_________________ involves swings of mood between mania and depression.    
 Manic disorder   
 Dysthymic disorder   
 * Bipolar disorder   
 Major depression   
    

2. Cyclothymic disorder is a less severe form of:    
 unipolar depression.   
 major depression.   
 mania.   
 * bipolar disorder.   
    

3. Bipolar disorder occurs in about _________ of the population.    
 * 1.5%   
 5%   
 10%   
 15%   
    

4. Don currently has several projects in the planning stage. He has an abundance of energy, is excited, enthusiastic and overjoyed about life and the myriad of possibilities awaiting him each day. Oddly enough, three weeks ago he could barely drag himself out of bed. Don is likely:    
 experiencing a behavioral contagion.   
 * experiencing a manic episode.   
 experiencing a dysthymic episode.   
 suffering from dyssomnia.   
    

5. Bipolar disorder was once called:    
 * manic-depression.   
 cyclothymic depression.   
 hypomania.   
 hyperactive-depression.   
    

6. Individuals in the manic stage of bipolar disorder often have an inflated sense of:    
 anxiety and self-doubt.   
 paranoia leading to withdrawal.   
 self-awareness.   
 * self-esteem.    
    

7. Bipolar disorder differs from major depressive disorder in that:    
 individuals with bipolar disorder are more in touch with their symptoms.   
 bipolar disorder is more common than major depressive disorder.   
 individuals with bipolar disorder stay depressed for longer periods of time.   
 * bipolar disorder involves drastic mood swings.   
    

8. A common cognitive characteristic of the manic phase of bipolar disorder is:    
 * grandiosity.   
 hyperactivity.   
 hyper-awareness.   
 self-doubt.   
    

9. Which of the following best describes a manic episode?    
 A generalized state of anxiety and nervous energy leading to hyperactivity   
 A gradual shift from a depressed mood to a neutral mood to mild euphoria   
 * An inflated sense of self-worth, self-reliance and happiness, coupled with boundless energy   
 An abundance of energy leading to an ability to accomplish several tasks   
    

Manic individuals are often highly:    
 focused.   
 goal-oriented.   
 productive.   
 * distracted.   
    

11. Manic individuals can experience disturbances in thought involving continual shifts in attention. This is referred to as:    
 cyclothymic thought patterns.   
 * a manic flight of ideas.   
 bipolar syndrome.   
 manic obsession.   
    

12. Which of the following statements concerning mania is correct?    
 * Because they continually shift from task to task, most manic patients are not productive.   
 Because of their intense energy, manic individuals often accomplish a great deal.   
 Manic individuals have an unusual ability to focus and are often very detail oriented.   
 Because of their self absorption, manic individuals generally do not interact with others.   
    

13. A patient with bipolar disorder who also suffered from delusions would be diagnosed as having:    
 * bipolar mood disorder with psychotic features.   
 bipolar mood disorder with delusional attributes.   
 bipolar delusional disorder.   
 bipolar psychosis.   
    

14. The only consistent physical symptom seen in mania is:    
 a loss of appetite.   
 sexual dysfunction.   
 headaches.   
 * a decreased need for sleep.   
    

15. A bipolar patient in the manic phase would most likely exhibit:    
 an increased appetite.   
 an increased need for social contact.   
 * a decreased need for sleep.   
 an increase in productivity.   
    

16. The student in case study 9.1 who was initially diagnosed at the mental health clinic as having severe clinical depression was actually suffering from:    
 manic depression.   
 major depression.   
 bipolar mania.   
 * bipolar mood disorder with psychotic features.    
    

17. Hypomania is:    
 * a mild form of mania.   
 a severe form of mania.   
 a symptom of mania involving excessive motor activity.   
 a decreased ability to function, resulting from a manic episode.   
    

18. To receive a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder an individual must have:    
 experienced numerous depressive as well as manic episodes for at least two years.   
 * experienced numerous depressive as well as hypomanic episodes for at least two years.   
 experienced several depressive as well as manic episodes during a six month period.   
 experienced several depressive as well as hypomanic episodes during a six month period.   
    

Which of the following differentiates cyclothymic disorder from bipolar disorder?    
 * The social or occupational impairments resulting from cyclothymic disorder are less severe.   
 The social or occupational impairments resulting from bipolar disorder are less severe.   
 Cyclothymic disorder requires the presence of two of the seven qualifiers instead of three.   
 Individuals with cyclothymic disorder do not experience inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.   
    

20. Horace periodically cycles between depression and hypomania. He suffers from:    
 bipolar disorder.   
 * cyclothymic disorder.   
 manic depression.   
 multiple mood disorder.   
    

21. Lately Joan has been a lot more talkative than normal and has also shown a decreased need for sleep. If she were evaluated at a clinic based upon these symptoms she would likely:    
 be diagnosed as having a manic episode.   
 be diagnosed as having a cyclothymic episode.   
 * receive no diagnosis as these behaviors by themselves are not enough to indicate mania.   
 be diagnosed as bipolar.   
    

22. Secondary mania is:    
 mania resulting from cyclothymic disorder.   
 * mania resulting from the side effect of a drug or some other disorder.   
 the less severe form of mania seen in the initial stages of a manic episode.   
 often associated with bipolar disorder.   
    

23. A person who became extremely euphoric, talkative and restless as a result of medication would be experiencing:    
 * secondary mania.   
 a manic episode.   
 a cyclothymic episode.   
 hypomania.   
    

24. The occurrence of bipolar disorder is seen:    
 * equally in men and women.   
 more often in men than women.   
 more often in women than men.   
 more often among the elderly.   
    

25. An individual with bipolar disorder who exhibits rapid cycling would have _________ or more cycles per year.    
 * four   
 three   
 seven   
 ten   
    

26. In the initial stages of the disorder, bipolar individuals who exhibit rapid cycling are:    
 * more difficult to treat than those who cycle less frequently.   
 easier to treat than those who cycle less frequently.   
 likely to be cured if provided the correct treatment.   
 likely to respond to treatment as well as those who cycle less frequently.   
    

27. Comparisons of creative individuals to non-creative individuals revealed that:    
 there is no difference in the occurrence rate of bipolar disorders between the two groups.   
 the incidence of mood disorders is higher among non-creative individuals.   
 * the incidence of mood disorders is higher among creative individuals.   
 bipolar disorder is extremely rare among creative individuals.   
    

One study revealed the rate of mania among creative writers was almost ___________ times higher than what it was in the general population.    
 5   
 10   
 15   
 * 30   
    

29. Evidence indicates that children who appear to be suffering from hyperactivity-attention-deficit disorder may actually be suffering from:    
 * hypomania.   
 manic-depression.   
 mania   
 dysomnia.   
    

30. The occurrence of bipolar disorder is more prevalent in:    
 the lower socio-economic classes.   
 the minority groups of a given society.   
 the upper socio economic classes.   
 * none of the above.   
    

31. Individuals in a severe, out-of-control manic state generally:    
 recognize their condition and seek help.   
 recognize their condition, but rarely seek help.   
 seek treatment if it is recommended by others.   
 * do not recognize their condition and do not want to be treated.   
    

32. Karla is bipolar and in the middle of a manic episode. She is currently in the process of reorganizing her home office, developing a new payroll system for the company she works for, planning her vacation and writing a novel. She feels fantastic and is amazed at her productivity. Her husband is worried and wants her to seek treatment. It is likely Karla:    
 is aware she needs treatment and will comply with her husband' wishes.   
 is unaware of her problem, but will still comply with her husband' wishes.   
 is aware she is in a manic state, but will not seek treatment.   
 * is unaware she is in a manic state, and will be reluctant to seek treatment.   
    

33. According to the psychodynamic view, the manic behavior exhibited by a bipolar individual is ________________ against their overwhelming depression.    
 * defense   
 reaction formation   
 dissociative reaction   
 rationalization   
    

34. The psychodynamic explanation that mania is a flight-from-depression was based largely upon:    
 controlled clinical studies.   
 * anecdotal reports.   
 survey reports.   
 naturalistic research.   
    

35. Research indicates that ______________ can bring on mania or cause a relapse in individuals who are physiologically predisposed to bipolar disorder.    
 * stress   
 depression   
 arousal   
 suggestion   
    

36. Which of the following options concerning the role stress plays in bipolar disorder is correct?    
 Stressful situations cause individuals to go into uncontrollable frenzies of activity.   
 * Stress can bring on mania in those who are physiologically predisposed to bipolar disorder.   
 Prolonged stress can lead to psychological changes which can cause mania.   
 Most individuals with bipolar disorder have a prolonged history of stressful events.   
    

According to the ______________ perspective, bipolar disorder stems from some type of instability in brain activity.    
 psychodynamic   
 learning   
 cognitive   
 * physiological   
    

38. Changing levels of ________________ in the areas of the brain responsible for emotion may lead to swings between mania and depression.    
 neurotoxins   
 * synaptic transmission   
 hormones   
 glucose metabolism   
    

39. ___________ is associated with high levels of brain activity whereas ___________ is associated with low levels of brain activity.    
 Unipolar depression; bipolar depression   
 Bipolar depression; unipolar depression   
 * Mania; depression   
 Depression; mania   
    

40. During a manic episode, the brain metabolizes glucose:    
 * at a faster rate than during a depressive episode.   
 at a slower rate than during a depressive episode.   
 at the same rate as during a depressive episode.   
 none of the above, the brain actually uses lactic acid during a manic phase.   
    

41. _____________ is associated with high levels of neurotransmitters.    
 Depression   
 * Mania   
 Bipolar disorder   
 Dysthymia   
    

42. Which of the following brain structures has been shown to have increased size in patients with bipolar disorder?    
 thalamus   
 hypothalamus   
 medulla   
 * amygdala   
    

43. The ____________ plays a major role in emotional arousal.    
 thalamus   
 pons   
 * amygdala   
 medulla   
    

44. Evidence that bipolar and depressive disorder are different disorders comes from physiological findings which indicate that:    
 brain structures involved in arousal are larger in individuals with depressive disorder.   
 the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons is greater in individuals with depressive disorder.   
 neurotransmitter levels differ in individuals with bipolar disorder but not depressive disorder.   
 * somewhat different sets of brain structures are involved in the two disorders.   
    

45. Support for the notion that genetics play a role in the bipolar disorder come from studies in which twins raised by adoptive parents:    
 * were more likely to have the disorder if their biological parents had the disorder.   
 did not develop the disorder.   
 were more likely to have the disorder if their adoptive parents had the disorder.   
 consistently developed the disorder.    
    

Individuals who have a first-degree relative with bipolar disorder have a risk of developing bipolar disorder that is:    
 * 10 times higher than individuals who do not have relatives with the disorder.   
 25 times higher than individuals who do not have relatives with the disorder.   
 50 times higher than individuals who do not have relatives with the disorder.   
 no greater than individuals who do not have relatives with the disorder.   
    

47. Twin studies indicate that the development of bipolar disorder is:    
 * strongly influenced by genetic factors.   
 strongly influenced by environmental factors.   
 influenced by an even mix of environmental and genetic factors.   
 none of the above.   
    

48. Research involving prenatal development suggests that in some cases bipolar disorder can be attributed to:    
 maternal age.   
 genetic factors.   
 gestation time.   
 * maternal illness during pregnancy.   
    

49. Studies indicate that perinatal problems, such as delayed respiration, may cause disruptions in ____________, which can later lead to bipolar disorder.    
 lung development   
 hormonal levels   
 * brain development   
 toxin levels   
    

50. _____________ is effective for treating between 60% and 70% of the adults and children who suffer from bipolar disorder.    
 Prozac   
 Xanax   
 * Lithium   
 Valium   
    

51. Tim has been diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and is being put on lithium to even his mood swings. During his first week of taking the medication he will:    
 experience severe nausea and other gastrointestinal distress.   
 become severely depressed and need to be carefully monitored.   
 * have blood samples taken each day to monitor the lithium levels in his body.   
 become extremely euphoric and likely experience heart palpitations and dizziness.   
    

52. Lithium is poisonous in high concentrations and this requires patients using the medication to:    
 * continually have the lithium levels in their bloodstream monitored.   
 alternate the lithium with a placebo on a weekly basis.   
 discontinue its use after a three month period, then wait a month before beginning again.   
 receive yearly checkups to monitor their lithium levels.   
    

53. Studies indicate that as many as __________ of the individuals taking lithium to control their bipolar disorder will continue to exhibit some symptoms.    
 10%   
 * 20%   
 50%   
 75%   
    

54. It appears lithium works to control bipolar disorder by:    
 increasing membrane permeability at the postsynaptic level.   
 increasing blood flow to critical areas of the brain involved in mood.   
 * stabilizing neurotransmitter levels and neuron sensitivity.   
 reducing metabolism and lowering glucose levels.   
    

In cases where lithium is not effective, __________ are sometimes used to treat bipolar disorder.    
 antianxiety drugs   
 * anticonvulsant drugs   
 barbiturate drugs   
 beta blockers   
    

56. _____________ is an anticonvulsant drug sometimes used to treat mania.    
 Diazepam   
 Anafranil   
 * Depakote   
 Fluoxetine   
    

57. It appears that anticonvulsant drugs are effective in treating mania because they:    
 increase membrane permeability at the postsynaptic level.   
 * control the excessive firing of neurons.   
 increase the firing of neurons.   
 increase the availability of neurotransmitters.   
    

58. _____________, that are sometimes used to treat mania when other drug treatments are not effective, also have the advantage of reducing delusions that can occur with manic episodes.    
 Anticonvulsants   
 Antidepressants    
 * Antipsychotics   
 Beta blockers   
    

59. Many patients with bipolar disorder discontinue taking their medication after their moods have been stabilized because:    
 * the lack of symptoms leads them to believe they are cured.   
 taking medication in the absence of symptoms may be harmful.   
 prolonged use of the medication may lead to addiction.   
 once the symptoms are gone, the medication is no longer necessary.   
    

60. The individual in case study 9.2 who stopped taking his lithium partly because he was tired of the side effects eventually overcame that problem by:    
 undergoing ECT.   
 switching to anticonvulsant drugs.   
 switching to antipsychotic drugs.   
 * taking lithium in time-released capsules.   
    

61. ECT can be effective in bringing about a quick recovery for about _________ of individuals with mania for whom drugs did not work.    
 30%   
 40%   
 50%   
 * 60%   
    

62. Individuals with mania appear to have ____________ thresholds for seizures than depressed individuals and therefore require ___________ levels of shock in ECT treatments.    
 higher; lower   
 higher, higher   
 * lower; lower   
 lower, higher   
    

63. Psychological treatments for bipolar disorder mainly involve:    
 analysis.   
 talk therapy.   
 * education.   
 behavioral therapy.   
    

Rob suffers from bipolar disorder and his psychiatrist has recommended he undergo psychoeducational therapy to help him cope with the disorder. His therapy will likely focus on:    
 * stress reduction and symptom recognition.   
 stress reduction and symptom management.   
 symptom management and stress management.   
 stress recognition and symptom avoidance.   
    

65. Statistics show that suicide is the ____________ cause of death among young males.    
 number one   
 * second leading   
 third leading   
 fourth leading    
    

66. Statistics indicate suicide is a very serious problem, but the magnitude of the problem is much greater than the statistics suggest in that:    
 it is estimated there are at least 15 attempted suicides for each one that is successful.   
 many "accidents" are in fact disguised suicides.   
 surveys have revealed that many people contemplate committing suicide.   
 * all of the above.   
    

67. Men are three times as likely to succeed in committing suicide as women because:    
 they are three times as likely to attempt suicide.   
 they are more likely to suffer from depression.   
 * they use more violent techniques to commit the act.   
 societal pressures are stronger for men.   
    

68. In the United States the suicide rate for individuals over the age of 65 is:    
 * twice the national average.   
 less than half the national average.   
 very close to the national average.   
 five times greater than the national average.   
    

69. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the data concerning suicide in the United States?    
 Teenage girls between the ages of 12 and 19 have the greatest risk of committing suicide.   
 The United States has the highest suicide rate in the world.   
 Ethnic minorities have the highest suicide rate.   
 * White males over 65 have a greater chance of committing suicide than younger men, either white or of another ethnic background.   
    

70. The rates of suicide among immigrant groups in a particular country would:    
 * reflect the rate of suicide in their country of origin.   
 mirror the suicide rate of their adopted country.   
 be about twice the average of their adopted country.   
 be far lower than the suicide rate in their country of origin.   
    

71. Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on the acceptability of suicide?    
 age   
 gender   
 * religion   
 status   
    

72. Suicide rates within a given country can be variable. The most likely reason for this is:    
 * varying stress rates on a national scale.   
 fluctuating periods of religious guidance.   
 changing attitudes among the youth culture.   
 media influence.   
    

The apparent rise in suicides over the past 30 years in the United States is probably due to:    
 the increasing apathy and hopelessness generated by the growing incidence of world tragedy.   
 an increase in the drug culture.   
 an increased tolerance of doctor assisted suicide.   
 * an increased willingness among medical examiners to label a suicide as suicide.   
    

74. If an individual drove their vehicle off a steep hill in an attempt to kill themselves with the intention of making it look like an accident, their act would be labeled as a:    
 suicide gesture.   
 * covert suicide.   
 accidental suicide.   
 premeditated suicide.   
    

75. Individuals who engage in _______________ probably don't really want to kill themselves, but are actually trying to get someone to help them.    
 * suicide gestures   
 covert suicide attempts   
 attempted suicide   
 none of the above   
    

76. Amanda often talks about killing herself and twice has taken an overdose of barbiturates, but each time phoned a friend immediately after ingesting the pills and was subsequently taken to a hospital. In the future any suicidal gestures Amanda makes should:    
 be ignored as she is obviously trying to manipulate her friends.   
 not be taken seriously as she really isn't trying to kill herself.   
 be considered as the acts of a childish, impulsive person, and nothing to be concerned about.   
 * be taken seriously as she obviously needs some type of help and may actually kill herself.   
    

77. Interviews with friends and relatives of people who commit suicide indicate that between 60% and 70% of suicide victims:    
 kill themselves accidentally.   
 kill themselves with absolutely no warning.   
 have a long history of attempted suicide.   
 * openly say they want to kill themselves.   
    

78. Which of the following statements is an accurate reflection on suicide?    
 Only very depressed persons commit suicide.   
 * At present, suicides are most likely to occur on a Monday.   
 All suicidal behaviors are designed to end the person's life.   
 People who talk about suicide won't actually commit suicide.   
    

79. Which of the following statements concerning suicide is not true?    
 Suicide is one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States.   
 Women are three times as likely as men to attempt suicide.   
 * Only very depressed persons commit suicide.   
 Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young males.   
    

80. A legal agreement to ensure medical procedures will not be used to prolong the life of a terminally ill patient is called a:    
 * living will.   
 passive suicide agreement.   
 suicide gesture.   
 assisted suicide pact.   
    

81. _____________ died with physician assisted suicide.    
 Alfred Adler   
 Carl Jung   
 * Sigmund Freud   
 Franz Mesmer   
    

A contemporary psychodynamic explanation for suicide is that people commit suicide to escape:    
 internalized aggression.   
 diffuse and uncontrollable anger.   
 poverty.   
 * conflict and stress.    
    

83. Compared with other individuals, suicidal individuals experience:    
 * more stressful life events.   
 fewer stressful life events.   
 the same number of stressful life events.   
 physical traumas.   
    

84. Lewis committed suicide. In his note, he stated that he planned to go to heaven where he could exist without his problems and be with God. According to psychodynamic theory, Lewis:    
 was punishing himself for imagined sins.   
 was seeking revenge on his family.   
 * was having a rebirth fantasy.   
 was attempting to reunite with a loved one.   
    

85. Allison committed suicide. In a note to her husband she stated, "This would not have happened if you had not hurt me." From a psychodynamic perspective, Allison's suicide was:    
 * an act of revenge.   
 a rebirth fantasy.   
 self-punishment.   
 an aborted cry for help.   
    

86. In some cases, the death of a loved one can lead a person to commit suicide. Some psychodynamic theorists suggest this type of suicide is:    
 an act of uncontrollable grief.   
 * an attempt to reunite with the deceased.   
 an act of revenge directed at the deceased.   
 an act of imitation.   
    

87. Tom Crowe was duck hunting with his younger brother when he slipped on a wet log and accidentally shot and killed him. Tom hated himself after this and six months later was found dead in the woods from a self-inflicted shotgun wound. A psychodynamic theorist would likely speculate that Tom's suicide was:    
 an act of revenge.   
 an act of rebirth.   
 * an act of self-punishment.   
 an escape from stress.   
    

88. ____________ is one of the most important factors in the learning explanation for suicide.    
 * Imitation   
 Self-punishment   
 Depression   
 Stress   
    

89. Following well publicized reports of suicides, the number of suicides on a national level:    
 decreases slightly.   
 * increases dramatically.   
 remains constant.   
 decreases dramatically.   
    

90. "Epidemics" of suicide are common among:    
 * adolescents.   
 young adults.   
 middle-aged adults.   
 older adults.   
    

One study revealed that one of the best predictors of suicide among adolescents is:    
 parental divorce.   
 social stress.   
 * a recent suicide attempt by a friend.   
 school performance.   
    

92. Which of the following would likely do the most to prevent a rash of imitation type suicides from occurring in the wake of the suicide of a nationally prominent individual?    
 * reducing or eliminating publicity pertaining to the individual's death   
 publicizing the individual's last written statement   
 organizing free, educational workshops on suicide   
 a widespread media campaign on the positive aspects of the individual's life   
    

93. Behavioral contagion differs from imitation in that behavioral contagion reduces:    
 new behaviors as opposed to restraining a known behavior.   
 internalized restraints, whereas imitation introduces new behavior.   
 internal restraints against a new behavior, but doesn't necessarily lead to a new behavior.   
 * restraints against performing a known behavior, whereas imitation introduces new behaviors.   
    

94. Behavioral contagion occurs when an individual:    
 * sees someone else do something they shouldn't and "get away with it."   
 does not want to do something they shouldn't, but cannot help themselves.   
 wants to do something they see someone else do, but cannot because of social mores.   
 is forced by "peer pressure" into doing something they should not.   
    

95. Behavioral contagion can be used to explain the suicides of those individuals who have:    
 internal belief systems against suicide, which they have disregarded.   
 both internal and external restraints against suicide which they have disregarded.   
 * been diagnosed as terminally ill.   
 only external restraints against the act of suicide.    
    

96. Josh has been under a severe amount of stress. According to the cognitive explanation, whether he attempts suicide or not, depends on:    
 his fantasies about what suicide will accomplish.   
 * his problem-solving skills.   
 if he knows anyone who has recently committed suicide.   
 the depth of his anxiety and depression.   
    

97. Studies indicate that suicidal individuals:    
 * have difficulty formulating alternative solutions to problems.   
 rarely talk about their problems.   
 internalize their problems.   
 tend to ignore their problems until they become insurmountable.   
    

98. In one study, suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric patients were asked to list alternative ideas. The suicidal individuals showed ____ uses for common items and ____ solutions for problems.    
 fewer; more   
 more; more   
 more; fewer   
 * fewer; fewer   
    

99. The cognitive explanation for suicide suggests that when people who lack problem solving skills face stress provoking problems, they develop:    
 depression.   
 * hopelessness.   
 delusions.   
 rigidity.   
    

In general, _________ is a better predictor of suicidal intent than depression.    
 * hopelessness   
 sadness   
 anger   
 grief   
    

The rate of suicide among persons with schizophrenia is:    
 * relatively high.   
 relatively low.   
 reflective of the general population.   
 extremely variable.   
    

It is likely that ____________ play a prominent role in the suicides of individuals who suffer from schizophrenia.    
 depressions   
 obsessions   
 stressors   
 * delusions   
    

All of the following are statements which would indicate an individual is less likely to commit suicide, with the exception of:    
 * "I am totally independent and not concerned about what others think of me."   
 "My family depends upon me."   
 "I am afraid of not going to heaven."   
 "I am a coward and do not have what it takes to do it."   
    

Which of the following has been cited as a factor which potentially reduces suicide?    
 fear of suicide   
 family responsibility   
 fear of social disapproval   
 * all of these are factors   
    

Johann is depressed and feels extremely hopeless about his life. He would probably be a good candidate for suicide unless:    
 * he has strong family ties.   
 he is strongly independent.   
 he is over the age of 65.   
 he has at least minimal religious affiliations.    
    

Low levels of the neurotransmitter __________ are related to suicide.    
 dopamine   
 norepinephrine   
 * serotonin   
 acetylcholine   
    

Research involving rats that were punished after learning to run a maze indicates that normal levels of serotonin serve to:    
 promote behaviors that have previously been punished.   
 momentarily delay behaviors that have previously been punished.   
 greatly increase behaviors that have previously been punished.   
 * inhibit behaviors that have previously been punished.   
    

If an individual tended to be impulsive and uninhibited in their actions, you might surmise:    
 they have unusually high levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   
 they have unusually high levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.   
 they have low levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.   
 * they have low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.   
    

One study indicated that men with very low cholesterol levels were _________ as likely to attempt suicide as their counterparts with higher levels of cholesterol.    
 * twice   
 five times   
 ten times   
 not   
    

If an individual changed their diet to reduce their cholesterol levels, there is a good probability they would eventually become:    
 more inhibited in their behaviors.   
 * more aggressive in their interpersonal relationships.   
 less aggressive in their interpersonal relationships.   
 less likely to engage in responses that have previously been rewarded.   
    

There is evidence that almost ________ of the individuals who attempted suicide had a family history of suicide.    
 10%   
 25%   
 * 50%   
 75%   
    

Twin studies have found that:    
 there is no difference in the mutual suicide rates of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.   
 dizygotic twins are more likely to both commit suicide than monozygotic twins.   
 * monozygotic twins are more likely to both commit suicide than dizygotic twins.   
 evidence of a correlation between suicide and genetics is inconclusive.   
    

Dizygotic twins have a ___________ concordance rate for suicide than do monozygotic twins.    
 higher   
 * lower   
 more variable   
 less variable    
    

Which of the following is true regarding genetic studies concerning suicide?    
 The suicide rate among relatives of suicidal individuals is similar to that of the relatives of nonsuicidal individuals.   
 The concordance rate for suicide among monozygotic twins is over 80%.   
 The concordance rate for suicide among dizygotic twins is over 80%.   
 * The suicide rate among adoptees' biological relatives was found to be greater than the rate among their adopted relatives.   
    

The first line of defense against suicide is education. So far this approach has:    
 been extremely successful.   
 been less than successful.    
 been moderately successful.   
 * yielded mixed results.   
    

Suicide prevention programs appear to be more successful for:    
 * women than men.   
 men than women.   
 elderly men.   
 men in their early twenties.   
    

Both psychotherapy and drug therapy have proven to be:    
 less than effective in reducing suicide.   
 inconsistent in reducing suicide.   
 the only successful methods for suicide reduction.   
 * effective in reducing suicide.   
    

Initially, the most important task of an individual working in a suicide prevention center is to:    
 * establish trust between themselves and the suicidal individual.   
 give the suicidal individual support and encouragement.   
 assess the actual risk of suicide.   
 suggest alternatives to committing suicide.   
    

Once a counselor working in a suicide prevention program has determined the suicidal individual is not in immediate danger, it is important to:    
 establish some trust between themselves and the individual.   
 give the individual encouragement.   
 * identify what lead to the crisis.   
 none of the above.   
    

The final goal of a counselor working in a suicide prevention program is usually:    
 * developing a plan to solve the suicidal individual's problem.   
 establishing mutual trust so the suicidal individual will be comfortable calling in the future.   
 assessing the actual risk of suicide.   
 encouraging the suicidal individual and helping them become aware of their inner strengths.   
    

The early stages of mania seen in bipolar disorder are often easily recognized and it is during this period that many manic individuals seek treatment.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

In some cases individuals with bipolar disorder who are in a manic phase can be highly focused and productive and use their mania to personal advantage.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The only consistent physical symptoms seen in mania are a decreased appetite and a decreased need for sleep.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Bipolar and depressive disorders are actually the same disorder and bipolar individuals simply have the additional symptom of mania.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

About 1.5% of the general population suffers from bipolar disorder, whereas over 12% suffers from depression.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Angela wants to be a fiction writer, but she suffers from bipolar disorder. Unfortunately, because of her disorder, it is likely that she will not be creative enough to accomplish her goal.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Research has indicated that individuals who experience prolonged periods of stress are almost 5 times as likely to develop bipolar disorder as those who do not.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

PET scans have revealed that cerebral glucose metabolism is higher for individuals who are in a manic state than for those who are depressed.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Although the brain structures involved in depression and bipolar disorder are identical, in bipolar patients the structures are larger, whereas in depressed individuals they are smaller.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Anticonvulsant drugs are effective in treating mania because they control the excessive firing of neurons that underlies mania.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the right prefrontal lobe is more effective in reducing mania than transcranial magnetic stimulation in the left prefrontal lobe.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Older individuals are likely to be more successful in their suicide attempts than their younger counterparts.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The rate of suicide in the general population has increased dramatically over the past 30 years and is now at epidemic proportions.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

In many cases, individuals who are contemplating suicide will give some type of warning whether direct or indirect.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

A couple of times during casual conversation with her friends, Tammi has mentioned suicide as a viable means of solving one's problems. Her friends shouldn't really be concerned though, because people who talk about suicide rarely attempt it.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Evidence indicates that suicide rates tend to increase with the onset of spring.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Many severely depressed individuals do not have the energy to commit suicide until they begin to recover from their depressions.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Most individuals who suffer from schizophrenia have delusions that can potentially lead them to kill themselves.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Survival skills and coping mechanisms have very little effect on preventing the suicide of an individual who has been under unusually extreme amounts of stress.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Some individuals do not commit suicide simply because they lack an effective means of doing it.    
 * True   
 False