1. _____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems.         
 * Psychotherapy       
 ECT       
 Biomedical therapy       
 Meta-analysis       
    

There is (are) _____ of psychotherapy(ies).         
 one basic type       
 three basic types       
 * hundreds       
 two basic types       
    

All forms of psychotherapy share the assumption that _____ play(s) a significant role in problematic emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.         
 genetic vulnerability to mental disorders       
 abnormal brain chemistry       
 * psychological factors       
 repressed sexual urges and wishes       
    

Currently, who may legally prescribe medications to treat psychological disorders?         
 only physicians who have received advanced training in psychiatry       
 only licensed physicians and clinical psychologists       
 * licensed physicians       
 psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and licensed psychiatric social workers       
    

The different forms of biomedical therapy are based on the assumption that _____ play a significant role in causing the symptoms of psychological disorders.         
 dysfunctional family relationships       
 * biological factors       
 repressed sexual urges and wishes       
 psychological factors       
    

The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____.         
 psychotherapy; psychoanalysis       
 * psychotherapy; biomedical therapy       
 psychoanalysis; behavior therapy       
 clinical psychology; psychoanalysis       
    

Typically, a clinical psychologist holds a(n):         
 medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders.       
 master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy.       
 master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center.       
 * academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing, psychotherapy, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.       
    

Typically, a psychiatrist holds a(n):         
 master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy.       
 master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center.       
 * medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders.       
 academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing, psychotherapy, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.       
    

Which of the following mental health professionals holds a master's degree in social work and has had an internship at a social service agency or mental health center?         
 psychiatric nurse       
 psychoanalyst       
 * psychiatric social worker       
 psychiatrist       
    

A _____ is usually a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist who has received additional training in using the specific techniques of the form of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud.         
 psychiatric nurse       
 * psychoanalyst       
 psychiatric social worker       
 marriage and family therapist       
    

Psychoanalysis is a form of psychotherapy that was originally developed by _____ in the _____.         
 Carl Rogers; 1950s       
 Albert Ellis; 1960s       
 * Sigmund Freud; early 1900s       
 Aaron Beck; 1960s       
    

Freud's theory of personality stressed the idea that:         
 * early childhood experiences provide the foundation for later personality development.       
 maladaptive forms of behavior are learned and reinforced.       
 people are motivated to achieve their creative potential.       
 mental disorders are caused by abnormal brain chemistry.       
    

The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to:         
 learn and reinforce more productive behaviors in place of maladaptive behaviors.       
 * bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness to help the person gain insight into conflicts and resolve them.       
 provide unconditional positive regard to the person seeking help.       
 actively confront irrational thought patterns.       
    

According to Freud, dream images, memory lapses, inadvertent slips of the tongue, and accidents:         
 should be guarded against by the therapist.       
 can be eliminated with counterconditioning.       
 * provide glimpses of unconscious conflicts.       
 can be treated using meta-analysis.       
    

Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of:         
 transference.       
 * free association.       
 dream interpretation.       
 interpretation.       
    

Mark's psychoanalyst asks him to describe his recent dreams. Mark tells the therapist about a dream involving a truck barreling down the highway at high speeds. Mark is describing the _____ content of the dream.         
 * manifest       
 unconditional       
 latent       
 nondirective       
    

After Trisha described her dream in which she was lost in an unfamiliar city and no one would help her, her therapist gently prodded her with a series of questions about the dream's setting and characters. Trisha's therapist was trying to help Trisha recognize the symbolic or _____ content of the dream.         
 manifest       
 unconditional       
 * latent       
 nondirective       
    

According to traditional psychoanalysis, the disguised, hidden meaning of a dream is to the _____ content as the reported dream images are to the _____ content.         
 manifest; latent       
 conditional; unconditional       
 directive; nondirective       
 * latent; manifest       
    

It was _____ who said, "The resistance accompanies the treatment step by step. Every single association, every act of the person under treatment must reckon with the resistance and represents a compromise between the forces that are striving towards recovery and opposing ones."         
 Carl Rogers       
 Mary Cover Jones       
 * Sigmund Freud       
 Albert Ellis       
    

According to traditional psychoanalysis, when the patient experiences blocks in the process of free association, abruptly changes the topic being discussed, or suddenly goes silent, it probably signals:         
 insight.       
 * resistance.       
 manifest content.       
 transference.       
    

In psychoanalysis, the term resistance refers to the:         
 patient's reluctance to report dream images.       
 interpretation of dream symbols.       
 * patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts.       
 patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.       
    

After months of psychoanalysis, Calvin's therapist felt it was time to offer several explanations of Calvin's dreams and free associations to help Calvin recognize unconscious conflicts and motivations. Calvin's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique called:         
 resistance.       
 transference.       
 nondirective disclosure.       
 * interpretation.       
    

For the last several weeks, Cheryl has been responding to her therapist with hostility during her sessions of psychoanalysis. Cheryl often responds similarly to her parents, especially her mother. Cheryl is probably unconsciously experiencing:         
 resistance.       
 * transference.       
 disclosure.       
 manifest urges.       
    

In psychoanalysis, transference refers to the:         
 * patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.       
 patient's inability to distinguish between real events and dream images.       
 patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts.       
 patient attempting to blame friends and acquaintances for his or her problems.       
    

It was _____ who said, "The patient sees in his analyst the return-the reincarnation-of some important figure out of his childhood or past, and consequently transfers on to him the feelings and reactions that undoubtedly applied to this model."         
 Aaron Beck       
 * Sigmund Freud       
 Mary Cover Jones       
 Joseph Wolpe       
    

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what helps the patient develop more adaptive emotions and patterns of behavior?         
 when the patient learns to actively dispute his or her own irrational thoughts and beliefs       
 when the patient experiences a strong sense of unconditional positive regard from the therapist       
 * when the patient achieves insight and resolves the unconscious conflicts that were maintaining maladaptive emotions and behavior       
 when the patient successfully completes systematic desensitization       
    

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is FALSE?         
 Traditional psychoanalysis is a slow therapeutic process that may last for years.       
 * The notion that Sigmund Freud's patients would lie on a couch is a myth that has been perpetuated for decades.       
 Few psychotherapists today practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years.       
 As part of the therapeutic process in traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist purposely remains as neutral as possible to create "optimal frustration" in the patient.       
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 In later years, Freud abandoned his view that the unconscious played a key role in the development of maladaptive behaviors.       
 * Today, a minority of psychotherapists practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years.       
 Research has shown that psychoanalysis is the most effective form of psychotherapy.       
 Freud was opposed to the development of short-term dynamic therapies, insisting that such techniques could not possibly be as effective as his original form of psychoanalysis.       
    

Compared to therapists who practice traditional psychoanalysis, therapists who practice one of the forms of short-term dynamic therapies tend to:         
 ignore all the techniques developed by Sigmund Freud.       
 * be more directive and actively engage the patient in a dialogue.       
 ignore the role that unconscious conflicts may be playing in the patient's problems.       
 be much more neutral than traditional psychoanalysts in responding to the patient.       
    

Delaina's therapist assessed her problems in the first two sessions of therapy. Then, the two of them agreed on several goals that they would try to achieve over the course of weekly therapy sessions for the next five months. Early on in the therapy, Delaina's therapist pointed out that Delaina seemed to keep getting involved with men who treated her in the same rejecting way as her father had when Delaina was a child. Delaina's therapist appears to be using _____ to help Delaina.         
 * a short-term dynamic therapy       
 rational-emotive therapy       
 client-centered therapy       
 behavioral therapy       
    

Which of the following statements about Sigmund Freud is TRUE?         
 He never had his patients lie on a couch.       
 He was opposed to briefer versions of psychoanalysis that were only intended to last for a few weeks or months.       
 * He used short-term psychodynamic therapy with some of his patients.       
 He eventually abandoned the notion that dreams contain symbolic expressions of hidden conflicts and urges.       
    

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic ideas and techniques:         
 are no longer practiced except in European countries.       
 are still the most effective form of psychotherapy available.       
 * have had an enormous impact and continue to be used and studied today.       
 are the basis of today's behavioral therapies.       
    

The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes:         
 * an individual's conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.       
 unconscious motives and conflicts.       
 the use of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.       
 the use of aversive conditioning.       
    

Client-centered therapy was developed by:         
 Mary Cover Jones.       
 John Watson.       
 * Carl Rogers.       
 John Garcia.       
    

One important goal of the therapist in client-centered therapy is to:         
 * create conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.       
 actively guide and make decisions for the client.       
 uncover the client's unconscious conflicts.       
 challenge the client's irrational beliefs and values.       
    

Emmett's parents were angry and disappointed with Emmett when he chose to attend the state university instead of going to the same college that his father attended. According to Carl Rogers, Emmett's parents are demonstrating:         
 unconditional positive regard.       
 empathic understanding.       
 counterconditioning.       
 * conditional acceptance.       
    

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems develop when:         
 unconscious conflicts are not recognized.       
 * a person consistently experiences conditional acceptance from other significant people in his or her life.       
 a person is exposed to excessive unconditional positive regard.       
 a person's parents unconsciously reinforce unhealthy behaviors rather than healthy behaviors.       
    

In client-centered therapy, the therapist usually strives to be:         
 confrontational, forceful, and blunt.       
 * nondirective, genuine, and accepting.       
 neutral and aloof.       
 very directive and demanding.       
    

Steve's therapist Jim is a client-centered therapist. During therapy sessions, Jim actively listens to Steve's words and often responds by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what Steve seems to be saying. Steve's therapist is:         
 * communicating empathic understanding.       
 fostering transference.       
 using systematic desensitization.       
 trying to counteract Steve's negative cognitive bias.       
    

During many of Judith's therapy sessions, Judith's client-centered therapist openly and honestly shares her own feelings about what Judith is saying. Judith's therapist is:         
 * modeling genuineness in a way that encourages Judith to also express herself in an open and nondefensive way.       
 fostering countertransference so that Judith will understand the difficulties of being a therapist.       
 using systematic desensitization so that Judith understands that all people have problems.       
 trying to counteract Judith's negative cognitive bias.       
    

Carl Rogers believed that several qualities of the therapist are critical in producing beneficial changes in client-centered therapy. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?         
 The therapist should display genuineness by openly and honestly sharing his or her thoughts with the client.       
 * The therapist should strive to create an atmosphere of conditional acceptance so that the client is motivated to change his or her behavior to gain the therapist's approval.       
 The therapist should communicate empathic understanding by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what the client is saying.       
 The therapist should be nondirective to allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.       
    

According to Carl Rogers, therapeutic change in client-centered therapy occurs:         
 * as the client's views of himself and the world become less distorted.       
 as the client develops insight into unconscious conflicts.       
 as the therapist teaches the client to challenge irrational beliefs.       
 when new conditioned responses are learned that inhibit the unhealthy conditioned responses of anxiety, fear, and hopelessness.       
    

It was _____ who said, "As the client becomes more self-aware, more self-acceptant, less defensive and more open, she finds at last some of the freedom to grow and change in directions natural to the human organism."         
 Mary Cover Jones       
 Albert Ellis       
 B. F. Skinner       
 * Carl Rogers       
    

According to Carl Rogers, as therapy progresses and clients become more self-aware, more self-acceptant, and less defensive, they will naturally move:         
 toward rejecting the people who have caused their psychological pain.       
 to Seattle.       
 toward rejecting their therapist.       
 * toward self-actualization.       
    

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference is to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding is to _____.         
 * psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy       
 counterconditioning; systematic desensitization       
 client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis       
 Mary Cover Jones; Carl Rogers       
    

Psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy are both forms of _____ therapy, which stresses the importance of increased self-understanding.         
 * insight       
 behavior       
 cognitive       
 systematic desensitization       
    

One potential problem with insight-oriented therapies is that:         
 * gaining an understanding of the cause of maladaptive behaviors does not necessarily result in more adaptive and healthier behaviors.       
 the person must be in therapy for years before any changes occur.       
 there is no research supporting the effectiveness of the insight-oriented therapy techniques.       
 they rely too heavily on counterconditioning to produce changes in emotional and behavioral functioning.       
    

The basic assumption of behavior therapy is that:         
 faulty patterns of thinking are producing the current difficulties.       
 * adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned.       
 every family has unspoken "rules" of interaction and communication that have contributed to the current difficulties.       
 the therapist must be nondirective and provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.       
    

In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on:         
 trying to modify and overhaul the person's entire personality.       
 developing an understanding of the unconscious conflicts that are causing the emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal difficulties.       
 understanding how the dynamics of past relationships and feelings of inferiority have produced the current difficulties.       
 * unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place.       
    

In the 1920s, the famous case of "Little Albert" demonstrated that:         
 children develop fears and phobias because of intense anxiety over being abandoned by their parents, especially their mothers.       
 chronic bed-wetting can be reduced and eliminated if the young child experiences conditional acceptance.       
 * unhealthy emotional responses, such as irrational fears, can be the result of classical conditioning.       
 ECT can be used to treat depression in children as young as 7 or 8 years old.       
    

The process of learning a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response is termed _____ and is based on the principles of _____.         
 aversive conditioning; cognitive therapy       
 a token economy; classical conditioning       
 * counterconditioning; classical conditioning       
 virtual reality; operant conditioning       
    

In her landmark study of a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that:         
 * classical conditioning techniques could be used to remove fears.       
 parents could benefit as much from a self-help group as they could from family therapy.       
 aversive conditioning is highly effective in controlling disobedient behavior.       
 bed-wetting can be greatly reduced or eliminated by using positive reinforcers.       
    

Mary Cover Jones is regarded by many psychologists as the:         
 first female psychoanalyst who was trained by Sigmund Freud.       
 first psychologist to develop and use family therapy.       
 founder of Alcoholics Anonymous and the self-help movement.       
 * first behavior therapist.       
    

It was _____ who said, "It has always been of the greatest satisfaction to me that I could be associated with the removal of a fear when I came in contact with this 3-year-old in whom a fear of animals was already well-established. I could not have played the role of creating a fear in a child, no matter how important the theoretical implications."         
 John Watson       
 * Mary Cover Jones       
 Aaron Beck       
 Michael Lambert       
    

Along with her famous study of a 3-year-old named Peter, Mary Cover Jones is known for her:         
 * involvement in a longitudinal study that followed the lives of about 200 people for over fifty years.       
 work in establishing Alcoholics Anonymous.       
 research that led to the development of the bell and pad treatment for bed-wetting.       
 efforts in establishing the International Association of Female Psychoanalysts.       
    

In treating a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones:         
 taught the child's parents more effective discipline strategies.       
 isolated the child in a corner whenever he misbehaved.       
 * conditioned a response that was incompatible with the negative response of fear.       
 used small toys and food rewards to train the child to use the toilet.       
    

As part of the treatment strategy that Mary Cover Jones used, she had 3-year-old Peter:         
 sit in on therapy sessions with his parents.       
 clean up the mess he made before he was allowed to play with the other children.       
 help remove the soiled sheets and put fresh sheets on the bed before going back to sleep.       
 * observe other children holding and petting the tame rabbit.       
    

Systematic desensitization is based on the same premise as:         
 aversive conditioning.       
 unconditional positive regard.       
 transference.       
 * counterconditioning.       
    

When Mededith was 12 years old, she had to endure a very painful dental procedure. Ever since, she has had an intense fear of going to the dentist. Which of the following techniques is most likely to help her overcome her fear of going to the dentist?         
 aversive conditioning       
 the bell and pad treatment       
 * systematic desensitization       
 a token economy       
    

When Gary found out that his new job required some air travel, he sought the help of a clinical psychologist to deal with his intense fear of flying. The clinical psychologist suggested using a procedure called systematic desensitization. As the first step in the process of systematic desensitization, the clinical psychologist:         
 explored Gary's past for possible clues as to why Gary was afraid of flying.       
 actively confronted the irrationality of Gary's fear of flying.       
 had Gary visualize being on an airplane that developed engine trouble and had to make an emergency crash landing.       
 * trained Gary in a technique called progressive relaxation.       
    

Vivian's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Vivian overcome her phobia of driving over bridges. As one of the steps in the process of systematic desensitization, Vivian's psychologist has her:         
 * create an anxiety hierarchy.       
 consult her family doctor to obtain a prescription for antianxiety medications.       
 attend a self-help group.       
 repeatedly watch "The Bridge Over the River Kwai," a movie about British and American prisoners of war who are forced to construct a bridge.       
    

Pamela's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Pamela overcome intense anxiety about thunderstorms and threatening weather. As part of the process, Pamela creates an anxiety hierarchy that includes:         
 a complete description of all the different fears that Pamela has had at any point in her life, including her current fear of thunderstorms.       
 a detailed description of all the physical and mental symptoms of anxiety that Pamela experiences.       
 * a list of specific scenes related to her fear of thunderstorms that are arranged from least anxiety-provoking to most anxiety-provoking.       
 a list of all her friends and relatives arranged according to their degree of anxiety about thunderstorms.       
    

Following his retirement, Dean developed an intense fear of crowds and crowded places. His psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Dean overcome the fear. During the actual process of systematic desensitization, Dean:         
 * becomes deeply relaxed, then imagines one of the scenes in his anxiety hierarchy.       
 must remain seated in a room while the room gradually becomes filled with people.       
 looks at photographs of crowded places, which are paired with mild electric shocks.       
 must face the members of his family, who actively confront him about the irrationality of his behavior.       
    

An anxiety hierarchy is:         
 a complete list of all of the different objects or situations that have ever produced anxiety in the person, arranged in order of intensity.       
 a description of all the symptoms experienced by the person during an episode of intense anxiety.       
 * a list of specific anxiety-producing scenes, arranged from least to most anxiety-provoking, that are related to the person's fear or phobia.       
 a computer program that generates random images of scenes that virtually everyone finds terrifying.       
    

Which of the following techniques are often used in conjunction with the standard systematic desensitization procedures?         
 * observational learning techniques and practicing desensitization skills in the actual feared setting       
 electroconvulsive therapy and selective serotonin reuptake therapy       
 network therapy and rational-emotive therapy       
 aversive conditioning and psychoanalysis       
    

Researchers Eric Getka and Carol Glass designed a behavioral treatment program for people who were fearful of visiting the dentist. Participants in the treatment program went through the process of systematic desensitization, practiced their relaxation skills in a dental clinic, and watched videotapes of people who were calmly receiving routine dental care. During the year following this treatment program:         
 none of the participants actually went to a dentist.       
 about two-thirds of the participants experienced an increase in the intensity of their dental anxiety.       
 * many of the participants actually visited a dentist on their own.       
 almost all of the participants did not make dental appointments for themselves but they were much more likely to keep dental appointments for their children.       
    

The term virtual reality refers to:         
 the hallucinated images that are often experienced during an episode of schizophrenia.       
 the vividly realistic images that can be created through hypnosis.       
 * computer-generated scenes that a person views using a special motion-sensitive helmet.       
 special movies that are made using an advanced 3-D process that gives the viewer the strong sensation that he or she is actually part of the movie scene.       
    

After explaining to Nancy that the procedure was still experimental, Nancy's therapist had her put on a special motion-sensitive helmet. With the helmet on, Nancy could see computer-generated images that very closely resembled the images that a person would see as they boarded a commercial aircraft. When Nancy turned her head, the scenes changed accordingly. Nancy's therapist is using _____ to help Nancy overcome her fear of flying.         
 network therapy       
 * virtual reality       
 SSRI       
 RET       
    

Psychologist Ralph Lamson is experimentally using virtual reality technology:         
 as a different form of aversive conditioning in the treatment of alcohol and cigarette addiction.       
 as a positive reinforcer in the treatment of disobedient children.       
 to create a computerized therapy program that talks and responds like a real clinical psychologist.       
 * to create computer-generated images that can be used in systematic desensitization therapy.       
    

One advantage of using virtual reality technology to assist in the process of systematic desensitization is that:         
 the computer program automatically creates an anxiety hierarchy for the person.       
 it closely monitors the client's pulse, heart rate, and breathing so that the clinical psychologist has a detailed record of any physiological changes that occur during the therapy session.       
 * rather than self-generated mental images, the person focuses on realistic computer-generated images of fear-provoking scenes.       
 it seems to be much more effective than aversive conditioning in controlling addictive behaviors.       
    

Among children age 7 and older, about _____ percent have problems with bed-wetting.         
 * 5       
 15       
 25       
 35       
    

Nine-year-old Micah is afraid to go to summer camp because he wets his bed at night. Micah's pediatrician referred Micah to a very successful program for treating bed-wetting at a local mental health clinic. Which of the following techniques did the clinic probably use to achieve their high rate of success in reducing bed-wetting?         
 aversive conditioning involving mild electric shocks       
 * the bell and pad treatment       
 psychoanalysis       
 systematic desensitization       
    

Compared to other children, children who are chronic bed-wetters tend to:         
 suffer from intense parental separation anxiety.       
 be confused about their gender identity.       
 * spend more time in the deeply relaxed stages of nondreaming sleep.       
 wet the bed as way of expressing their anger toward their parents.       
    

The bell and pad treatment is based on the principles of:         
 * classical conditioning.       
 operant conditioning.       
 psychoanalysis.       
 rational-emotive therapy.       
    

The bell and pad treatment involves:         
 an electrified pad that produces a mild shock and a loud bell that sounds whenever the person smokes a cigarette.       
 the person's writing down his or her immediate thoughts on a pad whenever a bell sounds.       
 * a special insulated pad placed under the bottom bed sheet that detects moisture and triggers a ringing bell if the child starts to wet the bed.       
 wearing a motion-sensitive helmet and standing on a special pad that triggers a bell whenever heart rate and breathing rate decrease.       
    

The bell and pad treatment is typically used with:         
 adults who have some form of substance dependence.       
 * children who continue to have problems with bed-wetting after the age of 6.       
 people who have some type of intense phobia that impairs their ability to function in everyday life.       
 people with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.       
    

When used over the course of several weeks, the bell and pad treatment:         
 effectively counteracts substance abuse.       
 * conditions the child to awaken in response to the body signals of a full bladder.       
 greatly reduces the intense anxiety and fear associated with some type of specific phobia.       
 reduces the frequency of hallucinations.       
    

Research has shown that the bell and pad treatment:         
 eventually produces symptom substitution, such as sexual problems or intense anxiety.       
 is not very effective and is seldom used today.       
 reduces the frequency of hallucinations in about half of the people suffering from schizophrenia.       
 * is effective about 75 percent of the time with school-aged children who are having difficulties with bed-wetting.       
    

According to the text discussion, Sigmund Freud believed that bed-wetting was:         
 * a form of sexual gratification.       
 a primitive expression of the aggressive instinctual drive.       
 a symbolic expression of transference.       
 normal, even in older children.       
    

Which of the following procedures is based on the principles of classical conditioning?         
 token economy       
 * aversive conditioning       
 behavioral extinction       
 positive reinforcement       
    

Jill enrolled in a stop-smoking program at a local hospital. At the end of each of the daily sessions, participants in the program were required to rapidly puff one cigarette after another for five minutes. Although the participants were unaware of it, the filter tips of the cigarettes had been coated with a foul-tasting substance that induced mild nausea. This part of the stop-smoking program involved _____, which is based on the principles of _____.         
 * aversive conditioning; classical conditioning       
 virtual reality; operant conditioning       
 systematic desensitization; classical conditioning       
 a token economy; operant conditioning       
    

The medication called Antabuse is used:         
 to control hallucinations and delusions associated with severe mental disorders.       
 in the treatment of chronic anxiety.       
 * in aversion therapy for alcohol addiction.       
 to help control bed-wetting.       
    

The use of aversive conditioning as a therapeutic technique:         
 has dramatically increased in the last decade because of its effectiveness.       
 has proven effective in the treatment of phobias, depression, and bed-wetting.       
 is no longer legal in this country but is still widely used in other countries.       
 * has declined in recent years because it is not very effective in producing desired changes.       
    

Which of the following statements about aversive conditioning is FALSE?         
 In general, aversive conditioning is not very effective.       
 Aversive conditioning attempts to create an unpleasant conditioned response to a harmful stimulus, such as cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption.       
 Aversive conditioning has been used to treat cigarette smoking, alcohol addiction, and compulsive gambling.       
 * Aversive conditioning procedures are especially useful because they easily generalize to other situations beyond the specific therapy setting.       
    

Working with Mike's parents and his teachers at preschool, the behavior therapist first identified specific problem behaviors related to Mike's aggressiveness. Then, the behavior therapist observed Mike in both situations to determine how frequently these behaviors occurred. Why was the behavior therapist doing this?         
 to determine how much unconditional positive regard Mike was getting from his parents and preschool teachers       
 to develop a more thorough understanding of Mike's unconscious conflicts and urges       
 * to determine the baseline rate of the problem behaviors before beginning behavior therapy       
 to determine if the parents and preschool teachers were good candidates for rational-emotive therapy       
    

To deal with 4-year-old Anne's temper tantrums at home and preschool, the behavior therapist trained Anne's parents and her preschool teachers to modify the problem behavior by using _____ and _____, which are two techniques based on operant conditioning.         
 aversive conditioning; unconditional positive regard       
 magnification; minimization       
 * extinction; positive reinforcement       
 counterconditioning; systematic desensitization       
    

Three-year-old Lauren refuses to stay in her own bed at night. When her parents put her back in her own bed, she screams and cries unless one of them stays in the room with her. After talking with a behavior therapist, the parents began using operant conditioning techniques that involved:         
 * systematically extinguishing the undesirable behaviors (crying and screaming) by ignoring them and positively reinforcing the child for desirable behaviors (staying alone in her own bed).       
 using counterconditioning and aversive conditioning to reduce the child's screaming and crying.       
 the bell and pad treatment.       
 creating an anxiety hierarchy and teaching progressive relaxation to the child.       
    

Which of the following procedures is based on the principles of operant conditioning?         
 systematic desensitization       
 aversive conditioning       
 * token economy       
 bell and pad treatment       
    

A token economy is:         
 a form of couple therapy in which each partner regularly gives the other partner some small gift that represents a "token" of his or her affection and commitment to the relationship.       
 the most common type of self-help group.       
 the same thing as Naikan therapy in Japan.       
 * a system for strengthening desirable behaviors in a group of people in the same setting, such as a correctional institution or psychiatric ward.       
    

After multiple arrests for violent crimes, the court ordered that 14-year-old Clayton be placed in a juvenile detention center. The first night at the center, a staff member escorted Clayton to a bare room. Clayton protested that he wasn't going to sleep on a bare floor. The staff member explained to him that if he wanted to sleep in a bed, he needed to earn at least 100 points a week by performing his assigned duties and staying out of trouble. The detention center is using _____ to modify the behavior of the juveniles.         
 rational-emotive therapy       
 counterconditioning       
 * a token economy       
 virtual reality       
    

Cognitive psychotherapy is based upon the assumption that psychological problems are essentially caused by:         
 faulty or maladaptive learning.       
 unconscious conflicts.       
 * faulty or maladaptive thinking.       
 conditional positive regard.       
    

Cognitive therapy is to maladaptive _____ as behavioral therapy is to maladaptive _____.         
 conditioning; habit control       
 unconscious conflicts; conscious conflicts       
 consequences; beliefs       
 * thinking and beliefs; learning and conditioning       
    

Dr. Whittaker is a psychotherapist who tells each of his patients the following: "You think that you're unhappy because of all the dreadful things that have happened to you. I'm here to show you that your unhappiness is really due to your thinking that all the things that have happened to you are dreadful!" Which type of psychotherapy is Dr. Whittaker likely to practice?         
 * cognitive therapy       
 psychoanalytic psychotherapy       
 behavior therapy       
 humanistic therapy       
    

Two of the most influential forms of cognitive psychotherapy are:         
 client-centered therapy and short-term dynamic therapy.       
 * rational-emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive therapy (CT).       
 counterconditioning and psychoanalysis.       
 client-centered therapy and network therapy.       
    

_____ is to rational-emotive therapy (RET) as _____ is to cognitive therapy (CT).         
 Sigmund Freud; Albert Ellis       
 Albert Ellis; Carl Rogers       
 Carl Rogers; Aaron Beck       
 * Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck       
    

According to Albert Ellis, psychological problems are due to:         
 the emotional consequences of activating events.       
 conditional positive regard.       
 * irrational expectations and beliefs.       
 unconscious wishes and urges.       
    

The first step in rational-emotive therapy is to:         
 identify the activating events that are causing distress.       
 * identify the core irrational beliefs that are causing distress.       
 identify the consequences that are reinforcing maladaptive behaviors.       
 determine the baseline rate of specific problem behaviors.       
    

Zelda is an RET therapist working with a client named Linda. After identifying Linda's core irrational beliefs, the second step that Zelda will take in Linda's therapy is to:         
 monitor Linda's behavior changes.       
 encourage Linda's use of free association so that Linda gains insight into the unconscious sources of her irrational beliefs.       
 * vigorously dispute and challenge Linda's irrational beliefs.       
 provide a warm, supportive atmosphere of genuineness and unconditional positive regard, which will allow Linda to accept her irrational beliefs and incorporate them into her self-concept.       
    

Confrontation and logical persuasion is to _____ as nondirective, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding is to _____.         
 client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis       
 * rational-emotive therapy (RET); client-centered therapy       
 cognitive therapy (CT); behavior therapy       
 behavior therapy; rational-emotive therapy       
    

"It is a dire necessity for you to be loved or approved of by virtually everyone in your community." "It is easier to avoid than to face life's difficulties and problems." According to theorist _____, these statements reflect common _____.         
 Sigmund Freud; ego defense mechanisms       
 Carl Rogers; examples of unconditional positive regard       
 Aaron Beck; cognitive biases       
 * Albert Ellis; irrational beliefs       
    

The ultimate goal of rational-emotive therapy is for clients to:         
 * learn to recognize and dispute their irrational beliefs in a wide variety of situations.       
 develop self-awareness, self-acceptance, and move toward self-actualization.       
 gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are causing their psychological problems.       
 change a particular problem behavior and replace it with a more adaptive behavior.       
    

Phil is a client in rational-emotive therapy. The first step of his therapy will probably focus on identifying:         
 problem behaviors.       
 unconscious conflicts.       
 * irrational beliefs.       
 aspects of the self that he has denied.       
    

According to Albert Ellis, a psychologically healthy response to an unpleasant or disappointing situation is to:         
 stay cheerful and optimistic, denying your feelings and emotions.       
 * respond with rational beliefs, experience appropriate emotions of disappointment or sadness, and constructively change or cope with the difficult situation.       
 contact your therapist immediately and ask him or her how to handle the situation.       
 ask your therapist to develop a counterconditioning program for you so that you are able to avoid similar situations in the future.       
    

Jake is a therapist who practices Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), and Janice is a therapist who practices Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET). BOTH Jake and Janice would probably agree with which of the following statements?         
 "Clients need an atmosphere of positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding if they are to learn how to direct their own lives."       
 * "Moods and emotions are the results of what people think about the events that happen to them, not the result of the events themselves."       
 "To change personality, you must first become aware of your unconscious conflicts."       
 "To eliminate a problem behavior, identify and change the environmental consequences that are reinforcing the undesired behavior."       
    

Cognitive therapy, abbreviated CT, was developed by:         
 * Aaron Beck.       
 Sigmund Freud.       
 Carl Rogers.       
 Albert Ellis.       
    

According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), psychological problems are caused by:         
 absolutist demands and irrational beliefs.       
 unresolved conflicts from childhood and poor parenting.       
 * distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs.       
 the lack of positive unconditional regard in important relationships.       
    

According to Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), people who suffer from depression:         
 are reinforced by others for their self-defeating behaviors and attitudes.       
 have a deep-seated, often unconscious, need to suffer.       
 * have developed a negative cognitive bias that distorts their perceptions of events and situations.       
 grew up in an atmosphere of conditional rather than unconditional positive regard.       
    

The first step in Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) is to help the client:         
 create a baseline record of the incidence of the problem behavior.       
 learn how to free associate and interpret dreams.       
 learn how to dispute and challenge irrational beliefs in a wide variety of situations.       
 * recognize and monitor automatic thoughts, especially those that reflect negative cognitive biases.       
    

Jeff drops his stack of overhead transparencies during an important presentation at a company meeting. Although flustered, he quickly recovers, picks up where he left off, and finishes his presentation to a round of enthusiastic applause and a personal compliment from the company president. But afterward, Jeff agonizes over his single mistake and is certain that he has forever disgraced himself in the eyes of his superiors and will never get promoted. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Jeff is demonstrating a(n) _____ called _____.         
 ego defense mechanism; resistance       
 * negative cognitive bias; selective abstraction       
 irrational belief; personalization       
 operant behavior; negative reinforcement       
    

Candace overhears a classmate complaining that some students have such huge egos that they completely dominate class discussions and make it impossible for other students to voice their opinions or even ask a question. Candace walks away in tears, convinced that the classmate is talking about her. According to Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), Candace is demonstrating a(n) _____ called _____.         
 ego defense mechanism; transference       
 irrational belief; an ABC interpretation       
 * negative cognitive bias; personalization       
 free association; interpretation       
    

After a client learns to monitor negative automatic thoughts, the next step in Beck's cognitive therapy (CT) is to:         
 * help the client learn how to evaluate the accuracy of negative automatic thoughts.       
 teach the client how to replace negative automatic thoughts with positive automatic thoughts.       
 teach the client how to use dream symbols to develop insight into the unconscious meaning of the negative automatic thoughts.       
 use active listening techniques to encourage the client to explore the meaning of the negative automatic thoughts.       
    

In Beck's cognitive therapy (CT), the therapist strives to create a therapeutic climate of:         
 * collaboration.       
 confrontation.       
 genuineness, empathic understanding, and unconditional positive regard.       
 optimal frustration.       
    

Marlene practices cognitive therapy (CT) as described by Aaron Beck. Her client, Davis, tells her that he is a total failure and has failed at everything that he has ever attempted. In response, Marlene would most likely say:         
 "So what's wrong with being a failure, anyway? Who said you had to succeed at everything? And so what if you are a failure? Does that make you less of a person?"       
 "You feel like a failure. Tell me more about that feeling."       
 "Tell me the thoughts that come to your mind when you think about being a failure, no matter how silly or irrelevant they might seem to be."       
 * "Have you really failed at everything you've ever attempted? You graduated from college, right? And high school? You managed to drive yourself to this appointment, right? So you must have at least succeeded in passing your driver's test. How can you say that you've failed at everything you ever attempted? What's your evidence for that statement?"       
    

Initially, the cognitive therapy therapist acts as a _____, showing the client how to evaluate the accuracy of _____.         
 psychoanalyst; sexual urges       
 * model; automatic thoughts       
 humanistic therapist; unconditional positive regard       
 physician; the effectiveness of medications       
    

_____ therapy refers to therapy that is provided by one or more therapists working with several people simultaneously.         
 Client-centered       
 Psychodynamic       
 * Group       
 Behavior       
    

Which of the following is one advantage of group therapy?         
 * The therapist can observe how a client actually interacts with others.       
 Therapy is focused on a single client's problems and thoughts.       
 Group therapy is a better environment to demonstrate unconditional positive regard.       
 Group therapy can be effectively used with groups of up to fifty or more clients simultaneously.       
    

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of group therapy over individual therapy?         
 Group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy.       
 Clients receive support and encouragement from other group members.       
 * The client can establish a deeply personal, intimate relationship with the therapist.       
 Working within the group provides an opportunity for clients to try out new behaviors in a safe environment.       
    

Melissa is very shy and afraid to speak up in class or in public situations. Melissa consults a therapist about her problem. After a few individual sessions, Melissa's therapist suggests that Melissa attend a new therapy group that he is currently organizing. Melissa's therapist is probably recommending that Melissa attend the group so that:         
 the other group members can confront Melissa about the irrationality of her fears.       
 * Melissa can practice speaking in front of other people in a safe and supportive environment.       
 the other group members can help interpret Melissa's free associations and dream symbols.       
 she can have firsthand experience with virtual reality.       
    

The main difference between a self-help group and group therapy is that:         
 self-help groups are usually more expensive.       
 self-help groups are hardly ever effective whereas group therapy is almost always effective.       
 self-help groups are made up of people with diverse problems whereas group therapy groups are made up of people with the same problem.       
 * self-help groups are typically organized and led by nonprofessionals.       
    

Many self-help groups pattern themselves after the famous self-help group Alcoholics Anonymous and follow a _____ approach.         
 * twelve-step       
 two-step       
 client-centered       
 aversive conditioning       
    

It is estimated that about _____ people in the United States belong to self-help groups.         
 500,000       
 * 10 million       
 30 million       
 50 million       
    

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of self-help groups is TRUE?         
 Self-help groups rarely help people with their problems.       
 Self-help groups make people feel better but usually make their psychological problems much worse.       
 * Self-help groups can be just as effective as therapy provided by a mental health professional, at least for some psychological problems.       
 Except for Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, there is no evidence that self-help groups can effectively improve people's psychological well-being or eliminate problem behaviors.       
    

According to your textbook, the PRIMARY goal of family therapy is to:         
 improve parenting skills.       
 * improve ongoing interactions and relationships among family members.       
 prevent divorce.       
 determine who is at fault for a client's personal problems.       
    

The basic premise of family therapy is that:         
 virtually all families are dysfunctional.       
 * the family is a dynamic, interdependent system in which each member plays a distinct role.       
 because the client is the victim of defective parenting, the client needs to openly confront his or her parents in a therapeutic setting.       
 children's psychological problems are due to poor communication between husband and wife.       
    

Which of the following is the BEST definition for the term couple therapy?         
 therapy that involves more than one therapeutic approach or therapist       
 therapy that only involves newly engaged couples and is designed to improve their chances for marital success       
 therapy that involves pairing two clients with the same problem or psychological disorder so that they can provide support and encouragement to one another       
 * therapy that involves a couple who are in a committed relationship, whether they are a married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual couple       
    

The general goal of couple therapy is to:         
 help clients understand that other people have the same kinds of problems and promote self-help skills.       
 increase the chances that a newly engaged couple will stay married.       
 * increase intimacy and improve problem solving and communication skills of any couple in a committed relationship.       
 help a single person find a marital partner.       
    

John and Louise love each other very much, are committed to their relationship, but are having problems getting along. Every discussion, even when it focuses on a minor issue, seems to turn into a major argument. What kind of therapy would probably be most appropriate for John and Louise?         
 systematic desensitization       
 Naikan therapy       
 * couple therapy       
 psychoanalysis       
    

Most European and U.S. psychotherapies are based upon a(n) _____ cultural orientation rather than a(n) _____ cultural orientation.         
 * individualistic; collectivistic       
 interdependent; independent       
 collectivistic; individualistic       
 family network; individual       
    

Which of the following is NOT a cultural value or assumption of Western psychotherapies?         
 a focus on the individual's goals and needs       
 the belief that problems are due to internal causes and can be resolved by an individual alone       
 * the belief that personal happiness is less important than fulfilling one's obligations to one's family       
 the importance of becoming self-sufficient and not being dependent upon others for psychological well-being       
    

Which of the following assumptions of Western psychotherapy might prove problematic to a person with a collectivistic cultural background?         
 * the belief that people should be independent and self-sufficient       
 the belief that personal problems are sometimes related to a person's upbringing or family relationships       
 the belief that some psychological problems have a medical cause and can be treated with drug therapy       
 the belief that personal problems may reflect a disturbance or conflict within the entire family system       
    

Mrs. Diaz, whose family immigrated from Colombia when she was a child, has recently begun psychotherapy. Her therapist knows that including members of the extended family in family therapy may be particularly appropriate for Latino clients like Mrs. Diaz because:         
 * an important cultural value in Latin American culture is the interdependence of the extended family network.       
 for psychotherapy to be effective, all family members must actively participate.       
 it will prevent the individual client from becoming too self-absorbed.       
 it will help the therapist better understand the client's problems.       
    

A type of therapy that has been found to be effective in resolving psychological problems within Native American cultures and that involves others members of the tribe or community is called:         
 Naikan therapy.       
 group therapy.       
 family therapy.       
 * network therapy.       
    

Hisaya, a Japanese immigrant to the United States, spent the last several days meditating upon his obligations to family members and other significant people, the favors that he has received from them, and the problems that he has caused them. Hisaya is probably engaged in which type of psychotherapy?         
 network therapy       
 * Naikan therapy       
 rational-emotive therapy (RET)       
 psychoanalysis       
    

Naikan therapy is a type of:         
 therapy that involves as many members of the client's community as possible.       
 therapy that involves including members of the client's immediate and extended family.       
 * Japanese psychotherapy that involves self-criticism for failing other people and meditation upon one's obligations to others.       
 Japanese psychotherapy that involves group therapy with the client's coworkers.       
    

The primary goal of Naikan therapy is to:         
 replace dependence upon the family with self-sufficiency.       
 * replace the focus on the self with an emphasis upon gratitude and obligation toward significant others.       
 replace irrational beliefs with rational beliefs.       
 improve relationship skills, including communication and problem solving.       
    

Mrs. Chang, a middle-aged Chinese-American woman, tells her American physician that she thinks she has heart disease. Her symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, and trembling. After a complete physical, Mrs. Chang's doctor tells her that her heart is fine but that he thinks she may be suffering from anxiety and depression, and he refers her to a psychologist. One barrier that Mrs. Chang may face in Western-style psychotherapy is that Mrs. Chang may:         
 prefer to deal with a female rather than a male therapist.       
 * believe that negative thoughts should be denied rather than explored and may be resistant to discussing intimate feelings with a stranger.       
 believe that she should become more independent, and thus may resist becoming dependent upon her therapist.       
 be unwilling to focus on her own needs rather than the needs of her husband.       
    

The American Psychological Association has published ethical guidelines for psychologists engaged in counseling culturally diverse populations. Which of the following statements is NOT one of the guidelines?         
 Psychologists should be aware of how they are influenced by their own cultural values, beliefs, and background.       
 Psychologists should respect their clients' religious practices and spiritual beliefs.       
 Psychologists should respect the role of family members within their client's culture.       
 * Psychologists should help clients give up their non-American cultural values and attitudes so that they will more easily assimilate into U.S. society and culture.       
    

The technique called meta-analysis:         
 involves using psychoanalysis to simultaneously treat all members of the same family.       
 is a community-based healing ritual used in traditional forms of Native American healing.       
 * involves statistically combining the results of several studies investigating the same issue.       
 is the most common format used among self-help groups.       
    

Studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy vary in their attempt to evaluate particular psychotherapies and disorders. They also vary in how they measure improvement. To deal with this diversity and arrive at general conclusions, researchers often combine the results of similar studies using a statistical technique called:         
 * meta-analysis.       
 analysis of variance.       
 the standard deviation.       
 the chi square.       
    

Which of the following statements about evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy is FALSE?         
 * The vast majority of people who experience the symptoms of a psychological disorder seek the help of a mental health professional.       
 The term spontaneous remission refers to the improvement of symptoms that sometimes occurs simply over the passage of time.       
 In recent years, hundreds of studies have evaluated the effectiveness of the major forms of psychotherapy.       
 Research studies that evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy often vary in terms of which types of psychotherapy are compared, which psychological disorders are studied, and how improvement is measured.       
    

One strategy to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy is to compare people who enter psychotherapy with a matched control group of people who do not receive psychotherapy. When researchers combine and summarize the results of studies using this strategy, what overall conclusions emerge?         
 People in the psychotherapy group improve at about the same rate as the people in the untreated group.       
 People in the psychotherapy group actually improve at a slower rate than the people in the untreated group.       
 The people in the untreated group do not get better, while about a third of the people in the psychotherapy group get better, about a third deteriorate, and about a third remain unchanged.       
 * Psychotherapy is significantly more effective than no treatment in producing an improvement in symptoms.       
    

Compared to people who do not receive psychotherapy for psychological problems, approximately _____ percent of the people receiving psychotherapy show significant improvement by the eighth weekly session.         
 10       
 25       
 * 50       
 75       
    

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE?         
 Most people with psychological symptoms seek help from a mental health professional.       
 Research has consistently shown that most people must be in psychotherapy for a year or longer before any significant improvements occur.       
 * The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be long lasting.       
 As a general rule, the benefits of psychotherapy are minimal when compared to the almost identical improvement rates of untreated people with psychological problems.       
    

Researchers have conducted hundreds of studies comparing the effectiveness of the major types of psychotherapy. When the results of those studies are combined and summarized, what overall conclusion emerges?         
 * There is little or no difference in the effectiveness of different psychotherapies.       
 Traditional psychoanalysis is superior to all other forms of psychotherapy.       
 Insight-oriented therapies are superior to all other forms of psychotherapy.       
 Behavioral therapies are the least effective form of psychotherapy.       
    

The Prologue to Chapter 15 described a woman named Marcia who is in psychotherapy. According to Marcia, one benefit of her therapy sessions is that she invariably feels great emotional relief just from talking with her therapist. The reduction of emotional and physical tension that can occur simply as the result of talking about psychological problems is called:         
 spontaneous remission.       
 * catharsis.       
 eclecticism.       
 trephining.       
    

Which of the following statements about the factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy is FALSE?         
 * Psychotherapy is more likely to be effective if the therapist is perceived as authoritative and controlling.       
 Effective psychotherapists are responsive to cultural differences between themselves and their clients.       
 Psychotherapy is more likely to be effective if the client is living in a stable environment with other people who are psychologically healthy.       
 A successful therapy outcome is more likely if the client is motivated, committed to therapy, and actively involved in the process.       
    

Most therapists today identify their approach or orientation as:         
 psychoanalytic.       
 * eclectic.       
 behavioral.       
 rational-emotive.       
    

As a clinical psychologist in private practice, Dr. Drake uses a variety of psychotherapy techniques. As a rule, she selects the therapy approach based on the problem and the characteristics of the person seeking help. Dr. Drake would be best described as a(n):         
 traditional psychoanalyst.       
 rational-emotive therapist.       
 client-centered therapist.       
 * eclectic psychotherapist.       
    

Historically, medical treatments for psychological disorders:         
 were not developed until the late 1950s.       
 were developed by European and North American physicians in the late 1800s, but were not in use in other societies.       
 * predate modern medicine by many centuries and were based on the medical knowledge of the time.       
 were designed to punish the person with a psychological disorder, and thus were cruel and inhumane.       
    

Most of the psychoactive medications in use today:         
 were developed in the last five years by major U.S. drug companies.       
 * were discovered by accident.       
 were developed to precisely target the specific brain neurotransmitter or brain region known to be involved in a particular psychological disorder.       
 target the individual genes that have been identified as the cause of psychological disorders.       
    

The biomedical therapies can be prescribed and administered:         
 by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and psychiatric social workers.       
 by psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses.       
 by any psychotherapist who is licensed to practice.       
 * only by psychiatrists and physicians with a medical degree.       
    

Dr. Jenkins is a clinical psychologist who has an office next door to Dr. Zimmerman, who is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Which of the following statements correctly describes the current rules under which Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman practice?         
 * Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Jenkins cannot.       
 Dr. Jenkins can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Zimmerman cannot.       
 Both Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs, but only Dr. Zimmerman can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment.       
 Dr. Zimmerman and the two psychiatric nurses on his staff can all prescribe psychoactive medications, but only Dr. Zimmerman can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment.       
    

The most common form of biomedical therapy used to treat the symptoms of psychological disorders is:         
 trephining.       
 * psychoactive medications.       
 electroconvulsive therapy.       
 catharsis.       
    

The effectiveness of reserpine in reducing hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms commonly seen in schizophrenia was:         
 * first recognized by traditional practitioners of medicine in India more than 2,000 years ago.       
 first discovered by French scientists in the 1950s.       
 accidentally discovered in the process of searching for a cure for cancer.       
 first described by Sigmund Freud in his landmark book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.       
    

The drug called chlorpromazine is better known by its trade name, which is:         
 Prozac.       
 Valium.       
 * Thorazine.       
 Librium.       
    

Reserpine and chlorpromazine are both used to treat symptoms associated with:         
 * schizophrenia.       
 major depression.       
 extreme anxiety.       
 eating disorders.       
    

Reserpine and chlorpromazine diminish psychotic symptoms by _____ brain levels of the neurotransmitter called _____.         
 increasing; GABA       
 decreasing; GABA       
 increasing; dopamine       
 * decreasing; dopamine       
    

The first antipsychotic medications:         
 effectively reduced apathy, social withdrawal, and other so-called negative symptoms of schizophrenia.       
 resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of people hospitalized for schizophrenia.       
 * effectively reduced hallucinations, delusions, and other positive symptoms of schizophrenia.       
 proved to be physically addictive and were withdrawn from use by the early 1960s.       
    

As the first antipsychotic medications came into widespread use in the 1950s and 1960s, it resulted in:         
 * a dramatic decrease in the number of people who were hospitalized for mental disorders.       
 new laws requiring the shutdown of almost all state mental hospitals.       
 a steady increase in the number of people who were hospitalized for mental disorders.       
 a dramatic increase in the number of people showing up in emergency rooms suffering from drug overdoses.       
    

According to your textbook, one drawback of the first antipsychotic medications was that they could produce a variety of unwanted side effects, including:         
 * disruptions in normal movements, weight gain, sleepiness, and a reduced ability to concentrate.       
 loss of appetite, intense anxiety, and hypersexuality.       
 extreme itching, ringing in the ears, and breathing difficulties.       
 skin rashes, hives, chills, and internal bleeding.       
    

One potential problem with the first antipsychotic medications was that they:         
 were physically addictive.       
 * could produce muscle tremors, rigid movements, and other disruptions in normal motor movements.       
 did not reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.       
 had to be taken for several months before symptoms began to improve.       
    

The term tardive dyskinesia:         
 is the generic name for Thorazine.       
 refers to the dramatic loss of weight that often occurs as a side effect while taking an antipsychotic medication.       
 * refers to a movement disorder characterized by severe, uncontrollable facial tics and grimaces, chewing movements, and other involuntary movements.       
 is used to describe the life-threatening drop in the number of white blood cells that can occur as a result of the long-term use of antipsychotic medications.       
    

Shirley's husband had been hospitalized for several weeks for schizophrenia. Finally, Shirley confronted the psychiatrist who was treating her husband. "This is completely unacceptable," she began. "My husband shuffles around this ward like he is a zombie. He jerks and twitches for no apparent reason, the expression on his face hardly ever changes, and he's becoming more withdrawn and apathetic." Which of the following medications was most likely being used to treat Shirley's husband?         
 * chlorpromazine (Thorazine)       
 clozapine (Clozaril)       
 risperidone (Risperdal)       
 buspirone (Buspar)       
    

Because of the various side effects associated with the first antipsychotic medications:         
 the number of people hospitalized for schizophrenia and other serious mental disorders increased dramatically.       
 patients were required to undergo daily blood tests to monitor liver function and prevent liver failure.       
 * patients who had been discharged from mental hospitals often quit taking the medication and had to be rehospitalized.       
 the first antipsychotic medications were discontinued in the early 1960s.       
    

The revolving door pattern refers to:         
 the dizziness and sleep-related hallucinations produced as a side effect by atypical antipsychotic medications.       
 a rare side effect of the first antipsychotic medications in which the patient whirls in first one direction and then another.       
 the use of antidepressants combined with lithium to maintain stability in patients suffering from bipolar disorder.       
 * the hospitalization, release, and rehospitalization of schizophrenic patients.       
    

The atypical antipsychotics:         
 * include clozapine and risperidone.       
 were discontinued soon after Thorazine and Stelazine were approved for use.       
 reduce the symptoms of a variety of mental disorders, including schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.       
 proved ineffective in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.       
    

After Rick was hospitalized for almost two months for a severe episode of schizophrenia, it was apparent that he was not responding to Thorazine, Stelazine, or any of the other typical antipsychotic medications. The psychiatrist suggested to Rick's family that Rick's symptoms might improve if:         
 a series of ECT treatments were implemented.       
 * one of the new atypical antipsychotics were tried, such as clozapine or risperidone.       
 trephining were used.       
 lithium or Depakote was used instead of a typical antipsychotic medication.       
    

Everyone in Elaine's family thought the change in her schizophrenic symptoms over the course of three weeks was dramatic. Not only were Elaine's hallucinations and delusional thoughts gone, she also had normal facial expressions, responsiveness, and social interactions. One drawback to the new medication was that Elaine had to have weekly blood tests to monitor her level of white blood cells. What medication was being used to treat Elaine's symptoms of schizophrenia?         
 * clozapine (Clozaril)       
 risperidone (Risperdal)       
 chlorpromazine (Thorazine)       
 trifluoperazine (Stelazine)       
    

In comparison to the first antipsychotic medications that were developed, which of the following is an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics?         
 They reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.       
 * They are much less likely to cause movement-related side effects.       
 They reduce brain levels of dopamine.       
 They are much better at increasing brain levels of dopamine.       
    

In comparison to the first antipsychotic medications that were developed, the atypical antipsychotics:         
 only affect brain levels of serotonin.       
 more effectively increase brain levels of GABA and serotonin.       
 * affect brain levels of both dopamine and serotonin.       
 only affect brain levels of dopamine.       
    

In general, the atypical antipsychotic medications:         
 * are much more effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, including social withdrawal and flat emotions.       
 have proved ineffective in the treatment of schizophrenia.       
 are seldom used because they produce more side effects than the typical antipsychotic medications.       
 are much more likely to produce movement-related side effects.       
    

The best known antianxiety medications are the _____, which includes the trade name drug _____.         
 MAO inhibitors; Elavil       
 SSRIs; Tofranil       
 clozapines; Clozaril       
 * benzodiazepines; Valium       
    

Valium and other similar antianxiety medications:         
 * act quickly and reduce the physical and emotional feelings of anxiety in about an hour.       
 usually produce their anxiety-reducing effects within two to three weeks.       
 can be taken for months or years without any serious side effects.       
 increase brain levels of dopamine.       
    

The benzodiazepines, a category of antianxiety medications, produce their calming effects by increasing brain levels of:         
 lithium.       
 serotonin.       
 dopamine.       
 * GABA.       
    

Because of several unfortunate events in his life, Robert's level of anxiety had become so intense and consuming that he could no longer concentrate at work. In discussing the problem with his family doctor, the doctor decided to prescribe _____ for _____.         
 Clozapine; six months       
 Xanax; six months       
 * Valium; ten days       
 Prozac; one week       
    

Mary has been taking Valium for four weeks for her symptoms of anxiety. When her family doctor refused to renew the prescription, Mary went to another physician and got an even stronger dosage prescription for Valium. Mary is running the risk of:         
 developing tardive dyskinesia.       
 * becoming addicted to Valium.       
 blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.       
 decreasing blood levels of lithium to dangerously low levels.       
    

The antianxiety medication with the trade name _____ is NOT a benzodiazepine.         
 * Buspar       
 Xanax       
 Valium       
 Librium       
    

Valium, Librium, and other benzodiazepine antianxiety medications are:         
 most appropriate for the long-term treatment of chronic anxiety.       
 * less widely prescribed today than they were twenty years ago.       
 the most widely prescribed psychoactive medications in use today.       
 used most often for the treatment of bipolar disorder.       
    

Sinclair has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. His physician thinks that long-term treatment of Sinclair's global and persistent feelings of anxiety is necessary. Which of the following antianxiety medications would be considered most appropriate for the long-term treatment of chronic anxiety?         
 Librium       
 Xanax       
 Valium       
 * Buspar       
    

In contrast to Valium, Librium, and other benzodiazepines, the antianxiety medication with the trade name of Buspar:         
 decreases brain levels of the neurotransmitter called GABA.       
 increases brain levels of the neurotransmitter called GABA.       
 * takes two to three weeks to produce its antianxiety effects.       
 should only be taken for a week or two because of its addictive potential.       
    

The antianxiety medication with the trade name of Buspar seems to be:         
 most appropriate for immediate, short-term relief of anxiety symptoms.       
 * most appropriate for the long-term treatment of chronic anxiety.       
 most effective if combined with ECT.       
 more dangerous than traditional antianxiety medications because it produces drowsiness, impairs muscle coordination, and slows mental reaction time.       
    

Bipolar disorder, which is also often referred to as manic depression, is most commonly treated with a medication called:         
 diazepam.       
 * lithium.       
 chlorpromazine.       
 Librium.       
    

Howard and June celebrate their wedding anniversary every year by taking a trip to the Banff resort area in Alberta, Canada. After spending time relaxing and soaking in the famous Banff hot springs, both feel invigorated and energetic. According to your textbook, the mood-enhancing effects of soaking in the Banff hot springs occur because:         
 * the water contains naturally high concentrations of lithium.       
 the mountain air contains an abundance of positive ions.       
 the trees in the surrounding forest emit high levels of helium.       
 hydrotherapy stimulates the production of the neurotransmitter GABA.       
    

Which of the following statements best summarizes what researchers know about how lithium produces its beneficial effects in the treatment of bipolar disorder?         
 Lithium works by reducing blood levels of potassium and increasing blood levels of sodium.       
 Lithium increases the brain's ability to absorb oxygen.       
 Lithium increases brain levels of dopamine and reduces brain levels of serotonin.       
 * Researchers have no idea how lithium counteracts the symptoms of bipolar disorder.       
    

As part of the process of treating Phil's episode of manic behavior with lithium, the psychiatrist regularly monitored Phil's blood to ensure that:         
 Phil's white blood cell count did not become dangerously low.       
 the highest possible blood levels of lithium were achieved.       
 * Phil's blood levels of lithium did not become too high and produce symptoms of lithium poisoning.       
 Phil had not been eating cheese, smoked meats, or other foods that interact with lithium to produce dangerous increases in blood pressure.       
    

When lithium failed to reduce Patty's symptoms of rapidly cycling from mania to depression, her doctor tried an anticonvulsant medication called:         
 Zoloft.       
 * Depakote.       
 Buspar.       
 Clozaril.       
    

Depakote is an anticonvulsant medication that has recently proven effective in treating the:         
 positive symptoms of schizophrenia.       
 * symptoms of bipolar disorder.       
 symptoms of chronic anxiety.       
 negative symptoms of schizophrenia.       
    

Symptoms of pervasive sadness, hopelessness, depression, sleep disturbances, guilt, and suicidal thoughts are treated with a class of psychoactive medications called:         
 anti-inflammatory drugs.       
 antipsychotic drugs.       
 * antidepressants.       
 the benzodiazepines.       
    

In general, antidepressants eliminate symptoms of depression in about _____ percent of the people for whom they are prescribed.         
 10       
 20       
 50       
 * 75       
    

Mrs. Ricci consults her family physician, Dr. Belmonte, because she is experiencing frequent crying spells, suicidal thoughts, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite and energy. Dr. Belmonte first gives her a complete physical to rule out a medical cause for her symptoms. To treat her psychological symptoms, Dr. Belmonte:         
 must refer her to a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist, because Dr. Belmonte cannot prescribe psychoactive medications himself.       
 * can prescribe an antidepressant medication if he sees fit to do so.       
 must refer her to a clinical psychologist or other mental health professional, because Dr. Belmonte is not licensed to practice psychotherapy or prescribe psychoactive medications.       
 will probably prescribe an antipsychotic drug like Thorazine, which should effectively alleviate Mrs. Ricci's symptoms.       
    

The so-called first generation of antidepressants:         
 * include the tricyclics and MAO inhibitors and affect multiple neurotransmitters in the brain.       
 include Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil and affect only serotonin in the brain.       
 have very few side effects, because they affect only norepinephrine in the brain.       
 were prescribed only as an adjunct to electroconvulsive therapy.       
    

Antidepressant medications most commonly affect levels of which neurotransmitter(s) in the brain?         
 dopamine and lithium       
 GABA       
 * serotonin and norepinephrine       
 dopamine and acetylcholine       
    

Randy was given a prescription for an antidepressant. His psychiatrist also gave him a long list of foods to avoid and warned Randy that consuming any of the foods while he was on the antidepressant medication could cause dangerously high blood pressure and even death. The list included cheese, smoked sausage, and red wine. Which type of antidepressant did the psychiatrist prescribe for Randy?         
 a second generation antidepressant       
 * an MAO inhibitor       
 a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)       
 a tricyclic antidepressant       
    

JoAnn has just begun taking a tricyclic antidepressant. When can she expect to experience a reduction of her symptoms of depression?         
 within hours, as neurotransmitter levels rise shortly after taking a tricyclic antidepressant       
 within days, as it takes a few days for neurotransmitter levels to increase       
 * within about six weeks, even though neurotransmitter levels increase within hours of taking a tricyclic antidepressant       
 within hours, as neurotransmitter levels decrease shortly after taking a tricyclic antidepressant       
    

In comparison to the "first generation" of antidepressants, the "second generation" of antidepressants:         
 were much more effective than the first generation drugs and had virtually no side effects.       
 were much less effective than the first generation drugs but had virtually no side effects.       
 * were generally no more effective than the first generation drugs and had many of the same side effects.       
 helped reduce the physical symptoms of depression but had no effect on the cognitive and emotional symptoms of depression.       
    

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) differ from first- and second-generation antidepressants in that they:         
 * affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, serotonin.       
 affect levels of only one neurotransmitter in the brain, norepinephrine.       
 affect levels of multiple neurotransmitters in the brain.       
 can cause violent behavior when taken by people who are depressed.       
    

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of:         
 atypical antipsychotics.       
 psychoactive medications whose effects on depressive symptoms were discovered accidentally, only after the drugs were first used to treat arthritis.       
 a new type of antianxiety medication.       
 * a new category of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, abbreviated SSRIs.       
    

The relatively new and heavily prescribed psychoactive drug, Prozac, is an example of a class of:         
 psychoactive medications called first-generation antidepressants.       
 psychoactive medications called atypical antipsychotics.       
 antianxiety drugs called atypical tranquilizers.       
 * antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).       
    

According to your textbook, in what way was Prozac an improvement over previous medications for depression?         
 Prozac was shown to be more effective in treating depression than any other antidepressant.       
 Prozac relieved the symptoms of depression much more quickly than previous antidepressants.       
 Prozac had a wide range of beneficial side effects and could be taken without medical supervision.       
 * Prozac had fewer serious side effects than previous antidepressants, and it was just as effective in treating depression.       
    

According to your textbook, what explains the high number of prescriptions being written for the psychoactive medication called Prozac?         
 There is scientific evidence that Prozac makes normal people smarter and more energetic.       
 Prozac has been shown to be effective in treating depressive symptoms in 99 percent of the patients who take it, a much higher improvement rate than any other psychoactive medication.       
 * Prozac has fewer and milder side effects than other antidepressants, although its effectiveness is about the same.       
 It became known that several famous athletes had used Prozac to legally boost their performance during important competitions.       
    

After being diagnosed with major depression, Larry began taking Prozac about three months ago. Assuming that Larry's response to Prozac is typical of most patients who have been prescribed Prozac, how will Larry probably respond to the drug?         
 Larry will probably feel smarter, more assertive, more confident, and calmer than he has ever felt in his entire life.       
 * Larry's moods, thought patterns, and energy levels should return to normal.       
 Larry will probably feel less depressed, but he will also probably become more aggressive and more prone to violent behavior or suicide.       
 Because Larry will experience a "high" from taking Prozac, he will probably become physiologically and psychologically addicted to the drug.       
    

Claims that the antidepressant drug Prozac can "transform" normal personality or alter basic personality traits:         
 have been substantiated by scientific research.       
 * have not been substantiated by scientific research.       
 have led psychiatrists to prescribe higher dosages to people who are not depressed but wish to become more successful.       
 have subsided as people have become more aware of its dangerous and sometimes deadly side effects.       
    

Which of the following statements is the best description of scientific knowledge regarding the side effects associated with Prozac?         
 * Although the side effects of Prozac appear to be few and relatively mild, Prozac is still a powerful drug whose long-term effects are unknown, and it should only be used under medical supervision.       
 Prozac is a dangerous drug that should be taken off the market because of the development of schizophrenic symptoms in some people who have taken it for more than a year.       
 Prozac has been shown to increase suicidal behavior in people with depression and violent behavior in people with other psychological disorders.       
 Prozac is an effective treatment for schizophrenia, but its usefulness in treating major depression has not yet been proven.       
    

Approximately _____ people per year receive electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for _____.         
 * 40,000; major depression       
 4,000,000; major depression       
 40,000; schizophrenia       
 400,000; bipolar disorder       
    

The notion of inducing a seizure as a treatment for mental illness:         
 was first suggested by Thomas Edison in the late 1800s, shortly after he developed the electric light bulb.       
 * can be traced back to the 1700s, when chemically induced seizures were first used to treat mental illness.       
 was first suggested in the 1950s, when it was noticed that epileptics often could not remember the events that preceded a seizure.       
 had its origins over 2,000 years ago in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.       
    

As a method for treating mental illness, ECT was first developed:         
 by the famous Russian psychiatrist, Ivan Pavlov.       
 * in the 1930s by two Italian doctors.       
 as a method of interrogating prisoners of war.       
 by traditional practitioners of Chinese medicine in the late 1800s.       
    

ECT is primarily used as a treatment for:         
 * major depression.       
 chronic anxiety.       
 schizophrenia.       
 bipolar disorder.       
    

Electroconvulsive therapy, abbreviated ECT, involves:         
 * a brief burst of electricity to the brain that induces a seizure.       
 surgically removing part of the brain's frontal lobe.       
 injecting the patient with insulin or another chemical that induces a seizure.       
 the use of electrified particles of chlorpromazine to produce memory loss for recent events.       
    

A common side effect of ECT is:         
 increased levels of GABA in the bloodstream.       
 an increase in feelings of anxiety.       
 tardive dyskinesia.       
 * temporary or permanent memory loss.       
    

Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy is FALSE?         
 One of the biggest drawbacks to electroconvulsive therapy is that many patients experience a relapse of depressive symptoms within a few months.       
 Electroconvulsive therapy reduces the symptoms of depression in about 80 percent of the people who undergo the procedure.       
 * Electroconvulsive therapy reduces symptoms of depression by rapidly increasing brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.       
 In the modern use of electroconvulsive therapy, the patient is usually given a short-acting anesthetic and muscle relaxants.       
    

Electroconvulsive therapy is to lithium treatment as _____ is to _____.         
 schizophrenia; post-traumatic stress disorder       
 panic disorder; borderline personality disorder       
 dopamine; serotonin       
 * major depression; bipolar disorder       
    

After a near-fatal suicide attempt, Emily was hospitalized for severe depression. Because the risk of suicide continued to be high, Emily's psychiatrist suggested a series of ECT treatments because:         
 Emily's suicidal behavior needed to be punished.       
 * ECT can potentially relieve the symptoms of severe depression much more quickly than an antidepressant, sometimes within days.       
 the therapeutic benefits of ECT usually last much longer than treatment with antidepressant medications.       
 it would quickly reduce brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.       
    

One of the reasons that electroconvulsive therapy continues to be so controversial today is that:         
 several studies have shown that ECT produces permanent brain damage in about 1 out of 50 patients.       
 * the procedure was inappropriately used in the past as a routine treatment for schizophrenia.       
 the induced convulsions often result in broken bones.       
 complications from the procedure tend to be very high.       
    

In a survey of patients who had received electroconvulsive therapy:         
 most had no memories of the experience.       
 the majority deeply regretted agreeing to the procedure.       
 * two-thirds said that they found the procedure less upsetting than going to the dentist.       
 about 75 percent of the patients felt that ECT had made their symptoms worse.       
    

According to the textbook, the relationship between a therapist and client should be:         
 * a collaborative one.       
 much like a close friendship, only more intense.       
 one in which the therapist makes decisions for the client.       
 more important to the client than any other relationship, if the therapy is to be effective.       
    

Regarding sexual interactions between client and therapist, which of the following statements is TRUE?         
 As long as a client is of legal age, sexual relationships between a client and therapist are both legal and ethical.       
 * Sexual contact between a therapist and client is never ethical.       
 Although sexual contact is not supposed to take place between therapist and client, if it does occur, it rarely has any detrimental effects on the client.       
 Sexual interaction is a key component of many forms of psychotherapy.       
    

Theresa is a psychotherapist who is working with a client named Ross. Currently, Ross is agonizing over whether he should stay married or file for divorce, and Ross can't seem to make up his mind. According to the guidelines in the textbook, Ross should expect Theresa to:         
 tell him what to do.       
 recommend a good divorce lawyer.       
 * help him explore and better understand his own feelings about his marriage, so that he can make a responsible decision.       
 call Ross's wife and tell her how Ross feels.       
    

Which of the following statements accurately describes the general role of insight in psychotherapy?         
 Once the client achieves insight into the unconscious origin of his or her problem, the problem immediately disappears.       
 Insight into a problem's origins has no impact on the resolution of the problem.       
 Therapy is complete once insight is attained.       
 * Insight can be helpful if the client uses his or her insight to help change maladaptive patterns of behavior and thinking.       
    

The term catharsis refers to:         
 * the emotional relief that people experience from talking about their feelings and problems.       
 the therapist's use of insight as a way of resolving a client's emotional problems.       
 the final step in the twelve-step approach used by Alcoholics Anonymous and other self-help groups.       
 a type of consequence frequently used in aversive conditioning.       
    

Eloise has just started psychotherapy. If Eloise is typical of most psychotherapy clients, she should expect to notice significant progress:         
 immediately.       
 * after a few months of weekly sessions.       
 after a year of weekly sessions.       
 after two to three years of weekly sessions.       
    

Although there are hundreds of types of psychotherapy, they are all based on the assumption that psychological factors play a key role in troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Only licensed psychiatrists and clinical psychologists may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in the treatment of psychological disorders.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

Freud used the term latent content to refer to the hidden and unconscious meaning of a dream that is disguised in the dream symbols.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Resistance is said to be occurring when the patient unconsciously responds to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life, usually a parent.         
 True       
 * False      
    
    
    

In contrast to a therapist practicing traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist in short-term psychodynamic therapy tends to take a more active and direct role in therapy sessions.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

To help promote self-directed change in the client, a client-centered therapist strives to display genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.         
 * True       
 False      
    
    
    

Carl Rogers believed that it was essential for the therapist to actively direct the client so that psychotherapy sessions are productive and focused on the goals that the therapist has set for the client.         
 True       
 * False