Psychodynamic theorists suggested that schizophrenia was due to problems with:    
 * child-rearing.   
 communicating.   
 repression.   
 interpretation.   
    

2. The notion that a lack of maternal consistency potentially confused children's ideas of reality and possibly led them to develop schizophrenia was introduced by:    
 * psychodynamic theorists.   
 learning theorists.   
 cognitive theorists.   
 the humanists.   
    

3. The psychodynamic explanation that schizophrenia is caused by a lack of maternal consistency has been:    
 modified to include stress as a mitigating factor.   
 modified to include the role of the father in child-rearing.   
 somewhat reduced in popularity due to the success of neuroleptic drugs.   
 * completely discredited.   
    

4. Jason recently began behaving strangely. He stares off into space and sometimes talks to himself. He seems to have trouble finishing a sentence and he has also complained of hearing voices. A psychodynamic theorist would likely suggest Jason's symptoms are a result of:    
 a prenatal exposure to illness or toxins.   
 his desire to receive attention.   
 * his experiencing some type of severe stressor.   
 social isolation and avoidance.   
    

5. Psychodynamic theorists promoted the notion that the reduced levels of intellectual and social performance exhibited by individuals with schizophrenia are a result of:    
 denial.   
 suppression.   
 * regression.   
 repression.     
    

6. The psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia suggests that:    
 most individuals with schizophrenia regress to the phallic stage of development.   
 most individuals with schizophrenia are in denial and repressing their true emotions.   
 schizophrenia causes people to regress to an earlier stage of development.   
 * some individuals regress in the face of conflict and stress and that leads to schizophrenia.   
    

7. One of the best predictors of whether individuals with schizophrenia will relapse after treatment or not, is:    
 * if they will return home to a stressful environment.   
 the type of treatment they have received.   
 the dosage rate of their medication.   
 whether they have undifferentiated or paranoid schizophrenia.   
    

8. It is currently thought that stress can _________ schizophrenia, but does not __________ it.    
 cause; exacerbate   
 cause; prolong   
 contribute to; prolong   
 * contribute to; cause   
    

9. Learning theorists suggest that patients who exhibit unusual behaviors are motivated to do so because:    
 * they want attention.   
 they want medication.   
 they want to be hospitalized.   
 they have learned to do so from others.   
    

10. The hypothesis proposed by learning theorists that patients manipulate their symptoms to gain rewards has been:    
 * supported by a variety of research.   
 disproved by several experiments.   
 qualified to include only those patients who exhibit primarily negative symptoms.   
 shown to be true but only in a limited capacity.   
    

11. One aspect of learning theory suggests that disturbed thought processes are:    
 a result of observation and imitation.   
 classically conditioned responses to stressful environmental stimuli.   
 the result of a limited ability to process and encode information.   
 * due to inattention to relevant cues, resulting in responses that do not make sense.   
    

12. James has been in a psychiatric hospital for seven months. He likes the hospital and is fearful of returning to the community, but is coming up for review for possible discharge from the hospital. Evidence suggests that James will likely:    
 ask that his medication be altered.   
 be eager to pass the review, despite his trepidation about joining the community.   
 * exhibit a higher level of pathology with the intention of appearing more ill than he actually is.   
 show a lower level of pathology, so that he will be overlooked.    
    

13. Dr. Fenris is a proponent of the learning explanation for schizophrenia. One of his patients who suffers from schizophrenia pays very little attention to the others on the ward. Instead, this person spends a majority of his time folding or crumpling paper. He rarely responds in an appropriate fashion when spoken to, and often appears to simply be ignoring whatever is said to him. Which of the following explanations for this behavior would Dr. Fenris likely endorse?    
 The patient's confusion about reality stems from his early exposure to inconsistent parenting.   
 The patient's regression to a child-like state is a direct result of multiple life stressors.   
 The patient is experiencing different types of sensory stimulation than others.   
 * The patient is withdrawn because he finds his situation boring or unrewarding.   
    

14. Which of the following is a criticism of the learning explanation that rewards account for schizophrenia?    
 * Many symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be beyond voluntary control.   
 It does not explain why some symptoms appear to be the result of conditioning.   
 Many behaviors involved in schizophrenia appear to be child-like in nature.   
 It does not take into account the possible role stress might play in schizophrenia.   
    

15. Learning theorists have proposed that being labeled as having schizophrenia:    
 causes lasting damage to the patient and makes treatment even more difficult.   
 helps a patient better understand what it is they are up against in terms of their disorder.   
 * is potentially detrimental in that it permits the patient to exhibit a wider variety of behaviors.   
 does little to influence a patient's behavior.   
    

16. Learning theorists suggest that individuals who are labeled as having schizophrenia may be exposed to bias due to the _____________ of others.    
 * preconceived notions   
 fear response   
 clinical apathy   
 displaced aggression    
    

17. Irene is admitted to a psychiatric hospital with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Her therapist assumes Irene hallucinates. Although she does not hallucinate, because of comments made by her therapist, she begins to talk about her thoughts as hallucinations. This is an example of:    
 schismatic communication.   
 * how expectations can lead behaviors.   
 induced sensory perception.   
 therapeutic role-playing.   
    

18. According to learning theory, if we label a person as suffering from schizophrenia we may be unintentionally:    
 damaging the individual's condition and decreasing the likelihood for successful treatment.   
 setting up an approach/avoidance situation in which the person wants treatment but is afraid.   
 indicating that the person's behavior is actually under voluntary control.   
 * suggesting that the person has permission to act in an abnormal fashion.    
    

19. Research involving sensory deprivation has shown that people are ____________ to suggestions.    
 immune   
 insensitive   
 intolerant   
 * vulnerable   
    

20. In the early research on sensory deprivation, it was found that individuals placed in sound-proofed rooms showed changes in their perceptual experiences based upon:    
 their levels of fear.   
 the duration of the experiment.   
 * their expectations.   
 their gender and age.    
    

21. In experiments on sensory deprivation in which persons were not told about potential symptoms and not allowed to end the session by hitting a "panic button," the persons reported:    
 decreased feelings of control.   
 symptoms like those seen in schizophrenia.   
 learned helplessness.   
 * no particular symptoms.    
    

22. Labels and expectations can have a great influence on what people do. They can also influence:    
 our interpretation of what an individual is doing.   
 duration and type of therapy to which an individual is subjected.   
 our responses to particular behaviors.   
 * all of the above.   
    

23. Hannah has been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. Ann is considered normal and has no diagnosis, but is aware of Hannah's. Both are staring off into space. Ann will likely assume:    
 neither she nor Hannah are hallucinating.   
 both she and Hannah are daydreaming.   
 * while she is daydreaming, Hannah is hallucinating.   
 because of her calm behavior, Hannah has been misdiagnosed.   
    

24. In the study in which normal individuals were admitted to a psychiatric hospital, the staff:    
 concluded the individuals were taking part in a graduate study.   
 concluded the individuals were relatively normal.   
 concluded the individuals had been mistakenly admitted.   
 * concluded the individuals were suffering from schizophrenia.   
    

25. The text presented a case study in which normal persons were admitted to various psychiatric hospitals. Which of the following statements regarding that experiment is accurate?    
 The real patients were unlikely to recognize the pseudopatients as fakes.   
 A majority of the pseudopatients were discharged in less than one week.   
 * None of the hospital staffs recognized that the psdeudopatients did not have a disorder.   
 Diagnosis of the disorders were dropped once the pseudopatients were released.   
    

26. The case study presented in the text in which normal individuals had themselves admitted into psychiatric hospitals illustrates the:    
 * role labels and expectations can play in perception.   
 inadequacy of our current mental health care system.   
 fact that a lot of individuals with schizophrenia exhibit similar symptoms.   
 extent to which individuals with schizophrenia will act abnormal to obtain what they want.   
    

27. Labels and roles play a part in understanding some aspects of schizophrenia, but they:    
 have generally been ignored by a majority of psychologists.   
 * cannot account for prediagnosis symptoms.   
 haven't been helpful in developing appropriate psychological treatments.   
 none of the above.   
    

28. According to the cognitive explanation, many of the symptoms of schizophrenia come from:    
 imaginary sensory perceptions.   
 * attempts to explain extraordinary sensory experiences.   
 a distorted understanding of normal sensations.   
 attempts to understand stressful situations in the environment.   
    

29. _____________ theorists suggest that hallucinations can be explained as being the result of a filling-in process in which overly-sensitive individuals attempt to understand the unusual sensations they are experiencing.    
 Learning   
 Psychodynamic   
 * Cognitive   
 Physiological   
    

30. Which type of theorist would suggest that the delusions seen in individuals with schizophrenia are very likely just irrational explanations for unusual sensory experiences?    
 Learning   
 * Cognitive   
 Psychodynamic   
 Physiological   
    

31. The text described the case study of a 34-year-old executive who was concerned that he was "losing his mind" when he found he could read the small print on billboards. This man's account illustrates the extreme ________ experienced by some individuals with schizophrenia.    
 cognitive deficit   
 delusions   
 hallucinations   
 * heightened awareness   
    

32. With regard to hallucinations, theorists who espouse the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia promote the idea that:    
 persons with schizophrenia hear and see things that are not physically quantifiable.   
 persons with schizophrenia are unable to process ordinary stimuli in a normal fashion.   
 * persons with schizophrenia experience sensory stimuli that others do not.   
 hallucinations are a direct result of organic deterioration.   
    

33. Kramer has hallucinations. According to the cognitive explanation, it is likely he is attempting:    
 to escape the boredom of his current situation.   
 to understand the normal stimuli around him.   
 * to make sense of irrelevant stimuli.   
 to draw attention to himself.   
    

34. According to the cognitive explanation, hallucinations and delusions stem from:    
 a deterioration in the ability to understand ordinary stimuli.   
 * attempts to explain stimuli not experienced by others.   
 abnormal physiological processes.   
 a decreased sensitivity to the environment.   
    

35. The text presented the case of a young student who became aware of a buzzing noise made by fluorescent lights. After her roommates denied hearing the noise, the student developed:    
 hallucinations.   
 * delusions of persecution.   
 schizophrenia.   
 inappropriate affect.   
    

36. The text presented the case of an elderly woman who was unaware she was losing her hearing. She thought the people whispering around her were plotting against her. This delusion was:    
 found to be a result of the tumor which was causing her to go deaf.   
 the first indication that she was developing schizophrenia.   
 a primary symptom of a delusion disorder triggered by the stress she experienced.   
 * inspired by the nature of her prior experiences.   
    

37. In one experiment, college students were given false physiological feedback concerning their anxiety levels when they were shown pictures of Russians. Those students who received feedback indicating that they were anxious:    
 rated themselves as less hostile.   
 rated themselves as more hostile.   
 * rated the Russians as more hostile.   
 rated the Russians as less hostile.   
    

38. In one experiment, college students were shown pictures of Russians and given false physiological feedback concerning their anxiety levels. The results suggested that students who thought they were anxious justified their anxiety:    
 by blaming the experimenter.   
 as stemming from concern about their current circumstances.   
 * by believing the Russians posed a threat.   
 by being concerned about their physiological responses.   
    

39. Cognitive theorists argue that the decline in intellectual functioning seen in individuals who have schizophrenia is a result of:    
 the gradual deterioration of certain cortical areas in the brain.   
 * the intrusion of irrelevant thoughts which disrupt the normal thought process.   
 the cumulative effect of the stress inherent in coping with the disorder.   
 an inability to effectively understand, process and categorize incoming stimuli.   
    

40. According to cognitive theory, ___________ plays a vital role in the decline in intellectual functioning experienced by persons with schizophrenia.    
 confusion   
 stress   
 suggestion   
 * distraction    
    

41. In one experiment conducted with persons who did and did not have schizophrenia, a series of test numbers was read while irrelevant numbers were also read. It was found that the reading of irrelevant numbers had:    
 a more disruptive effect on the performance of the persons who did not have schizophrenia.   
 no effect on either of the two groups.   
 * a more disruptive effect on the performance of the persons with schizophrenia.   
 the effect of helping the performance of the persons with schizophrenia.    
    

42. The cognitive explanation presents the idea that the language problems apparent in some individuals with schizophrenia are possibly due to:    
 * the intrusion of irrelevant thoughts.   
 an inability to process information.   
 an underlying inability to understand semantics.   
 inattention and social isolation.   
    

43. Uncontrollable thoughts technically called ______________ serve as distracters to individuals with schizophrenia, causing them to spin off on unusual cognitive tangents.    
 semantic detractors   
 * associative intrusions   
 word salad   
 random cognitions    
    

44. A _____________ intrusion is when an alternative meaning for a particular word introduces a new thought.    
 * semantic   
 thought content   
 clang   
 habit strength.   
    

45. Many words have multiple meanings which are usually composed of one strong association and one or more weak associations. It has been suggested that individuals with schizophrenia:    
 * are likely to use the strong association, whether it is context appropriate or not.   
 are likely to use a weak association, whether it is context appropriate or not.   
 lose their ability to understand the subtle nuances of semantics.   
 are unaware that words can have more than one association.   
    

46. Jenny shuffled in off the street and the hotel desk clerk raised an eyebrow and said, "Sorry, Miss, we're all booked up." Jenny looked puzzled and replied, "I don't see that the place is full of books." Jenny's language error is an example of:    
 * semantic intrusions.   
 thought content intrusions.   
 clang associations.   
 a habit strength intrusion.   
    

47. A ______________ intrusion occurs when a word reminds an individual of a different topic, which then intrudes and disrupts the original context.    
 semantic   
 clang   
 * thought content   
 habit strength   
    

48. Individuals who experience thought content intrusions:    
 tend to forget in mid-sentence what they have been talking about.   
 verbally wander off into habitual phrase associations.   
 cannot formulate a sentence because their thoughts are too chaotic.   
 * are reminded by a word of a different topic, which they jump into without a clear transition.    
    

49. Jenny is telling Albert about a rude hotel clerk, which reminds her of the Hotel Orient where she stayed as a child. So she immediately begins telling him about the plants she hid behind in the foyer of the Hotel Orient, without making a clear transition. Poor Albert is instantly lost. Jenny's unclear conversational style is an example of:    
 * thought content intrusion.   
 clang associations.   
 semantic intrusion.   
 habit strength intrusion.   
    

50. _______________ intrusions are based on the sound of a word.    
 Semantic   
 Habit strength   
 * Clang   
 Thought content   
    

51. Jenny said, "They were just beautiful, big, green leafy fronds. I had never seen such plants, the ants go marching two by two, hurrah." This conversational deficit is an example of:    
 semantic intrusion.   
 habit strength intrusion.   
 * clang intrusion.   
 thought content intrusion.   
    

52. ________________ involve the use of words or phrases that automatically come to mind because of their frequency of use in conjunction with the topic word or phrase.    
 Semantic intrusions   
 Clang intrusions   
 * Habit strength intrusions   
 Thought content intrusions   
    

53. Albert brought his companion over to Jenny and said, "Jenny, I'd like to introduce you to my new friend, Penny." Jenny immediately said, "A penny saved is a penny earned." This is an example of:    
 clang intrusion.   
 * habit strength intrusion.   
 semantic intrusion.   
 thought content intrusion.   
    

54. The cognitive explanation for schizophrenia does not adequately explain:    
 the problems with language that can occur with schizophrenia.   
 * why individuals with schizophrenia have sensory experiences that others do not.   
 why individuals with schizophrenia have delusions.   
 why individuals with schizophrenia have hallucinations.   
    

55. Which of the following is a viable criticism of the cognitive explanation for schizophrenia?    
 * It does not explain why individuals with schizophrenia are more distractible than others.   
 It does not explain the language problems seen in schizophrenia.   
 It does not explain why intellectual functioning declines in individuals with schizophrenia.   
 It does not explain why individuals with schizophrenia have hallucinations.    
    

56. Which of the following is not considered a physiological factor linked to schizophrenia?    
 * hormonal deficits   
 structural abnormalities in the brain   
 low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin   
 high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine   
    

57. Perhaps the most widely accepted explanation for schizophrenia is that high levels of the neurotransmitter ___________ lead to increased brain activity, which in turn disrupts cognitive functioning.    
 serotonin   
 * dopamine   
 norepinephrine   
 acetylcholine   
    

58. The dopamine explanation for schizophrenia suggests that high levels of dopamine activity very likely lead to the:    
 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 * positive symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 mood disorders seen in schizophrenia.   
 inappropriate emotional responses seen in schizophrenia.   
    

59. Drugs that reduce dopamine activity also ________ the _________ symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 * reduce; positive   
 reduce; negative   
 increase; positive   
 increase; negative   
    

60. Andy has spent the last three days with a quarter ounce of cocaine. He hasn't slept or eaten and is now having trouble functioning. He is paranoid, disorganized and delusional and cannot seem to finish a thought. Andy is suffering from:    
 * amphetamine psychosis.   
 cocaine withdrawal.   
 decreased dopamine activity.   
 schizophrenia.   
    

61. Individuals suffering from Parkinson's disease take a drug called __________, which decreases their primary symptoms, but can also have the adverse effect of inducing the symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 Clozaril   
 * L-dopa   
 L-tryptophan   
 Haldol   
    

62. Jerome suffers from schizophrenia. His symptoms could be exacerbated by all of the following, with the exception of:    
 cocaine.   
 amphetamines   
 L-dopa.   
 * caffeine.   
    

63. Drugs like amphetamines and cocaine that increase dopamine levels can:    
 reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 * bring on symptoms similar to those seen in schizophrenia.   
 cause permanent damage, which in turn leads to schizophrenia.   
 none of the above.   
    

64. Evidence indicates that some individuals with schizophrenia have:    
 * more dopamine receptors than other people.   
 fewer dopamine receptors than other people.   
 lower dopamine levels than other people.   
 a greater fluctuation in dopamine levels than other people.   
    

65. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are linked to:    
 * both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.   
 the low levels of dopamine seen in schizophrenia.   
    

66. There is now evidence that some of the high levels of neurological activity seen in schizophrenia are due to:    
 * low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   
 high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   
 a high level of serotonergic receptor sites.   
 a low level of dopamanergic receptor sites.   
    

67. ______________ is the neurotransmitter for inhibitory neurons that reduce the activity of excitatory neurons activated by _____________.    
 Dopamine; serotonin   
 Norepinephrine; serotonin   
 * Serotonin; dopamine   
 Serotonin; norepinephrine   
    

68. Low levels of serotonin can contribute to the ____________ symptoms of schizophrenia by causing ___________.    
 positive; delusions   
 * negative; depression   
 positive; disorganization   
 negative; delusions   
    

69. Lonnie suffers from schizophrenia and depression. His doctor put him on Prozac, which will eventually help his depression:    
 * and possibly reduce some of the negative symptoms of his schizophrenia.   
 and possibly reduce some of the positive symptoms of his schizophrenia.   
 but likely have no effect on his schizophrenia.   
 but also increase some of the symptoms of his schizophrenia.   
    

70. Thought processes occur in the _____________ where information from different parts of the brain is integrated.    
 * prefrontal cortex   
 temporal cortex   
 frontal lobe   
 parietal cortex   
    

71. From a physiological standpoint, disruption of thought processes is believed to stem from:    
 high levels of activity in the temporal cortex.   
 low levels of activity in the temporal lobes.   
 * high levels of activity in the prefrontal cortex.   
 low levels of activity in the frontal lobes.   
    

72. High levels of activity in the ____________ can trigger the memories stored there and result in hallucinations    
 * temporal cortex   
 frontal lobe   
 prefrontal cortex   
 parietal lobe   
    

73. Cassandra has auditory hallucinations. This is possibly due to an:    
 over stimulation of her frontal lobes.   
 over stimulation of her occipital lobes.   
 over stimulation of her prefrontal cortex.   
 * over stimulation of her temporal cortex.   
    

74. There is evidence that electrical stimulation of single cells in the ____________ can cause an individual to experience _____________.    
 * temporal cortex; hallucinations   
 frontal lobe; depression   
 prefrontal cortex; delusions   
 frontal lobe; hallucinations   
    

75. Individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy often experience ________ just before a seizure begins.    
 depression   
 * hallucinations   
 delusions   
 memory loss   
    

76. Pet scans reveal that high levels of activity in the ___________ are associated with disturbed thought processes and high levels of activity in the _____________ are associated with visual and auditory hallucinations.    
 temporal cortex; prefrontal cortex   
 * prefrontal cortex; temporal cortex   
 frontal lobes, parietal lobes   
 parietal lobes, frontal lobes   
    

77. The neurodevelopment theory of schizophrenia states that the negative symptoms of the disorder:    
 * stem from damaged or underactive brain structures.   
 are caused by enlargement of the right hemisphere in the brain.   
 stem from overactivity in the prefrontal area of the brain.   
 are caused by decreased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.   
    

78. ____________ is a phenomenon often seen in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia.    
 Diminished ventricular size   
 * Reversed hemispheric dominance   
 Left hemispheric dominance   
 Enlargement of the corpus callosum   
    

79. In infants:    
 there is no hemispheric dominance.   
 the left hemisphere is more dominant than the left.   
 spatial ability is controlled by the left hemisphere.   
 * the right hemisphere is more dominant than the left.   
    

80. The right hemispheric dominance seen in some individuals with schizophrenia is probably an indication that:    
 that their brain has atrophied as a result of their disorder.   
 that their brain has smaller than normal ventricles.   
 that their brain did not sustain the proper neural migration.   
 * that their brain did not continue to develop as it should in their infancy.   
    

81. When compared to normal individuals, persons who suffer from schizophrenia have fewer neurons in the gray matter of the cortex than in the white matter beneath it. This is due to:    
 * a reduced migration of neurons during prenatal development.   
 lateral differentiation of the brain.   
 right hemispheric dominance.   
 atrophy resulting from the stress of coping with their disorder.   
    

82. Retarded neural migration is an effect that is particularly strong in the:    
 prefrontal and lateral cortex.   
 * frontal and temporal cortex.   
 temporal and parietal lobes.   
 frontal and parietal lobes.   
    

83. Cortical atrophy is:    
 a failure in neural migration from the white to gray matter of the cortex.   
 * a progressive deterioration or loss of neurons in the cortex.   
 an enlargement of the ventricle canals in the brain.   
 a deterioration of the ventricle canals in the brain.   
    

84. Henry suffers from schizophrenia. He shows a serious decline in thought and is depressed a great deal of the time. His friend, Katherine also suffers from schizophrenia, but her symptoms are predominantly positive in nature. She exhibits disorganized speech and thought patterns and is delusional. If we could examine their brains we would likely find that:    
 * Henry has a much smaller prefrontal cortical area than Katherine.   
 Katherine has a much smaller prefrontal cortical area than Henry.   
 Henry has a much smaller temporal area than Katherine.   
 Katherine has a much smaller temporal area than Henry.   
    

85. The disorganized verbal behavior seen in schizophrenia has been linked to problems with structures and activity in the:    
 * temporal cortex.   
 prefrontal cortex.   
 frontal cortex.   
 parietal cortex.   
    

86. The physical effects of subcortical atrophy are seen most easily in:    
 hemispheric lateralization.   
 retarded neural migration.   
 * enlarged ventricles.   
 shrinking ventricles.   
    

87. The ventricles in the brain are:    
 * canals that carry waste materials.   
 nerve tracts linking the thalamus and other structures to the frontal lobe.   
 the bands of fiber that connect the left and right hemispheres.   
 involved in arousal and carry dopamine to the prefrontal cortex.   
    

88. Enlarged ventricles indicate a loss of:    
 * neurons   
 cerebral spinal fluid   
 memory   
 cortical mass   
    

89. Nigel suffers from schizophrenia, exhibits primarily negative symptoms and seems to have problems with short-term memory. It is extremely probable that Nigel's ____________ is considerably smaller than that of others who do not have schizophrenia.    
 hypothalamus   
 * hippocampus   
 thalamus   
 amygdala   
    

90. It appears that the poverty of thought seen in schizophrenia may be due in part to improper functioning of the __________, which results in a deficit in information processing.    
 * hippocampus   
 amygdala   
 hypothalamus   
 medulla   
    

91. In persons suffering from schizophrenia who exhibit primarily positive symptoms, the thalamus:    
 is smaller and less active.   
 is comparable in size to normal individuals.   
 * is enlarged.   
 is similar in size to that of individuals who exhibit negative symptoms.   
    

92. Incoming stimuli, such as sights and sounds, passes through the _____________ before being sent to other areas of the brain.    
 hippocampus   
 hypothalamus   
 amygdala   
 * thalamus   
    

93. Percival suffers from schizophrenia. He shows flat affect, is depressed and doesn't seem concerned about interacting with others. It is likely that his thalamus is:    
 larger than that of individuals who do not have schizophrenia.   
 larger than others with schizophrenia who exhibit mainly positive symptoms.   
 comparable to others with schizophrenia who exhibit mainly positive symptoms.   
 * smaller and less active than others who do not have schizophrenia.   
    

94. Persons with schizophrenia who exhibit mainly negative symptoms have a smaller amygdala than others and because of this:    
 * are less assertive and emotionally flat.   
 are unable to sit still and are emotionally charged.   
 are aggressive and difficult to control.   
 none of the above.   
    

95. Investigators have found that individuals with schizophrenia often suffer from hypofrontality, which means:    
 they have high levels of activity in their frontal lobes.   
 they are overly sensitive to stimuli such as light and sound.   
 * they have less than normal activity in their frontal lobes.   
 they have problems with balance and posture.   
    

96. The prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals who have two parents who suffer from the disorder is:    
 * substantially higher than among individuals who have only one parent with the disorder.   
 the same as among those individuals who have only one parent with the disorder.   
 slightly higher than among those individuals who have only one parent with the disorder.   
 actually lower than among those individuals who have only one parent with the disorder.   
    

97. The concordance rate for schizophrenia among monozygotic twins is much higher if one of the twins:    
 exhibits predominantly positive symptoms.   
 is also depressed.   
 is mildly rather than severely disturbed.   
 * is severely rather than mildly disturbed.   
    

98. Adoption studies indicate that:    
 shared genes can account for almost 50% of the cases of schizophrenia.   
 there is no link between shared genes and schizophrenia.   
 the children of individuals who exhibit primarily positive symptoms are less likely to inherit the disorder.   
 * there is a link between shared genes and schizophrenia.   
    

99. Research indicates that individuals who are raised by parents with schizophrenia, but whose biological parents did not suffer from the disorder:    
 * are not likely to develop the disorder.   
 are likely to develop the disorder.   
 are more likely to develop the disorder than those raised by parents without schizophrenia.   
 have about a 10% chance of developing the disorder themselves.   
    

The text indicates genetic factors probably account for less than ___of the cases of schizophrenia.    
 50%   
 35%   
 * 10%   
 2%   
    

The results of adoption studies indicate that whether or not an individual develops schizophrenia is determined:    
 in large part by the mental health of the parents who raise them.   
 in equal parts by the environment and heredity.   
 only by heredity and nothing else.   
 * in large part by the mental health of their biological parents.   
    

_______________ during the prenatal period are likely responsible for some of the cases of schizophrenia which are not due to genetic factors.    
 * Biological traumas   
 Maternal attitudes   
 Paternal behaviors   
 Prescription medications   
    

Prenatal illnesses that are most likely to lead to schizophrenia occur during:    
 the first trimester.   
 * the second trimester.   
 the third trimester.   
 any time during a pregnancy.   
    

The season-of-birth effect is a result of a(n):    
 * increased probability of contracting influenza during the winter months.   
 decreased production of melatonin due to seasonal light changes.   
 increase in depressive episodes stemming from seasonal affective disorder.   
 factors we do not yet understand.   
    

The relationship between mothers' illnesses during pregnancy and their offsprings' schizophrenia is probably mediated by:    
 a break in the blood-brain barrier.   
 medications taken during the first trimester.   
 * fever induced elevations in fetal temperature.   
 disruption of circadian rhythms.   
    

Prolonged or difficult labor, deprivation of oxygen during birth, and the use of forceps in delivery are all ____________ complications that can potentially lead to schizophrenia.    
 prenatal   
 iatrogenic   
 * perinatal   
 no longer   
    

In a 40-year follow-up of over 500 individuals with schizophrenia, it was found that those who had not recovered were:    
 * more likely to have had perinatal problems than those who improved.   
 more likely also to be depressed than those who improved.   
 more likely to have predominantly positive symptoms than those who improved.   
 more likely to be male than female and have had a later onset of the disorder.   
    

Genetic factors and biological traumas are clearly linked to schizophrenia, but symptoms do not usually develop until adolescence or early adulthood. This likely happens because:    
 the disorder is not recognized as such in younger individuals.   
 * during this period the normal process of brain deterioration begins, which exacerbates any pathological decline or abnormality.   
 this period of life is the most stressful and the added stressors trigger the disorder.   
 it is at this time that individuals begin to function in greater society.   
    

The ___________ explanation suggests that an environmental stress triggers a biological predisposition.    
 * diathesis-stress   
 drive reduction   
 stimulus-response   
 nature-nurture   
    

Early treatments for individuals suffering from schizophrenia involved drilling holes in the top of the skull, then inserting a knife and making a slice that separated the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain. As stated in the text, this procedure was called:    
 a transorbital lobotomy.   
 * a prefrontal lobotomy.   
 a cranial leucotomy.   
 trephination.    
    

A(n) ______________ is a procedure that involves inserting an icepick-like knife through the top of the eye socket and up into the brain.    
 cranial leucotomy   
 * transorbital lobotomy   
 trephination   
 orbitalectomy   
    

Psychosurgeries, such as prefrontal lobotomies, had the effect of reducing aggressive behaviors and increasing the likelihood a patient would be released from a hospital. They also:    
 * destroyed cognitive abilities and emotional control.   
 decreased the occurrence of mental illness in the general population.   
 enhanced some cognitive functioning and prosocial behaviors.   
 increased the likelihood the patient would contribute to society.   
    

______________ are a group of drugs which primarily target the high levels of dopamine activity that leads to schizophrenia.    
 * Neuroleptics   
 Benzodiazepines   
 Tricyclics   
 MAO inhibitors   
    

Neuroleptic drugs reduce high levels of brain activity by:    
 increasing the reuptake of dopamine.   
 increasing catabolism of dopamine.   
 decreasing the availability of serotonin.   
 * blocking dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.   
    

All of the following are ways in which neuroleptic drugs arrest high levels of brain activity, with the exception of:    
 reducing the sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors.   
 increasing serotonin levels.   
 * increasing the reuptake of dopamine.   
 blocking dopamine receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron.   
    

Neuroleptic drugs can cause side effects called extrapyramidal symptoms which consist of:    
 * involuntary muscle movements.   
 excessive arousal, nervous agitation and paranoia.   
 dry mouth, insomnia and sexual dysfunction.   
 mood swings and drowsiness.   
    

Dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain responsible:    
 for circadian regulation.   
 for balance and coordination.   
 * for muscle movements.   
 for emotional responses.   
    

Cynthia suffers from schizophrenia and is taking a well known, low-potency neuroleptic to control her symptoms. She is taking:    
 Haldol.   
 * Thorazine.   
 Clozaril.   
 Risperidal.   
    

Homer suffers from schizophrenia. His primary symptoms include flat affect, depression, a poverty of thought and social apathy. If Homer were put on a low-potency neuroleptic such as Thorazine, his symptoms:    
 depending on the dosage, would probably improve within a week or two.   
 * would not improve, regardless of the dosage.   
 would steadily improve if he was given the highest possible dosage.   
 would begin to show immediate improvement regardless of he dosage.   
    

Low-potency neuroleptics are effective for treating the _______________ symptoms involved in schizophrenia.    
 negative   
 negative and positive   
 * positive   
 secondary   
    

High potency neuroleptics, such as Haldol, are more effective in treating schizophrenia than low-potency neuroleptics because they:    
 have a much faster reaction time.   
 are effective for treating both positive and negative symptoms.   
 * block more dopamine receptor sites.   
 are more effective in promoting dopamine reuptake.   
    

The best known high-potency neuroleptic is:    
 * Haldol.   
 Thorazine.   
 Clozaril.   
 Risperidal.   
    

High-potency neuroleptics, such as Haldol, are more effective in treating the symptoms of schizophrenia than Thorazine. They also:    
 cause fewer extrapyramidal side effects.   
 promote the same incidence of side effects as the low potency neuroleptics.   
 have no extrapyramidal side effects.   
 * increase extrapyramidal side effects.   
    

Both low-potency and high-potency neuroleptics are only effective for treating:    
 individuals who experience an early onset of symptoms.   
 symptoms that remain consistent over time.   
 negative symptoms such as flat affect.   
 * positive symptoms such as delusions.   
    

Atypical neuroleptics differ from Haldol and Thorazine in that they:    
 block more dopamine receptor sites.   
 * are more selective in the sets of dopamine receptors they block.   
 have no influence on serotonin.   
 increase the reuptake of dopamine.   
    

Atypical neuroleptics work by blocking the ________ in the nerve tracts that lead to the frontal and temporal lobes.    
 * D-2 receptors   
 D-1 receptors   
 5-HT receptors   
 DA receptors   
    

Joon recently started taking a neuroleptic to treat her schizophrenia. She exhibits both positive and negative symptoms, but has experienced an improvement in all her symptoms since she began taking medication. Joon is likely taking:    
 Thorazine.   
 Haldol.   
 Mellaril.   
 * Clozaril.   
    

A study cited in the text in which over 300 individuals who were chronically ill with schizophrenia were treated with either Thorazine or Clozaril indicated that:    
 * Clozaril caused fewer side effects and reduced both positive and negative symptoms.   
 Clozaril was less effective in reducing positive symptoms, but caused no side effects.   
 Thorazine was less effective in reducing negative symptoms, but caused fewer side effects.   
 both drugs were equally effective in treating negative symptoms.   
    

Patients with schizophrenia who are taking atypical neuroleptics, such as Clozaril, will be less likely to become depressed than those taking Thorazine. This is probably directly related:    
 to the fact that Clozaril causes fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than Thorazine.   
 to the fact that Clozaril works faster and longer than Thorazine.   
 * to the fact that Clozaril increases serotonin levels.   
 to the fact that Clozaril decreases serotonin levels.   
    

Some patients who take Clozaril to treat their schizophrenia experience a sudden drop in white blood cells. This is called:    
 * agranulocytosis.   
 leukemia.   
 tardive dyskinesia.   
 akathisia.    
    

Perrin suffers from schizophrenia, exhibits primarily negative symptoms and was recently put on an atypical neuroleptic. Perrin's mother was concerned that her son might develop a side effect called agranulocytosis. The doctor told her the drug he'd prescribed did not promote that side effect. Perrin is probably taking:    
 Thorazine.   
 Haldol.   
 Clozaril   
 * Risperidal.   
    

_____________ is a side effect of neuroleptic drug treatment and consists of involuntary muscle movement seen predominantly in the facial area.    
 Akathisia   
 Malignant neuroleptic syndrome   
 Agranulocytosis   
 * Tardive dyskinesia   
    

Frank suffers from schizophrenia. He now appears to be sucking and chewing constantly, smacking and pursing his lips, and showing ticlike motions of his eyes. This is:    
 * a result of his medication.   
 a manifestation of the latter stages of schizophrenia.   
 an indication that his medication dosage is too low.   
 an indication his dopamine receptors have become insensitive to dopamine.    
    

In some cases, the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are:    
 limited to the right side of the body.   
 related to a biological predisposition.   
 the result of anxiety.   
 * irreversible.   
    

Lucy suffers from schizophrenia and is being treated with a neuroleptic drug. She finds that she cannot sit still. She rocks back and forth or swings her legs. This is a side effect called:    
 agranulocytosis.   
 * akathisia.   
 aphasia.   
 tardive dyskinesia.   
    

____________ is a side effect from taking neuroleptic drugs and involves an inability to sit still.    
 Tardive dyskinesia   
 Agranulocytosis   
 Aphasia   
 * Akathisia   
    

______________ is a side effect from taking neuroleptic drugs and consists of symptoms which include muscle rigidity, high fevers and fluctuating blood pressure.    
 Tardive dyskinesia.   
 Aphasia   
 * Malignant neuroleptic syndrome   
 Akathisia   
    

Which of the following side effects related to taking neuroleptic drugs can cause brain damage, strokes and even comas, if not diagnosed early enough?    
 tardive dyskinesia   
 akathisia   
 agranulocytosis   
 * malignant neuroleptic syndrome   
    

Research cited in the text, in which patients had their neuroleptic medication withdrawn for a period of time or not, indicates that:    
 * it is possible for some patients to discontinue drug therapy and not suffer a relapse.   
 patients who require drug therapy will have to take medication their entire lives.   
 eventually all individuals will only require maintenance doses of medication, but these will be necessary for their entire lives.   
 patients who discontinue drug therapy can switch to ECT and incur the same benefits.   
    

In one study in which patients who were taking high levels of Haldol had their dosages reduced, it was found that:    
 symptoms became worse for a majority of the patients after only a slight reduction.   
 * some patients showed improvements in their symptoms.   
 all of the patients were able to discontinue drug treatments.   
 none of the patients benefited from the dosage reductions.    
    

In one study in which patients who were taking high levels of Haldol had their dosages reduced, it was found that:    
 * the average patient had a 60% decrease in dosage before their symptoms began to get worse.   
 the average patient experienced a worsening of symptoms after only a slight reduction.   
 some patients were being unnecessarily medicated.   
 patients did not benefit from having their medication reduced.   
    

The optimal drug treatment strategy to use with individuals suffering from schizophrenia is:    
 begin with a minimal dosage, then increase it until the medication becomes effective.   
 * begin with a dosage that will arrest symptoms, then test to find the lowest effective dosage.   
 begin with a dosage that will arrest symptoms, then maintain that level.   
 prescribe high dosage levels, but occasionally stop treatment to see if the patient has recovered.   
    

Persons suffering from schizophrenia often require:    
 only neuroleptics to treat their disorder.   
 only neuroleptics and psychotherapy to treat their disorder.   
 an initial powerful dose of neuroleptics, but then can rely solely on psychotherapy.   
 * other drugs such as antidepressants along with neuroleptics to treat their disorder.   
    

At present it is ____________ to determine beforehand which drug will be the most effective for treating a particular patient with schizophrenia.    
 common   
 easy   
 unethical   
 * impossible   
    

The cognitive approach involves the premise that individuals with schizophrenia can benefit from ________________ in understanding and coping with their disorder.    
 neuroleptics   
 psychoanalysis   
 psychotherapy   
 * psychoeducation   
    

Gail suffers from schizophrenia. Her family attends family therapy sessions. These sessions will focus on helping the family:    
 * learn how to provide a less stressful environment for Gail.   
 understand that Gail is probably not as ill as she acts and she should be more responsible.   
 understand the possible consequences of drug treatments.   
 learn to live their lives in spite of having to care for an individual with schizophrenia.   
    

The main goal of psychoeducation pertaining to schizophrenia is to:    
 treat the symptoms of schizophrenia that neuroleptics do not treat.   
 * teach the patient and family how not to exacerbate or ignite symptoms.   
 teach the family how to lead normal lives despite having a member with schizophrenia.   
 teach the patient and family about potential side effects of drug treatments.   
    

Psychoeducation and social skills training help patients with schizophrenia and their families:    
 * normalize the disorder.   
 cure the disorder.   
 avoid the disorder.   
 ignore the disorder.   
    

The results of one experiment cited in the text indicated that the most effective approach for reducing relapse rates among individuals with schizophrenia involved drug treatments:    
 and nothing else.   
 * patient social skills training and family psychoeducation.   
 and patient social skills training.   
 and family psychoeducation.   
    

Research has shown that patients with schizophrenia who receive psychoeducation with their families in addition to their drug therapies often:    
 recover completely.   
 * require less medication than other patients who do not receive psychotherapy.   
 can eventually stop taking medication altogether.   
 show similar relapse rates, but are less apt to be hospitalized than others with schizophrenia.    
    

Betty and Carol suffer from schizophrenia. In therapy, Betty learns problem solving skills so she can reduce stress. Carol also receives that type of therapy, and her family receives it as well. Relative to Betty, Carol is more likely to:    
 show lower levels of symptoms.   
 be less likely to relapse.   
 take lower levels of drugs.   
 * all of the above.    
    

Which of the following statements is true of psychoeducation as it relates to schizophrenia?    
 Total therapeutic benefit can usually be attained in one or two sessions.   
 * Patients need continuing contact with their counselors to maintain their progress.   
 Psychoeducation in sufficient amounts often negates the need for drug therapy.   
 There is a large controversy regarding the claim of benefits and actual benefits incurred by individuals participating in psychoeducation.   
    

The text presented the case of Dr. Frederick Frese, a psychologist who suffers from schizophrenia. Dr. Frese emphasized:    
 the need for greater expectations and demands from society.   
 the need for treatments other than drugs to control schizophrenia.   
 * the need for support and feedback from others.   
 the need for more institutional settings for individuals who suffer from schizophrenia.   
    

The learning approach to the treatment of schizophrenia involves:    
 * the manipulation of rewards and punishments.   
 classical conditioning.   
 designing problem-solving strategies within the family.   
 teaching individuals to cope with stress.   
    

The text presented the case study of a hospitalized woman with chronic schizophrenia. To reduce her hoarding of towels she was:    
 treated with an antianxiety drug.   
 punished every time she took a towel.   
 rewarded every time she took a towel.   
 * given more towels than she wanted.   
    

____________ are systems in which patients can earn rewards, then use them to purchase items of interest or value.    
 Reciprocal training programs   
 Milieu venues   
 Group homes   
 * Token economies   
    

The token economy approach in treating individuals with schizophrenia is effective for:    
 reducing emotional behaviors.   
 * reducing unusual motor behaviors.   
 reducing delusional behaviors.   
 disorganized cognitive behaviors.   
    

Warren suffers from schizophrenia and exhibits a wide range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, unusual body movements, inappropriate emotional outbursts and disorganized speech. Which of his symptoms would a token economy likely help?    
 his disorganized speech   
 his emotional outbursts   
 * his unusual body movements   
 his delusions   
    

Danny, who suffers from schizophrenia, has been placed on a token economy ward. Compared with individuals on a more typical ward, Danny is:    
 less likely to be released from the hospital.   
 more likely to require continuing care after his release from the hospital.   
 * more likely to be released and achieve independent functioning.   
 more likely to able to discontinue his drug treatments.   
    

Research involving token economies indicates that rewards are effective for improving ________ behaviors, but they are not effective for improving ___________.    
 * overt; cognitive processes   
 emotional; cognitive processes   
 cognitive; emotional processes   
 covert; overt processes   
    

Traditional psychotherapy has been shown to be _____________ for treating schizophrenia.    
 not effective   
 * very effective   
 marginally effective   
 extremely effective   
    

In an investigation in which patients with chronic schizophrenia were given the best of everything, including psychotherapy and occupational therapy, for 2 years, it was found that:    
 the patients showed remarkable improvements.   
 the patients did not show improvement until they were switched to drug therapy.   
 * the patients did not show improvement until they were switched to cognitive therapy.   
 the patients did not show improvement until they were put into a token economy.    
    

In research involving the treatment of schizophrenia, it is now often considered unethical to have a control condition in which patients receive only:    
 psychoeducation.   
 neuroleptics.   
 * psychotherapy.   
 behavior therapy.   
    

Mark suffers from schizophrenia. His family knows very little about the disorder and they tend to treat Mark as if he were a child. He occasionally gets angry, throws tantrums, and breaks things. This behavior could very well be a response to his parents expectations.     
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Cognitive theorists argue that the hallucinations persons with schizophrenia have are false perceptions triggered by selective attention and selective recall.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Cognitive theorists propose that delusions are the result of an individual trying to explain sensory experiences that they are aware others do not have.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Dopamine is one of the main neurotransmitters in nerve tracts leading from the limbic system to the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Drugs which reduce dopamine activity increase the symptoms of schizophrenia, particularly the negative symptoms.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Drugs that increase dopamine levels in the brain also increase the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

When serotonin levels are low, inhibitory neurons in certain parts of the brain fail to curb the activity of dopamine and this leads to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Low levels of serotonin can cause depression, which in turn can lead to some of the negative symptoms seen in schizophrenia, such as apathy and poverty of thought.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The physiological explanation proposes that the hallucinations experienced by persons suffering from schizophrenia are neurological artifacts resulting from excessive activity in certain areas of the brain.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Reversed hemispheric dominance is most likely to be found in individuals for whom schizophrenia started late in life and becomes increasingly better with time.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Brian suffers from schizophrenia. An MRI revealed that his thalamus is larger than normal. Given this information, we can surmise that Brian's symptoms are primarily positive.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Research with adoption studies has revealed that the incidence of schizophrenia can be related back to genes in approximately 50% of the cases.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The season-of-birth effect is most likely to be associated with schizophrenia that is characterized by an early onset and negative symptoms.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Wallace suffers from schizophrenia that is characterized by flat affect, a poverty of thought and disturbed speech. His disorder is more likely related to dopamine levels than perinatal complications.     
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Neuroleptic drugs reduce brain activity primarily by blocking dopamine receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Haldol is more effective than Thorazine in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Atypical neuroleptics, such as Risperidal and Zyprexa, treat both the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia and they do not trigger agranulocytosis.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The most common of the serious side effects related to neuroleptic drugs is awkward or slowed motor activity.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Akathisia is a side effect that involves the inability to sit still and it occurs in about 35% of the people who take neuroleptics.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In many cases, women suffering from schizophrenia require only about half as much medication as men to achieve the same results.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Mark suffers from schizophrenia and was recently discharged from the hospital. He takes Risperidal to treat his symptoms and he and his family are in a psychoeducation program to learn how to cope with his disorder. If this situation remains constant, he will likely have an extremely minimal chance of experiencing a relapse.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

One disadvantage of the psychoeducation approach is that it is fairly expensive and requires the guidance of a psychiatrist or a psychologist.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Advocates of behavioral theory have demonstrated that many of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be brought under control by manipulating the rewards and punishments associated with the symptoms.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Millie suffers from schizophrenia and spends a lot of time rocking in the corner. She is also depressed, has difficulty formulating ideas and speaking and is at times extremely emotional. If placed in a token economy, a lot of her symptoms would probably improve.     
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

There is no evidence that psychotherapy alone provides any benefit for individuals suffering from schizophrenia.    
 * True   
 False