   
 * psychological stress.   
 social factors.   
 gender identity issues.   
    

31. Carl is taking graduate examinations the entire week. His wife, Marlis, is due to ovulate and wants to try making a baby on Wednesday and Thursday. Carl will likely:    
 show normal interest in her proposition.   
 * be less interested than he usually is in this type of opportunity.   
 show no interest in her proposition at all.   
 be more interested than usual because of his already high physiological arousal.    
    

32. An individual with a sexual arousal disorder:    
 * is interested in sex, but cannot achieve or maintain arousal.   
 has little interest in sex and does not become aroused when stimulated.   
 has little interest in sex, but can become aroused if stimulated.   
 has no interest in sex, and is not capable of any type of arousal.   
    

33. The text presented the case study of a 34-year-old male who wanted to have sex with women but had a difficult time getting an erection. He would be considered to have a(n):    
 orgasm disorder.   
 paraphilia.   
 desire disorder.   
 * arousal disorder.    
    

34. The technique used to determine whether a male is physically capable of sexual arousal involves the measurement of:    
 * nocturnal penile tumescence.   
 erectile tissue constriction.   
 gonadotropins.   
 testosterone.   
    

35. In physiologically normal males, nocturnal erections occur occasionally during periods of REM sleep. This is due to:    
 the content of the dreams.   
 cyclical hormonal fluctuations.   
 * a related increase in neurological arousal.   
 sexual frustration.   
    

_____________ is considered to be the major cause of psychological arousal disorders.    
 Depression   
 * Anxiety   
 Hostility   
 Repression   
    

37. The psychological explanation proposes that the cognitive component of anxiety, as it relates to sexual dysfunction, is thoughts about ___________ and these lead to ____________ which can in turn lead to a reduction of sexual arousal.    
 morality; guilt   
 rejection; fear   
 * failure; distraction   
 parents; self-loathing    
    

38. The distracting thoughts most common among individuals with arousal disorders involve concerns about:    
 low self-esteem.   
 interpersonal attraction.   
 * sexual performance and failure.   
 commitment.   
    

39. Treatment for psychologically based arousal disorders includes:    
 muscle relaxation training.   
 rational emotive therapy.   
 * reducing distractions by focusing on the positive aspects of sex.   
 exploring the patient's childhood to locate the source of conflict.   
    

40. Blaine is physically capable of arousal, but has difficulty maintaining his arousal. He is currently receiving psychological counseling to treat his problem. His therapist is likely:    
 domineering, overwhelming and attempting to shame Blaine into performing.   
 delving into Blaine's past in an attempt to locate the source of conflict.   
 trying to help Blaine understand that despite his failure, he is still a good person.   
 * trying to help Blaine focus on the positive aspects of sex and thus reduce his anxieties.   
    

41. The physiological component of sexual arousal/excitement is due to the activity of the:    
 * parasympathetic branch of the autonomic division of the nervous system.   
 sympathetic branch of the autonomic division of the nervous system.   
 somatic division of the peripheral nervous system.   
 somatic and autonomic divisions of the peripheral nervous system.    
    

42. In women, the ___________ area is the most sensitive to sexual stimulation.    
 breast   
 vaginal   
 uterine   
 * clitoral   
    

43. Sexual arousal can be reduced by all of the following except:    
 * increased activity in the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system.   
 increased activity in the sympathetic branch of the nervous system.   
 blockage of arteries.   
 neurological damage.   
    

44. Marvin is 52-years-old and has difficulty developing an erection. He tried several different methods of stimulation, even spent some time in the less inhibited sections of town, but nothing helped. Finally, out of desperation, he went to a doctor who informed him he has atherosclerosis. What type of treatment will the doctor likely recommend?    
 * Viagra   
 Penicillin   
 Beta Blockers   
 Valium   
    

Anxiety increases the activity of the _____________ branch of the nervous system and this can lead to reduced activity of the ______________ branch which triggers sexual arousal.    
 * sympathetic; parasympathetic   
 parasympathetic, sympathetic   
 somatic; autonomic   
 peripheral; central   
    

46. The text reported a study of employed and unemployed men who were or were not under acute stress. During an erotic film, the men most likely to show the lowest level of arousal were the:    
 * unemployed men under acute stress.   
 unemployed men, regardless of whether or not they were under acute stress.   
 men under acute stress, regardless of their employment status.   
 employed men who were not under acute stress.    
    

47. The term, primary orgasmic disorder, in women refers to the fact that:    
 * the woman has never experienced an orgasm through any means.   
 the woman can experience an orgasm, but not via the primary means of intercourse.   
 the woman has never attempted to facilitate an orgasm by any means.   
 the woman has a fear of orgasm and therefore has never experienced one.   
    

48. Jane has, on many occasions, been able to bring herself to orgasm. On many other occasions she has had to fake having an orgasm with her husband, Thomas, as she has never been able to have a real one with him. Jane's dilemma is an example of:    
 primary orgasmic disorder.   
 * secondary orgasmic disorder.   
 frigidity.   
 suppression of desire.   
    

49. Traditionally, orgasm disorders in women have been explained in terms of:    
 physiological flaws.   
 * anxieties and unconscious conflicts.   
 ignorance on their partner's behalf.   
 social taboos.   
    

50. Orgasmic disorders in women are now largely thought to be due to:    
 * a lack of knowledge pertaining to female anatomy.   
 fear of pregnancy.   
 premature ejaculation.   
 a lack of enervation.   
    

51. Many orgasm disorders in women are due to the fact that women:    
 cannot be stimulated as much as men.   
 * or their partners do not know what to do to achieve maximal stimulation.   
 usually reach orgasm sooner than men.   
 have a physiological problem which prevents orgasm.   
    

52. In women, the _________ plays a more important role in sexual stimulation than the ________.    
 G spot; clitoris   
 vagina; clitoris   
 * clitoris; vagina   
 G spot; vagina   
    

53. _________ has proven to be a very effective method for overcoming female orgasmic disorders.    
 Contraception   
 Stress reduction   
 * Education   
 Surgery   
    

Which of the following ideas concerning orgasmic disorders in women currently receives the greatest acceptance?    
 * Most women are more likely to achieve orgasm during intercourse if adequate clitoral stimulation is achieved.   
 Most women are more likely to achieve orgasm during intercourse if the G spot is stimulated.   
 Most women are more likely to achieve orgasm during intercourse if they are in a position on top of their partners.   
 Most women are more likely to achieve orgasm during intercourse if there is commitment in the relationship.   
    

55. Marge is in an educational counseling program to treat her primary orgasm disorder. All of the following are likely to be included in this program except:    
 having her learn to achieve orgasm through masturbation.   
 having her guide her partner so they will learn how she likes to be stimulated.   
 * emphasizing that her partner should please her without her active participation or control.   
 having her visually and manually explore her body.   
    

56. ____________ is the most frequent orgasm disorder in males.    
 Erectile dysfunction   
 Secondary orgasmic disorder.   
 Ejaculation pain   
 * Premature ejaculation.   
    

57. Bobby suffers from an orgasmic disorder that has traumatized him so badly he has decided to stop dating. He has never actually been able to consummate a relationship with a woman, but several times has been close. He most likely suffers from:    
 erectile dysfunction.   
 secondary orgasmic disorder.   
 anxiety and guilt over sex.   
 * premature ejaculation.   
    

58. Premature ejaculation is a disorder that occurs in almost _______ of males.    
 * 40%   
 60%   
 20%   
 10%   
    

59. All of the following have been offered as explanations to account for premature ejaculation with the exception of:    
 hypersensitivity of the penis.   
 high levels of anxiety.   
 * excessive masturbation.   
 abstinence from sexual activity.   
    

60. The most common orgasmic disorder in males is premature ejaculation. Research into this disorder has:    
 pointed toward hypersensitivity of the penis as the main probable cause.   
 indicated that high levels of physiological arousal are responsible for its occurrence.   
 indicated that those who suffer from it are unable to perceive arousal accurately.   
 * not yet yielded a confirmed explanation for its occurrence.   
    

61. Premature ejaculation can be effectively treated by using:    
 * the start-stop technique.   
 a prophylactic.   
 the exposure method.   
 neuroleptics.   
    

The drugs _____________ may prolong ejaculation time and thus be effective in helping individuals who suffer from premature ejaculation.    
 Darvon and Demerol   
 Xanax and Valium   
 * Zoloft and Prozac   
 Lithium and Welbutrin   
    

63. An individual who suffers from premature ejaculation and who is engaging in a type of manual treatment measure would likely be using the:    
 * start-stop or start-squeeze technique.   
 exposure-response or stimulus-overload technique.   
 Prozac or Zoloft approach.   
 all of the above.   
    

64. Antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin have proven to be effective for treating:    
 * premature ejaculation.   
 primary orgasmic disorder.   
 secondary orgasmic disorder.   
 arousal disorder.   
    

65. Individuals affected by premature ejaculation may be helped by:    
 * antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin.   
 increasing their vitamin consumption.   
 abstaining from sexual activity for long periods.   
 increasing the frequency of their sexual activity.   
    

66. In general, individuals who receive sexual gratification by other than normal means are said to have:    
 desire disorder.   
 arousal disorders.   
 sexual dysfunction.   
 * paraphilias.   
    

67. Disorders called paraphilias are centered around:    
 excessive sexual arousal.   
 a lack of sexual arousal.   
 indiscriminate sexual arousal.   
 * abnormal means of gaining sexual arousal.   
    

68. An individual is diagnosed as having a paraphilia if:    
 * their unusual sexual behavior results in significant impairment of other aspects of their life.   
 they engage in abnormal sexual behaviors.   
 much of their time is involved in planning or acting out their sexual fantasies.   
 they are perfectly normal in all aspects of their life with the exception of sexual behavior.   
    

69. Individuals who engage in exhibitionism are:    
 * not interested in physical contact.   
 usually loners who fear normal social contact.   
 often suffer from other abnormal behaviors as well.   
 generally dangerous as they often want nonconsenting physical contact.   
    

70. The printing business manager whose exhibitionistic behavior was described in the text engaged in his public exposures:    
 spontaneously.   
 * only after several days of planning.   
 only after several days of stalking a particular victim.   
 because he was unable to find sexual release by any other means.   
    

The printing business manager described in the text as an exhibitionist, experienced a great deal of excitement:    
 * while running away after having exposed himself.   
 during the days he spent stalking his intended victim.   
 if he was caught after exposing himself.   
 when his wife found out about his paraphilia.   
    

72. ___________ involves exposing the genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.    
 Frotteurism   
 * Exhibitionism   
 Voyeurism   
 Fetishism   
    

73. The paraphilia which involves the use of nonliving objects to achieve sexual arousal is:    
 * fetishism.   
 necrophilia.   
 frotteurism.   
 voyeurism.   
    

74. A heterosexual male who gets sexual pleasure from cross-dressing would be diagnosed as having:    
 gender identity disorder.   
 frotteurism.   
 transsexual fetishism.   
 * transvestic fetishism.   
    

75. Arnold is a content homosexual who works as a female impersonator in a club downtown. He describes his job as, "just a paycheck, just a way to keep a girl in panty hose." He would likely be diagnosed as having:    
 transvestic fetishism.   
 gender identity disorder.   
 exhibitionism.   
 * no disorder.    
    

76. A homosexual female who cross-dresses as a man would, according to the DSM-IV, receive:    
 a diagnosis of transvestic fetishism.   
 a diagnosis of transsexual fetishism.   
 * no diagnosis.   
 a diagnosis of sadism.   
    

77. Which of the following individuals would receive a diagnosis of transvestic fetishism?    
 * A heterosexual male who is married and gets extremely aroused wearing his wife's clothing.   
 A female impersonator who receives a paycheck, but no sexual gratification from his work.   
 A young man who dresses like a woman because he feels he should have been born female.   
 A female who dresses like a man because she gets a feeling of power from men's clothing.   
    

78. Marvin rides the subway to work and often takes advantage of the crowded situation by unobtrusively thrusting and pushing his genitals against unsuspecting females. He has the disorder known as:    
 * frotteurism.   
 fetishism.   
 exhibitionism.   
 sexual sadism.   
    

79. _________ is a disorder which involves rubbing against or touching a nonconsenting individual.    
 Fettishism   
 Exhibitionism   
 * Frotteurism   
 Pedophilia   
    

Evidence indicates that the typical child molester is generally:    
 * an otherwise respectable, law-abiding person.   
 a marginal character on the outskirts of society.   
 someone who exhibits several other criminal behaviors as well.   
 someone from the lower socioeconomic classes.   
    

81. Pedophilia refers to:    
 foot fetishes.   
 fear of adult sexual contact.   
 sexual attraction to pregnant women.   
 * sexual attraction to children.   
    

82. In most cases of child molestation, the victim is assaulted by a:    
 complete stranger.   
 female friend or relative.   
 * male friend or relative.   
 teacher or daycare worker.   
    

83. The child's _____________ is likely the greatest reason pedophiles are able to engage in molestations and not be caught.    
 willingness   
 curiosity   
 * innocence   
 fear   
    

84. Most individuals who become pedophiles or child molesters begin this behavior when:    
 they are in late adulthood.   
 * they are teenagers.   
 they are in early adulthood.   
 they themselves are children.   
    

85. ______________ involves deriving sexual pleasure from suffering or being abused.    
 Sexual fetishism   
 Sexual voyeurism   
 Sexual sadism   
 * Sexual masochism   
    

86. A person who enjoys being humiliated during sexual intercourse and who cannot become aroused without the humiliation would be diagnosed as having:    
 sexual frotteurism.   
 sexual exhibitionism.   
 sexual sadism.   
 * sexual masochism.   
    

87. Individuals who receive sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain on others are called:    
 frotters.   
 masochists.   
 * sadists.   
 voyeurs.   
    

88. Loomis has a small room in his basement which contains several instruments that he uses while playing games with his consenting sexual partners. Some of these items are designed to give pleasure, but most are used to inflict pain. Loomis obtains a great deal of satisfaction from inflicting pain on others. He would be diagnosed as:    
 * a sexual sadist.   
 a sexual masochist.   
 a sexual fetishist.   
 normal, as his partners are all consenting.   
    

89. The disorder known as voyeurism involves gaining sexual pleasure from:    
 touching others in a sexual way without their consent.   
 disrobing in front of others.   
 engaging in intercourse while others watch.   
 * watching others disrobe or engage in intercourse.   
    

Which of the following statements concerning voyeurism is correct?    
 Voyeurs watch others disrobe in the hope that this will lead to mutual sexual activity.   
 Most individuals who watch others engage in sexual activities suffer from a clinical disorder.   
 Most voyeurs are unable to gain sexual satisfaction through any other means.   
 * Voyeurism can be a healthy component of a normal sex life.   
    

91. Some individuals attempt to increase sexual arousal by depriving themselves of oxygen for a brief period of time, a practice known as _____________, which can sometimes result in death.    
 homoerotic asphyxiation   
 masochistic asphyxiation   
 * autoerotic asphyxiation   
 sadistic asphyxiation.   
    

92. The psychodynamic explanation for sexual sadism is based on Freud's idea that:    
 * arousal from sex and aggression is interchangeable.   
 there is no sexual arousal, only aggression held in check by social propriety.   
 fear of castration is a dominant force in the subconscious.   
 repressed memories of childhood trauma surface as a need to abuse others.   
    

93. The traditional psychodynamic explanations for exhibitionism and transvestitism is that they are attempts to deny the possibility of:    
 death.   
 homosexuality.   
 rejection.   
 * castration.   
    

94. Learning theorists suggest that paraphilias develop through:    
 * classical conditioning.   
 operant conditioning.   
 observational learning.   
 vicarious conditioning.   
    

95. In one series of experiments, males were repeatedly shown a slide of a pair of women's boots: followed by a slide of a nude woman. As a result all the men developed:    
 an operantly conditioned transvestic fetish.   
 a classically conditioned transvestic fetish.   
 a vicariously conditioned boot fetish.   
 * a classically conditioned boot fetish.   
    

96. ____________ occurs when an experience which generally inspires a typical arousal response is relabeled and causes an atypical emotional response.    
 Generalized arousal   
 Atypical arousal   
 Arousal aversion   
 * Arousal transference   
    

97. The concept of arousal transference can be used to explain the development of:    
 * paraphilias.   
 desire disorders.   
 arousal disorders.   
 gender identity disorders.   
    

98. Emotional responses, such as fear, anger, anxiety and sexual interest, all:    
 are manifested through distinctly different types of physiological arousal.   
 * result in similar patterns of physiological arousal.   
 are expressed by various types of physiological arousal that are circumstance dependent.   
 none of the above.   
    

Several experiments have shown that the physiological arousal generated by exercise or fear:    
 usually results in a significant decrease in sexual arousal.   
 can be transferred to sexual arousal, but only in males.   
 takes precedence over and eliminates all sexual arousal.   
 * can easily be transferred and become sexual arousal.   
    

The learning explanation for paraphilia led to a treatment strategy known as:    
 replacement therapy.   
 * aversion therapy.   
 systematic desensitization.   
 arousal therapy.   
    

_____________ therapy involves pairing anxiety with the paraphiliac object or activity.    
 Transference   
 Arousal   
 * Aversion   
 Replacement   
    

In aversion therapy for sexual disorders, the therapist attempts to help the client to develop:    
 * a classically conditioned phobia.   
 an appropriate sexual response.   
 a recognition and understanding of their disorder.   
 generalized anxiety.   
    

A major problem with aversive therapy in the treatment of paraphilias is that:    
 spontaneous recovery cannot be decreased significantly.   
 there is no evidence that paraphilias are classically conditioned.   
 * the conditioned anxiety may not generalize beyond the clinical setting.   
 sexual arousal to all sexual stimuli is decreased as a result.    
    

It has been suggested that some paraphilias may become classically conditioned substitutes for an appropriate sexual partner:    
 * through the process of generalization.   
 because the individual with the paraphilia does not understand what is appropriate.   
 because the individual with the paraphilia has been subtly rewarded by society.   
 through the process of punishment.   
    

When the paraphilia is perceived as a substitute for the desired sexual partner, treatment is likely to include:    
 rational emotive therapy.   
 unconditional positive regard.   
 * social skills training.   
 punishment.   
    

It is believed that some individuals develop paraphilias as a substitute for appropriate sexual partners because they are socially inhibited. In these cases _____________ is used to reduce the anxiety associated with interacting with others.    
 Valium   
 rational emotive therapy   
 punishment   
 * systematic desensitization   
    

One popular physiological explanation for paraphilias suggests that these disorders result from excessively:    
 * high testosterone levels.   
 low testosterone levels.   
 low serotonin levels.   
 high norepinephrine levels.   
    

When levels of sex-related hormones were compared in men with and without transvestic fetishes, it was found that:    
 * there were no differences in hormonal levels between the two groups.   
 a majority of the men with a transvestic fetish had higher levels of testosterone.   
 all the men who did not have a transvestic fetish had higher levels of testosterone.   
 the men who did not have a transvestic fetish had higher levels of all sex-related hormones.    
    

Which of the following statements concerning castration as a treatment for sex offenders is true?    
 Castration completely eliminates a male's ability to become aroused.   
 In most cases, castration eliminates almost all interest in the act of sex and thoughts of a sexual nature.   
 * Castration reduces sexual desire, but does not eliminate all sexual behavior.   
 Castration has been shown to be an ineffective means for reducing sexual desire.   
    

When taken as a whole, the main effect of castration may not be to eliminate all sexual behaviors, but instead it may serve to:    
 * reduce the sexual desires which trigger unsuitable sexual behaviors.   
 trigger severe anxiety whenever thoughts of a sexual nature surface.   
 feminize males and make them less likely to harm someone.   
 trigger the production of antiandrogens which in turn eliminate sexual desire.   
    

Depo-Provera is a(n) ______________ that reduces the sex drive in males by diminishing testosterone levels.    
 * antiandrogen   
 antigen   
 antibody   
 antioxident   
    

The medications used to reduce sex drive in males are known as:    
 androgens.   
 antigens.   
 antioxidents.   
 * antiandrogens.   
    

In males, Depo-Provera:    
 eliminates the sex drive by eliminating the release of testosterone.   
 has a feminizing effect because it reduces the male sex hormones.   
 initiates a negative-feedback loop by which androgens stop production of pituitary hormones.   
 * curbs the sex drive by inhibiting the release of sex-related hormones from the pituitary gland.   
    

Antiandrogen drugs such as Depo-Provera are used to treat individuals who engage in inappropriate sexual activity. These chemicals seem to have the primary effect of:    
 reducing physiological arousal.   
 * reducing subjective desire.   
 eliminating the capability of physiological arousal.   
 eliminating interest in sex.   
    

The rate of recidivism following interventions for sexual offenses is:    
 * very high, thus indicating that therapy is not usually effective.   
 very low, thus indicating that therapy is usually effective.   
 unknown because most sexual offenses are not reported.   
 none of the above.   
    

The fact that some antidepressants are effective in decreasing some behaviors associated with paraphilias suggests these disorders may actually be a type of: .    
 manic episode.   
 depressive episode.   
 * compulsive disorder.   
 anxiety disorder.   
    

Current treatments for sex criminals are largely ineffective, a fact that has led to:    
 * longer jail sentences for sex offenders.   
 a dramatic increase in sex-related crimes.   
 a wide-spread educational campaign to help those who are potential sex-offenders.   
 the building of prisons specially designed to house sex-offenders.   
    

Sexual-predator laws are designed to deal with the problem of:    
 * recidivism.   
 abnormal sexual behavior.   
 inconsistencies in interstate sex-crime laws.   
 the lack of education for sex offenders.   
    

Marcus has been convicted of rape and has served his complete sentence. He was given treatment while in prison, but the authorities believe that it is likely that he will commit another sexual offense in the future. Marcus:    
 * may be confined indefinitely if the state has a sexual-predator law.   
 must be released as a person cannot be confined because of potential future crime.   
 must be released but will be required to participate in daily therapy sessions.   
 will be let out of prison on a work-release pass only and will return to jail each night.   
    

A person's objective knowledge of whether they are male or female based upon their genitalia is termed:    
 psychological gender identity.   
 * physiological gender identity.   
 cultural gender identity.   
 primary sexual identity.   
    

Psychological gender identity refers to an individual's:    
 heterosexuality or homosexuality.   
 objective cultural interpretation of their gender.   
 subjective awareness of their physiological sexual characteristics.   
 * subjective feeling of being either male or female    
    

An individual who was diagnosed as suffering from gender identity disorder would be experiencing:    
 * dissonance between their subjective gender identity and their physical sex.   
 an uncomfortable attraction to members of the same sex.   
 confusion about their sexual orientation.   
 a desire to dress in clothing of the opposite gender as a means of sexual gratification.   
    

Jake has always felt uncomfortable with his body. As a small boy he preferred to play with girls and avoid the more physical play of the boys. Later, when he was older, he was more upset about not having a first menstrual cycle than most girls are at having one. Jake's experiences are indicative of:    
 sexual dimorphism.   
 homosexuality.   
 * gender identity disorder.   
 transvestic identity disorder.   
    

The feeling of being the wrong physical sex that is experienced by persons with gender identity disorder is probably best described as a:    
 * sexual imperative.   
 sexual preference.   
 mental disorder.   
 dysmorphic disorder.   
    

Karen dresses in men's clothing because she feels more comfortable in these clothes. She is dissatisfied with the feminine role that she is expected to play, and prefers instead to stretch the gender stereotypes by acting a more masculine part. Karen is also happily married and has two children. Karen would likely be diagnosed as having:    
 * no disorder.   
 transsexualism.   
 gender identity disorder.   
 transvestic fetishism.    
    

Research indicates that individuals with gender identity disorder:    
 can probably control their cross-sex identification.   
 choose to identify with the opposite sex.   
 are apparently confused and eventually will grow out of the disorder.   
 * are likely unable to avoid their cross-sex identification.   
    

Early learning theory that gender identity disorders are due in large part to parental fostering of cross-sex behaviors has been:    
 * largely unsubstantiated.   
 gaining acceptance through recent research.   
 modified to include societal influences as well.   
 shown to be the case in only a few instances.   
    

Individuals with gender identity disorders likely had parents who:    
 were themselves uncomfortable with their gender identity.   
 encouraged their cross-sex behaviors.   
 were highly androgynous.   
 * attempted to discourage their cross-sex behaviors.   
    

According to the physiological explanation for gender identity disorder, a man who is uncomfortable with his physical gender would have been exposed to:    
 teratogens during fetal development.   
 high levels of glucocorticosteroids during fetal development.   
 * high levels of estrogens during fetal development.   
 low levels of testosterone during fetal development.   
    

Studies focused on girls whose mothers had been given high levels of androgens while pregnant indicate that compared to other girls, those who had been exposed in utero to the androgens were:     
 more likely to prefer passive play.   
 * more likely to prefer rough play.   
 more likely to avoid boys.   
 more likely to be less athletic.   
    

In one research study, female monkeys were exposed to male hormones while in the womb. During their subsequent postnatal development, these monkeys:    
 were consistently on the bottom of their social hierarchy.   
 were consistently on the top of their social hierarchy.   
 were uncharacteristically passive and seemingly uninterested in any social activity.   
 * were uncharacteristically aggressive and behaved more like male monkeys.    
    

Research indicates that exposure to high levels of estrogens while in utero will have a _________ on males.    
 * feminizing   
 masculinizing   
 negligible   
 neutral    
    

Compared to male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, female-to-male surgery is:    
 more difficult physiologically and less effective psychologically.   
 less difficult physiologically and less effective psychologically.   
 * more difficult physiologically but more effective psychologically.   
 less difficult physiologically but more effective psychologically.    
    

____________ is a drastic solution to the problems experienced by those who have severe gender identity disorder.    
 * Sex reassignment surgery   
 Hormone replacement therapy   
 Transsexualism   
 Cognitive restructuring   
    

Marilyn plans to undergo a female-to-male sex reassignment surgery. If she is typical of most such individuals, this surgery:    
 will be less psychologically effective than male-to-female sex reassignment surgery.   
 will result in no change in psychological adjustment.   
 * will result in improved psychological adjustment.   
 will result in a bad or tragic outcome.   
    

Desire disorders are associated with the excitement phase, which consists of subjective sexual pleasure and physiological changes.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Matty is twenty-three and has never had sex. She has taken anatomy and human sexuality classes and is familiar with the procedure involved, but has no desire to try it. The thought of letting anyone get that close makes her ill. Matty likely has a sexual aversion disorder.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Estrogen is the hormone in females that contributes to desire and is involved in the negative-feedback loop that reduces the hypothalamic production of releasing hormone.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Several studies have shown that low progesterone levels in women are positively correlated with low levels of sexual desire.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Low levels of testosterone in men have been show to be positively correlated with low levels of sexual desire.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

It is largely agreed that anxiety is the major psychological cause of arousal disorders.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A combination of education, self-stimulation and communication with their partners has proven to be extremely effective for treating primary orgasmic disorder in women.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Marvin's sex life is usually fairly pedestrian, but sometimes he fantasizes about wearing lace stockings, garter belts and high heels. Occasionally he and his wife role play during their liaisons and Marvin wears these items. He finds it incredibly arousing. Marvin would be diagnosed as having a transvestic fetish.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The diagnosis of transvestic fetishism is limited to heterosexual men and does not include women or homosexual men who cross-dress.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A majority of child molesters either do not know their victims or have only just met them prior to their assault on them.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

An individual who is a sexual masochist likes to inflict pain upon others during sexual intercourse.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Voyeurs do not seek sexual contact with the individual they are watching. The simple act of looking and fantasizing is what gives them sexual pleasure.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In general, a man and a woman who meet while jogging in the park are more likely to feel sexually attracted to one another than a man and a woman who meet in the grocery store.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Learning theorists proposed that paraphilias are operantly conditioned responses which are generalized from nonsexual situations involving extreme arousal or excitement. The physical manifestation of the emotional excitement is an erection and this serves as the reward.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Antiandrogens, sometimes referred to as chemical castration, are used in conjunction with physical castration to eliminate inappropriate sexual behaviors in those who have committed sex crimes.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Depo-Provera reduces the male sex drive by blocking the release of sex-related hormones. This inhibits and sometimes eliminates the capability for physiological sexual arousal.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A majority of individuals who have sexual identity disorder initially attempt to overcome or suppress their cross-sex identification.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

As a child, Paul was always less aggressive than the other boys. He preferred to play with dolls and ignored sports. In his late teens he began to realize he was physically attracted to other boys. He is now twenty-seven and acts in a small theater company composed entirely of men who dress and act like women on stage. He also has a long-standing relationship with one of the other cast members. Paul is an example of a well-adjusted person with a gender identity disorder.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A girl who was exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens will likely be more socially and physically aggressive than other girls who were not exposed to androgens.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In male-to-female sex change operations, it is possible to create a vagina-like opening so that the individual can have sexual intercourse and even experience orgasm.    
 * True   
 False