About ______% of Americans suffer from at least one major psychological disorder during their lifetimes.    
 10   
 20   
 * 30   
 40    
    

It is estimated that every year more than 7 million people terminate their education prematurely because of psychiatric disorders. While these disorders significantly affect college-age students, they play an even greater role among high school students, accounting for over ___________ % of the dropout rate.    
 * 14   
 25   
 30   
 5   
    

#3. As stated in your text, ____________ are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States.    
 antipsychotics   
 benzodiazepines   
 antihistamines   
 * antidepressants   
    

#4. Of the following, which person might be considered to be suffering from abnormal behavior if the "individual's perspective" were being used as the criterion for diagnosis?    
 John, who refuses to drive an automobile because he is an environmental activist.   
 * Mary, who is sad and lonely, but rarely ventures out of her basement apartment because she fears contact with others.   
 Tom, who prefers to live in a tent in the woods by himself because he enjoys the solitude.   
 Sam, who refuses to watch television because he believes it has an adverse influence on his mind.   
    

#5. The two key terms involved in assessing abnormal behavior from an individual's perspective are:    
 deviance and disability.   
 * distress and disability.   
 deviance and distress.   
 distress and diagnosis.    
    

#6. How a particular society reacts to abnormality depends on:    
 the level of poverty in the culture.   
 the prevalence of disease in the culture.   
 the views of the leaders of the society.   
 * the society's values and assumptions about human life.   
    

Abnormal behavior is culturally specific, but whether or not a particular culture defines a certain deviant behavior as abnormal generally depends upon:    
 * the negative or positive connotations placed upon that behavior.   
 the distress that behavior might cause a person.   
 the prevalence of the behavior in that society.   
 the particular laws of that society.   
    

Because both personal and cultural perspectives are taken into consideration when determining what is abnormal,:    
 the definition of abnormality rarely varies among individuals.   
 it is almost impossible to define abnormality within a cultural context.   
 the definition of what is abnormal has remained cross-culturally consistent.   
 * the definition of what is abnormal can vary from individual to individual and across cultures.   
    

An important point to remember when looking at psychological illness and deviant behavior is that:    
 most people can change their abnormal behaviors if they really want to do so.   
 most mental illness is physiological in origin.   
 * behaviors are abnormal, not people.   
 deviant behavior most often is a result of a troubled childhood.   
    

10. Although there is an official list of mental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, critics, including Thomas Szasz, have argued:    
 that because an individual has an unusual belief it doesn't mean they are wrong.   
 that mental illness is a myth and people who exhibit abnormal behaviors are different, not sick.   
 that abnormal behavior is due to something wrong with society.   
 * all of the above.   
    

Charming is a twenty-nine-year-old man who fancies himself to be a gypsy. He has lived on the streets since he was abandoned at the age of seven. He wears colorful, outlandish clothing and dances and sings for the tourists on the boulevard who in turn put money in his guitar case. He recently moved his show to the corner of Market and Commerce, a very fashionable business area, and was quickly arrested and hustled off to a local psychological ward for an evaluation. Proponents of the "mental illness is a myth" point of view might argue that Charming:    
 * was an inconvenience to the business owners and therefore labeled as disturbed.   
 got exactly what he wanted by acting in a deviant manner .   
 is probably too lazy to go out and get a real job.   
 is socially deviant because of his background and needs to be taught how to conform.   
    

Brief psychotic disorder, mathematics disorder and dysmorphic disorder all lend credence to the idea that:    
 * the definition of mental illness may be a bit broad in scope.   
 the criterion for defining mental illness is too narrow.   
 there is little variability among individuals diagnosed as mentally ill.   
 there is no physiological basis for mental illness.    
    

13. ______________ involves hallucinations, disrupted thought processes, and is a reaction to an overwhelming stress, but always clears up after the stress is reduced.    
 Body dysmorphic disorder   
 Long-term psychosis   
 Schizophrenic psychosis   
 * Brief psychotic disorder    
    

It was concluded in your text that, despite a minority opinion to the contrary, mental illness is not a myth, but an unfortunate reality that adversely affects the lives of millions. It was also indicated that those proponents of the "myth" notion have provided a valuable service by:    
 helping to develop specific criterion for defining mental illness.   
 * helping to point out that diagnosis of mental illness should not be misused to remove unwanted or non-conforming members of society.   
 proving that societal pressures are in large part responsible for a majority of mental illnesses.   
 inspiring the APA to put together a definitive, diagnostic manual for mental illness.    
    

Explanations for abnormal behaviors have varied radically throughout history. How a given society defined deviant behaviors at a particular time was usually indicated by:    
 the state of scientific advancement.   
 the relative literacy of the population.   
 * the prevailing philosophical beliefs.   
 the state of the economy.   
    

The earliest explanation for abnormal behavior was:    
 physical illness.   
 trephination.   
 * evil spirits.   
 climactic change.   
    

The discovery of human skulls with unnatural alterations, dating from the stone age, has lead to the speculation that ________________ was one of the earliest treatments for abnormal behavior.    
 * trephination   
 tattooing   
 transuding   
 trammeling   
    

Written records from the early Chinese, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek and Hebrew cultures indicate that ______________ was a common explanation for deviant behaviors.    
 cultural pressure   
 seasonal change   
 famine   
 * demon possession   
    

Abnormal behavior has been considered a physiological problem by:    
 ancient Egyptians and church leaders during the Middle Ages.   
 ancient Egyptians and modern scientists.   
 * the Greeks and modern scientists.   
 the Greeks and church leaders during the Middle Ages.    
    

The early physician who believed that abnormal behavior was the result of an imbalance of humors in the body was:    
 Pinel.   
 Breur.   
 Charcot.   
 * Hippocrates.    
    

Antigone lived in ancient Greece. She demonstrated excessive tension and anxiety. Hippocrates would assume that this behavior was due to too much:    
 black bile.   
 phlegm.   
 * yellow bile.   
 blood.   
    

All of the following were methods used by Hippocrates to treat abnormal behavior EXCEPT:    
 altering alcohol intake.   
 changing diet.   
 draining off excess fluids.   
 * exorcism.    
    

During the Dark Ages people who exhibited abnormal behaviors were often thought to:    
 * be in league with the devil.   
 have a humoral imbalance.   
 be suffering the effects of ergot in the rye.   
 be religious zealots.   
    

The Witch Hammer, or Malleus Maleficarum, was actually:    
 a device used during the Dark Ages to torture confessions out of suspected witches.   
 * a book containing numerous tests which could be used to determine if a person was a witch.   
 a medieval apparatus used to hold suspected witches under water until they drowned.   
 a confession book which held the names of all the suspected witches in Salem.   
    

During the Dark Ages people thought that abnormal behavior was primarily caused by evil spirits, and demonic possession. In the latter part of this period the belief that _______________ caused deviant behavior also came into popularity.    
 idolatry   
 the changing seasons   
 immoral behavior   
 * a full moon    
    

26. During the Age of Enlightenment, religion and science were incorporated into a new philosophy concerning the causes and treatments of abnormal behaviors. This lead to the establishment of:    
 an early diagnostic manual for mental illness.   
 drug treatments.   
 mesmerism.   
 * asylums.   
    

The first asylums were not specifically intended for the mentally ill, but were built to house beggars and those with physical ailments as well. This represented an important shift in philosophy in that:    
 people with mental illnesses were now viewed as nuisances that needed to be hidden away.   
 * people with mental illnesses were now viewed as people who needed help.   
 people with mental illnesses were still viewed as demon possessed, but were not persecuted.   
 people with mental illnesses were now viewed as dangerous criminals.    
    

In St. Mary of Bethlehem, the first hospital established specifically for the care of the mentally ill, patients were:    
 treated with the utmost care and respect.   
 * confined under horrible conditions.   
 given opportunity to conduct themselves as if they were in normal society.   
 actively tortured until they confessed their sins.   
    

29. Conditions at the first hospital for the mentally ill, the Hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem, were such that:    
 it inspired the coining of the word bedlam, which means a scene of uproar and confusion.   
 tickets were sold and it became a major tourist attraction.   
 the number of patients far outweighed the available room.   
 * all of the above.   
    

30. A small cage-like structure, called a "crib," was:    
 * used in early asylums to confine violent patients.   
 similar to the rack and used to extract confessions during the Salem witch trials.   
 a coffin-like box used by Benjamin Rush to scare people back into their wits.   
 a padded sofa used by the early hypnotists to help their patients relax.   
    

31. ___________________ is the physician usually credited as being the first to remove the chains from mental patients and treat them in a humane fashion.    
 * Philippe Pinel   
 Hippocrates   
 Benjamin Rush   
 Franz Mesmer   
    

32. Important changes in how people viewed the possible causes of mental illness began to take place in the mid 1700's. The notion that supernatural forces were responsible for abnormal behaviors was gradually replaced by the novel speculation that:    
 aberrant behaviors might have hereditary causes.   
 * emotional stress could play a role in the development of mental illness.   
 mental illness was specifically linked to physiology.   
 madness was linked to diet, specifically an over-consumption of wheat products.   
    

During the mid-eighteenth century, mental patients in England were given the opportunity to rest and enjoy the natural world on ________________ country estate.    
 Dorthea Dix's   
 Philippe Pinel's   
 Benjamin Rush's   
 * William Tuke's   
    

_________________, a school teacher from New England, alerted the public to the miserable standards and practices concerning the mentally ill, and eventually went on to establish 32 mental hospitals.    
 * Dorthea Dix   
 Philippe Pinel   
 Benjamin Rush   
 William Tuke   
    

During the mid-nineteenth century, care for the mentally ill in the United States took a great leap forward, thanks to the efforts of __________________, who is credited with the establishment of 32 mental hospitals.    
 Clara Barton   
 Florence Nightingale   
 * Dorthea Dix   
 Jane Eyre   
    

During the mid-18th century changes in how mental illness was viewed began to take place. Institutions held dances for their patients, gave them parties and made every effort to treat them as if they were normal. This approach toward healing is generally referred to as:    
 the reformation.   
 humanitarian treatment.   
 * moral treatment.   
 curative treatment.   
    

37. Moral treatment involved:    
 * parties and dances with an undercurrent of religious guidance.   
 an early form of out-patient care where physicians visited the mentally ill in their homes.   
 severe religious indoctrination and rigorous daily prayer.   
 daily scheduled tasks designed to help familiarize patients with normal life.   
    

38. Bleeding, a procedure used by Benjamin Rush and others to treat the mentally ill, was based on:    
 principles developed earlier in the century by Philippe Pinel.   
 * the idea that mental illness was due to excessive blood in the brain.   
 a 15th century model described in the Malleus Maleficarum.   
 Hippocrates' observations of the lunar influence on the tides of human behavior.   
    

The physiological and moral treatments developed in the late 18th--early 19th centuries were:    
 highly successful at curing patients of the time.   
 overlooked until recently.   
 * exaggerated in terms of efficacy.   
 of no consequence in the development of a philosophy pertaining to mental illness.   
    

Written accounts and drawings of the mental hospitals in the 1800's suggest that patients:    
 became hyperactive when their chains were removed.   
 * became tranquil when their chains were removed.   
 suffered horribly when their chains were removed.   
 generally did not notice when their chains were removed.    
    

An American suffering from mental illness during the time of George Washington might have been subjected to a variety of physiologically based treatments. Those might have included:    
 sleep deprivation and bleeding.   
 herbal treatments and hot baths.   
 trephination and bleeding.   
 * spinning and fear therapy.   
    

Alice lived in Philadelphia in the late 1700's. Shortly after she found out she was with child, she began to exhibit what her husband considered to be very unusual behaviors--growling, tearing at her own hair and attempting to claw out his eyes whenever he entered her presence. In desperation he had a neighbor take her to see Benjamin Rush. What type of treatment might she have received?    
 hypnotic suggestion   
 an exorcism   
 * being scared to near-death by near-drowning   
 being confined in an apparatus called the crib    
    

43. During the latter part of the "Age of Enlightenment" the treatment focus for the mentally ill turned toward physiology. One therapy which gained popularity, at least with its originator, involved:    
 trephination.   
 solitary confinement in an apparatus called the crib.   
 * being spun until passing out.   
 being hung upside-down to allow the blood to pool in one's head.   
    

The "Age of Enlightenment" heralded many innovations in the treatment of the mentally ill. One such new treatment, although not a cure, was the introduction of:    
 massage therapy.   
 group therapy.   
 * drug therapy.   
 psychoanalysis.   
    

Drug therapy for the mentally ill, as introduced during the late 18th century,:    
 probably cured many troubled patients of their violent episodes.   
 * probably led to more humane care for violent or manic patients.   
 became widespread and caused a great deal of trouble for the public image of mental hospitals.   
 was in use for a limited time, then quickly abandoned.   
    

Both the physiological and the psychological approach to viewing the causes and treatments of abnormal behaviors emerged as viable methods during the:    
 Dark Ages.   
 Middle Ages.   
 height of the Greek civilization.   
 * Age of Enlightenment.   
    

The extreme popularity of moral treatment during the early and mid 19th century has been cited as:    
 * a possible reason for the abandonment of the psychological approach during the latter part of the "Age of Enlightenment."   
 being directly related to the early success of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.   
 having influenced the introduction of drug therapies as an alternate method of patient care.   
 having resulted from the treatment practices of Benjamin Rush and others.   
    

Toward the end of the "Age of Enlightenment," individuals who exhibited abnormal behaviors usually received treatments:    
 of a psychological nature.   
 * of a physiological nature.   
 involving a regimen of exercise and drug therapy.   
 relying specifically on drug therapies.   
    

Ironically, it has been suggested that Dorthea Dix's success in opening hospitals for the mentally ill that focused on a moral treatment approach ultimately caused:    
 a return to conditions similar to those found in the 16th century at St. Mary of Bethlehem.   
 * the collapse of moral treatment and the psychological explanation in the late 1800's.   
 other important figures, such as Benjamin Rush, to abandon promising careers in mental health.   
 the general public to view institutions that housed the mentally ill in a negative light.   
    

The physician who believed that abnormal behavior was the result of imbalances in magnetic fluids in the body was:    
 * Franz Mesmer.   
 Jean-Martin Charcot.   
 Philippe Pinel.   
 Hippocrates.    
    

51. Although he is remembered as the father of hypnotism, Franz Mesmer's most important contribution to the study of illness and abnormal behavior was probably:    
 his discovery of magnetic fields in the body.   
 his discovery of the mechanism behind, and the cure for, hysterical disorders.    
 the role he played in encouraging Benjamin Franklin to pursue science.   
 * leading others to conclude that suggestion might play an important role in many disorders.   
    

52. Patients undergoing treatment with Franz Mesmer ultimately reached a "crisis," at which point they:    
 * behaved as if they truly belonged in an asylum, but apparently were cureD.   
 realized they had been taken by a charlatan and demanded their money back.   
 fainted and sometimes died, which lead to Mesmer's eventual disbarment from medical practice.   
 usually became violently ill.   
    

The panel of experts convened to examine Mesmer's practices suggested that the apparent success of his treatments was due to:    
 his alteration of magnetic fields.   
 unknown physiological forces.   
 a hoax perpetrated by his patients.   
 * suggestion and stimulation of the imagination.    
    

54. Mesmer's work led others to consider the possibility that ____________ factors might play an important role in many disorders.    
 * psychological   
 physiological   
 environmental   
 hereditary    
    

55. The person who is generally credited with developing hypnosis is:    
 Jean-Martin Charcot.   
 Philippe Pinel.   
 * Franz Anton Mesmer.   
 Sigmund Freud.    
    

Disorders that were originally called hysterical disorders are characterized by    
 hallucinations and delusions.   
 * physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause.   
 excessive excitability.   
 pronounced mood swings.    
    

57. Jean-Martin Charcot initially believed that both __________ and __________ resulted from a neurological weakness.    
 * hysterical disorders; susceptibility to hypnosis.   
 schizophrenia; susceptibility to hypnosis.   
 depression; susceptibility to hypnosis.   
 hysterical disorders; depression.   
    

Charcot revised his theory of neurological weakness as an explanation for hypnosis and hysterical disorders because it was found that:    
 some people exhibiting hysterical disorders could not be hypnotized.   
 the immune system rather than the nervous system was involved.   
 * normal people could have symptoms of an hysterical disorder induced through hypnosis.   
 unconscious conflicts were the basis of hysterical disorders.   
    

Charcot's work with hypnotism and hysterical disorders ultimately led to the conclusion that:    
 an inherited neurological disorder was at the root of each.   
 * psychological factors were responsible for abnormal behaviors.   
 there was no support for suggestibility as a factor in abnormal behavior.   
 unconscious conflicts were the basis of hysterical disorders.   
    

60. Anna O. suffered from an unusual variety of hysterical symptoms, but what most interested Freud:    
 was the fact that she shared many of them with her younger sister.   
 was the fact that all of her symptoms appeared in late adulthood without apparent provocation.   
 was her manifestations of multiple personalities.   
 * was that her symptoms appeared to be related to stressful experiences from earlier in her life.   
    

61. Which of the following is an implication of Freud's theory of the unconscious?    
 The mind is a multi-layered store-house of memories, each categorized according to function.   
 Random cues can trigger non-related memories which can then lead to hysterical disorders.   
 * An experience can continue to influence a person's behavior from the unconscious.   
 A traumatic experience housed as a memory in the unconscious no longer affects a person.   
    

The story of Anna O. led Freud to develop the idea that abnormal behaviors:    
 * are caused by unconscious stresses stemming from early experiences.   
 most often stem from obscure, yet identifiable physiological causes.   
 and hysterical disorders in particular, were most often the result of malingering.   
 could be cured easily through the use of hypno-therapy.   
    

Which of the following individuals believed a forgotten experience can still affect a person?    
 Jean-Martin Charcot   
 Franz Mesmer   
 Ivan Pavlov   
 * Sigmund Freud    
    

64. Psychoanalysis, a treatment developed by Sigmund Freud, was specifically intended to:    
 unmask the conscious motivation behind abnormal behaviors.   
 cure patients like Anna O. of their hysterical disorders.   
 help patients understand they had been conditioned to act in an abnormal fashion.   
 * help a patient unmask and understand the layers of experience buried in their unconscious.   
    

The technique of free association was developed by :    
 Alfred Adler.   
 * Sigmund Freud.   
 Carl Jung.   
 Jean-Martin Charcot   
    

66. Freud's ____________ therapy was centered around the idea that if patients do not defensively monitor their thoughts, important items stored in the unconscious will come conceptual to light.    
 dream interpretation   
 * free association   
 psychoanalytic   
 hypnotic    
    

Little Sally has been stung by bees several times while running through the meadow and trying to catch butterflies. She is now afraid of all flying insects. This is an example of:    
 * classical conditioning.   
 operant conditioning.   
 free association.   
 incorrect beliefs.   
    

68. __________________, a physiologist, is famous for his work with __________________, that lead to the theory of classical conditioning.    
 Edward Thorndike; cats   
 John Watson; white rats   
 Lev Vygotsky; children   
 * Ivan Pavlov; dogs    
    

69. The process by which behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments is known as:    
 classical conditioning.   
 modeling.   
 * operant conditioning.   
 common sense.   
    

The idea that conditioning could be used to explain abnormal behavior in humans was actively promoted by:    
 Ivan Pavlov.   
 Sigmund Freud.   
 Aaron Beck.   
 * John Watson.   
    

71. _________________, during his work with cats, pointed out that the behavior of animals could be controlled by rewards and punishments, a process termed __________________.    
 John B. Watson; classical conditioning   
 * Edward L. Thorndike; operant conditioning   
 Ivan Pavlov; classical conditioning   
 Aaron Beck; behavior modification   
    

Cyrus is a clerk at a convenience store, a job he loathes and for which he is rarely on time. Fat Tony owns the store and gets really mad when he has to wait on Cyrus--thirty or forty minutes--to show up, but he doesn't want to fire Cyrus and get a new guy because the last guy used to drink the beer in the cooler, get drunk and let the customers steal. So Tony starts slapping a ten dollar bill on the counter every time Cyrus is on time, and after a couple of weeks, Cyrus stops being late. This is an example of:    
 * operant conditioning.   
 classical conditioning.   
 free association.   
 psychoanalytic theory.   
    

The treatment approach termed "behavior therapy" was founded on the notion that:    
 incorrect beliefs can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
 unconscious motivations can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
 physiology can be changed through repetition which leads to behavior modification.   
 * conditioning can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
    

Nigel has a fear of rats that is so intense he cannot use the subway and he often screams himself awake in the middle of the night after having dreamt his room was crawling with the creatures. He is getting help from a therapist who has suggested they use a series of gradual, non-threatening exposures to the rodents to break the link between them and Nigel's fear. Nigel's therapist is a:    
 cognitive therapist.   
 psychoanalyst.   
 * behavioral therapist.   
 humanistic therapist.   
    

_______________ developed a treatment approach in which patients learn to correct the irrational beliefs that lead to their abnormal behavior.    
 * Aaron Beck   
 John B. Watson   
 Edward L. Thorndike   
 Sigmund Freud   
    

76. Hilde feels she is ineffectual and worthless, and that there is no point in attempting to function in society because she will only fail. She ignores the fact that she actually succeeds at most of the endeavors she attempts. A cognitive psychologist would say that Hilde:    
 * needs to correct her faulty thought processes so she can recognize her successes.   
 needs to undergo behavior therapy to alter her self-perception.   
 needs to undergo psychoanalysis to get at the underlying root of her self-esteem problem.   
 needs to take Prozac to alter her biochemistry.   
    

The treatment approach termed "cognitive therapy" was founded on the notion that:    
 unconscious motivations can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
 conditioning can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
 * incorrect beliefs can be used to explain abnormal behaviors.   
 abnormal physiology can lead to incorrect cognitions.   
    

78. When used as test subjects in research on an allergy medication, patients in a mental hospital in France who were suffering from schizophrenia:    
 were miraculously cured of all their schizophrenic symptoms.   
 became highly agitated and had to be physically restrained.   
 lapsed into comas, which started a public outcry against the unregulated testing of drugs.   
 * had some of their schizophrenic symptoms reduced.   
    

French chemists working on a new antihistamine inadvertently found they had developed an antipsychotic medication as well. This happy accident led to:    
 an increase in the number of people who were willing to admit they had psychological problems.   
 * a revolution in the care and treatment of highly disturbed patients.   
 renewed interest in the cognitive philosophy of abnormal behavior.   
 a public outcry against the dangers of unregulated drug testing.   
    

80. Antipsychotic drugs allowed:    
 more patients to be admitted to psychiatric hospitals.   
 patients suffering from psychotic episodes to be cured in a short period of time.   
 alternate methods of diagnosis to be developed.   
 * more patients to be treated as outpatients.   
    

81. The accidental development of antipsychotic drugs was important because:    
 it focused the public's attention on the plight of the mentally ill.   
 it eliminated the practice of psychotherapy.   
 it directly influenced the numbers of people willing to admit they had psychiatric problems.   
 * it renewed interest in the physiological approach to understanding mental illness.   
    

82. New techniques for imaging the brain, such as CAT scans and MRIs, have enabled researchers to:    
 * identify structural problems in the brain linked to abnormal behaviors.   
 develop new antipsychotic drugs based on analysis of chemical activity in the brain.   
 predict with some accuracy individuals who have a genetic component for abnormality.   
 alter a disturbed individual's personality by targeting specific structures in the brain with magnetic waves.   
    

83. Despite our technological advances, some religious and cultural groups still believe abnormal behaviors are caused by demonic possession or other supernatural forces. This type of belief:    
 is viable in that it helps to preserve archaic customs and superstitions.   
 promotes healthy debate and helps keep science moving forward.   
 * could possibly deprive some individuals of effective treatments.   
 has no effect on society.   
    

Despite our more modern views of abnormal behavior:    
 the mentally ill are no better off now than they were during the time of Mesmer.   
 * the mentally ill are still at times shunned and treated as pariahs.   
 society is less willing now than it was 200 years ago to fund mental institutions.   
 a majority of people who have experienced mental illness cannot find employment.   
    

85. During budget cutbacks state hospitals for the mentally ill are often the first to lose funds; as a consequence:    
 the hospitals can do little more than act as a warehouse for disturbed patients.   
 hospitals are in some cases completely shut down.   
 the mentally ill are turned out into the streets.   
 * all of the above.   
    

86. In order to have a legitimate practice, a psychiatrist must:    
 complete a residency program.   
 attend four years of medical school.   
 be board-certified.   
 * all of the above.   
    

Jean is a mental health practitioner. She has her MD degree, has completed a residency program and is board-certified to treat clients. Jean is a:    
 clinical psychologist   
 scientist practitioner.   
 * psychiatrist.   
 behavioral therapist.   
    

The scientist-practitioner model of training is designed to produce individuals:    
 * who can do research, but also work with mentally disturbed patients.   
 who are specifically research oriented.   
 who are specifically patient oriented.   
 who are specifically oriented toward psychiatric medicine.   
    

89. The traditional route to becoming a clinical psychologist involves:    
 completing an MD degree.   
 completing a two-year master's program and a one-year clinical internship.   
 * completing four years of graduate school and a one-year clinical internship.   
 completing an MD degree and a four-year graduate program.   
    

90. A clinical psychologist with a Ph.D. degree would have received more training in __________ than a clinical psychologist with a Psy degree.    
 diagnostic techniques   
 * research techniques   
 a medical internship   
 psychopharmacology   
    

91. A major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists:    
 receive extensive training in the psychoanalytic method.   
 * are qualified to prescribe drugs.   
 are primarily research oriented.   
 prefer psychoanalysis, but technically there is no real difference between the two disciplines.   
    

One argument for the extension of prescription privileges to clinical psychologists is:    
 * psychologists already prescribe drugs informally under the supervision of psychiatrists.   
 psychologists are more knowledgeable because they complete a more rigorous education.   
 the American Medical Association has recognized the need for more drug providers.   
 pharmaceutical companies need more outlets to meet the ever growing demands.   
    

Many non-physicians, such as nurse-practitioners, have limited prescription privileges. This has:    
 helped promote the idea that only medical doctors should be able to prescribe medications.   
 resulted in several malpractice suits in the United States.   
 radically increased the number of drug dependent patients over the years.   
 * lent credence to the idea that clinical psychologists should be able to prescribe medications.   
    

Counselors usually have a(n) ______________ degree in either psychology or counseling psychology.    
 Ph.D.   
 * M.A.   
 Psy.D.   
 M.S.W.   
    

95. Dantre has completed two years of graduate school and received his M.S.W. degree. He is a:    
 * social worker.   
 clinical counselor.   
 clinical psychologist.   
 psychiatric nurse.   
    

Having counselors and social workers see patients, as opposed to psychiatrists or psychologists, is:    
 advantageous because they are more in touch with current mental health issues.   
 advantageous because they are more likely to empathize with a patient.   
 * advantageous because they are less expensive.   
 not advantageous because they have less training.   
    

People who have earned M.S.W or M.A. degrees have completed training that is primarily focused on:    
 research techniques.   
 interpersonal relations.   
 the physiology of behavior.   
 * clinical practice.   
    

_____________ visit psychiatric patients regularly in their homes to make sure their needs are met.    
 Welfare workers   
 * Case workers   
 Psychologists   
 Psychiatrists   
    

In the 1950's and 1960's, laws which had regulated the mental health profession changed. This allowed:    
 * psychologists to treat patients using psychotherapy.   
 social workers to treat patients using psychotherapy.   
 psychiatrists to treat patients using psychotherapy   
 psychologists to perform limited diagnostic testing.   
    

Theories, treatments and practitioners in the field of mental health have changed considerably since the 1950's. Today:    
 psychologists can prescribe drugs without the supervision of a psychiatrist.   
 * social workers can treat patients using psychotherapy.   
 individuals suffering from schizophrenia are generally cured, given the proper medication.   
 it takes only three years of medical school, instead of four, to become a psychiatrist.   
    

The face of the mental health profession is changing primarily because:    
 the cost of treatment is rising.   
 insurance groups utilize professional groups that are less expensive.   
 the number of patients needing treatment is growing.   
 * all of these are reasons.   
    

The use of all the following professional labels is regulated by law EXCEPT:    
 clinical psychologist.   
 psychiatrist.   
 * counselor.   
 social worker.   
    

Dionne wants to open a practice in which she will treat individuals who are suffering from social phobias. Despite the fact that she has no professional training, she can offer herself as a:    
 clinical psychologist.   
 * psychotherapist.   
 social worker.   
 psychiatrist.    
    

The general consensus among mental health professionals regarding the cause of abnormal behavior is:    
 that most abnormal behavior has a physiological basis.   
 * that there is no consensus regarding the cause of abnormal behavior.   
 that a majority of abnormal behaviors can be traced to early traumatic experiences.   
 that with few exceptions abnormal behavior involves incorrect thinking.   
    

Debates over the explanation of abnormal behavior are partially inspired by professionals attempting to validate their particular disciplines. This tends to distract from an important point, which is:    
 most abnormal behaviors have a physiological root   
 most abnormal behaviors involve a learned component   
 * each particular discipline has a portion of the answer concerning abnormal behavior.   
 most abnormal behaviors can be traced to erroneous thought patterns.   
    

Some theorists argue that their explanation can account for virtually all disorders, when in fact:    
 * abnormal behaviors have different causes and require different treatments.   
 very little is actually understood about abnormal behavior.   
 it has been proven that all abnormal behaviors can be explained by physiology in some fashion.   
 science has pointed to a strong genetic component for abnormal behavior.   
    

Although physiology may not provide a final, definitive answer for all abnormal behavior, it:    
 does account for a majority of today's mental illness.   
 does help provide some evidence that most deviant behaviors are learned.   
 * does play a role, in that it is the final common pathway to behavior.   
 does help provide some evidence that most deviant behaviors have a cognitive component.   
    

Under the managed health care system the:    
 * attending therapist drafts a treatment proposal which is evaluated by a panel of professionals.   
 quality of mental health care has decreased considerably.   
 the costs of medical insurance have increased considerably.   
 patient is evaluated by a panel of professional health care workers.   
    

A major criticism of the managed health care system is:    
 it requires therapists to offer proof that their treatments are effective.   
 it forces therapists to develop treatments that can be effective in a relatively short time.   
 it has helped to decrease the credibility of some higher paid mental health professionals.   
 *    
    

Government cutbacks in the funding of mental health care have led to the closing of state hospitals, which in turn has:    
 caused many private institutions to lower their costs to accommodate the state's former patients.   
 * caused many would-be and former patients to become homeless.   
 forced many institutions to provide more cost-effective treatments.   
 greatly reduced the number of people entering the mental health profession.    
    

Cherice and Irving are patients at Tri-Valley Psychiatric Hospital. They both suffer from schizophrenia and were admitted at around the same time. Cherice believes she will someday be a famous actress. Irving seems to have no aspirations. He is content to follow Cherice, nod and applaud at her frequent one-woman shows. Given what is known about gender and schizophrenia, one might predict that:    
 Irving has a better chance of improving than Cherice.   
 it is likely that neither one of them will ever recover.   
 * Cherice has a better chance of improving than Irving.   
 they have an equal chance of improving.   
    

About 15% of the population suffers from major depression, and the rate is increasing.     
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The practice of homosexuality deviates from the cultural norm, but has never been considered an abnormal disorder by the American Psychiatric Association.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

It is the contention of those who subscribe to the "mental illness is a myth" idea that abnormal behavior is a fault of society rather than the individual.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Conditions such as brief psychotic disorder and body dysmorphic disorder have helped to rekindle an interest in the hypothesis that mental illness is truly a manifestation of societal ills.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Written records from early civilizations indicate that trephination was widely practiced to cure individuals of madness by releasing the evil spirits trapped inside them.     
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

A Greek physician named Hippocrates suggested that behavior was controlled by fluids in the body, which were in turn influenced by supernatural forces.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The ancient Greeks believed that abnormal behavior was directly related to an individual's lifestyle and could be treated by altering diet and exercise.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

During the Dark Ages, people who manifested unusual behaviors were often thought to be agents of the devil who were out to corrupt others.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The Salem witchcraft trials in America are a good example of how people who exhibit abnormal behaviors have been labeled and persecuted throughout history.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The first asylums were built exclusively for the mentally ill and represented a humanitarian revolution in terms of how those manifesting abnormal behaviors were treated.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The idea that mental illness might be the result of emotional stress and strain resurfaced in the early 18th century after first being introduced by the Greek physician, Hippocrates.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

During the Age of Enlightenment, changes in the perspective of the causes and treatments of abnormal behavior led to two different philosophies, one based on a physiological explanation and the other a psychological explanation.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Although moral treatment as a philosophy represented a vast improvement in the care of the mentally ill, it was largely abandoned toward the latter part of the 19th century because in all likelihood it probably did not work for a vast majority of the seriously disturbed patients.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

In the latter part of his career, Franz Mesmer established a successful hypnotherapy practice in Zurich, Switzerland. The work he conducted there greatly influenced Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theory.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

Jean-Martin Charcot found, in some cases, that patients suffering from hysterical disorders were actually afflicted with a rare, neurological disease now known as multiple sclerosis.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The physiological theories of both Mesmer and Charcot eventually led to the conclusion that abnormal behavior was the result of psychological factors.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Freud believed that unpleasant memories housed in the unconscious mind would no longer cause an individual anxiety, but they would influence the individual's behavior.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Laticia was born in New York City and has lived there her entire life. She recently spent a week on her cousin's farm located in the Vermont countryside. Laticia found the quiet unsettling. She couldn't fall asleep at night and was amazed to realize she actually missed the traffic noises. It is apparent Laticia has been OPERANTLY conditioned to fall asleep to the nighttime sounds of the city.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

In cognitive therapy a depressed person might be taught to recognize the positive elements in their life, as well as acknowledge and change their negative belief systems.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The training of a psychiatrist focuses almost exclusively on clinical practice, and the training of a clinical psychologist in a Ph.D. program involves a blend of research and clinical practice.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The major difference between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists is that psychiatrists are licensed to practice medicine and clinical psychologists are not.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

One argument against counselors and social workers taking on responsibilities that once belonged to psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is many of the daily decisions concerning the welfare of disturbed individuals should be addressed by someone with advanced training in medium psychotherapy.    
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The evolution regarding mental health care providers is due in large part to the increasing demand for and cost of treatment.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Physiology is the final common pathway to behavior and as such plays a role in all abnormal behaviors.    
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

Women are at least twice as likely as men to suffer from depression.    
 * True   
 False