As indicated by the text, almost ___________ of children with psychological disorders will carry their disorders into adulthood.    
 10%   
 20%   
 * 30%   
 50%   
    

2. Children who have difficulty organizing tasks, are easily distracted and who cannot keep still could very possibly have:    
 conduct disorder.   
 oppositional defiant disorder.   
 * attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.   
 antisocial personality disorder.   
    

3. ___________ is typified by impulsive behaviors, verbal outbursts, fidgeting and an inability to concentrate or stay on task.    
 Conduct disorder.   
 Oppositional defiant disorder   
 Childhood schizophrenia   
 * Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.   
    

4. Darius is a very affectionate 8-year-old. He often solicits hugs from his teacher, unfortunately not always at an appropriate time. Darius is a bundle of uncontrollable energy. He leaps up in the middle of story time and runs around the classroom. He can't sit still and color like the other children and seems to very quickly lose interest in any task that is put before him. Darius could possibly have:    
 APD.   
 * ADHD.   
 conduct disorder.   
 oppostitional defiant disorder.   
    

5. Tony is 9 years old and has recently started engaging in disrupting behavior at school. He seems unable to concentrate on his work and has a difficult time sitting still, which bothers the children around him who are trying to work. This has been going on for approximately 2 months and Tony's teacher is becoming very annoyed. Which of the following best explains this situation?    
 Tony very likely has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.   
 Tony has conduct disorder, as evidenced by his disregard for others.   
 Tony has oppositional defiant disorder, as evidenced by his disregard for his teacher.   
 * Tony does not fit the criterion for ADHD or conduct disorder, so more information is needed.   
    

6. To be diagnosed as having ADHD, a child must exhibit:    
 * symptoms that appear before the age of seven and that last for at least six months.   
 symptoms that appear before the age of six and that last at least one month.   
 symptoms that disrupt academic functioning and that appear before the age of ten.   
 a difficult time sitting still and difficulty concentrating.   
    

7. To be diagnosed as having ADHD, a child must have symptoms that are present before the age of seven and:    
 that inhibit their ability to concentrate.   
 that inhibit their ability to behave.   
 * that interfere with their academic or social functioning.   
 that interfere with those around them.   
    

8. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:    
 occurs in about 30% of elementary school children.   
 can generally be identified around the age of two.   
 * is between 5 and 10 times more common among boys than girls.   
 causes no lasting deficit.   
    

9. Which of the following could be considered secondary symptoms of ADHD?    
 poor academic achievement   
 social dysfunction   
 criminal behavior   
 * all of the above   
    

10. Individuals who suffer from ADHD as children, but who are not diagnosed, have an increased risk of ________________ as an adult.    
 * criminal behavior   
 social phobia   
 schizoid disorder   
 dependent disorder   
    

11. If attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder goes untreated, it can seriously retard:    
 cortical growth.   
 maturational development.   
 neural migration.   
 * social and academic development.   
    

12. Which of the following statements concerning the pathology of ADHD is correct?    
 * It is now known the disorder is not limited to children and many adults suffer from it as well.   
 Early onset of ADHD is a strong indication the disorder will burn-out before adulthood.   
 There are no treatments for ADHD once it progresses past a certain stage.   
 Most individuals who suffer from ADHD have little or no hope of having a normal life.   
    

13. The college student, who suffers from ADHD and wrote in case study 13.1 about some of the difficulties inherent in having the disorder, cited ___________ as her biggest enemy.    
 depression   
 anxiety   
 distraction   
 * time   
    

14. The college student who wrote about her ADHD in case study 13.1 experienced secondary symptoms as a result of her disorder in the form of:    
 extreme paranoia.   
 social phobia.   
 delusions.   
 * low self-esteem.   
    

15. The diagnosis of ADHD is based on:    
 a diagnostic checklist.   
 the empirical method.   
 symptom criteria listed in the DSM-IV.   
 * a rating system and clinical judgment.   
    

16. Due to symptom similarities, children suffering from ____________ disorder are sometimes misdiagnosed as having ADHD.    
 * bipolar   
 conduct   
 obsessive-compulsive   
 schizotypal   
    

17. The lack of specific diagnostic criteria causes many diagnoses of ADHD to be:    
 invalid.   
 objective.   
 unethical.   
 * unreliable.   
    

Originally ADHD was thought to have behavioral origins, but now it is widely considered to be caused by:    
 * organic brain dysfunction.   
 nutritional deficits.   
 mental retardation.   
 abnormal brain structure.   
    

19. _______________ stems from underactivity in the areas of the brain that are responsible for the control of attention and motor activity.    
 * Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder   
 Conduct disorder   
 Autistic disorder   
 Oppositional defiant disorder   
    

20. Brain scans indicate that individuals with ADHD have lower levels of metabolism in the _________ cortex and ___________ cortex.    
 cerebral; frontal   
 prefrontal; caudal   
 association; prefrontal   
 * prefrontal; premotor   
    

21. Low levels of glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and premotor cortex have been recorded in individuals who suffer from:    
 tic disorders.   
 * attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.   
 autistic disorder.   
 conduct disorder.   
    

22. Which of the following explains how low levels of brain activity lead to the hyperactivity seen in those who suffer from ADHD?    
 * Underactive areas in the brain are responsible for the inhibition of motor activity.   
 Because of the underactivity, there is an overcompensation in areas responsible for arousal.   
 The underactivity leads to decreased sensitivity in postsynaptic neurons in the motor cortex.   
 all of the above.    
    

23. All of the following are environmental factors suspected of causing ADHD, except:    
 ingestion of lead.   
 * fluoridated water.   
 maternal smoking during pregnancy.   
 infections during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.   
    

24. The rate of ADHD among children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy was:    
 the same as the rate of ADHD among children whose mothers did not smoke.   
 also dependent upon the age of the mother.   
 * twice as high as the rate of ADHD among children whose mothers did not smoke.   
 slightly lower than the rate of ADHD among children whose mothers did not smoke.   
    

25. Food additives account for about ______ of the cases of increased hyperactivity.    
 * 5%   
 15%   
 20%   
 1%   
    

26. Kevin suffers from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following environmental factors would most likely have caused his disorder?    
 pesticides   
 * maternal smoking   
 food additives   
 fluoridated water   
    

27. Children who suffer from ADHD are more likely than other children to have:    
 authoritarian parents.   
 permissive parents.   
 * biological relatives with subclinical problems with attention and activity.   
 biological relatives with bipolar disorder.   
    

28. ___________ is the stimulant most widely used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.    
 Dexedrine   
 Fluoxetine   
 Methylxanthine   
 * Ritalin   
    

29. Stimulants, such as Ritalin and Dexedrine, are effective in treating ADHD because they:    
 increase the activity of excitatory neurons in the limbic system.   
 reduce the sensitivity of excitatory neurons in the prefrontal and premotor cortex.   
 * increase the activity of inhibitory neurons in the prefrontal and premotor cortex.   
 enhance the effect of dopamine in the basal ganglia.   
    

30. According to the text, which of the following statements concerning the treatment of ADHD is correct?    
 Physiological and psychological treatments are equally effective in reducing symptoms.   
 A combination of psychological and physiological treatments is the most effective for ADHD.   
 * Physiological treatments are generally more effective than psychological treatments.   
 Psychological treatments are generally more effective than physiological treatments.   
    

31. The drugs that are most effective for treating the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are    
 tricyclics.   
 neuroleptics.   
 depressants.   
 * stimulants.    
    

32. A large-scale experiment involving over 600 children with ADHD who were placed in four experimental treatment groups and rated on their improvement by parents and teachers indicated:    
 * drug treatment was more effective than behavior therapy or routine care.   
 a combination of drug treatment and behavior therapy was most effective.   
 behavior therapy was more effective than drug treatment or routine care..   
 there is no difference between the efficacy of behavior therapy and drug treatment.    
    

33. Studies indicate that drugs are effective for treating about ________ of the children with ADHD.    
 50%   
 * 90%   
 75%   
 65%   
    

34. Adults with the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be treated effectively with:    
 neuroleptic drugs.   
 behavioral therapy alone.   
 a higher class of stimulant drugs than those used for children.   
 * the same stimulants used for children.   
    

35. Stimulants used to treat ADHD have an almost immediate effect on:    
 academic achievement.   
 self-esteem.   
 test performance.   
 * attention and behavior.   
    

36. Ben is an extremely hyperactive child and because of that does poorly in school. He spent most of his first three years in some type of remedial class. He is now in the fourth grade, was recently diagnosed as having ADHD and has begun taking Ritalin. What change in Ben can be expected?    
 * His attention and behavior will improve almost immediately.   
 His performance on tests will improve almost immediately.   
 His self-esteem will improve almost immediately.   
 all of the above.   
    

37. Initial side effects from the drugs used to treat ADHD include:    
 * insomnia and decreased appetite.   
 hyperactivity and weight loss.   
 mania and insomnia.   
 depression and anxiety.   
    

38. There is some evidence that Ritalin can:    
 cause depression in some children.   
 * slow growth in some children.   
 increase anxiety in some children.   
 increase behavioral problems in some children.   
    

39. Children sometimes do not want to take the medication prescribed them to treat their ADHD. If a dose is skipped:    
 symptoms are somewhat delayed in returning.   
 symptoms do not return for several days.   
 * symptoms return within hours.   
 symptoms sometimes do not return for weeks.   
    

40. There is some evidence that Ritalin can slow growth in some children. One possible strategy, as suggested in the text, to overcome this is:    
 supplementing Ritalin with human growth hormone.   
 immediate and permanent withdrawal of the medication if discrepancies are noticed.   
 * lowering the dosage rate of the medication.   
 using Ritalin during the school year, but not during vacation periods.   
    

41. If a child is given a dose level of Ritalin that is too high:    
 nothing will happen as the drug is not dose dependent.   
 there will be a "carry-over" effect and they will not need to take the medication as often.   
 they could, in a worst case scenario, suffer serious brain damage.   
 * they will possibly withdraw and exhibit repetitive or mechanical behaviors.   
    

42. Which of the following is likely the best cure for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder?    
 Ritalin   
 * information and education   
 Dexedrine   
 behavioral therapy   
    

43. ______________ involves a persistent pattern of misbehavior in which the individual is aggressive, deceitful, destroys property and breaks rules.    
 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder   
 Oppositional defiant disorder   
 * Conduct disorder   
 Defiance/aggression disorder   
    

44. Individuals with conduct disorder are at an increased risk for:    
 depression and anxiety.   
 mania and paranoia.   
 * drug abuse and criminal behavior.   
 child abuse and depression.   
    

Jason broke into a parking lot containing construction equipment, managed to get a front-end loader started and did over $15,000 worth of damage to it and some of the other machines. This is not the first time he has gotten in serious trouble. He has also been suspended from school several times for various acts of vandalism. Jason likely has:    
 oppostional defiant disorder.   
 * conduct disorder.   
 defiance/aggression disorder.   
 juvenile delinquent disorder.   
    

46. Which of the following teenage boys would most likely receive a diagnosis of conduct disorder?    
 Terry, who often argues with and openly defies his parents   
 Michael, who is moody, easily angered and goes out of his way to bother and annoy others   
 Sean, who sometimes bullies other kids and occasionally steals things like CDs or candy bars   
 * Bennie, who often fights, has been caught vandalizing property and has stolen two cars    
    

47. Which of the following statements concerning conduct disorder is correct?    
 It is a disorder that is unique to adolescent males.   
 It occurs equally in adolescent males and females.   
 It usually burns out in late adolescence and rarely persists into adulthood.   
 * It occurs in 6% to 16% of males under the age of 18.   
    

48. Psychodynamic theorists suggest that conduct disorders stem from ____________ parents.    
 permissive   
 authoritative   
 * overindulgent or overly restrictive   
 uninvolved or permissive   
    

49. Psychodynamic theorists proposed that ____________ are at the root of conduct disorder.    
 socioeconomic factors   
 role models   
 cultural factors   
 * parental styles   
    

50. _____________ theorists believe that conduct disorders develop through imitation and reward.    
 Psychodynamic   
 Cognitive   
 * Learning   
 Social   
    

51. Learning theorists suggest that the inappropriate behaviors seen in persons with conduct disorders are a result of:    
 * imitation and reward.   
 classical conditioning.   
 social pressures.   
 drives and motivations.   
    

52. In one study of child-rearing practices, it was found that mothers who used aggressive strategies, such as severe punishment for misbehavior, raised children who were:    
 fearful.   
 compliant.   
 * aggressive.   
 dependent.   
    

53. Of the following, which is the best predictor of conduct disorder?    
 ethnicity   
 parental permissiveness   
 number of parents   
 * social economic status   
    

Conduct disorders are most likely to occur in:    
 boys from families in the middle socioeconomic class.   
 boys from families in an upper socioeconomic economic class.   
 boys from families in a lower socioeconomic economic class.   
 * boys from single-parent homes.   
    

55. An adolescent would have the greatest chance of developing conduct disorder if:    
 they are raised in a single parent home.   
 they go to public school.   
 their mother was exposed to influenza during her pregnancy.   
 * their mother smoked during her pregnancy.   
    

56. Research indicates that boys whose mothers smoked a minimum of a half a pack of cigarettes a day are __________ more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder than those whose mothers did not smoke.    
 * four times   
 eight times   
 ten times   
 no   
    

57. Individuals who have conduct disorder seem to have a disregard for punishment. This lack of inhibition in regard to consequence has been linked to:    
 * low levels of serotonin.   
 high levels of testosterone.   
 high levels of serotonin.   
 low levels of testosterone.   
    

58. Low levels of serotonin:    
 increase aggression.   
 decrease aggression.   
 increase inhibition.   
 * decrease inhibition.   
    

59. Individuals who commit extremely violent acts are likely to have:    
 low testosterone levels.   
 * high testosterone levels.   
 high serotonin levels.   
 high androgen levels.   
    

60. ______________ is likely the most important causal factor for the low levels of serotonin and high levels of aggression seen in individuals with conduct disorder.    
 * Genetics   
 Ethnicity   
 Gender   
 Environment   
    

61. Biological children of parents who have conduct disorder will likely be:    
 * more aggressive and less inhibited than other children.   
 more inhibited and less aggressive than other children.   
 no different than children of parents who do not have conduct disorder.   
 none of the above.   
    

62. Which of the following would likely be a more successful alternative to punishment for those individuals who have learned criminal or antisocial behaviors?    
 drug therapy   
 ECT   
 * teaching and rewarding appropriate behaviors   
 classical conditioning   
    

Individuals whose conduct disorder is likely resulting from a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin would probably benefit the most from:    
 punishment.   
 * bicyclic antidepressants.   
 learning therapies.   
 atypical neuroleptics.   
    

64. Which of the following would likely work the best to increase the effectiveness of punishment and reduce recidivism in individuals who have conduct disorder?    
 * teaching appropriate, alternative behaviors   
 administering the punishment on an intermittent basis   
 administering the punishment on a consistent basis   
 discontinuing the punishment and implementing an honor system   
    

65. The addition of _____________ has greatly enhanced the treatment success rate for individuals with conduct disorder who were otherwise unable to be helped.    
 cognitive therapy   
 psychotherapy   
 * drug therapy   
 regression training   
    

66. Children and adolescents with ________________ disorder often lose their temper, argue with adults, refuse to comply with the requests of adults and deliberately annoy people.    
 conduct   
 schizotypal personality   
 aggressive personality   
 * oppostional defiant   
    

67. An individual diagnosed as having oppositional defiant disorder would likely have:    
 * consistently argued with authority figures and been vindictive and defiant of their wishes.   
 a fairly long criminal history and consequently spent much of their life in juvenile centers.   
 been destructive and malicious and damaged the property of others on several occasions.   
 a history of being cruel to weaker things such as small animals and younger children.    
    

68. Pervasive developmental disorders are those in which:    
 there is a familial history of developmental disorders.   
 * virtually all aspects of an individual's development are disrupted.   
 one aspect of development is irrevocably disrupted.   
 all siblings in a particular family have the same developmental disorder.   
    

69. ____________ disorder involves extreme problems with social interaction, a greatly reduced ability to communicate and severely limited ranges of interest.    
 * Autistic   
 Conduct   
 Asperger's   
 Rett's   
    

70. Evan is 5. He spends his days rocking back and forth and staring into space. When he is touched or picked up, he is unresponsive and limp. This has been apparent since he was born. Evan probably suffers from:    
 * autism.   
 ADHD   
 Rett's disorder.   
 conduct disorder.   
    

71. In the past ten years, the rate of autism has increased substantially. This is likely due to:    
 an increase in maternal smoking during the prenatal period.   
 * a greater awareness of the disorder and a greater willingness to use the diagnosis.   
 an increase in industrial pollutants in the atmosphere.   
 an overall increase in maternal age during pregnancy.   
    

As infants, children who suffer from autism often fail to show:    
 * responsive facial expressions.   
 vocalizations of any type.   
 reflexive movements such as eye blinks.   
 spontaneous movements.   
    

73. If a child with autism does not develop language skills by the age of 5, there is a ______ chance they will never make an adequate personal or social adjustment.    
 * 75%   
 50%   
 25%   
 10%   
    

74. Children with autism show a marked delay or sometimes a total lack of:    
 hearing.   
 visual acuity.   
 physical movement.   
 * language development.   
    

75. Tillie is seven and suffers from autism. She rarely talks. Although she never initiates speech, she sometimes will repeat a word or phrase a few minutes or sometime even hours after she has heard it spoken. This unusual speech pattern is known as:    
 delayed repetition.   
 a verbal response set.   
 idiopathic speech.   
 * echolalia.   
    

76. A child who suffered from autism would likely do best in an environment that:    
 * remained fairly constant.   
 changed from time to time.   
 changed continually.   
 provided a great deal of auditory and visual stimuli.    
    

77. Due to the problems in communication and limited range of behaviors inherent in the disorder, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a child is suffering from autism or:    
 * mental retardation.   
 childhood schizophrenia.   
 fetal alcohol syndrome.   
 Downs syndrome.   
    

78. The symptoms of autism can generally first be recognized:    
 * during the first month or two after birth.   
 after the child reaches the age of 18 months.   
 after the child reaches the age of two.   
 after the child reaches the age of three.   
    

79. All of the following are symptoms that are fairly common in individuals who suffer from autism, with the exception of:    
 long bouts of repetitious behavior.   
 a lack of responsive facial expressions.   
 * interest in the activities of others.   
 an inability to recognize environmental cues.    
    

80. Savant syndrome is:    
 a unique and extraordinary ability in one particular discipline.   
 * a unique and extraordinary ability in one particular area.   
 a marked lack of intelligence, punctuated by one outstanding talent or ability.   
 the extraordinary ability to learn many different talents.   
    

81. Which of the following is not an exception in differentiating autism from schizophrenia?    
 Autism is apparent almost from birth, whereas schizophrenia develops later.   
 Individuals with schizophrenia do not show the lack of intellectual development present in those with autism.   
 Individuals with schizophrenia can generally be treated with neuroleptics drugs, but these have little effect on those with autism.   
 * Individuals with autism are generally in the middle or upper socioeconomic class, whereas those with schizophrenia are usually in the lower socioeconomic class.   
    

82. Early _____________ theorists felt that autism arose from a parental failure to meet the child's need for nurturing and comfort.    
 learning   
 cognitive   
 social   
 * psychodynamic   
    

83. Numerous investigations have revealed that the parents of children with autism:    
 * do not differ from the parents of normal children.   
 are not as nurturing as the parents of normal children.   
 favor an authoritarian disciplinary style more often than the parents of normal children.   
 are often more affectionate and nurturing than parents with normal children.   
    

84. Learning theorists suggested that autistic behaviors, such as head banging and tantrums, are:    
 distorted attempts at imitating behaviors observed in the environment.   
 frustrated, prelanguage attempts at communication.   
 * taught by parents who reward the wrong behaviors.   
 learned by watching other children.   
    

85. Rewarding appropriate behaviors and ignoring autistic behaviors has:    
 a lasting beneficial effect for most individuals with autism.   
 a lasting beneficial effect for some individuals with autism.   
 * no lasting effect on the behavior of individuals with autism.   
 a negative effect on behavior of individuals with autism.   
    

86. The language and communication problems seen in individuals with autism has been linked to:    
 * dominance of the right temporal lobe over the left temporal lobe.   
 dominance of the left temporal lobe over the right temporal lobe.   
 deterioration of the angular gyrus, the link between Broca's and Wernicke's area.   
 lower levels of glucose metabolism in the left, prefrontal cortex.   
    

87. Increased size in the basal ganglia has been linked to:    
 * the repetitious motor behaviors seen in autism.   
 the communication difficulties seen in autism.   
 the need for consistency exhibited by individuals with autism.   
 the temper tantrums sometimes seen in individuals with autism.   
    

88. As stated in the text, increased size of the _____________ has been linked to the temper problems and head banging seen in some individuals with autism.    
 basal ganglia   
 medulla   
 * amygdala   
 thalamus   
    

89. The siblings of children with autism are more likely than other children to suffer from:    
 * reduced verbal abilities.   
 decreased social skills.   
 tics and other unusual motor movements.   
 Downs syndrome.   
    

90. Which of the following statements concerning the concordance rate of autism in siblings is true?    
 Dizygotic twins have a higher concordance rate for autism than siblings who are not twins.   
 * Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rate for autism than dizygotic twins.   
 The non-twin siblings of children with autism have a higher concordance rate for autism than any type of twins. .   
 There is a very low concordance rate for autism among monozygotic and dizygotic twins.    
    

91. Problems during pregnancy which could lead to autism occur most often during the:    
 * first trimester.   
 second trimester.   
 third trimester.   
 time of delivery.   
    

92. Individuals with autism often have problems with their:    
 cardiovascular system.   
 * immune system.   
 endocrine system.   
 visual acuity.   
    

93. Research indicates that during pregnancy, mothers of children with autism:    
 * experience more problems than other mothers.   
 are often under more stress than other mothers.   
 often do not receive adequate nutrition.   
 drink more alcohol than other mothers.   
    

94. One study revealed that some prenatal problems that are linked to autism very likely occur:    
 in the last trimester.   
 * before the mothers are even aware they are pregnant.   
 right around the time of delivery.   
 in the third month of pregnancy.   
    

95. As many as 11% of the individuals with autism suffer from rare diseases which could influence brain development and functioning. These diseases are probably directly related to:    
 structural damage in the brain.   
 * immune system deficiencies.   
 poor nutrition.   
 poor maternal care.   
    

96. Early behavioral therapy treatments in which children with autism were rewarded for appropriate behaviors and punished for undesirable behaviors:    
 yielded promising results in a relatively short period of time.   
 cured several children of their autism.   
 * took thousands of trials to achieve minimal results.   
 became the foundation for modern treatment of autism.   
    

97. Behavior modification approaches initially showed great promise for treating children with autism. Further research showed that:    
 * the treatment effects do not last.   
 the effects of treatment were more promising than was initially thought.   
 while still viable, lasting therapeutic effects are more difficult to achieve than was originally indicated.   
 treatment effects are gender specific, with girls showing the only benefit.   
    

98. Pam and Rick are two children who suffer from autism. They are treated with intensive behavior modification for 14 months. This treatment program will:    
 result in no change in their behaviors.   
 permanently alter their inappropriate autistic behaviors.   
 * increase appropriate behavior and decrease autistic behavior, but the results will stop when treatment does and behavior will revert.   
 increase appropriate play, but will not decrease autistic behaviors.   
    

A film regarding children with autism, and a related research report, suggested that behavior modification procedures could increase social and affectionate behavior. These results:    
 * reflected the subjects responses to an electric floor grid.   
 generalized outside the treatment situation for a short period of time.   
 became the standard for current treatments.   
 were based only on children with very mild forms of autism.   
    

During the 1980's, behavior modification programs for treating autism were revised. The results show that the children in the treatment program:    
 * were more likely to pass the first grade, but the study was biased.   
 were more likely to pass the first grade and were assessed using the proper scientific method.   
 were no more likely to pass the first grade.   
 passed the first grade, improved in IQ and went on to become successful.   
    

Neuroleptic drugs, such as Haldol, can make children with autism easier to manage:    
 * but they do not reduce the core symptoms of autism.   
 but they have severe and lasting side effects.   
 and reduce some of the primary symptoms of autism.   
 and help them integrate into greater society.   
    

Long-term therapeutic success for children with autism can be achieved with:    
 behavior modification techniques.   
 neuroleptic drugs.   
 stimulants.   
 * none of these.    
    

Currently fewer than __________ of the children with autism make a satisfactory adjustment by adolescence or adulthood.    
 10%   
 15%   
 * 25%   
 35%   
    

A disorder that has symptoms very much like autism but does not involve problems with communication or delays in development is:    
 * Asperger's disorder.   
 Rett's disorder.   
 Tourette's disorder.   
 schizophrenia.   
    

The similarities between Asperger's disorder and autism suggest that:    
 Asperger's disorder is a prodromal disorder which will develop into autism.   
 autism is caused by low levels of hormones.   
 autism may decrease in intensity over a lifetime.   
 * there is a continuum of autism rather than one specific disorder.    
    

Individuals with Asperger's disorder are often:    
 * very knowledgeable about the particular subjects in which they are interested.   
 very limited in their ability to learn new information.   
 very willing to communicate on a variety of subjects.   
 shy and withdrawn around others.   
    

Jamie shows a keen interest in airplanes and helicopters. He can talk for hours about these two subjects, but rarely knows what day of the week it is or even what others around him are doing. He has limited social skills, doesn't converse unless it is on the topic of flying machines, and apparently has no interest in changing. Jamie suffers from:    
 savant syndrome.   
 autism.   
 * Asperger's disorder.   
 Rett's disorder.   
    

Despite their symptoms and lack of social skill, individuals with ____________ disorder can build on their strengths and become relatively productive in life.    
 * Asperger's   
 savant   
 autistic   
 Rett's   
    

In ____________ disorder, children show normal development for at least two years, then begin a dramatic decline in social skills, motor skills and other areas.    
 Rett's   
 * childhood disintegrative   
 autistic   
 Asperger's   
    

In _____________ disorder, a child develops normally until the age of 5 months, then begins a rapid disintegration in behavior, motor and other skills.    
 childhood disintegrative   
 * Rett's   
 Asperger's   
 autistic   
    

_____________ disorder occurs only in girls, whereas _____________ disorder is more common in boys.    
 Disintegrative; Rett's   
 Disintegrative; autistic   
 Autistic; disintegrative   
 * Rett's; disintegrative   
    

Which of the following co-occurs with the decline in abilities seen in disintegrative disorder?    
 * a decline in cranial growth   
 a decline in torso growth   
 severe weight loss   
 a decline in sensory abilities   
    

Children with autism frequently engage in dangerous behaviors. The use of ________ treatments brings these behaviors to a stop, but a serious question of _________ arises with its use.    
 drug; side effects   
 reward; recidivism   
 * aversive; ethics   
 behavioral; morality   
    

_____________ treatments involve punishing children with autism when they engage in potentially harmful behaviors.    
 * Aversive   
 Cognitive   
 Psychotropic   
 Rational-emotive   
    

Aversive treatments are a form of:    
 classical conditioning.   
 vicarious conditioning.   
 delayed conditioning.   
 * operant conditioning.   
    

_____________ have proved to be the most effective means for reducing the potentially dangerous behaviors such as head banging sometimes engaged in by children with autism.    
 Neuroleptics   
 Antidepressants   
 * Aversive treatments   
 Behavior modification techniques   
    

The voluntary or involuntary urination into clothing or bedding after the age of five could warrant a diagnosis of:    
 urinalysis.   
 encopresis.   
 immaturity.   
 * enuresis.   
    

The voluntary or involuntary passage of feces into inappropriate places after the age of four is termed:    
 * encopresis.   
 enuresis.   
 coprophilia.   
 immaturity.   
    

Five-year-old Linette's parents have brought her to her pediatrician because they are concerned that Linette defecates inappropriately. To make a diagnosis of encopresis, Linette must:    
 also suffer from enuresis.   
 defecate in inappropriate places at least twice in one month.   
 * defecate in an inappropriate place at least once a month for a period of 3 months.   
 defecate in an inappropriate place at least twice a week for a period of one month.   
    

Tony is six and still occasionally has problems wetting his bed at night. His parents want to save him potential embarrassment and have taken him to a physician. To receive a diagnosis of enuresis, Tony would have to:    
 wet his bed one night a week for at least one month.   
 wet his bed twice a month for a period of 6 months.   
 * wet his bed twice a week for a period of three months.   
 wet his bed three to four times during a one month period.    
    

Primary enuresis differs from secondary enuresis in that with primary enuresis:    
 * the child has never learned to control their bladder.   
 the child refuses to control their bladder.   
 the child has learned to control their bladder, but has accidents.   
 the problem stems from psychological rather than physiological factors.   
    

Children who have primary enuresis have bladder control problems that are caused by:    
 psychological trauma such as abuse.   
 * low levels of antidiuretic hormone.   
 willful misbehavior.   
 laziness.   
    

Children with primary enuresis who do not wake up at night when they need to urinate have:    
 a problem with stage 4 sleep.   
 problems with stress.   
 a problem with REM sleep.   
 * not yet developed the physiological signals of a full bladder.   
    

If both parents suffer from enuresis, almost _________ of their offspring will also suffer from the disorder.    
 25%   
 * 80%   
 10%   
 40%   
    

The most popular approach to the treatment of enuresis is:    
 * the bell-and-pad procedure.   
 psychotherapy.   
 neuroleptics.   
 antianxiety drugs.   
    

The bell-and-pad strategy is effective with about _________ of children.    
 50%   
 * 75%   
 85%   
 95%   
    

Tim is 14 and shows a variety of twitches and tics. His head sometimes jerks, and he occasionally blurts out words, usually obscenities. He cannot control this. Tim suffers from:    
 autism.   
 * Tourette's disorder.   
 Rett's disorder.   
 ADHD.   
    

Tic disorders:    
 * involve recurrent involuntary motor movements.   
 usually involve physical aggression.   
 involve recurrent voluntary motor movements.   
 involve the use of inappropriate language.   
    

Involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles that result in jerking or twitching movements of the body or face are symptoms of:    
 coprolalia.   
 Asperger's disorder.   
 * a tic disorder.   
 autism.    
    

___________ is the involuntary uttering or yelling of obscenities.    
 Coprophagia   
 * Coprolalia   
 Coprophilia   
 Echolalia   
    

As many as 30% of individuals with Tourette's disorder develop __________, which can be very disruptive of normal social functioning.    
 * coprolalia   
 anoxia   
 aphasia   
 coprophasia   
    

Tics are due to a supersensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the:    
 * basal ganglia.   
 cerebellum.   
 cingulate gyrus.   
 premotor cortex.   
    

Which of the following was cited in the text as a possible cause for the coprolalia, with which some individuals with Tourette's disorder are plagued?    
 Frustration over the inability to control motor movements causes these outbursts.   
 * Dopamine, important in the limbic system which is responsible for emotion and high arousal, could trigger the yelling of obscenities.   
 The co-occurance of conduct disorder implicates testosterone as a causal factor.   
 none of the above   
    

____________ have proven to be effective in reducing the involuntary muscle movements seen in tic disorders like Tourette's.    
 Bicyclic antidepressants   
 Benzodiazapines   
 * Atypical neuroleptics   
 Lithium salts   
    

The use of drugs like __________ that work by reducing __________ activity are effective in treating the motor disturbances seen in Tourette's disorder.    
 Prozac; serotonin   
 * Risperidal; dopamine   
 Elavil; norepinephrine   
 Xanax; GABA   
    

The diagnosis for ADHD is based largely upon clinical judgment and a rating scale of 12 typical behaviors.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

One problem with children suffering from ADHD is that they have not yet learned effective strategies for controlling and focusing their attention.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Areas in the prefrontal and premotor cortex which are responsible for the inhibition of motor movement and rapid shifts in attention are underactive in persons with ADHD.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Research indicates that some cases of hyperactivity are allergic reactions and that as many as 50% of the children who suffer from ADHD could be returned to normal if their diets were regulated to eliminate food additives.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are treated with stimulants.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Drug effects begin almost immediately in children with ADHD and consequently behaviors as well as academic achievement promptly improve.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Manny is a school yard bully. He steals smaller children's lunch money, picks fights with those who are weaker than himself and has committed countless petty acts of vandalism against school property. He also lies incessantly to keep himself out of trouble. Manny likely will grow into an adult life of crime.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

DSM-IV points out that a diagnosis of conduct disorder should be applied when behavior is symptomatic of an underlying dysfunction or influenced by an immediate social context which could be avoided.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Some of the inappropriate behaviors seen in conduct disorder are learned through imitation and reward.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In one study, it was found that the number of cigarettes a woman smoked during her pregnancy was positively correlated to violent crimes committed by her offspring.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In a prospective study of adolescents with conduct disorder, it was found that low levels of serotonin were positively correlated with high levels of aggression.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Intermittent reinforcement is the most effective type of reward schedule for preventing the extinction of a response, just as intermittent punishment is more effective for deterring an unwanted behavior.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Children with autism have a very low tolerance for change.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Some individuals with autism function at a fairly high level and are able to find a place for themselves in greater society.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

One similarity between infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia involves the newest atypical neuroleptics. These drugs have had great success in treating schizophrenia, but have also been shown to improve behavior in individuals with autism.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Illness or drug use by mothers early in the prenatal period can cause fundamental problems in the brain that may result in autism.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Behavior modification programs have proven to be successful for introducing fairly stable changes in the self-damaging behaviors of children who suffer from autism.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Children who are unusually knowledgeable in two or three different areas, but who otherwise do not show an interest in or interact with the environment or others around them suffer from a condition known as Asperger's disorder.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Bedwetting is caused in large part by low levels of the hormone ADH, which reduces the water level in urine and so prevents the bladder from overfilling during the night.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The verbal outbursts experienced by individuals with Tourette's disorder can be temporarily suppressed.    
 * True   
 False