The primary symptom of ________________ is a refusal to maintain body weight above the minimum normal weight for the individual's age and height.    
 bulimia nervosa   
 * anorexia nervosa   
 anxiety nervosa   
 amenorrhea   
    

2. Any body weight that is _________ or more below the expected minimum leads to a diagnosis of anorexia.    
 5%   
 10%   
 * 15%   
 25%   
    

3. Despite being painfully thin, individuals who suffer from ____________ maintain an intense fear of becoming overweight.    
 body dysmorphic disorder   
 * anorexia   
 bulimia   
 anxiety disorder   
    

4. Women who suffer from anorexia often experience amenorrhea, which is:    
 * a cessation of menstruation.   
 lowered blood pressure.   
 lowered body temperature.   
 lowered blood volume.   
    

5. ______________ is the cessation of the menstrual cycle which is sometime experienced by women who engage in extreme weight loss.    
 Anemia   
 Anorexia   
 * Amenorrhea   
 Menses   
    

6. Which of the following is NOT a secondary symptom of anorexia?    
 * amenorrhea   
 bradycardia   
 hypotension   
 hypothermia    
    

7. Sharon suffers from anorexia nervosa. She likely experiences all of the following symptoms with the exception of:    
 amenorrhea.   
 * binge eating.   
 hypotension.   
 depression.   
    

8. Persons with anorexia nervosa often suffer from:    
 tachycardia.   
 food phobias.   
 social phobias.   
 * depression.   
    

9. Persons with anorexia often have secondary symptoms in the form of:    
 * obsessions and compulsions.   
 social phobias.   
 mania and depression.   
 generalized anxiety and panic disorders.   
    

10. Which of the following statements concerning the topic of anorexia nervosa is correct?    
 Anorexia is a disorder that occurs equally in both genders.   
 * Individuals who suffer from anorexia often obsess about food, but do not eat in response.   
 Individuals who suffer from anorexia have distorted body images and a fear of food.   
 Anorexia and bulimia are similar in that both involve the act of purging.   
    

11. Despite dropping to about 7% body fat, the high school student cited in case study 14.11 till did not realize she had a problem with anorexia until:    
 * her menstrual cycle stopped and she began to have black-outs.   
 she became severely depressed.   
 her friends became concerned about her.   
 she became unable to exercise.   
    

12. The disorder in which an individual binge eats, then purges what they have eaten, is known as:    
 anorexia.   
 * bulimia.   
 rumination.   
 gluttony.   
    

13. When an individual who suffers from bulimia goes on an eating binge, they are likely:    
 responding to an intense physical need for food.   
 attempting to cover up emotional scars generated during childhood.   
 * responding to erroneous physiological urges, possibly cued by stress.   
 getting revenge on those around them who insist they need to be thin.   
    

14. The eating binges associated with bulimia are usually:    
 spontaneous, very sudden and not under any kind of control.   
 episodes that last for several days.   
 planned and carried out with someone who also suffers from the disorder.   
 * carefully planned and carried out in secret.   
    

15. To avoid gaining weight, individuals who binge eat:    
 vomit or use laxatives.   
 engage in fasting after a binge.   
 engage in excessive exercise.   
 * all of the above.    
    

16. Which of the following is NOT a secondary symptom associated with bulimia?    
 * bradycardia.   
 premature tooth decay.   
 mouth and throat ulcers.   
 swollen salivary glands.   
    

17. Dawn has an eating disorder that she diligently hides from her family and friends. She carefully plans all the activities associated with her disorder and then carries them out in secret. These activities often leave her very depressed. But she appears normal enough otherwise, so no one suspects she has a problem. Dawn suffers from:    
 * bulimia.   
 anorexia.   
 body dysmorphia.   
 agoraphobia.   
    

18. The college student cited in case study 14.2 the text went on eating binges that at times were triggered by an emotional reaction or a specific event, but at other times she binged:    
 because she was physically hungry.   
 because the food tasted good.   
 * out of habit, because she had nothing better to do.   
 at parties with friends.   
    

19. Historically, eating disorders are:    
 * fairly common, going back at least as far as ancient Greece.   
 a modern phenomenon which began in the late 1800's.   
 a recent phenomenon beginning somewhere around the 1920's.   
 a new phenomenon that started in the 1980's.   
    

20. Women are _________ times more likely than men to suffer from anorexia or bulimia.    
 2   
 * 4   
 5   
 10   
    

21. Anorexia and bulimia are disorders which typically begin in:    
 * late adolescence.   
 early adolescence.   
 middle adulthood.   
 pre-adolescence.   
    

22. Janey began bingeing and purging when she was seventeen. She is now nineteen and still suffers from the disorder. If she is typical of most people with an eating disorder, she can expect to:    
 eventually be hospitalized for a period of time.   
 have the disorder her entire life.   
 seek professional treatment and eventually overcome the disorder with rehabilitation.   
 * have the disorder fade away within the next couple of years.   
    

23. Those who suffer from anorexia and bulimia are most likely to be:    
 boys between the ages of 15 and 19.   
 men between the ages of 19 and 25.   
 women between the ages of 19 and 25   
 * girls between the ages of 15 and 19.    
    

24. According to cross-cultural investigations, the differing emphasis placed upon being either slim or heavy in various cultures has:    
 * apparently not influenced the rates of anorexia across cultures.   
 greatly influenced the rates of anorexia in countries that value being slim.   
 only slightly influenced the rates of anorexia in countries that value being slim.   
 greatly reduced the rate of anorexia in countries that value being heavy.   
    

25. Social investigations have revealed that if there is a prevalence of eating disorders in any one level of the social strata, it is to be found in the:    
 upper socioeconomic class.   
 * lower socioeconomic class.   
 middle socioeconomic class.   
 upper-middle socioeconomic class.   
    

26. The text presents the case study of Jane Fonda, who seems to have suffered from:    
 a mild form of anorexia.   
 involuntary bulimia.   
 social phobia.   
 * strategic anorexia and bulimia.   
    

27. Persons who have what are called strategic eating disorders:    
 * are able to control their food-related behaviors.   
 binge in secret.   
 cannot control their disorders, but do plan out their eating binges.   
 disguise their eating disorders as diets.   
    

28. The text identifies ____________ eating disorders as those that are under voluntary control and engaged in to achieve a particular goal.    
 social   
 binge   
 dietary   
 * strategic   
    

29. Karla is 16 and suffers from anorexia nervosa. Early psychodynamic theorists would have suggested that her eating disorder is a result of:    
 * anxiety over her emerging sexual urges.   
 inattentive or smothering parents.   
 the stress of adolescence.   
 pressure from her peers to be thin.   
    

30. Psychodynamic explanations for eating disorders include all of the following EXCEPT:    
 childhood sexual abuse.   
 * an exaggerated self-image.   
 extreme stress.   
 rebellion against an over-controlling mother.   
    

31. In a study conducted to test the effects of stress on eating behavior, it was found that:    
 * women trying to control their weight were more likely to eat when stressed.   
 men trying to control their weight were more likely to eat when stressed.   
 women who were dieting were less likely to eat during stress.   
 stress does not influence eating behaviors.   
    

32. Learning theorists suggest that anorexia is:    
 a phenomenon that is learned from one's parents.   
 due to extreme stress.   
 a manifestation of a distorted self-image.   
 * reinforced by society.   
    

33. Learning theorists suggest that individuals with anorexia do not eat because they are rewarded by their immediate peers as well as greater society, but this does not explain:    
 why individuals binge and purge.   
 why individuals with anorexia are still obsessed with food.   
 why individuals with eating disorders are secretive about their food habits.   
 * why some individuals with anorexia are simply unable to bring themselves to eat.   
    

34. Learning theorists suggest that some cases of anorexia may actually be due to:    
 an operantly conditioned social phobia.   
 an operantly conditioned phobia for eating.   
 a classically conditioned social phobia.   
 * a classically conditioned phobia for eating.   
    

35. Sharon began dieting and was successful at losing the weight she wanted, but during this period she also became anxious about regaining the weight she had lost. She subsequently became reluctant to eat. A learning theorist would say that Sharon:    
 * is developing a classically conditioned fear of eating.   
 is exaggerating the consequences of gaining weight.   
 is reluctant to eat because of the stress stemming from the social pressure to be thin.   
 is having an adverse response to her dieting success, but will soon return to normal.    
    

36. According to learning theory, eating disorders develop from a(n):    
 classically conditioned response to an operantly conditioned behavior.   
 phobic response to an habitual behavior.   
 habitual behavior to an operantly conditioned response.   
 * operantly conditioned behavior to a classically conditioned response.   
    

37. The _____________ explanation encompasses the idea that persons with anorexia exaggerate their weight problems and the consequences of gaining weight.    
 * cognitive   
 learning   
 psychodynamic   
 developmental   
    

38. Letitia began a reasonable diet program. She then began focusing exclusively on any information that suggested she was overweight: fashion magazines; swim wear advertisements; lingerie magazines; and designer commercials. As a consequence, she began to overestimate her weight medium loss needs, and subsequently stopped eating. Letitia's experience is consistent with the:    
 psychodynamic explanation for anorexia.   
 * cognitive explanation for anorexia.   
 learning explanation for anorexia.   
 physiological explanation for anorexia.   
    

39. Which of the following factors is crucial to the learning explanation for eating disorders?    
 social pressure   
 vicarious conditioning   
 * selective attention   
 observation and imitation   
    

40. The physiological explanation for anorexia revolves around a suspected malfunction of the:    
 * hypothalamus.   
 thalamus.   
 medulla.   
 basal ganglia.   
    

41. It has been proposed that low levels of ____________ lead to a malfunction of the ______________, which leads to eating disorders.    
 dopamine; hypothalamus   
 serotonin; thalamus   
 dopamine; basal ganglia   
 * serotonin; hypothalamus   
    

42. Eating disorders are associated with errant hypothalamic functioning. In humans this is likely due to:    
 lesions in the brain due to genetic factors.   
 physical trauma, causing lesions in the brain.   
 * low levels of serotonin, resulting from prolonged stress or genetic factors.   
 low levels of tryptophan, resulting from dietary factors.   
    

43. Low levels of serotonin also explain the ______________ symptoms that often accompany eating disorders.    
 phobic   
 * obsessive-compulsive   
 delusional   
 manic   
    

44. The fact that low levels of serotonin are linked to ____________ may help explain the bingeing and purging seen in bulimia.    
 * impulsiveness and inhibition   
 depression and anxiety   
 aggression and inhibition   
 anxiety and phobias   
    

45. Shannon suffers from bulimia. She recently read about a fad diet which promised a significant weight loss if an individual cut all dairy products, yogurt and poultry out of their diet. If Shannon follows this diet it is likely that:    
 * the symptoms of her bulimia will become significantly worse.   
 she will lose a great deal of weight.   
 the symptoms of her bulimia will disappear almost entirely.   
 she will develop anorexia.    
    

46. In one study, the birth records of women who did and did not have eating disorders were examined and it was found that:    
 * women with eating disorders were more likely to have been born prematurely or small in size.   
 women with eating disorders were more likely to have been born long past their due dates.   
 women with eating disorders were more likely to have been born feet first.   
 women with eating disorders were more likely to have been born cesarean.   
    

47. The psychodynamic treatment approach to eating disorders relies upon improving self-concept and relieving depression. Patients undergoing this treatment do improve, but the improvements:    
 * are no better than the improvements made by those who are not in treatment.   
 are substantially less than those made by individuals who are not undergoing treatment.   
 are extremely variable and short-lived.   
 are related specifically to depression and do not include the eating disorders.   
    

48. Learning therapies designed to treat eating disorders have:    
 been proven to be largely ineffective.   
 been proven to be fairly effective.   
 * not been shown to be conclusively effective, due to a lack of controlled research.   
 been effective, but only for the treatment of bulimia.   
    

49. Of the following, the _______ treatment approach to eating disorders has yielded the best results.    
 * cognitive   
 learning   
 psychodynamic   
 analytic   
    

50. A cognitive treatment program for eating disorders would be LEAST likely to involve:    
 development of alternative eating patterns.   
 identifying eating patterns.   
 identifying thought patterns that trigger eating binges.   
 * pairing eating with positive experiences.   
    

51. Studies indicate that about two-thirds of the individuals with eating disorders who benefit from _____________ therapy maintain their improvements for at least 6 months.    
 learning   
 psychodynamic   
 analytical   
 * cognitive   
    

52. Susan suffers from bulimia. It is likely that she will be treated with a drug that:    
 increases dopamine activity.   
 decreases dopamine activity.   
 * increases serotonin activity.   
 decreases serotonin activity.   
    

53. The drugs that have been found to be most effective for treating bulimia are:    
 * antidepressants.   
 stimulants.   
 antianxiety drugs.   
 antipsychotics.   
    

54. Drug therapies for eating disorders have:    
 * not been effective for treating all patients.   
 been effective for treating all patients.   
 been most effective for treating those with anorexia.   
 only been effective for treating those with bulimia.   
    

55. In one experiment, persons with bulimia were given either a placebo, a low level of Prozac, or a high level of Prozac, and then the number of binges was monitored. The results indicated that:    
 Prozac influenced depression but not bingeing.   
 Prozac increased bingeing.   
 lower levels of the drug were more effective for treating bingeing, but not depression.   
 * higher levels of Prozac reduced bingeing faster and to a greater degree.    
    

56. The major symptom of ____________ is the persistent eating of nonnutritive substances.    
 bingeing   
 hypothalamic disorder   
 rumination   
 * pica   
    

57. ______________ disorder involves the repeated regurgitation and rechewing of food.    
 * Rumination   
 Pica   
 Purging   
 Hypothalamic   
    

58. Kendra has eaten white clay since she was a small child. Most of her female relatives also eat white clay. They consider it a preventative against stomach ailments and menstrual cramps. This behavior would be considered a form of:    
 hypothalamic disorder.   
 rumination disorder.   
 pituitary disorder.   
 * pica.   
    

59. Rudy often brings partially digested food into his mouth and either spits it out or rechews and reswallows it. This condition, known as __________, appears to give him considerable pleasure.    
 pica   
 hypothalamic disorder   
 * rumination disorder.   
 purging.    
    

60. The normal daily pattern of wakefulness and sleep is called:    
 the 24-hour cycle.   
 exohomeostasis.   
 * the circadian rhythm.   
 parasomnia.   
    

61. The average length of circadian rhythms is about:    
 * 25 hours.   
 24 hours.   
 23 hours.   
 22 hours.   
    

62. Stage one sleep is ________ sleep, and stage four sleep is _________ sleep.    
 * light; deep   
 light; dream   
 light; mild   
 mild; medium   
    

63. REM sleep signifies the occurrence of:    
 deep sleep.   
 stage four sleep.   
 * dreams.   
 light sleep, approaching wakefulness.   
    

64. An electroencephalogram, or EEG, is used to measure the:    
 * electrical activity in the cortex.   
 galvanic skin response.   
 electrical activity generated by the sino-atrial node.   
 amount of glucose being metabolized in the cerebral cortex.   
    

65. Normal sleep occurs when:    
 the reticular activating system stops producing electrical activity.   
 the raphe nuclei cease firing, which reduces the electrical activity in the brain stem.   
 the brain stem activates the hypothalamus, which in turn shuts down the RAS.   
 * the raphe nuclei fire and block electrical impulses traveling up the RAS to the cortex.   
    

66. A group of neurons called the raphe nuclei are _______ neurons that ________ impulses in the reticular activating system, and this process leads to sleep.    
 excitatory; generate   
 excitatory; block   
 inhibitory; generate   
 * inhibitory; block   
    

67. The _____________ generates electrical activity which travels to and stimulates function in the cortex and subcortical regions.    
 * brain stem   
 cingulate gyrus   
 basal ganglia   
 pons   
    

68. During stage 1 sleep, electrical impulses from the brain stem stimulate cell assemblies in the cortex and this is thought to lead specifically to:    
 stage 2 and 3 sleep.   
 * the formation of dreams.   
 non-REM sleep.   
 wakefulness.   
    

69. Rather than being the result of repressed material breaking through into the conscious, it is currently thought that dreams are:    
 a summation of an individual's most recent activities.   
 * triggered by the random electrical stimulation of cell assemblies in the cortex.   
 triggered by conscious needs and desires carried over from recent activities.   
 the brain's way of organizing and categorizing recent experiences.    
    

70. The activation-synthesis explanation for dreams comprises the notion that dreams:    
 are an amalgamation of recent and past experiences.   
 are triggered by strong emotional responses generated during waking hours.   
 * involve recent or important experiences because these memories are more easily recalled.   
 are comprised of unrelated memories which are triggered randomly.   
    

71. It appears excessive and erratic firing of neurons in the brain leads to dreams during sleep and:    
 narcolepsy during wakefulness.   
 * hallucinations during wakefulness.   
 sleep walking.   
 cataplexy during wakefulness.   
    

72. A _________ is a disorder that involves problems with the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.    
 * dyssomnia   
 parasomnia   
 hyposomnia   
 hypnosomnia   
    

73. A _________ involves an abnormal behavior that is associated with sleep, such as sleepwalking.    
 hyposomnia   
 hypnosomnia   
 dyssomnia   
 * parasomnia   
    

74. All of the following problems would be considered dyssomnias, with the exception of:    
 restlessness.   
 consistently sleeping too much.   
 * sleepwalking.   
 narcolepsy.   
    

75. Parasomnias are disorders which would include all of the following except:    
 nightmares.   
 * apnea.   
 sleep terrors.   
 sleep walking.   
    

76. _______________ occurs when the reticular activating system carries excessive neurological activity from the brain stem to the cortex.    
 Narcolepsy   
 Primary hypersomnia   
 * Primary insomnia   
 Circadian rhythm sleep disorder   
    

77. Hypnotics, drugs used to treat primary insomnia, are in the same class of drugs as:    
 antidepressant medication.   
 * antianxiety medication.   
 antipsychotic medication.   
 bipolar medication.   
    

78. In general, hypnotic drugs reduce arousal and promote sleep by:    
 * increasing the activity of inhibitory neurons.   
 decreasing the activity of inhibitory neurons.   
 increasing the activity of excitatory neurons.   
 decreasing the activity of excitatory neurons.   
    

79. A drug's half-life is the amount of time:    
 that passes before the drug begins to take effect.   
 needed before a cure is effected.   
 * needed before half the drug is eliminated from the system.   
 needed before the entire drug is eliminated from the system.   
    

80. Gladys is 73 years old and has difficulty falling asleep at night. Her doctor prescribed Restoril, a benzodiazepine used to treat insomnia, but Gladys complains that when she takes the drug she sleeps until noon. To fix this problem her doctor should:    
 put her on antidepressant medication.   
 prescribe a mild stimulant that Gladys can take when she wakes.   
 prescribe a different type of hypnotic drug with a longer half-life.   
 * prescribe a different type of hypnotic drug with a shorter half-life.   
    

81. Individuals taking hypnotic drugs to treat their insomnia may sometimes experience a rebound effect, which is:    
 an increased tolerance for the drug.   
 a decreased tolerance for the drug.   
 a lessening of symptoms, causing them to stop taking their medication.   
 * a worsening of symptoms after the medication is discontinued.    
    

82. Psychological strategies for reducing insomnia include all of the following except:    
 * arising earlier each day until one is exhausted enough to sleep at night.   
 reducing tension by accepting the idea that one can get by on less sleep.   
 using the bedroom for sleep only.   
 reducing tension through muscle relaxation.   
    

83. The psychological strategy termed paradoxical intention, which is used to combat insomnia, involves:    
 using the bedroom for nothing other than sleep.   
 getting up earlier each day until one is too exhausted to stay awake at night.   
 * trying to stay awake as long as possible instead of trying to fall asleep.   
 changing one's beliefs about the necessity of sleep.   
    

84. Excessive sleepiness, characterized by long periods of sleep during the night and naps during the day which do not relieve the sleepiness, is known as:    
 hyposomnia.   
 parasomnia.   
 * hypersomnia.   
 narcolepsy.   
    

85. Corey goes to bed at 9:00 in the evening after sleeping in front of the television for an hour following dinner. Sometimes he naps in the afternoon as well. He tends to drag through the day and is usually grouchy. Corey suffers from:    
 parasomnia.   
 * hypersomnia.   
 hyposomnia.   
 narcolepsy.   
    

86. Lesions in the hypothalamus, among other things, can cause insufficient neurological arousal in the brain stem, which then leads to:    
 * hypersomnia.   
 parasomnia.   
 dyssomnia.   
 hyposomnia.   
    

87. ____________ are usually the best treatment for hypersomnia.    
 Frequent naps   
 Benzodiazepines   
 * Stimulants   
 Antidepressants   
    

88. A disorder characterized by irresistible sleep, sudden loss of muscle tone, vivid dreams, and feelings of being refreshed after waking, is known as:    
 apnea.   
 hypersomnia.   
 hyposomnia.   
 * narcolepsy.   
    

89. _____________ is a state of consciousness characterized by a sudden loss of muscle tone, which is triggered by a sudden or intense emotion.    
 Hypersomnia Challenging   
 Parasomnia   
 Narcolepsy   
 * Cataplexy   
    

90. David suddenly lost consciousness and collapsed to the floor while standing in line at the bank. The only movement evidenced by his entire body was that of his eyes darting back and forth beneath closed lids. The teller was about to call 911 when David's wife explained to her that it was okay, David had just suffered from an attack of _____________ and would be better soon.    
 hypersomnia   
 parasomnia   
 * narcolepsy   
 cataplexy   
    

91. Both obstructive apnea and central apnea are types of:    
 parasomnia.   
 * breathing-related sleep disorders.   
 age-related sleep disorders.   
 hypersomnias.   
    

92. During REM sleep, the muscles which keep the airway open may not receive enough stimulation. This can cause the airway to collapse and results in a condition is known as:    
 narcolepsy.   
 central apnea.   
 * obstructive apnea.   
 cataplexy.   
    

93. An individual who is extremely tired all of the time because they suffer from obstructive apnea would potentially have their condition benefit from all of the following except:    
 * sedatives.   
 weight loss.   
 antidepressants.   
 sleeping face down.   
    

94. Central apnea is caused by:    
 enlarged tonsils.   
 snoring.   
 a collapsing trachea.   
 * a problem in the brain.   
    

95. A disorder that involves a mismatch between an individual's natural sleep/wake cycle and the demands made on the individual by life circumstances is known as:    
 parasomnia.   
 hypersomnia.   
 cyclic dyssomnia.   
 * the circadian rhythm disorder.   
    

96. The circadian rhythm disorder is treated by:    
 the use of mild sedatives.   
 getting up earlier or going to bed later.   
 * exposure to bright light.   
 behavioral therapy.   
    

97. The sleep terror disorder is characterized by:    
 repeatedly experiencing frightening dreams.   
 a cessation of breathing.   
 * panic, intense fear and awakening with a scream.   
 a sense of being conscious, but unable to move.   
    

98. A person would be diagnosed as suffering from nightmare disorder if they:    
 * have frequent nightmares, which significantly impair their ability to function.   
 have the same nightmare on several occasions.   
 wake screaming in terror from a nightmare.   
 have nightmares which awaken them.   
    

99. Individuals who have sleep terror disorder wake up in a panic:    
 and fully remember the nightmare which caused them to wake.   
 and have difficulty separating the nightmare which terrified them from reality.   
 and are immediately cognizant of where they are and why they are awake.   
 * are disoriented, and do not remember having had a nightmare.   
    

The sleepwalking disorder is characterized by all of the following except:    
 non-REM sleep.   
 unresponsiveness.   
 * dreaming.   
 disorientation if awakened.   
    

Which of the following statements concerning sleepwalking disorder is correct?    
 * Individuals who sleepwalk are capable of performing fairly complex tasks.   
 Individuals who are awakened while sleepwalking typically have violent reactions.   
 Individuals who sleepwalk do so because they are dreaming.   
 Sleepwalking occurs most frequently in late adolescence or early adulthood.   
    

A stressor is a problem which greatly challenges an individual and leads to high levels of:    
 physiological arousal.   
 psychological arousal.   
 neurological activity.   
 * physiological and psychological arousal.   
    

The brain and spinal cord comprise the:    
 * central nervous system.   
 peripheral nervous system.   
 autonomic nervous system.   
 somatic nervous system.   
    

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two divisions, the:    
 sympathetic and parasympathetic.   
 brain and the spinal cord.   
 somatic and sympathetic.   
 * somatic and autonomic.    
    

The ___________ division of the peripheral nervous system serves to connect the central nervous system to the muscles and skin and the __________ division connects it to the glands and internal organs.    
 * somatic; autonomic   
 autonomic; somatic   
 sympathetic; autonomic   
 parasympathetic; sympathetic   
    

The part of the nervous system responsible for increasing arousal is the:    
 parasympathetic branch of the autonomic division.   
 * sympathetic branch of the autonomic division.   
 sympathetic branch of the somatic division.   
 parasympathetic branch of the somatic division.   
    

The grass by the river was thigh high. Sawyer had been wading through it all morning and thinking about rattlesnakes the whole time. His uncle had been bitten here last year about this time. When Sawyer stepped on a smooth wet branch and it rolled under his foot, he let out a yell and jumped three feet in the air. Sawyer's startle response was triggered by:    
 * the sympathetic branch of his autonomic nervous system.   
 the parasympathetic branch of his autonomic nervous system.   
 the sympathetic branch of his somatic nervous system.   
 the parasympathetic branch of his somatic nervous system.   
    

Stressors lead to __________ physiological arousal in the sympathetic branch of the nervous system that is __________ under voluntary control.    
 * general; not   
 general; partially   
 specific; not   
 specific; partially   
    

Chronic stress results in:    
 * prolonged arousal that is not under voluntary control.   
 intense stimulation of the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system.   
 selective physiological arousal relevant to the stressor.   
 a shut down of the sympathetic nervous system initiated by the parasympathetic branch.    
    

Coronary artery disease involves the:    
 development of hypoxemia.   
 development of arteriosclerosis.   
 * narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of fats.   
 development of holes in the arterial lining.   
    

The buildup of triglycerides and cholesterol in blood vessels is called:    
 arteriosclerosis.   
 hypoxemia.   
 thrombosis.   
 * atherosclerosis.   
    

A heart attack actually refers to the death of heart muscle and the technical term for this is:    
 angina.   
 cardiac sklerosis.   
 pulmonary edema.   
 * myocardial infarction.   
    

After playing a set of tennis, Miles developed severe angina. This is an indication that:    
 he has a serious case of indigestion.   
 he has suffered a mild heart attack.   
 he has hypertension.   
 * his heart is not receiving enough blood.    
    

Persons suffering from angina take nitroglycerin tablets, which:    
 * temporarily dilates their arteries and allows more blood through to the heart muscles.   
 temporarily speeds their heart, causing it to pump more blood.   
 temporarily reduces their heart rate, which decreases pressure in the arteries.   
 temporarily thins their blood and allows more to pass through to the heart.   
    

All of the following can contribute to coronary artery disease with the exception of:    
 genetics.   
 Type A behavior.   
 * hypotension.   
 smoking cigarettes.   
    

Carolynn's company is looking for a competitive, aggressive individual to fill a new marketing position and she has been assigned to do the search. She has a brief personality assessment she will give each candidate, will have access to their resumes, and give each a brief interview. What will provide the best indication of each candidate's personality type?    
 their personal resume   
 the outcomes of their assessment tests   
 * their mannerisms and verbal responses during the interview   
 their gender and appearance    
    

In a structured interview, Type A individuals:    
 tend to be more talkative.   
 are relaxed, laid-back and confident.   
 * tend to speak loudly and rapidly and get to the point quickly.   
 tend to give only the responses necessary, and otherwise do not speak much.   
    

Frank is in an interview to measure whether he has Type A behavior pattern. If he is a Type A individual, he will be more likely to:    
 * give quick, purposeful answers.   
 consider each question carefully and be very complete when he answers.   
 be distracted and noncommittal about both the questions and his answers.   
 be relaxed, laid-back and confident.   
    

Research on the risk factors for heart disease, in which over 3,000 men were studied, revealed that individuals assessed as being Type A personalities were:    
 no more likely to develop coronary artery disease than those categorized as Type B.   
 less likely to develop coronary artery disease than those categorized as Type B.   
 mostly not around at the end of the study.   
 * twice as likely to develop coronary problems even after other risk factors were controlled.   
    

The Type A behavior pattern has been shown to be related to the development of coronary artery disease and the inherent trait which is the best indicator of this is:    
 competitiveness.   
 time urgency.   
 tenseness.   
 * hostility.   
    

The ______ component of Type A behavior is responsible for the link to coronary artery disease.    
 competitive   
 * hostility   
 time urgency   
 anxiety   
    

Grayson is a big-time hustler for his computer software company. He has the best sales record for five years running and is working night and day to get number six. Grayson is obviously a Type A individual. If he wanted to cut his risk of coronary artery disease, he would do best to:    
 attempt to reduce his competitiveness.   
 relax and not be so concerned about time management.   
 * reduce his hostility and aggressive tendencies.   
 quit his job and get into a different line of work.   
    

The best psychological predictor of heart disease is:    
 impatience.   
 the Type A behavior pattern.   
 competitiveness.   
 * hostility.    
    

In an experiment in which subjects participated in either an easy or a difficult task, Type A subjects showed ____ systolic blood pressure on the ____ task than did Type B subjects.    
 higher; easy   
 lower; easy   
 lower; difficult   
 * higher; difficult    
    

When setting goals for themselves, persons with the Type A behavior pattern set goals that are ____________ than those set by persons with the Type B behavior pattern.    
 * higher   
 more dangerous   
 easier   
 more realistic   
    

Type A individuals are more likely to seek a challenge and push themselves farther than those who fit the Type B personality profile. This is an indication that Type A individuals are also:    
 more likely to succeed in life.   
 more likely to be in better physical and mental shape.   
 * more likely to be highly aroused frequently.   
 more likely to be better off financially.   
    

Catecholamines secreted into the bloodstream during stress cause cholesterol to:    
 * form clots.   
 break down.   
 be produced.   
 collect in the liver.   
    

Both acute and chronic stress serve to:    
 * increase the production of cholesterol.   
 decrease the production of cholesterol.   
 break down cholesterol.   
 reduce occlusions in the bloodstream.   
    

Becky has a resting heart rate of 55 beats per minute, which is much lower than the average person. Compared with the average person, Becky is likely to have:    
 a greater production of cholesterol.   
 a greater accumulation of cholesterol on her artery walls.   
 * a lower accumulation of cholesterol on her artery walls.   
 less stress in her life.   
    

Arousal leads to high blood pressure. This causes the arteries to stretch and:    
 increases blood volume to the heart.   
 lessens the opportunity for cholesterol to form occlusions.   
 increase in elasticity, which enhances blood flow.   
 * become rough, which enhances the buildup of cholesterol.   
    

There is some evidence that higher heart rates:    
 reduce occlusions in the arteries.   
 * promote occlusions in the arteries.   
 reduce cholesterol in the bloodstream.   
 can lead to hypotension.   
    

Which of the following statements is not true?    
 * Rapid heart rates decrease the likelihood of occlusions in the arteries.   
 Stress increases the production of cholesterol.   
 High blood pressure promotes occlusions in the arteries.   
 Stress enhances the ability of cholesterol to stick to the walls of arteries.   
    

Curtis received a diagnosis of essential hypertension. It is most likely that his high blood pressure is due to:    
 excessive salt in his diet.   
 atherosclerosis.   
 * psychological factors.   
 unknown physiological factors.   
    

___________ hypertension is high blood pressure for which a physical cause has not been found.    
 Secondary   
 Atrial   
 * Essential   
 Atypical   
    

High blood pressure that stems from known physiological causes is called:    
 primary hypertension.   
 essential hypertension.   
 * secondary hypertension.   
 typical hypertension.   
    

Which of the following is not true of hypertension?    
 * The symptoms of hypertension are easily noticeable.   
 About one out of every six adults suffers from hypertension.   
 Hypertension can increase the risk of heart attack.   
 Hypertension can increase the risk of kidney failure.   
    

The ____________ blood pressure is the high level of pressure that occurs immediately after each heartbeat.    
 barostolic   
 hypotonic   
 diastolic   
 * systolic   
    

The low level of pressure that occurs before each heartbeat is the:    
 barostolic blood pressure.   
 hypostolic blood pressure.   
 systolic blood pressure.   
 * diastolic blood pressure.   
    

Milo went in for his annual physical and when his blood pressure was taken he was told he had a systolic reading of 130 and a diastolic reading of 87. This means that Milo:    
 suffers from essential hypertension.   
 suffers from secondary hypertension.   
 * has blood pressure that is within the acceptable range.   
 has borderline hypotension.   
    

An individual who consistently experiences sudden dizziness when they rise too quickly is likely to have:    
 low systolic and high diastolic blood pressure.   
 * hypotension.   
 hypertension.   
 weak baroreceptors.   
    

Prolonged stretching of the arteries, which causes the baroreceptors to readjust, leads to the:    
 * development of hypertension.   
 development hypotension.   
 development of stress.   
 production of catecholamines.   
    

_____________ are sensors which detect increases in blood pressure through the stretching of artery walls.    
 * Baroreceptors   
 Atrioreceptors   
 Systolic receptors   
 Diastolic receptors   
    

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of personality on blood pressure is true?    
 High blood pressure is most likely to be associated with the suppression of negative emotions.   
 The influence of personality on blood pressure increases with age.   
 High blood pressure is most likely to be associated with hostility.   
 * All of these are true.   
    

_____________ surgery involves grafting in an unclogged piece of artery.    
 Vasodilatation   
 Angioplasmotic   
 Balloon   
 * Coronary bypass   
    

Individuals whose coronary arteries are seriously occluded would likely benefit the most from:    
 * angioplasty.   
 taking diuretics.   
 taking beta blockers.   
 taking vasodilators.    
    

__________ reduce heart rate and therefore the heart's need for oxygen, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a heart attack.    
 Vasodilators   
 Diuretics   
 Antidepressants   
 * Beta Blockers   
    

Diuretics affect blood pressure by:    
 causing blood vessels to dilate.   
 reducing heart rate.   
 dissolving blood clots.   
 * reducing the amount of fluid in the body.   
    

Carl has high blood pressure and is being treated with a drug that increases the elasticity of, as well as expands, his arteries. This type of drug is called a:    
 beta blocker.   
 antidiuretic.   
 diuretic.   
 * vasodilator.   
    

Comparisons between individuals who are Type A, have had heart attacks and then receive either traditional counseling or counseling aimed specifically at the reduction of their Type A behaviors, indicate:    
 those who receive traditional therapy are less likely to experience another heart attack.   
 there is no difference in the reoccurrence rate of heart attacks between the two groups.   
 traditional therapy reduces Type A behavior better than therapy specifically aimed toward reducing it.   
 * those who reduce their Type A behavior are less likely to experience another heart attack.   
    

In Western society Type A behavior is generally admired and rewarded, which is likely a direct factor in why so many individuals have:    
 congenital heart disease.   
 high cholesterol.   
 more than one stress related disorder.   
 * two, or even three, bypass operations or angioplasties.    
    

Wallace is forty-seven and recently had a fairly serious heart attack. He is now in an anger management program and is learning what type of diet he should eat, the amount and type of exercise he should be doing, as well as how to reduce the stress in his life. If he completes this program, he will reduce his chance of having a second heart attack by almost:    
 * 30%   
 15%   
 45%   
 75%   
    

As stated in the text, social support has been directly linked to:    
 * lower heart rate and blood pressure.   
 lower cholesterol counts.   
 a reduction in deaths from heart attacks.   
 a reduction in stress related disorders.   
    

Which of the following would likely play a greater role in helping an individual recover from and prevent a reoccurrence of a cardiovascular disorder?    
 * optimism   
 bed rest   
 quiet and solitude   
 vasodilators   
    

Aerobic exercise increases the production of ______________, which help reduce the buildup of harmful cholesterol in the arteries.    
 * high-density lipoproteins   
 low-density lipoproteins   
 endorphins   
 red blood cells   
    

The type of cholesterol known as LDL or low-density lipoproteins:    
 is produced with exercise and helps remove harmful cholesterol from the arteries.   
 * comes from fat in the diet and builds up in the arteries.   
 is found in diet foods and is neither harmful nor beneficial.   
 is found in vegetable oils and plays a role in reducing the harmful effect of animal fats.   
    

In stressful situations individuals who are in good aerobic condition have ___________ heart rates than those who are not as fit.    
 * lower   
 higher   
 quicker   
 longer   
    

Gerte is in excellent aerobic condition. If she were compared to students who are less physically fit during a stressful period, such as finals week, she would show:    
 * lower cardiac arousal.   
 higher cardiac arousal.   
 longer periods of cardiac arousal.   
 lower levels of HDL.   
    

In one experiment, individuals were examined after a heart attack. Compared with individuals who received routine medical care, individuals who participated in an exercise program showed all of the following except:    
 greater sexual activity.   
 lower blood pressure.   
 better self-concept.   
 * a long-term exercise plan.   
    

Studies indicate that individuals with cardiovascular disease can halt and even reverse the process of their disease by:    
 receiving bypass surgery or angioplasty   
 taking vasodilators and diuretics.   
 joining a support group and exercising.   
 * consistently exercising, eating right and managing stress.   
    

Biofeedback techniques for reducing blood pressure have been found to be:    
 * no more effective than sitting quietly.   
 situation dependent.   
 occasionally effective.   
 highly effective.   
    

In biofeedback, training individuals are connected to electronic equipment which provides them instant feedback about changes in their:    
 somatic responses.   
 cerebral processes.   
 subcortical processes.   
 * autonomic responses.   
    

The __________ type of migraine headache is preceded by prodromal symptoms.    
 tension   
 milder   
 * classic   
 common   
    

Sadie experiences dizziness, blind spots and flashing lights about 30 minutes before the onset of a migraine headache. These symptoms are caused by:    
 extreme dilation of the cranial arteries.   
 constriction of the carotid artery.   
 * extreme constriction of the cranial arteries.   
 dilation of the carotid artery.   
    

In addition to severe cranial pain, persons who suffer from migraine headaches often experience:    
 fevers and hallucinations.   
 sweating and dehydration.   
 anger and depression.   
 * nausea and light sensitivity.   
    

The pain involved in migraine headaches comes from:    
 constricted cranial arteries reducing blood flow to certain areas of the neck and head.   
 fluid buildup in the body, which increases blood pressure and causes cranial swelling.   
 a hormonal imbalance that triggers nausea, increased blood pressure and cranial pain.   
 * extreme dilation of the cranial arteries which puts pressure on the surrounding nerves.   
    

There is evidence that the hormone _______________ is connected to migraine headaches.    
 testosterone   
 progesterone   
 * estrogen   
 oxytocin   
    

Estrogen replacement therapy for women who experience migraine headaches will:    
 greatly reduce their incidence of migraine headaches.   
 increase the intensity, pain and duration of their migraine headaches.   
 * increase their incidence of migraine headaches.   
 have no effect on their migraines.   
    

Stimulants such as caffeine have proven to be effective in treating migraines, but only if they are taken:    
 * during the early stages of the headache.   
 after the headache is firmly established.   
 in conjunction with a blood thinning agent like aspirin.   
 hours before the headache occurs.   
    

The drug Imitrex reduces the pain of migraines in minutes by:    
 dilating the cranial arteries.   
 constricting the cranial arteries.   
 increasing the firing of specific serotonin receptors.   
 * slowing the firing of specific serotonin receptors.   
    

Types of all of the following drugs except _____________ have been shown to help prevent the frequent occurrence of migraine headaches.    
 beta blockers   
 antidepressants   
 antiseizure medication   
 * neuroleptics   
    

Paula suffers from serious migraine headaches. Which of the following would be the most beneficial approach to treating her headaches?    
 taking antianxiety medication at the first sign of a headache   
 taking extra-strength aspirin at the first sign of a headache   
 taking stimulants after the headache is well-established   
 * taking stimulants at the first sign of a headache   
    

The effective use of biofeedback to treat migraine headaches:    
 * has not been supported by research.   
 has been supported by several cases of well-documented research.   
 has been supported in cases of classic migraines.   
 has been supported in cases of common migraines.   
    

Finger temperature biofeedback training for treating migraines has proven to be effective for:    
 increasing blood flow to the hands and cranial arteries and slightly reducing migraine pain.   
 increasing blood flow to the cranial arteries, but not reducing migraine pain.   
 * increasing blood flow to the hands, but not reducing migraine pain.   
 increasing blood flow to the hands and reducing prodromal symptoms.   
    

The pain of ____________ headaches stems from the fact that muscles in the afflicted area have been contracted for long periods of time.    
 classic migraine   
 common migraine   
 prodromal   
 * tension   
    

Individuals who experience frequent tension headaches also tend to be depressed and suffer from:    
 * anxiety disorders.   
 compulsive disorders.   
 personality disorders.   
 migraines.   
    

The exact mechanism behind the pain of tension headache is unknown, but it is thought to be related to:    
 * reduced energy stores in the muscles of the afflicted area.   
 dilated arteries in the afflicted area.   
 hypertension.   
 an over-stimulation of serotinergic receptors.   
    

Progressive muscle relaxation training for the treatment of tension headaches involves:    
 the use of electrodes to detect muscle activity.   
 * the tensing and relaxing of different sets of muscles.   
 fingertip massage and sauna baths.   
 meditation and exercise.   
    

EMG biofeedback is more effective than simple rest for treating ____________, but it is not more effective than _____________ .    
 * tension headaches; muscle relaxation   
 migraine headaches; stimulants   
 tension headaches; stimulants   
 migraine headaches; muscle relaxation   
    

In reducing tension headaches EMG biofeedback training is:    
 more effective than progressive muscle relaxation.   
 * equally as effective as progressive muscle relaxation.   
 less effective than progressive muscle relaxation.   
 not effective at all.   
    

_____________ are the disease-causing agents that invade the body.    
 Teratogens   
 Antibodies   
 * Antigens   
 Androgens   
    

All of the following have similar functions except:    
 lymphocytes.   
 leukocytes.   
 white blood cells.   
 * antigens.   
    

Lymphocytes are important for:    
 killing antigens.   
 signaling the system to produce more killer cells.   
 signaling the system to reduce the production of killer cells.   
 * all of these functions.    
    

High immunocompetence is characterized by ________ levels of killer and helper cells and _______ levels of suppressor cells.    
 low; low   
 high; high   
 * high; low   
 low; high   
    

The HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) operates by:    
 killing lymphocytes that act as suppressor cells.   
 * killing the lymphocytes that identify antigens.   
 killing the lymphocytes that act as killer cells.   
 duplicating the lymphocytes that act as killer cells.   
    

After one week of test taking, Janet has finished her final set of comprehensive exams for graduate school and is now awaiting the results. It is quite likely that her immune system:    
 * has been seriously weakened.   
 has been strengthened by the ordeal.   
 has been affected very little or not at all.   
 has been irreparably compromised.   
    

All of the following would likely show a decrease in their immunocompetence if faced with a serious stressor except:    
 a person who is depressed.   
 a student who is basically a loner.   
 a student after finals week   
 * a student who is popular.   
    

In one experiment it was found that individuals who are under high levels of stress are almost ________ as likely to develop colds as those under low stress.    
 10 times   
 5 times   
 4 times   
 * twice   
    

Which of the following would likely do the most to increase an individual's immunocompetence?    
 embarking on multiple visits to friends   
 engaging in a challenging, yet enjoyable task   
 resting alone in one's home for long period of time   
 * attending relaxation training sessions   
    

There is evidence that all of the following, with the exception of ___________, could potentially work to boost an individual's immunocompetence during a stressful period.    
 * stimulants   
 optimism   
 aerobic exercise   
 relaxation training   
    

Which of the following statements concerning stress and the immune system is not correct?    
 Relaxation training is effective for reducing the effects of stress on the immune system.   
 Strenuous aerobic exercise increases the levels of certain types of lymphocytes.   
 Due to their outlook on life, people who are optimistic tend to experience less stress.   
 * Moderate levels of stress challenges the immune system and makes it stronger.   
    

The second most prevalent disease in the United States is:    
 * arthritis.   
 coronary heart disease.   
 cancer.   
 hypertension.    
    

Of the following individuals, who would be the most likely to be diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis?    
 Helen, who is 65 and has been an administrative assistant for the last 25 years.   
 Madeleine, who is 30, happily married with two children, but has recently gone bankrupt.   
 Greg, who is 55 and has spent the majority of his life laboring on a farm.   
 * Ruth, who is 46, recently divorced and consequently works in a fast food restaurant   
    

Which of the following is characteristic of the stress-related form of arthritis?    
 * rapid onset of symptoms   
 fairly constant symptoms   
 high proportion of family members with rheumatoid arthritis   
 slow, insidious onset of symptoms    
    

Which of the following is characteristic of the non-stress-related form of arthritis?    
 rapid onset of symptoms   
 * fairly constant symptoms   
 little or no family history of rheumatoid arthritis   
 varying severity of symptoms    
    

___________ is a therapy shown to reduce severity of symptoms in those who suffer from rheumatoid arthritis.    
 Ingesting shark cartilage   
 Aerobic exercise   
 * Writing about stress-related experiences   
 Hypnosis   
    

Abnormalities in the reproduction of cells can result in:    
 rheumatoid arthritis.   
 * cancer.   
 Hypertension.   
 coronary artery disease.   
    

Which of the following is a mechanism by which the immune system controls cancer?    
 macrophages correct errors in the DNA   
 leukocytes cut off the blood supply to developing tumors   
 increased numbers of leukocytes trigger the production of serotonin which enhances immune function   
 * leukocytes identify abnormal growths and destroy them   
    

______________ was shown to be an effective treatment for reducing the recurrence of skin cancer and also increasing survival rates.    
 Laughter   
 Expressive writing   
 * Emotional support   
 Biofeedback   
    

Controlled research has demonstrated that _________ is an effective approach to treating cancer.    
 * stress management training   
 shark cartilage   
 imagination   
 vitamin therapy   
    

Refusal to maintain body weight and obsession with food and exercise is characteristic of bulimia.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Historically, eating disorders were diagnosed as sitophobias.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

About one-third of the individuals who are diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia during adolescence continue to have problems with eating disorders into adulthood.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Operant conditioning provides the most viable explanation for the perpetuation of anorexia.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Malfunction of the hippocampus is suspected to contribute to anorexia and bulimia.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Prozac is effective for reducing vomiting in individuals who suffer from bulimia.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Rumination is a disorder that is most commonly found in individuals who suffer from autism.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Jacob was in an equestrian accident which severely damaged his brain stem, in particular the raphe nuclei. The most likely result of this trauma will be abnormal eating behavior.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

The same class of drugs that are used to treat anxiety are also commonly used to treat primary insomnia.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Lester wakes up exhausted in the morning because during the night he unknowingly wakes up hundreds of times trying to catch his breath. Lester suffers from sleep apnea.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Sleep terror disorder is a severe form of nightmare disorder that occurs most frequently during REM sleep.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

An individual who is suddenly awakened during an episode of sleep walking will likely suffer serious psychological trauma.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Serious stressors cause intense and prolonged stimulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

A necessary component for the development of cardiovascular disease in people with Type A behavior patterns is hostility.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Essential hypertension is the label for high blood pressure which can be traced to a physical cause.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Beta blockers, dieuretics and vasodilators are drugs commonly used to treat hypertension.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

The results of controlled experiments have indicated that biofeedback training for the reduction of hypertension is significantly more effective than simple relaxation.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Tension headaches produce pain that is so severe it often completely incapacitates the people who suffer from them.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

White blood cells are effective agents against disease-causing substances such as antigens.    
 True   
 False   
    
    
    

Social support has been shown to be a critical component in alleviating the symptoms of psychophysiological disorders.    
 True   
 False