Consciousness is formally defined as:         
 the uncomfortable feeling that people are evaluating you.       
 the various stages of sleep.       
 * personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.       
 the ease with which you overcome sleep inertia.       
    

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment.  Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:         
 introspection.       
 * consciousness.       
 hypnagogic perception.       
 delta brain wave activity.       
    

It was the famous American psychologist named _____ who described consciousness as being like a river or a stream.         
 * William James       
 Ernest Hilgard       
 J. Allan Hobson       
 Sigmund Freud       
    

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"?         
 * Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken.       
 Although we are aware of some of the contents of consciousness, consciousness can only be understood if you look below the "water line" at thought processes of which we are unaware.       
 Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts.       
 Consciousness can only be understood by using introspection.       
    

Many of the leading psychologists in the early 1900s rejected the study of consciousness.  Why?         
 It was discovered that William James had reported false data in his research on consciousness.       
 The study of mental disorders was deemed much more important than the study of ordinary consciousness.       
 Freud insisted that psychology should study only unconscious mental activity.       
 * Self-reports of conscious experiences could not be directly observed, measured, and verified.       
    

In recent decades, psychologists have again focused on the study of consciousness.  One reason this has occurred is because:         
 Freud's views on the importance of unconscious mental processes have been disregarded.       
 * psychologists have devised more objective ways to study conscious experience.       
 structuralism has become the dominant school in psychology, which has brought with it a return to an emphasis on introspection.       
 biorhythms have been discovered.       
    

If you are like most people, you experience a daily slump in your mental alertness around 3 o'clock each afternoon.  This daily fluctuation in mental alertness is an example of:         
 * a circadian rhythm.       
 delta brain wave activity.       
 REM rebound.       
 narcolepsy.       
    

The term circadian rhythm refers to:         
 the influence of the 28-day lunar cycle on human and animal behavior.       
 * the consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes.       
 the fact that many insects, including grasshoppers and crickets, have constant biological activity and do not sleep.       
 the prenatal beginnings of sleep and dreaming.       
    

According to the information presented in the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 The sleep/wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle are the only two circadian rhythms that humans demonstrate.       
 Under normal conditions, each of our circadian rhythms operates on a "free-running" schedule that varies from one day to the next.       
 * There are over 100 bodily processes that systematically vary over the course of each day.       
 Men and women have fundamentally different circadian rhythms.       
    

Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is FALSE?         
 The suprachiasmatic nucleus is your internal "biological clock."       
 The suprachiasmatic nucleus governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep/wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle.       
 The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a cluster of neurons located in the brain structure called the hypothalamus.       
 * The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a structure found in every cell and controls the timing of that cell's activities.       
    

Keeping circadian rhythms synchronized and operating on a 24-hour schedule:         
 is normally impossible because of sleep spindles.       
 * involves the detection of sunlight by special photoreceptors in the eye and the communication of this information to the brain.       
 is normally impossible except in special situations in which people are deprived of all time cues.       
 involves carefully tracking the emotional, intellectual, and physical cycles of the person's biorhythms.       
    

Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights:         
 increases the production of melatonin.       
 * suppresses the production of melatonin.       
 synchronizes the emotional, intellectual, and physical biorhythms.       
 increases the incidence of sleep spindles.       
    

Melatonin is produced by:         
 the suprachiasmatic nucleus.       
 * the pineal gland.       
 exposure to sunlight.       
 the use of stimulant drugs, such as caffeine and nicotine.       
    

Professor Behrens studies circadian rhythms.  How does Professor Behrens create "free-running conditions" in her research?         
 She systematically varies the time at which volunteers awaken or go to sleep.       
 Volunteers are flown to a location on the opposite side of the world, which is 10 to 12 hours ahead of their normal time schedule.       
 She uses an electroencephalogram to continuously monitor a person for 24 hours or longer.       
 * She arranges for volunteers to spend several weeks in underground caves without exposure to sunlight, clocks, or other time cues.       
    

Under free-running conditions:         
 volunteers experience strong symptoms of jet lag.       
 * volunteers gravitate to roughly a 25-hour day.       
 emotional, intellectual, and physical biorhythms become closely synchronized with one another.       
 people sleep about half as much as they normally do.       
    

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience Box, biorhythms:         
 is a term that means the same thing as chronobiology.       
 are a special form of circadian rhythms that can accurately predict the occurrence of accidents, athletic performance, and academic performance.       
 * supposedly follow a 23-day physical cycle, a 28-day emotional cycle, and a 33-day intellectual cycle.       
 are most likely to occur during free-running conditions.       
    

According to the Science Versus Pseudoscience Box on biorhythms, which of the following statements is true?         
 There are numerous scientific studies showing that biorhythms accurately predict highs and lows in a person's emotional, intellectual, and physical state.       
 There are virtually no scientific studies investigating the claims made by biorhythm proponents.       
 * Numerous scientific studies have found no support for the claims made by biorhythm experts.       
 Researchers have found that biorhythms accurately predict industrial accidents but not the timing of births or deaths.       
    

The rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain are called:         
 biorhythms.       
 * brain waves.       
 circadian rhythms.       
 spikes.       
    

Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain.  He is most likely to use which of the following methods?         
 * the electroencephalograph       
 tracking changes in breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature       
 CAT scans       
 monitoring blood levels of melatonin       
    

During the 1920s, German psychiatrist Hans Berger advanced the scientific study of sleep when he:         
 invented the first CAT scanning device.       
 discovered a procedure to monitor blood levels of melatonin.       
 * invented the electroencephalograph.       
 discovered REM sleep in humans.       
    

A major milestone in the scientific study of sleep occurred in the 1950s when University of Chicago researchers Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman:         
 invented the first electroencephalograph.       
 invented the first CAT scanning device.       
 discovered a procedure to monitor blood levels of melatonin.       
 * discovered REM sleep in humans.       
    

REM is an acronym that stands for:         
 reticular energies motion.       
 * rapid eye movements.       
 retinal entrainment motion.       
 random eye monitoring.       
    

REM sleep is also called:         
 * paradoxical sleep.       
 NREM sleep.       
 sleep spindles.       
 hypnagogic hallucinations.      
    

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert.  This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.         
 alpha       
 * beta       
 theta       
 delta       
    

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow.  Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs.  This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.         
 * alpha       
 beta       
 theta       
 delta       
    

Shortly after going to bed and as you are falling asleep, you experience the vividly realistic sensation that you are falling or tripping forward, which jolts you awake.  This vivid sensation is a common example of:         
 REM rebound.       
 delta brain wave activity.       
 * a hypnagogic hallucination.       
 sleep apnea.       
    

As you are lying in bed, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy.  During this short, transitional stage of sleep you disengage from the routine sounds in your environment.  This sleep stage is called:         
 REM sleep.       
 * stage 1 NREM.       
 stage 2 NREM.       
 slow-wave sleep.       
    

You've been lying awake next to your bed partner for about five minutes. As you hear the other person's breathing become rhythmical, you notice occasional slight twitches in your partner's hand and leg.  Most likely, your bed partner is in:         
 stage 1 NREM.       
 * stage 2 NREM.       
 stage 4 NREM.       
 REM sleep.       
    

Carlotta is a research assistant in the college sleep lab.  As she monitored the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab, she noted the presence of theta brain waves and sleep spindles.  Carlotta concludes that the subject is in:         
 REM sleep.       
 slow-wave sleep.       
 a hypnagogic hallucination.       
 * stage 2 NREM.       
    

During stage 4 NREM:         
 the sleeper can easily awaken and become alert.       
 * the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.       
 the sleeper is essentially paralyzed and incapable of movement.       
 sleep spindles occur.       
    

In combination, stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM:         
 occur mostly during the second half of the night.       
 are called paradoxical sleep.       
 are comprised mostly of beta brain wave activity.       
 * are referred to as slow-wave sleep.       
    

As you are being monitored by sleep researchers, almost all of your brain activity is comprised of delta brain waves.  This is a clear sign that you are in:         
 * stage 4 NREM.       
 REM sleep.       
 sleep paralysis.       
 stage 1 NREM.       
    

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:         
 REM sleep.       
 hypnagogic hallucinations.       
 * stage 4 NREM.       
 stage 1 NREM.       
    

After returning from her vacation in Hawaii, your cousin apologizes for forgetting the time difference and calling while you were asleep.  You're very puzzled by her comment because you have no recollection of the phone conversation.  The phone conversation most likely occurred while you were experiencing:         
 REM sleep.       
 paradoxical sleep.       
 beta brain waves.       
 * stage 4 NREM.       
    

According to the information discussed in the box titled "What you really want to know about sleep," which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 Although it is extremely rare, a very small percentage of people never sleep but are normal in every other way.       
 Sleep paralysis is a rare, progressive condition that ultimately leads to death.       
 Sleep researchers have demonstrated that it is possible to have extended, meaningful conversations with people who are chronic sleep talkers.       
 * Listening to tape recordings of information while asleep is not an effective way to learn the information.       
    

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the subject EXCEPT:         
 the subject is dreaming.       
 the subject's brain becomes very active.       
 voluntary muscle activity is suppressed in the subject.       
 * the subject's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.       
    

On the average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about:         
 20 minutes.       
 1 hour.       
 * 90 minutes.       
 3 hours.       
    

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.         
 1 cycle       
 2 cycles       
 * 5 cycles       
 8 cycles       
    

Paul goes to bed at 10 p.m. and quickly falls asleep.  He sleeps soundly until 6 a.m. the next morning.  During the first four hours of sleep, Paul will most likely experience:         
 long episodes of REM sleep.       
 * stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.       
 the complete absence of dreaming.       
 very light sleep consisting almost entirely of stages 1 and 2 NREM.       
    

Paula goes to bed at 10 p.m. and quickly falls asleep.  She sleeps soundly until 6 a.m. the next morning.  Between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.  Paula will most likely experience:         
 * long episodes of REM sleep.       
 hypnagogic hallucinations.       
 the complete absence of NREM sleep.       
 stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.       
    

The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin:         
 * during fetal development.       
 almost immediately after birth.       
 about six months after birth.       
 when the infant is about one year old.       
    

On average, a newborn infant sleeps about 16 hours per day.  How much of this sleep time is spent in REM sleep?         
 none       
 less than 20 percent of the sleep time       
 * about 50 percent of the sleep time       
 all of a newborn's sleep time       
    

Compared to young adults, middle-aged adults:         
 spend more time each night in the deep sleep of stages 3 and 4 NREM.       
 spend significantly more time dreaming each night.       
 * tend to wake up more often during the night.       
 tend to be much more satisfied with the quality of their sleep.       
    

Compared to her 40-year-old father, 7-year-old Allyssa:         
 * spends more time in deep sleep and REM sleep.       
 spends less time in deep sleep but more time in REM sleep.       
 spends more time in deep sleep but less time in REM sleep.       
 spends less time in deep sleep and REM sleep.       
    

Both JoAnn and Jacob always feel sleepy and experience a slump in mental alertness around 3 o'clock in the afternoon, probably because:         
 they have gotten inadequate sleep the night before.       
 they have eaten a big lunch.       
 * it is a natural tendency in the mental alertness circadian rhythm.       
 melatonin reaches peak blood levels at that time each day.       
    

Ted went without sleep for two days in order to study for a final exam.  Ted can expect to experience:         
 virtually no effect on his mental abilities and reaction time.       
 * very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps.       
 REM sleep behavior disorder.       
 intense hypnagogic hallucinations.       
    

For several nights in a row, a sleep researcher wakes you up whenever you show signs of entering REM sleep.  On the first night that you are allowed to sleep uninterrupted, you will most likely experience:         
 microsleeps.       
 a dramatic increase in stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.       
 * REM rebound.       
 very little REM sleep.       
    

Because of the effects of depriving research subjects of either REM sleep or stages 3 and 4 NREM deep sleep, it seems clear that:         
 * we need to experience the full range of NREM sleep stages and REM sleep.       
 neither REM sleep nor NREM sleep are necessary components of sleep.       
 REM sleep is a necessary component of sleep but deep sleep is not.       
 deep sleep is a necessary component of sleep but REM sleep is not.       
    

According to the restorative theory of sleep, _____ is thought to be important for restoring mental functions while _____ is thought to be important for restoring body functions.         
 * REM sleep; NREM sleep       
 NREM sleep; REM sleep       
 quiet sleep; active sleep       
 microsleeping; paradoxical sleep       
    

According to the evolutionary theory of sleep:         
 * different animal species have developed distinct sleeping patterns as a way of adapting to and surviving in their natural environment.       
 humans will eventually evolve to the point where they will sleep for a matter of minutes each day.       
 our prehistoric human ancestors had very little need to sleep.       
 animals with many predators, such as grazing cattle and horses, tend to sleep the most.       
    

The most common sleep complaint among adults is:         
 nightmares.       
 night terrors.       
 sleepwalking.       
 * insomnia.       
    

Along with handling job-related hassles, Mena is struggling to keep up with her night classes.  As the pressure mounts, Mena finds that she is often unable to go to sleep at night or that she repeatedly wakes up during the night.  Mena's sleep disturbance is best described as:         
 chronic insomnia.       
 narcolepsy.       
 REM sleep behavior disorder.       
 * transient insomnia.       
    

It's about 3 o'clock in the morning when a noise in the kitchen wakes you up.  You get of out of bed to find Uncle Martin, who is visiting you, sitting at the kitchen table. Uncle Martin tells you that for almost two years he has been unable to sleep through the night.  Even though he is still tired, he can't go back to sleep.  Uncle Martin's sleep disturbance is best described as:         
 transient insomnia.       
 REM sleep behavior disorder.       
 * chronic insomnia.       
 nocturnal enuresis.       
    

According to the information discussed in the text, which of the following statements about insomnia is FALSE?         
 One potential problem with over-the-counter sleep medications is that they can disrupt REM sleep.       
 Transient insomnia is often caused by stressful life events or anxiety.       
 * A person is said to have some form of insomnia if he or she sleeps less than six hours per night.       
 Chronic insomnia affects about 10 percent of the adult population.       
    

Which of the following sleep problems is NOT more common in children?         
 nocturnal enuresis       
 night terrors       
 sleepwalking       
 * REM sleep behavior disorder       
    

Somnambulism is also called:         
 * sleepwalking.       
 bedwetting.       
 night terrors.       
 sleep apnea.       
    

Which of the following sleep problems tend to occur during the deep sleep of stages 3 and 4 NREM?         
 narcolepsy and nightmares       
 sleep apnea and narcolepsy       
 * sleepwalking and night terrors       
 REM sleep behavior disorder and narcolepsy       
    

It is almost midnight when you hear a scream from your child's bedroom.  You rush to the room to discover your son sitting up in bed, perspiring, and thrashing against the blankets.  Your son seems disoriented and confused as you try to calm him down.  In just a few moments, the boy flops back in bed, sound asleep.  What phenomenon has the child most likely experienced?         
 an episode of REM sleep behavior disorder       
 a narcoleptic sleep attack       
 an acute episode of sleep apnea       
 * a night terror       
    

Mrs. Wilkinson notices that her middle-aged husband stops breathing in his sleep, awakens slightly to gulp in air, then goes back to sleep.  This happens several times a night.  Mr. Wilkinson is displaying which of the following sleep disorders?         
 REM sleep behavior disorder       
 nocturnal enuresis       
 * sleep apnea       
 narcolepsy       
    

The sleep disorder that is characterized by the person moving about and acting out his dreams is called:         
 * REM sleep behavior disorder.       
 nocturnal enuresis.       
 sleep apnea.       
 narcolepsy.       
    

Shortly after Jamil began the ninth grade, he was sent to the principal's office several times for nodding off in his classes.  His mother said that Jamil had recently started doing the same thing at home.  When Jamil had to make a presentation in front of his geography class, he stood up, then collapsed to the floor.  Which of the following explanations is most likely?         
 Jamil has sleep apnea.       
 Jamil has REM sleep behavior disorder.       
 * Jamil has narcolepsy.       
 Jamil has transient insomnia.       
    

REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep apnea are similar in that both disorders:         
 tend to begin during adolescence.       
 occur during stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep.       
 * primarily affect older men.       
 affect young children and typically occurs shortly after the young child has gone to sleep.       
    

A couple of times during the night, you awaken slightly.  Each time you awaken, you're aware of vague mental images that reflect a conversation you and your boss had about resolving a problem at work.  These bland, thoughtlike ruminations about real events are best described as:         
 * sleep thinking.       
 hypnagogic hallucinations.       
 dreams.       
 somnambulism.       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic characteristics of dreams?         
 * The dream images are easy to remember.       
 The content and organization of the dream images are illogical.       
 Bizarre details are often uncritically accepted.       
 Emotions can be intense.       
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 Although they can seem like they last a long time, dreams actually happen in just a few seconds.       
 * Dreams can occasionally occur during NREM sleep.       
 You are most likely to remember the dreams you have shortly after going to bed.       
 Some people have only one or two dreams per month.       
    

Most dreams:         
 occur during stage 1 NREM.       
 * reflect the daily concerns of the dreamer.       
 are accompanied by delta brain waves.       
 are very organized and logical.       
    

You are LEAST likely to remember a dream if:         
 you awaken during it.       
 it is a vivid or bizarre dream.       
 * you are distracted by some other task upon awakening.       
 the dream is emotionally intense.       
    

Which of the following statements about nightmares is FALSE?         
 * A nightmare is basically an unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during the deep sleep of stage 4 NREM.       
 Nightmares are more common in children.       
 Nightmares usually have the general theme of being helpless in the face of some kind of danger or destruction.       
 Nightmares often produce spontaneous awakenings.       
    

Based on the information discussed in the box titled "What You Really Want to Know About Dreams," which of the following statements is FALSE?         
 The notion that dogs, cats, and other mammals experience dream imagery during REM sleep is a reasonable conclusion.       
 People often dream in color.       
 * People who have been blind since birth do not dream.       
 Having a dream in which you are killed or die is relatively common.       
    

Tisha occasionally has dreams in which she can consciously guide the direction of her dreams.  When this occurs, Tisha is experiencing:         
 * a lucid dream.       
 a hypnagogic hallucination.       
 REM rebound.       
 REM sleep behavior disorder.       
    

Elaine remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of her house and a man with a baseball bat kept getting in and out of the car.  According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Elaine remembers is called the _____ content.         
 * manifest       
 repressed       
 latent       
 instinctual       
    

Elaine is sitting in Sigmund Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of her house and a man with a baseball bat kept getting in and out of the car.  After some discussion, Freud suggests to Elaine that the baseball bat probably symbolized the man's penis and the action of repeatedly entering the car probably symbolized sexual intercourse.  The possible symbolic meaning of the dream that Freud suggested is called the _____ content.         
 lucid       
 manifest       
 * latent       
 primal       
    

Which of the following statements best captures Sigmund Freud's view of dreaming?         
 Dream imagery is an obvious reflection of the everyday concerns of the dreamer.       
 * Dream imagery is a symbolic expression of repressed urges, wishes, and desires.       
 The illogical content of dreams is a direct reflection of mental disorders.       
 The interpretation of dreams reveals more about the psychological makeup of the person doing the interpreting than it does about the dreamer.       
    

In psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, symbolic meaning of dreams is called the:         
 manifest content.       
 primal content.       
 * latent content.       
 lucid content.       
    

According to _____, dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals that occur repeatedly throughout the process of a night's sleep.         
 * the activation-synthesis model of dreaming       
 Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory       
 Stephen LaBerge's model of lucid dreaming       
 the evolutionary theory of sleep       
    

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is activated?         
 the dreamer's repressed urges and wishes       
 * circuits at the base of the brain that arouse more sophisticated brain areas, such as visual and auditory centers       
 lucid dreams in which the dreamer becomes aware that he or she is dreaming       
 dream goggles that signal the sleeper that REM sleep is occurring       
    

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is synthesized?         
 primitive sexual and aggressive impulses       
 the four stages of NREM sleep so that more REM sleep may occur       
 the neurotransmitter called serotonin and the hormone called melatonin       
 * a hodgepodge of memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain       
    

Which of the following people is associated with the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?         
 * J. Allan Hobson       
 William      
 Dement       
 Sigmund Freud       
 Anton Mesmer       

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming:         
 dreams are completely meaningless.       
 the imagery in dreams is highly symbolic of repressed urges, wishes, and desires.       
 * dreams are meaningful insofar as they reflect how the dreamer imposes personal meaning on the images generated by his or her brain.       
 sleepwalking is most likely to occur during the activation phase of dreaming while sleeptalking is most likely to occur during the synthesis phase of dreaming.       
    

The best candidates for hypnosis are people who:         
 are very shy and easily influenced.       
 * can easily become immersed in fantasy and imaginary experiences.       
 seldom remember their dreams.       
 frequently have lucid dreams.       
    

Compared to adults, children:         
 are virtually impossible to hypnotize.       
 are less responsive to hypnosis.       
 * are more responsive to hypnosis.       
 are not responsive to hypnotic suggestions that involve the reduction of pain or discomfort.       
    

Which of the following changes can NOT be produced through hypnosis?         
 temporary blindness or deafness       
 * temporary moments of superhuman strength       
 hallucinated images       
 loss of sensation in a specific body area, such as an arm or a leg       
    

Which of the statements about hypnosis is TRUE?         
 It is possible to hypnotize a person against his or her will.       
 Even though the details of a crime scene were seen briefly only, hypnosis can be used to help a witness "zoom in" on the scene and accurately remember all the details.       
 Although hypnosis can be used to aid the recall of information, it is impossible to suppress the memory of specific information using hypnosis.       
 * People can experience hallucinations under hypnosis.       
    

Which of the following statements best summarizes how hypnosis affects memory?         
 * Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories.       
 If a memory is forgotten or repressed, hypnosis is one of the most effective ways to produce the recall of vivid and highly accurate details.       
 Under hypnosis, a person actually "relives" an earlier experience, such as an event from childhood, which virtually guarantees that the information recalled is accurate.       
 Hypnosis is significantly more effective than other memory retrieval techniques in producing the accurate recall of information and events.       
    

Pseudomemories:         
 are the same as someone pretending that information is true when they know fully well it is not.       
 are impossible to create with adults using hypnosis.       
 * can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.       
 almost always cause people to spontaneously come out of hypnosis.       
    

According to the text discussion, age regression:         
 * is the use of hypnosis to recall or re-experience an earlier time in the lifespan.       
 reliably produces vivid and accurate memories of events that occurred during an earlier developmental period.       
 is especially useful in uncovering the authentic details of childhood events that have been repressed from memory, such as abuse.       
 is dangerous because the person may not be able to return to his or her actual age.       
    

According to _____, the hypnotized person experiences dissociation.         
 Sigmund Freud       
 * Ernest Hilgard       
 Anton Mesmer       
 J. Allan Hobson       
    

The dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:         
 * the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.       
 social pressure to conform to the hypnotist's expectations in the situation.       
 multiple personalities.       
 suppression of the brain's most sophisticated regions.       
    

Psychologist Ernest Hilgard uses the term hidden observer to refer to the:         
 fact that the hypnotized person experiences multiple personalities.       
 * stream of mental activity that the hypnotized person is not consciously aware of yet continues to process.       
 use of a second hypnotist during hypnotic training sessions.       
 fact that the hypnotized person is often unaware of other people in the room.       
    

According to the Critical Thinking box on explanations of hypnosis, what evidence seems to undermine the notion that hypnosis involves dissociation and is a special state of consciousness?         
 The phenomenon of multiple personalities is extremely rare.       
 * Highly motivated people often perform the same tasks or abilities just as well as hypnotized subjects.       
 EEG recordings have shown that brain activity is virtually identical during stage 4 NREM sleep and hypnosis.       
 Hallucinogenic drugs produce many of the same effects as hypnosis.       
    

Meditation and hypnosis are similar in that they both involve:         
 delta brain wave activity.       
 a stream of mental activity of which the person is completely unaware.       
 * the deliberate use of mental techniques to change the experience of consciousness.       
 dissociation.       
    

Meditation techniques that involve focusing your awareness on an image, a word, a phrase, or your breathing are referred to as _____ techniques.         
 beta       
 dissociation       
 opening-up       
 * concentration       
    

While meditating, Karen tries to achieve a quiet awareness of the "here and now" without any distracting thoughts.  Karen is using a(n) _____ meditation technique.         
 hidden observer       
 * opening-up       
 dissociation       
 concentration       
    

Experienced meditators often describe meditation as:         
 producing a state very similar to stage 4 NREM sleep.       
 boring.       
 * producing relaxation and wakeful alertness.       
 being very similar to the rush of euphoria and self-confidence produced by cocaine.       
    

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred.         
 drug rebound effect       
 * tolerance       
 dissociation       
 inhibition       
    

After hiking to a remote area and setting up camp, Brendan and Beth discovered that neither of them had packed any coffee.  During the next several days, both Beth and Brendan felt groggy and listless, craved coffee, and experienced headaches.  Brendan and Beth are:         
 physically dependent on coffee.       
 experiencing withdrawal symptoms.       
 experiencing drug rebound effect.       
 * All of the above answers are correct.       
    

Rona is told by her physician that she has become physically dependent upon the tranquilizers prescribed for her by another doctor.  In this context, "physically dependent" means that:         
 * her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug.       
 she no longer experiences the drug rebound effect.       
 withdrawal symptoms will not be alleviated if she takes the drug again.       
 she will no longer experience the drug's psychological effects.       
    

Which of the following factors can influence a drug's effects?         
 the user's size, gender, age, and metabolism       
 environmental factors, such as the setting in which the drug is taken       
 the user's mood and personality characteristics       
 * all of the above       
    

According to psychologists, the formal meaning of the term drug abuse is:         
 the use of any drug to alter consciousness.       
 the use of any illegal drug.       
 * recurrent drug use that results in disrupted academic, social, or occupational functioning, or in legal or psychological problems.       
 a pattern of recurrent drug use that results in physical addiction to an illegal drug.       
    

Which of the following factors has NOT been shown to be associated with drug abuse?         
 social or cultural norms that favor the use of drugs       
 problems with work or school       
 rebelliousness and alienation       
 * being a second-born child       
    

Alcohol is classified as a:         
 stimulant drug.       
 natural opiate.       
 narcotic drug.       
 * depressant.       
    

Depressant drugs:         
 tend to increase a person's inhibitions.       
 * inhibit the activity of the central nervous system.       
 are sometimes used to enhance mental alertness.       
 do not have the potential to produce physical dependence.       
    

Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE?         
 * Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men.       
 Blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage.       
 Twin and adoption studies suggest that genetics may play a role in the tendency to abuse alcohol.       
 Alcohol's effects on the brain are global.       
    

It is estimated that approximately _____ million Americans are alcoholics who are physically addicted to alcohol.         
 1       
 * 7       
 15       
 30       
    

You have been asked to serve drinks at your friend's wedding.  He asks you to make sure that no one drinks too much liquor, so you try to keep track of how much each guest is drinking.  In order to make sure that no one drinks too much, you need to know how much alcohol is in each drink.  Which of the following contains the MOST alcohol?         
 one ounce of 80-proof whiskey       
 four ounces of wine       
 a twelve-ounce can of beer       
 * one ounce of whiskey, four ounces of wine, and twelve ounces of beer all contain the same amount of alcohol       
    

Marion is a chronic, severe alcoholic who has been hospitalized while she withdraws from alcohol.  Which of the following is the most likely reason she was hospitalized?         
 Depression commonly occurs during alcohol withdrawal.       
 People often sleep for days during alcohol withdrawal.       
 She was kept busy during the process of alcohol withdrawal.       
 * Delirium tremens may occur as she withdraws from alcohol.       
    

Barbiturates are also commonly referred to as:         
 * downers.       
 uppers.       
 psychedelics.       
 poppies.       
    

Which of the following drugs is NOT an example of a barbiturate?         
 * heroin       
 Seconal       
 Nembutal       
 Quaaludes       
    

Inhalants:         
 are illegal chemical substances.       
 have been banned in the United States since the early 1900s.       
 * are most commonly abused by male teenagers.       
 vary widely but are generally classified as one of the opiates.       
    

The opiates:         
 are a group of addictive drugs first discovered in the 1960s.       
 * mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain.       
 include the prescription drugs Seconal and Nembutal.       
 are almost chemically identical to the neurotransmitter serotonin.       
    

Morphine, Demerol, and Percodan are similar in that they:         
 are depressant drugs.       
 are tranquilizers.       
 * reduce the perception of pain.       
 are derivatives of cocaine.       
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 * If you had been living in the United States in 1900, you could legally purchase heroin.       
 It is common for people to die as a direct result of heroin withdrawal.       
 Morphine reduces pain by blocking pain signals at the site of an injury.       
 Opium is derived from the cacao plant.       
    

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?         
 cocaine       
 nicotine       
 caffeine       
 * alcohol       
    

The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is:         
 heroin.       
 marijuana.       
 cocaine.       
 * caffeine.       
    

Cocaine is derived from:         
 codeine.       
 the opium poppy.       
 * the coca plant.       
 the peyote cactus.       
    

For several weeks, Wayne has been taking increasing amounts of amphetamines to keep up with his college schedule, full-time job, and other responsibilities.  Wayne is running the risk of developing:         
 * amphetamine psychosis.       
 delirium tremens.       
 endorphin rebound.       
 jet lag symptoms.       
    

The peyote cactus is the source of:         
 cocaine.       
 psilocybin.       
 LSD.       
 * mescaline.       
    

Mescaline and psilocybin are similar in that both:         
 are amphetamines.       
 * have been used for centuries.       
 are almost identical to the chemical THC.       
 trigger hypnagogic hallucinations.       
    

The active ingredient in marijuana is:         
 serotonin.       
 lysergic acid diethylamide.       
 * THC.       
 psilocybin.       
    

LSD and psilocybin:         
 * mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin.       
 can be derived from the peyote cactus.       
 rapidly produce drug tolerance and addiction.       
 were first synthesized as potential pain killers in the 1960s.       
    

Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?         
 Most marijuana users do not develop tolerance or physical dependence.       
 Marijuana has been used medically in the treatment of cancer, asthma, and pain.       
 * Low to moderate doses of marijuana produce psychedelic experiences very similar to those produced by mescaline and LSD.       
 Hashish is a potent form of marijuana.      
    

Angela hates getting up in the morning and takes a long time to feel alert once she does get up.  According to the Application section, one way for Angela to deal effectively with her sleep inertia would be to:         
 take a melatonin supplement upon awakening.       
 * try to get up fifteen minutes earlier than usual.       
 avoid sunlight.       
 adopt a 25-hour daily schedule.       
    

According to the Application section, the "forbidden zone for sleep":         
 * is the presleep burst of wakefulness.       
 is a myth.       
 is most apparent among people who work rotating shifts.       
 occurs approximately one hour later each day.       
    

You have been sleeping poorly for a few days and are determined to get a good night's sleep.  According to the Application section, which of the following will NOT improve the quality of your sleep?         
 a light snack before going to bed       
 soaking in a very warm bath       
 having sex       
 * moderate exercise shortly before going to bed      
    

Gail works a rotating shift schedule at the hospital.  According to the Application section, Gail should try to arrange her shift changes so that she:         
 progresses from night to evening to day shifts.       
 * progresses from day to evening to night shifts.       
 consistently switches shifts every two weeks.       
 consistently switches shifts every week.       
    

It was the famous American psychologist named Hans Berger who talked about the "stream" of consciousness.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Increased blood levels of melatonin reduce activity levels and promote sleep.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The body's master "biological clock" is located in brain stem circuits at the base of the brain.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

When volunteers are deprived of sunlight and other time cues, their circadian rhythms tend to gravitate to roughly a 22-hour day.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Numerous scientific studies have verified that biorhythms accurately predict emotional, physical, and intellectual highs and lows.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The scientific study of sleep began about 300 years ago with the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The terms REM sleep, active sleep, and paradoxical sleep all refer to the same phenomenon.         
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

Theta brain waves occur when you are awake, alert, and mentally active.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The experience of hypnogogic hallucinations is one of the most common sleep disorders.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The appearance of sleep spindles is a clear sign that the sleeper is in stage 4 NREM sleep.         
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Sleep paralysis occurs during the slow wave sleep that characterizes stages 3 and 4 NREM.         
 True      
 * False