A(n) _____________ drug is any substance which alters an individual's mood, their awareness of the external environment, or awareness of their internal environment.    
 hallucinogenic   
 illicit   
 * psychoactive   
 narcotic   
    

2. A psychoactive drug is:    
 * any substance which changes mood or awareness.   
 any naturally occurring substance which alters mood.   
 any pharmaceutical product which alters perception.    
 any illegal substance which changes mood or perception.   
    

3. Which of the following statements pertaining to psychoactive drugs is true?    
 Using psychoactive drugs is morally wrong and should be condemned by society.   
 Psychoactive drugs are dangerous and their use should be carefully monitored.   
 Only substances which cause hallucinations are considered to be psychoactive.   
 * Caffeine, sugar, nicotine and aspirin are all psychoactive substances.   
    

4. The dose-dependent effect refers to the fact that:    
 some drugs need to build up in the system before they have an effect.   
 some drugs do not consistently produce the same effect at the same dosage.   
 there is variability among individuals pertaining to dosage requirements and effects.   
 * the amount of a drug taken can influence its effects.    
    

5. Small amounts of alcohol can cause a slight slurring of speech and greater quantities cause a loss of coordination and muscle control. This is indicative of:    
 the effects of tolerance.   
 * a dose-dependent effect.   
 the effects of dependence.   
 the variability of quality in the distillation process.   
    

6. The amount of a particular drug that is taken influences the _____________ of effects that drug will have.    
 * strength and type   
 variety and manner   
 number and quantity   
 type and amount   
    

7. ____________ refers to the fact that after repeated administrations of the same dosage of a drug, that dosage will have a weaker effect.    
 Dose dependence   
 Interaction   
 * Tolerance   
 Addiction   
    

8. John has a mild social phobia and has always drank a fair amount of alcohol to put himself at ease in public. He recently sought help for his condition and was put on benzodiazepines to control his anxiety. His doctor says the dose is correct for a person of John's height and weight, but John hasn't noticed any effect from the medication. This is likely because he has developed:    
 a dependence on alcohol.   
 a tolerance for alcohol.   
 * a cross-tolerance for depressants.   
 a dose-dependent tolerance.   
    

A person drinks alcohol over a long period of time, then later (when there is no alcohol in their system) takes Xanax. The effect of this antianxiety medication will be less than if they had never drank the alcohol. This is due to:    
 * a cross tolerance for depressants.   
 reduced levels of the neurotransmitter GABA.   
 a tolerance for alcohol.   
 an addiction to alcohol.   
    

10. Which of the following drugs would enhance the depressant effects of alcohol the most?    
 cocaine   
 * Xanax   
 Ritalin   
 mescaline   
    

11. Susan is taking Valium to treat anxiety. She also has a few drinks with friends after work on Friday evenings. It is likely that, relative to her friends, Susan will:    
 be less affected by the alcohol.   
 show a similar response to the alcohol.   
 not be affected at all by the alcohol.   
 * be more affected by the alcohol.   
    

12. With regard to how drug effects can differ, each of the following is true with the exception of:    
 persons who are inexperienced with the use of marijuana do not report many effects.   
 * the intellectual performance of introverts is improved with small amounts of caffeine.   
 the intellectual performance of extroverts is improved with small amounts of caffeine.   
 drug effects are in part influenced by the expectations of the individual.   
    

13. Research has shown that individual expectations pertaining to the effects a particular drug:    
 generally have no influence on behavior.   
 can influence behavior, but only if others are present to provide models.   
 * can influence behavior even in individuals who have been given a placebo.   
 can influence behavior, but only in individuals who are already intoxicated.   
    

14. Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are all examples of:    
 narcotics.   
 stimulants.   
 * depressants.   
 hallucinogens.   
    

15. Even though it is a depressant at lower levels, alcohol serves to get people "high" by:    
 inhibiting the areas in the brain responsible for arousal.   
 stimulating the areas in the brain responsible for arousal.   
 * activating the pleasure centers and depressing the inhibitory centers in the brain.   
 stimulating the endorphin system.   
    

16. At higher levels alcohol impairs vision, reduces coordination and it begins to:    
 overstimulate the sympathetic branch of the nervous system.   
 * impair cognitive functioning.   
 enhance sensitivity of the pleasure centers in the brain.   
 increase respiration and heart rate.   
    

17. Alcohol is produced by a process called:    
 distillation.   
 evaporation.   
 * fermentation.   
 carbonation.   
    

18. ___________ is the process in which alcohol is heated, vaporized and then condensed.    
 Fermentation   
 Carbonization   
 Pasteurization   
 * Distillation   
    

The ____________ process produces intoxicating beverages that have an alcohol content that is between ____________ .    
 fermentation; 40% and 50%   
 fermentation; 10% and 15%   
 distillation; 3% and 12%   
 * distillation; 40% and 50%   
    

20. Which of the following is the most effective method for reducing the amount of alcohol being absorbed into the bloodstream?    
 drinking quantities of black coffee   
 taking a cold shower   
 * eating while drinking   
 drinking different types of alcohol   
    

21. The yeast that converts sugar into alcohol dies when the level of alcohol reaches about:    
 30% to 35%   
 20% to 25%   
 15% to 20%   
 * 10% to 15%   
    

22. Drinking alcohol during a meal will slow the rate of absorption because the alcohol is then:    
 * diluted and delayed in being absorbed by the digestive system.   
 chemically altered by the food being broken down in the stomach.   
 partially bonded to the food being broken down and then is processed as waste.   
 prevented from being absorbed until all the food has been digested.   
    

23. Drinking alcohol stimulates the body to produce substances that destroy the alcohol. Because of this, consuming greater quantities of alcohol leads to:    
 delirium tremens.   
 * tolerance.   
 dependence.   
 withdrawal.   
    

24. Ben lost his wife and his job nine weeks ago and has been drunk everyday since, everyday that is until yesterday when he finally ran out of money. Today he is experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms. Without medical intervention, Ben:    
 * could die.   
 will need to find some type of stimulants to ease his symptoms.   
 will get over his withdrawal in approximately three days.   
 will develop Korsakoff's psychosis.   
    

25. The hallucinations and seizures experienced by those in severe alcohol withdrawal are called:    
 Korsakoff's psychosis.   
 * delirium tremens.   
 tardive dyskinesia.   
 dissociative neurosis.    
    

26. _____________ were the first type of tranquilizers developed.    
 Benzodiazepines   
 Narcotics   
 * Barbiturates   
 Narcoleptics   
    

27. Librium, Valium and Xanax are all classified as:    
 * benzodiazepines.   
 barbiturates.   
 narcotics.   
 neuroleptics.   
    

Approximately twenty minutes ago, Nancy took a dose of the barbiturates prescribed by her physician to help her relax. She should initially feel:    
 mildly relaxed as the drug is released from the fatty areas of her body.   
 extremely tired as the drug overwhelms her reticular activating system.   
 * giddy or euphoric as the drug quickly absorbs into her bloodstream and passes to her brain.   
 nauseous and slightly dizzy as the drug inhibits brain areas responsible for kinesthesia.    
    

29. At high doses barbiturates may cause:    
 * a cessation of respiration.   
 heart palpitations.   
 apnea.   
 kidney failure.   
    

30. Barbiturates are initially absorbed into the bloodstream from the digestive system and passed quickly to the brain, then:    
 stored in and released from glial cells in the brain.   
 * stored in and released from fatty areas in the body.   
 stored in and released from the liver and pancreas.   
 they rapidly break down and are eliminated from the system.   
    

31. Demerol and Darvon are both:    
 * synthetic opiates.   
 benzodiazepines.   
 stimulants.   
 barbiturates.   
    

32. Morphine, codeine and heroin are all derived from:    
 the hemp plant.   
 synthetic processing.   
 * the opium poppy.   
 cannabinol.   
    

33. Opium is a:    
 * narcotic.   
 depressant.   
 hallucinogen.   
 stimulant.   
    

34. In 19th century Britain, opium was:    
 used primarily by Chinese immigrants.   
 almost unknown.   
 used only by the medical profession.   
 * widely used, and even given to children.   
    

35. Two derivatives of opium that are commonly used as pain killers are:    
 heroin and methadone.   
 Demerol and morphine.   
 codeine and Phenobarbital.   
 * morphine and codeine.   
    

36. ___________ is a semisynthetic drug that is produced by adding chemical structures to the morphine molecule.    
 Codeine   
 Ecstacy   
 * Heroin   
 Darvon   
    

Barry was in an auto accident and had to be put on medication to ease the pain of his broken legs. Barry was a bit concerned when he found the drug he was taking is one of the active ingredients in opium. He is likely being given:    
 Darvon.   
 Demerol.   
 * morphine.   
 heroin.   
    

38. Heroin is more potent than morphine or opium because it:    
 is much more concentrated.   
 * gets to the brain much faster.   
 is injected directly into the bloodstream.   
 lasts longer.   
    

39. Heroin causes an initial, powerful rush of euphoria that is followed by 4 to 6 hours of pleasant well-being and relaxation, and then:    
 prolonged sleep.   
 extreme hunger.   
 normal functioning.   
 * uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.    
    

40. Opiates dull the senses by reducing neural transmission and specifically:    
 increasing endorphin production in the brain.   
 increasing enkephalin production in the brain.   
 * preventing pain-related nerve impulses from entering the spinal cord.   
 deadening the peripheral nerves by reducing stimulation from the central nervous system.   
    

41. Opiates are effective for treating all of the following symptoms, with the exception of:    
 diarrhea.   
 coughs.   
 * constipation.   
 pain.   
    

42. Withdrawal from prolonged opiate use usually lasts about:    
 1 day.   
 * 3 days.   
 1 week.   
 2 weeks.   
    

43. The prolonged use of opiates leads to serious withdrawal symptoms which include:    
 flashbacks, muscle cramps and paranoia.   
 delusions, headaches and insomnia.   
 * difficulty breathing, muscle cramps and diarrhea.   
 constipation, sweating and vomiting.   
    

44. Opiates, alcohol and barbiturates are similar in that they all:    
 are narcotics.   
 * can stop respiration when taken in high doses.   
 promote withdrawal symptoms that can potentially cause death.   
 exert their euphoric effects by acting on the serotonin system.   
    

45. All of the following are typical delivery methods for heroin with the exception of:    
 subcutaneous injection.   
 smoking.   
 snorting.   
 * eating.   
    

46. Individuals who inject heroin and share needles run the risk of contracting:    
 hepatitis C.   
 AIDS.   
 septicemia.   
 * all of the above.   
    

___________ increase arousal and induce states of euphoria generally referred to as "highs."    
 * Stimulants   
 Opiates   
 Narcotics   
 Hallucinogenics   
    

48. When taken orally, _____________ are absorbed slowly from the digestive system and are slow to produce an effect, but the euphoric high lasts between 3 and 6 hours.    
 barbiturates   
 opiates   
 benzodiazepines   
 * amphetamines   
    

49. Which of the following statements concerning the effects of amphetamines is correct?    
 When amphetamines are injected they always cause depression after the high, but not when taken orally.   
 * Whether injected or taken orally, the euphoria induced by amphetamines is always followed by depression.   
 Amphetamines reach the brain at the same speed whether injected or taken orally.   
 Inhaling amphetamines produces delayed, but longer effects.   
    

50. Sage has been "wired" on methamphetamine for the past twelve hours. It's now 4 a.m. and he's walking around the downtown area by himself. He is not yet ready to sleep, but he is also not very high anymore. It is quite likely that if he is not already, Sage will very soon become:    
 extremely nervous and agitated.   
 angry and aggressive.   
 * extremely depressed.   
 paranoid and schizophrenic.   
    

51. Amphetamine psychosis, which involves delusions like those seen in paranoid schizophrenia, results from the fact that amphetamines stimulate the production of the neurotransmitter:    
 * dopamine.   
 serotonin.   
 norepinephrine.   
 acetylcholine.   
    

52. Which of the following is not a potential effect brought about from taking high levels of amphetamines?    
 aggressive and erratic behavior   
 * parts of the brain shutting down, leading to a coma   
 paranoid schizophrenic type behaviors   
 extremely high blood pressure, potentially causing strokes   
    

53. Cocaine is a(n):    
 amphetamine.   
 narcotic.   
 synthetic analgesic.   
 * stimulant.   
    

54. Cocaine reaches the brain fastest and in the greatest concentrations by:    
 mainlining.   
 snorting.   
 * freebasing.   
 smoking.   
    

55. Cocaine increases the level of _____________ in the pleasure centers of the brain.    
 norepinephrine   
 serotonin   
 * dopamine   
 acetylcholine   
    

______________ could block the nerve impulses that stimulate the beating of the heart and cause heart failure.    
 Amphetamines   
 Barbiturates   
 * Cocaine   
 Heroin   
    

57. Sherry has just been dropped off at the ER at St. Luke's. The staff recognizes her; she's been in couple of times after drinking too much and eating Xanax. But tonight she's really strung-out. She is acting anxious, paranoid and delusional, almost as if she were suffering from schizophrenia, and they can't seem to calm her down. It is likely that Sherry has done too much:    
 * cocaine.   
 heroin.   
 opium.   
 Valium.   
    

58. Because of the extreme pleasure it produces, the use of cocaine can result in:    
 * a strong psychological dependence.   
 a strong physiological dependence.   
 a strong physiological and psychological dependence.   
 permanent deficits in the body's natural ability to produce pleasure.   
    

59. Caffeine improves performance on:    
 tasks requiring fine motor coordination.   
 * simple tasks such as driving.   
 complex intellectual tasks.   
 moderate intellectual tasks.   
    

60. Caffeine improves performance most for:    
 * tired individuals on simple, physical tasks.   
 tired individuals on complex, intellectual tasks.   
 rested individuals on simple, physical tasks.   
 introverted individuals.   
    

61. Drinking ______ cups of coffee can result in a toxic psychosis, with symptoms revolving around mania that can lead to violence.    
 * 20 or more   
 10 to 12   
 8 to 10   
 15   
    

62. Diane drinks four to six cups of coffee to "get going" every morning. On the day she is scheduled to take her final exam in an advanced calculus class, she drinks ten cups to be sure she will be alert. The extra coffee will probably:    
 enhance her performance on the test.   
 improve her recall and recognition.   
 enable her to write faster.   
 * detract from her performance on the test.    
    

63. Dr. Fell, usually a decaf man, unwittingly drinks 8 cups of regular coffee, which equals about 600 mg of caffeine. He likely will exhibit symptoms similar to those seen in a(n):    
 depressive disorder.   
 schizotypal disorder.   
 * anxiety disorder.   
 amphetamine psychosis.    
    

64. ____________ is a mild form of withdrawal from caffeine sometimes seen in individuals who drink coffee.    
 Dry mouth   
 * Morning irritability   
 Sweating   
 Insomnia   
    

Nicotine is classed as a ___________, even though at times it can act as a ______________.    
 stimulant; narcotic   
 depressant; narcotic   
 depressant; stimulant   
 * stimulant; depressant    
    

66. Absorption of nicotine from the mouth results in:    
 * less effect than absorption from the lungs.   
 more effect than absorption from the lungs.   
 less of a health threat than absorption from the lungs.   
 the same effect as absorption from the lungs.    
    

67. __________ is a common side effect of first time tobacco use due to its effects on the central nervous system.    
 * Nausea   
 Increased blood pressure   
 Increased heart rate   
 Constriction of blood vessels   
    

68. Which of the following is a result of nicotine's influence on the peripheral nervous system?    
 increased respiration   
 * increased heart rate   
 nausea   
 blurred vision   
    

69. Low levels of nicotine ____________ neural activity whereas high levels __________ the activity of various nervous systems.    
 block; stimulate   
 reduce; block   
 enhance; overstimulate   
 * stimulate; block   
    

70. Tina and Lynn are both 45 years old and long-time friends. Tina smokes and Lynn does not. Each woman is extremely concerned about the effects of aging. They use the same cosmetics and facial creams, but Tina is not satisfied with the results. Her face is older looking than Lynn's. She thinks the beauty products aren't right for her complexion, but in reality her face is more wrinkled because:    
 cigarette smoke is drying out her skin and causing it to wrinkle.   
 nicotine is reducing her estrogen levels and causing her to age faster.   
 * nicotine is constricting blood vessels in her skin which reduces blood supply.   
 she is subconsciously worried about smoking and developing worry lines because of it.   
    

71. The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal:    
 are similar to those manifested from heroin withdrawal.   
 do not result from any physiological addiction.   
 are exclusively physiological.   
 * can be psychological in nature, as well as physiological.   
    

72. As stated in the text, it has been reported by those who have used both, that giving up nicotine is:    
 * psychologically as difficult as giving up heroin.   
 physiologically as difficult as giving up heroin.   
 both physiologically and psychologically more difficult than giving up heroin.   
 a longer process than giving up heroin.   
    

73. The drug known as ecstacy, technically called MDMA, has been shown to:    
 cause no lasting damage.   
 cause permanent heart valve damage.   
 * cause depression, paranoia and memory loss.   
 reduce dopamine levels and cause problems in the basal ganglia.   
    

Hallucinogens are drugs that distort sensory experiences and cause hallucinations:    
 * even at low levels.   
 only at high dosages.   
 only after multiple exposures.   
 only at low levels.   
    

75. All of the following are classified as hallucinogenic drugs except:    
 hashish.   
 marijuana.   
 mescaline.   
 * opium.   
    

76. The dried resin from the top of the female hemp plant is known as:    
 marijuana.   
 cannabis.   
 opium.   
 * hashish.   
    

77. ___________ are probably the most common effects of using marijuana.    
 Visual hallucinations   
 * Mood swings   
 Memory distortions   
 Increased arousal levels   
    

78. Cheyenne recently ate several brownies laced with marijuana. She is most likely going to experience:    
 * mild euphoria.   
 anxiety and depression.   
 visual hallucinations.   
 enhanced creativity.    
    

79. Feelings of mild euphoria, laughter, enhanced perceptions, distractibility and a distorted sense of time best describes the experience of an individual who is under the influence of:    
 LSD.   
 opium.   
 * marijuana.   
 heroin.   
    

80. Novice users of ____________ often do not notice any changes in their perception as a result of using the drug for the first time.    
 mescaline   
 opium   
 psilocybin   
 * cannabis   
    

81. Cannabinoids are the active ingredients in hallucinogenic substances such as:    
 LSD and psilocybin.   
 mescaline and psilocybin.   
 hashish and opium.   
 * marijuana and hashish.   
    

82. Cannabis is similar to alcohol in that:    
 it is more efficiently absorbed through the lungs than the stomach.   
 in sufficient amounts it will shut down respiration.   
 * it diminishes perceptual abilities and physical coordination.   
 when ingested, it changes its chemical configuration in the brain.   
    

83. LSD:    
 comes from the hemp plant.   
 is found in mushrooms.   
 * is a synthetically produced drug.   
 has its origins in the aguave cactus.   
    

Jaun and Timothy have been hunting cactus in the desert and collecting small clusters off the plants. These clusters have an hallucinogenic effect and Jaun and Timothy intend to eat them later during a religious ceremony. The hallucinogenic substance in these cactus buds is:    
 LSD.   
 psilocybin.   
 * mescaline.   
 cannabinol.   
    

85. Studies indicate that the hallucinogenic drug _____________ can lead to schizophrenia.    
 * phencyclidine   
 psilocybin   
 LSD   
 mescaline   
    

86. The neurotransmitter serotonin is mimicked by the hallucinogen _________ and norepinephrine is structurally similar to ___________.    
 * psilocybin; mescaline   
 phencyclidine; psilocybin   
 mescaline; LSD   
 LSD; psilocybin   
    

87. Most hallucinogens have chemical structures that are similar to the neurotransmitters:    
 dopamine or acetylcholine.   
 * serotonin or norepinephrine.   
 GABA or acetylcholine.   
 dopamine or serotonin.   
    

88. Of the individuals who use LSD, 5% experience:    
 * flashbacks.   
 bad trips.   
 good trips.   
 schizophrenia.   
    

89. LSD poses a serious problem for the children born of individuals who use the drug in that:    
 they will likely emulate their parents and become drug users themselves.   
 * it can cause chromosomal damage.   
 drug users are less responsible parents.   
 it can cause schizophrenia.   
    

90. Which of the following statements concerning the major hallucinogens (LSD, marijuana, mescaline and psilocybin) is not correct?    
 * These drugs are stored in fatty areas of the body and can cause hallucinogenic experiences well after the initial use period is over.   
 Individuals who use these drugs may become psychologically dependent upon them.   
 These drugs distort sensory experiences by interfering with neural transmission.   
 With the exception of LSD, these drugs are all naturally occurring substances.   
    

91. Hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin can be harmful in that they:    
 * drastically alter a person's perception of reality, which can lead to life-threatening behaviors.   
 have been linked to schizophrenia.   
 have been linked to depression and suicide.   
 are considered to play a role in almost half the violent crimes in America.   
    

92. One of the active ingredients in cannabis enhances the activity of ___________ in nerve tracts that lead to the frontal lobes.    
 * dopamine   
 serotonin   
 GABA   
 acetylcholine   
    

In follow up studies on individuals who had recovered from schizophrenia, it was found that the use of cannabis:    
 has no negative effects other than those found in normal individuals.   
 * drastically increases relapse rates for heavy users.   
 decreases relapse rates among those who are mild users.   
 possibly increases relapse rates, but it is thought other factors might be involved.   
    

94. Chronic use of cannabis is thought to impair:    
 * the ability to organize information.   
 erectile function.   
 circadian rhythms.   
 immune system function.   
    

95. The technical term for the pleasure center in the brain is the:    
 limbic system.   
 * mesolimbic area.   
 cerebral peduncle.   
 cingulate gyrus.   
    

96. ___________ is the major neurotransmitter in the mesolimbic area of the brain.    
 * Dopamine   
 Serotonin   
 Norepinephrine   
 Acetylcholine   
    

97. Depressants such as alcohol and Xanax and stimulants such as methamphetamine and caffeine increase the availability of dopamine by:    
 blocking reuptake.   
 decreasing catabolism.   
 decreasing the sensitivity of postsynaptic dopanergic receptor sites.   
 * increasing the release of dopamine.   
    

98. Which of the following is a genetic factor that has been implicated as an explanation for the use of psychoactive drugs?    
 low levels of physiological arousal   
 structural abnormalities in the mesolimbic area   
 functional abnormalities in the amygdala   
 * high levels of physiological arousal    
    

99. Both of Raymond's parents suffer from alcoholism. Compared with sons of persons who do not suffer from alcoholism, Raymond will:    
 * show greater reductions in anxiety after drinking alcohol.   
 show increased paranoia after drinking alcohol.   
 likely have a lower level of neurological arousal.   
 have a higher tolerance for alcohol.   
    

Compared with sons of persons who do not suffer from alcoholism, sons of persons with alcoholism have ____ levels of neurological arousal and show ____ reductions in neurological arousal after drinking alcohol.    
 lower; fewer   
 higher; fewer   
 lower; greater   
 * higher; greater   
    

Marla smoked her last cigarette about twenty minutes ago and is driving to the store to buy a new carton. On the way she begins to feel edgy, irritable, slightly shaky and a tiny bit desperate. Marla is being driven to buy more cigarettes:    
 because she is genetically predisposed to want nicotine.   
 because prolonged use of nicotine has made her impulsive.   
 because she is psychologically addicted.   
 * by the physiological symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.   
    

Exposure to drugs is:    
 neither necessary nor sufficient to explain drug dependence.   
 * necessary but not sufficient to explain drug dependence.   
 sufficient but not necessary to explain drug dependence.   
 both necessary and sufficient to explain drug dependence.   
    

The very high rate of drug use and dependence among the soldiers serving in Vietnam was quite likely due in large part to:    
 * the high stress inherent in that situation.   
 the extreme availability of drugs.   
 the rebellious nature of the times.   
 the lack of alcohol.   
    

Which of the following factors has been cited in the text as a possible reason for drug use?    
 boredom   
 stress   
 withdrawal   
 * all of the above   
    

In an experiment in which laboratory animals were given free access to morphine, animals that were housed ________ in ________ cages consumed the most morphine.    
 * alone; small   
 in groups; small   
 in pairs; large   
 in groups; large   
    

Investigations to determine the relation between family characteristics and the subsequent development of alcoholism in children have revealed:    
 a causal relationship between alcoholism and dysfunctional families.   
 * a correlation between alcoholism and sexually deviant, antisocial or alcoholic parents.   
 a genetic relationship between alcoholism and dysfunctional families.   
 a causal relationship based on learning between alcoholism and dysfunctional families.   
    

Studies indicate that individuals who suffer from alcoholism were more likely to have had parents who were one or more of the following, with the exception of:    
 * schizophrenic.   
 alcoholic.   
 sexually deviant.   
 antisocial.   
    

In looking for components that would identify an "addictive personality," researchers found that drug abuse in adulthood was related to ________________ in childhood.    
 * antisocial behavior   
 slow maturation   
 introversion   
 extroversion   
    

Of the following, ____________ is the personality factor most consistently related to drug abuse.    
 paranoia   
 anxiety   
 mania   
 * depression   
    

The two personality factors most often associated with substance abuse are:    
 introversion and anxiety.   
 extroversion and antisocial behavior.   
 paranoia and anxiety.   
 * depression and antisocial behavior.   
    

Individuals who suffer from alcoholism and whose drinking is characterized by sudden binges, during which they have no control, are generally:    
 extroverted and antisocial.   
 impulsive risk takers.   
 independent and lack anxiety.   
 * depressed and inhibited.   
    

Reggie suffers from alcoholism, not that he'll admit it. He is spontaneous, enthusiastic and usually friendly, unless it suits him not to be. He always has something going, whether it be a party at his house or a last minute rafting trip. Reggie has the _________ type of alcoholism.    
 binge   
 compulsive   
 factitious   
 * persistent    
    

Alcohol reduces anxiety, and thus potentially facilitates consumption by all of the following means, with the exception of:    
 physiological sedation.   
 * enhancing sensory perception.   
 cognitive distraction.   
 producing pleasure.   
    

Mannie hadn't done a line of coke or smoked a joint in six months. He was done with that life. He'd even moved out of his old neighborhood. Then he ran into his old friend, Benji, who talked him into going to a party. Mannie was good for about two hours, then he took a hit off some girl's joint and ended up buying a gram of cocaine and a quarter ounce of pot. Which of the following is the most likely reason Mannie started getting high again?    
 withdrawal symptoms   
 operant conditioning   
 * classical conditioning   
 peer pressure   
    

There is good evidence that _____________ conditioning plays a role in drug craving and use.    
 * classical   
 operant   
 spontaneous   
 delayed   
    

High consumption of wine in France, of vodka in Russia, and of beer in Germany contrasted with the low consumption of alcohol in areas where there are many Mormons demonstrates:    
 the lack of pure drinking water in many parts of the world.   
 the high rate of stress present in many European countries.   
 * the influence sociocultural factors can have on alcohol consumption.   
 that social class impacts the type and amount of alcohol that is consumed.   
    

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the high prevalence of drug use in the lower socioeconomic classes?    
 greater availability   
 greater diversity of ethnicity   
 fewer moral and ethical values   
 * greater number of stressors   
    

The self-medication explanation for drug use provides the notion that:    
 * people use drugs to adjust their levels of physiological arousal.   
 people use drugs because they are depressed.   
 people use drugs because they are bored.   
 people use drugs because they are available.   
    

Tom is neurologically overaroused and goes on beer drinking binges to reduce arousal, whereas Louis is underaroused and drinks lots of coffee to increase his arousal. These behaviors can be explained by:    
 * the self-medication hypothesis.   
 the heritability hypothesis.   
 the social facilitation hypothesis.   
 classical conditioning.    
    

__________ is said to occur when the use of a drug leads to clinically significant impairment or distress.    
 * Drug abuse   
 Intoxication   
 Drug dependence   
 Tolerance   
    

Tori spent the summer alienating her family, binge drinking and getting thrown in jail for driving while intoxicated. She lost three jobs during this period and two boyfriends. The last time she went before the judge he threatened her with a substantial jail term. Tori has since curbed her drinking to one or two occasional glasses of wine. Her summer behavior is an example of:    
 * alcohol abuse.   
 intoxication.   
 alcohol dependence.   
 alcohol impairment.   
    

__________ is defined as reversible symptoms, stemming from the recent ingestion of a drug that influences the central nervous system.    
 Drug abuse   
 * Intoxication   
 Withdrawal   
 Impairment   
    

Tolerance, withdrawal and an all-encompassing devotion to obtaining a particular drug are the three components of:    
 drug abuse.   
 intoxication.   
 drug impairment.   
 * drug dependence.   
    

To be diagnosed as having a substance-related disorder, an individual must:    
 * evidence a clinically significant impairment in functioning.   
 spend most weekends engaging in activities which involve drugs or alcohol.   
 use drugs or alcohol at least three nights a week.   
 use drugs or alcohol at least fifteen times a month.   
    

In the DSM-IV, substance-related disorders are organized in terms of:    
 drug classifications.   
 symptom types.   
 addicting and nonaddicting drugs.   
 * drug types.   
    

_____________ is the drug most widely used to block dopamine activity in the pleasure center of the brain.    
 Antabuse   
 Methadone   
 * Naltrexone   
 Haldol   
    

Annie is taking Naltrexone to help her stop drinking alcohol. She is doing well and has been sober for almost a month. Annie feels so good about herself that she has decided to stop taking the drug. What will likely happen?    
 * She will start drinking again.   
 She will remain sober.   
 She will experience withdrawal symptoms.   
 She will find she no longer has a desire to drink.   
    

Methadone is a drug that is widely used to stop the pleasurable effects of:    
 cocaine.   
 opium.   
 * heroin.   
 alcohol.   
    

Methadone maintenance will likely not be as successful if the individual uses heroin:     
 * for pleasure rather than to avoid withdrawal.   
 to avoid withdrawal rather than for the pleasure it provides.   
 by mainlining rather than snorting.   
 by smoking rather than snorting.   
    

____________ is a non-pleasure inducing substitute for heroin that is used to treat dependence.    
 * Methadone   
 MDMA   
 Naltrexone   
 Antabuse   
    

Recent research suggests that the failure of methadone to treat heroin addiction effectively may be a result of:    
 * administering doses of methadone that are too low.   
 administering doses of methadone that are too high.   
 administering oral doses rather than injections.   
 the length of time between doses.    
    

Methadone treatments hold off withdrawal symptoms for ______ hours, as opposed to heroin which is effective for _______ hours.    
 8; 24   
 12; 18   
 18; 12   
 * 24; 8   
    

Rather than reducing pleasure, ____________ counteracts the use of alcohol by producing pain.    
 Methadone   
 Haldol   
 Naltrexone   
 * Antabuse   
    

There is some indication that for Antabuse to be effective in treating alcohol dependency, persons taking it:    
 * must drink alcohol at least once while using it.   
 must never drink alcohol while using it.   
 must also drink nonalcoholic beverages for the placebo effect.   
 must undergo extensive psychotherapy.   
    

The "patches" that are used to help persons stop smoking work primarily because they:    
 have a strong placebo effect.   
 * release nicotine into the bloodstream and eliminate the need for smoking.   
 release a nicotine agonist into the bloodstream that blocks nicotinic receptor sites.   
 remind an individual not to smoke.    
    

Abbie wants to stop smoking so she buys some nicotine patches, which she wears for a couple of months. The use of these patches will:    
 reduce her smoking as well as most of her craving for nicotine.   
 * enable her to reduce her smoking, but not her craving for nicotine.   
 enable her to stop smoking as well as eliminate any withdrawal symptoms.   
 likely have no effect on her nicotine habit.   
    

Studies indicate that the combined use of nicotine patches and group support for stopping smoking was:    
 effective, but only for those who really wanted to quit.   
 * 50% more effective than group therapy alone.   
 75% more effective than group therapy alone.   
 just as effective as group therapy alone.    
    

Zyban increases the production of dopamine and can be effective for reducing:    
 alcohol withdrawal symptoms.   
 the effects of hallucinogenic drugs.   
 * nicotine withdrawal symptoms.   
 the effects of cocaine.   
    

In treating substance abuse, Alcoholics Anonymous and Synanon utilize a:    
 * self-control approach.   
 correction approach.   
 maintenance approach.   
 prevention approach.   
    

Individuals who attend Alcoholic Anonymous ideally acknowledge they have a problem and then develop the belief they can change, with the help of a higher power and support from others. Conceptual Some psychologists have suggested this is actually a form of:    
 operant conditioning.   
 classical conditioning.   
 * cognitive restructuring.   
 rational emotive therapy.   
    

Which of the following types of persons is most likely to be helped by the AA program?    
 the people who run the program   
 individuals who suffer from binge type alcoholism   
 individuals who suffer from persistent type alcoholism   
 * it is not yet clear what type of individual will benefit   
    

Controlled, follow-up evaluations of the D.A.R.E. program have revealed that students who participated in the program:    
 did not use drugs at all if they had rated the program as successful.   
 were almost 50% less likely to have tried or be using drugs.   
 were almost 25% less likely to have tried or be using drugs.   
 * did not differ in drug use or attitudes about drugs from those who did not participate.   
    

 E.  Answer:  B A narcotic drug is any substance that alters your mood, alters your awareness of the external environment, or alters your awareness of the internal environment. 
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Meyer has been taking Valium to control his anxiety for about three months. One night he and his friend, Hiram, decide to try smoking some opium. Meyer will not feel the effects of the opium as much as his friend because he has developed a cross-tolerance for opiates resulting from his Valium use.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

At high dose levels, depressants can cause an individual to experience a brief high or rush.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

After a period of chronic consumption, cessation of alcohol intake leads to withdrawal symptoms that can be severe and even cause death.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Barbiturates can cause an accidental overdose because they block nerve impulses and at high doses can block the electrical impulses which govern heartbeat.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Because of its faster delivery to the brain, heroin is about 3 times more potent than morphine.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Alcohol, barbiturates and heroin can all cause a cessation of respiration at high doses.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

As stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines wear off, the production of dopamine in the brain falls to below normal and this often triggers an adverse reaction that is commonly referred to as amphetamine psychosis.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Cocaine increases the level of dopamine in the mesolimbic area of the brain, and this increase of dopamine can cause some individuals to experience a period of schizophrenia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Moderate doses of caffeine have been shown to slightly improve intellectual performance, especially on tasks which are mathematical in nature.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Nicotine influences the central nervous system by stimulating brain areas that increase respiration and it also affects the peripheral nervous system by causing adrenaline to be released into the bloodstream.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Hal recently experienced a very bad time while "tripping" on hallucinogens. Now he is in the psychiatric ward of a local hospital. The drug has been eliminated from his system, but Hal is still messed up and the intern on duty has diagnosed him as having schizophrenia. If Hal truly is schizophrenic, he has likely been using LSD.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Smoking marijuana increases the activity of dopamine in the nerve tracts that lead to the frontal lobes of the cortex.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The chronic use of cannabis has been linked to problems with organizing and integrating information and with problems with short-term memory.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Both of Torey's parents suffer from alcoholism. This is a fairly good indication that she is genetically predisposed to have higher than normal physiological arousal levels.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Marlin is 6 years old and lives in a housing development where drug use is a way of life for about 75% of the people who live there. This fact alone will be all that is needed to eventually get him started using drugs.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Researchers have identified what is termed an "addictive personality." The individuals labeled as such are always introverted, antisocial and prone to depression.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Many individuals use drugs to avoid the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms associated with not using.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Differences in drug use across ethnic groups are more likely related to socioeconomic class than ethnicity.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Blocking the pleasurable effects of psychoactive drugs with medication has proven to be effective in reducing their use, but only if some type of reward system is implemented as well.    
 True   
 False