The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called:         
 cognitive psychology.       
 personality psychology.       
 developmental psychology.       
 * social psychology.       
    

Social psychology is the branch of psychology that studies:         
 * how people feel, think, and behave in social situations.       
 how groups of people behave in society and how groups influence political, economic, and sociological change.       
 how people change psychologically, physically, and emotionally over the lifespan.       
 how people sense, perceive, and process information from the environment.       
    

Dr. Strayer is conducting research about how people form impressions of other people and how they interpret each other's behavior in a variety of situations.  Dr. Strayer is probably a(n) _____ psychologist.         
 developmental       
 clinical       
 * social       
 educational       
    

The study of the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment is called:         
 * social cognition.       
 sociology.       
 social influence.       
 social facilitation.       
    

_____ is to how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior as _____ is to how our behavior is affected by situational factors and other people.         
 Meta-analysis; deindividuation       
 In-group bias; out-group bias       
 * Social cognition; social influence       
 Informational social influence; normative social influence       
    

Social psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on a broad range of topics.  Two basic areas of social psychology include:         
 meta-analysis and deindividuation.       
 * social cognition and social influence.       
 in-group bias and out-group bias.       
 ethnocentrism and out-group bias.       
    

Shaleena is interested in how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes.  Shaleena's interest most closely resembles an aspect of social psychology called:         
 sociology.       
 social facilitation.       
 sociobiology.       
 * social cognition.       
    

According to your textbook, _____ is the study of the effect of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior.         
 * social influence       
 perception       
 sensation       
 social development       
    

Dr. Krane studies questions such as why we conform to group norms, what compels us to obey authority figures, and the conditions under which people will help a stranger.  Dr. Krane has a research interest in:         
 social cognition.       
 perception.       
 * social influence.       
 sensation.       
    

_____ refers to the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others.         
 * Person perception       
 Social facilitation       
 Social influence       
 Deindividuation       
    

While researching a term paper, Marcie read some interesting research on the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of others.  Marcie was reading research about:         
 social facilitation.       
 * person perception.       
 social influence.       
 altruism.       
    

Person perception is an active and subjective process that always occurs in some interpersonal context.  Every interpersonal context involves:         
 the characteristics of the individual you are attempting to size up.       
 your own characteristics as the perceiver.       
 the specific situation in which the process occurs.       
 * all of the above factors.       
    

The bus is fairly crowded when you get on.  You quickly decide to sit next to a well-dressed senior citizen because you think that he'll probably leave you alone.  This example illustrates the process of:         
 social facilitation.       
 social loafing.       
 deindividuation.       
 * person perception.       
    

Which of the following is a basic principle involved in person perception?         
 Your reactions to others are determined by your perception of them, not by who or what they "really" are.       
 In every situation, you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to react in that situation.       
 Your self-perception influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions.       
 * All of the above are involved in person perception.       
    

Person perception follows some basic principles.  Which of the following is NOT one of them?         
 Your self-perception influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions.       
 Your goals in a particular situation determine the amount and kind of information you collect about others.       
 * Your reactions to others are not determined by your perceptions of them but rather by who or what they really are.       
 In every situation you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to act in that situation.       
    

Pamela observes that people don't sit next to strangers on the subway when there are empty seats available. She notices this also happens on the bus, in the movie theater, and in the cafeteria.  Pamela's observations suggest that people's behavior in these situations is governed by:         
 * social norms.       
 stereotypes.       
 prejudice.       
 social facilitation.       
    

The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called:         
 self-serving standards.       
 stereotypical standards.       
 * social norms.       
 social facilitation norms.       
    

After Michael studied the chapter on Social Psychology, he decided to try an experiment.  He wanted to see how people on a half-empty bus would react if he politely asked someone to move so he could have a particular seat.  But when Michael boarded the bus, he found he was just too embarrassed to carry out his experiment.  Michael's behavior appears to be governed by:         
 social facilitation norms.       
 * social norms.       
 self-serving standards.       
 social loafing rules.       
    

When Raphael was in the elevator, he noticed a man and a woman in conversation.  He decided that the woman in the suit was an administrator and the gray-haired man in the glasses was a professor.  Raphael was engaged in the process of:         
 deindividuation.       
 social loafing.       
 prejudicial think.       
 * social categorization.       
    

_____ is the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics.         
 Cognitive dissonance       
 * Social categorization       
 Conformity       
 Social facilitation       
    

The Prologue describes how Fern categorized the man on the steps with a cup in his hand as "homeless" on the basis of very limited information, which led her to make an embarrassing mistake.  This is one disadvantage of using:         
 * social categories.       
 social norms.       
 deindividuation.       
 social facilitation.       
    

Relying on social categories:         
 is an unnatural, maladaptive cognitive process.       
 inevitably leads to prejudice, racism, and discrimination.       
 * is a natural, adaptive cognitive process that provides us with considerable basic information about people and helps us remember it more efficiently and effectively.       
 almost always results in severe cognitive dissonance.       
    

A(n) _____ is a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.         
 * implicit personality theory       
 cognitive dissonance hypothesis       
 self-serving bias       
 homogeneity hypothesis       
    

According to the textbook, what helped John Gacy escape detection as a ruthless murderer for so many years?         
 People tended to blame the victims rather than the person who murdered them.       
 Rather than blame a specific person, people tended to blame society for the killings.       
 People in the community tended to engage in out-group bias to explain the murders.       
 * Gacy's behavior in many situations contradicted the implicit personality theory that people have for a mass murderer.       
    

You notice a classmate in a sports pub with his friends, smoking and drinking. You decide he must be a real couch potato.  The next day, when you see that he is one of the first to cross the finish line in the College Fun Run, you are very surprised.  This example illustrates:         
 deindividuation.       
 social loafing.       
 * implicit personality theory.       
 altruism.       
    

Harris is a handsome young man.  If he is typical of most people who are considered to be physically attractive, he is very likely to be perceived as being:         
 * more intelligent, happier, and better adjusted than other people.       
 less socially competent than unattractive people.       
 more lonely, less popular, and more anxious in social situations than other people.       
 much the same as less attractive people.       
    

Physical attractiveness is:         
 highly correlated with intelligence, mental health, and self-esteem.       
 moderately correlated with intelligence, mental health, and self-esteem.       
 highly correlated with social competence, assertiveness, and intelligence.       
 * not correlated with intelligence, mental health, or self-esteem.       
    

Compared to people who are plain looking or unattractive, people who are physically attractive tend to:         
 score somewhat higher on standardized tests of intelligence.       
 * be perceived as more vain and less modest.       
 have fewer mental health problems.       
 have a much higher sense of self-esteem.       
    

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called:         
 altruism.       
 deindividuation.       
 * attribution.       
 prejudice.       
    

Natalie suggests that her brother's aggressiveness is the result of his low self-esteem.  Natalie's inference about the cause of her brother's behavior is an example of:         
 the bystander-effect.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
 * an attribution.       
 altruism.       
    

The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called:         
 stereotyping.       
 prejudice.       
 altruism.       
 * the fundamental attribution error.       
    

While eating at a restaurant, you saw a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatter on four people.  "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumbled to yourself.  You have just committed an attributional bias called:         
 blaming the victim.       
 in-group bias.       
 the self-effacing bias.       
 * the fundamental attribution error.       
    

According to researcher Daniel Gilbert, when the consequences of an attribution are important to us, we tend to:         
 * first commit the fundamental attribution error, then consider possible situational factors that might have been involved.       
 engage in the self-effacing bias, then cognitive dissonance.       
 first commit the fundamental attribution error, then consider possible internal, personal factors that might have been involved.       
 immediately consider situational factors.       
    

When Marjorie didn't come home from work on time, her son Mark immediately thought his mother was being thoughtless and inconsiderate.  Shortly afterward, he thought she was probably stuck in a traffic jam.  Mark's initial response illustrates:         
 cognitive dissonance.       
 blaming the victim.       
 the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 * the fundamental attribution error.       
    

When behaviors lead to negative consequences we have a tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational causes, whereas we attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal causes.  This is referred to as:         
 * the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 deindividuation.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
 altruism.       
    

When their company downsized due to poor economic conditions, both Joanne and Trish were laid off.  When discussing her situation with some acquaintances, Joanne said "Trish lost her job because she was incompetent and lazy, but I got fired because the boss can't handle an assertive woman like me."  This example illustrates:         
 altruism.       
 prosocial behavior.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
 * the actor-observer discrepancy.       
    

Which of the following is NOT a common attributional bias?         
 self-serving bias.       
 actor-observer discrepancy.       
 blaming the victim.       
 * altruism.       
    

The _____ refers to the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes.         
 * self-serving bias       
 fundamental attribution error       
 social facilitation effect       
 rule of reciprocity       
    

When Ainslie did poorly on the physics midterm exam, she blamed her low score on the unfair exam and the lousy professor.  But when her final grade in the course was an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical scientific thinking. This example illustrates:         
 the fundamental attribution effort.       
 the rule of reciprocity.       
 blaming the victim.       
 * the self-serving bias.       
    

Although the _____ is common in individualistic cultures such as Australia and the United States, in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan and China, the _____ is more common.         
 actor-observer discrepancy; fundamental attribution error.       
 blaming the victim bias; just-world hypothesis       
 * self-serving bias; self-effacing bias       
 modesty bias; self-serving bias       
    

How might an Asian student at a university who is demonstrating the self-effacing bias explain her poor academic performance on an exam?         
 "The professors here give very hard exams."       
 * "I should have studied more."       
 "This school is trying to have a reputation of being difficult and therefore prestigious."       
 "My friend needed my help, and she kept me from studying."       
    

Sashio Kitayama, a Japanese university student, has a 3.96 grade-point average.  Sashio is likely to attribute his academic success to:         
 * easy exams.       
 his hard work.       
 his good time management skills.       
 his innate intelligence.       
    

The self-serving bias is to _____ as the self-effacing bias is to _____.         
 the fundamental attribution error; blaming the victim       
 attitudes; cognitive dissonance       
 obedience; conformity       
 * blaming failure on situational factors; blaming failure on internal, personal factors       
    

Collectivistic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in that:         
 * collectivists are more likely to attribute causes of another person's behavior to external, situational factors rather than to internal, personal factors.       
 collectivists are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.       
 individualists are more likely to commit the modesty bias.       
 individualists are more likely to attribute the causes of their own behavior to internal, personal factors rather than external, situational factors.       
    

The tendency (more common in collectivistic cultures) to blame oneself for one's failures, attributing them to internal, personal causes, while downplaying one's successes by attributing them to external, situational causes, is called:         
 * the self-effacing, or modesty, bias.       
 the self-serving bias.       
 blaming the victim.       
 the just-world hypothesis.       
    

Which of the following statements about the self-effacing bias (modesty bias) is FALSE?         
 It refers to the tendency to blame ourselves for our failures by attributing them to internal causes.       
 It refers to the tendency to downplay our successes by attributing them to external, situational causes.       
 It is more common among collectivistic cultures than among individualistic cultures.       
 * It refers to our tendency to attribute successful outcomes to internal causes and unsuccessful outcome to external, situational causes.       
    

Researchers Michael Morris and Kaiping Peng compared Chinese versus American newspaper reports of two different mass murders.  Morris and Peng found that:         
 Chinese and American reporters both tended to emphasize situational, external factors in explaining the behavior of the murderers.       
 Chinese reporters were more likely than American reporters to use personal, internal attributions to explain the behavior of the murderers.       
 * American reporters were more likely to emphasize personal, internal attributes, whereas Chinese reporters were more likely to emphasize situational, external attributes in explaining the behavior of the murderers.       
 if the murderer was a Chinese person, Chinese reporters stressed personal, internal factors; but if the murderer was an American, the Chinese reporters emphasized situational, external factors in explaining the murderer's behavior.       
    

When Yoshiko's hard work and ability landed a big contract for her company, she would not accept the credit, insisting it was pure luck.  When she failed to get the contract in another situation, however, she said it was her fault for not trying hard enough.  This example illustrates:         
 blaming the victim.       
 the just-world hypothesis.       
 the self-serving bias.       
 * the self-effacing, or modesty, bias.       
    

A(n) _____ is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be either positive, negative, or ambivalent.         
 prejudice       
 * attitude       
 self-effacing bias       
 prosocial behavior       
    

According to your textbook, an attitude is formally defined as:         
 a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.       
 the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher stature.       
 helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit.       
 * a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be either positive, negative, or ambivalent.       
    

According to your textbook, an attitude may have:         
 a cognitive component only.       
 a behavioral component only.       
 only behavioral and cognitive components.       
 * cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components.       
    

Yolanda is concerned about the environment and consistently sorts her garbage by placing paper, plastic, metal, and glass in their respective recycling containers.  This example best illustrates the _____ component of attitudes.         
 cognitive       
 emotional       
 biological       
 * behavioral       
    

In a seminar discussion on the death penalty, Bertha said she believed that the ultimate penalty should be applied to the ultimate crime of murder.  Bertha's statement best reflects the _____ component of attitudes.         
 biological       
 behavioral       
 * cognitive       
 emotional       
    

During a discussion about junk food with her two adolescent children, Mrs. Habibi made it very clear that she thought junk food was disgusting and that it upset her to see her children eat it.  Mrs. Habibi's negative feeling about junk food best illustrates the _____ component of attitudes.         
 behavioral       
 cognitive       
 * emotional       
 prosocial       
    

Social psychologists have found that we are most likely to behave in accordance with our attitudes when:         
 attitudes are infrequently expressed.       
 * attitudes are formed through experience, and we have a vested interest in the subject.       
 we have no idea about the outcomes, or what the response of others will be.       
 we have very little knowledge about the subject.       
    

Milton frequently expresses his extreme attitude about gun control legislation.  He is very knowledgeable about the topic, and he has a vested interest in the subject.  According to your textbook, Milton:         
 is very unlikely to behave in accordance with his attitudes.       
 will tend to talk a lot about this topic but is not likely to take any concrete action.       
 * is very likely to behave in accordance with his attitudes.       
 is likely to behave only in ways that will gain him social acceptance and approval.       
    

Which of the following is TRUE about the effect of attitudes on behavior?         
 * attitudes do influence behavior in many instances.       
 there is no correlation between attitudes and behavior.       
 attitudes rarely, if ever, influence behavior.       
 people tend to act in accordance with their attitudes only when they have no personal stake in the issue, when their feelings are neutral, and when they don't care about the outcome.       
    

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting from two thoughts or perceptions that are inconsistent with each other, they are said to be experiencing:         
 the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 the self-serving bias.       
 * cognitive dissonance.       
 deindividuation.       
    

When Vance was shopping for his first stereo system, he had a hard time deciding between the Zander XL model and its equivalent in every way, the Landau GM system.  With the flip of a coin he bought the Zander XL model, but shortly after he started to worry whether he had made the right choice.  To ease his mind, Vance talked about his purchase to a few people who were enthusiastic Zander XL users.  Vance appears to be trying to reduce his:         
 deindividuation.       
 self-effacing bias.       
 stereotypical thinking.       
 * cognitive dissonance.       
    

Denise went on a diet to lose some weight.  At lunch she chose the burger and fries over the salad and yogurt.  She then justified her choice by thinking to herself there was little difference between the two choices in terms of calories, and in any case, some protein every day is important for good health. Denise's tendency to focus on the positive aspects of her choice and ignore the negative illustrates:         
 social facilitation.       
 * cognitive dissonance.       
 the self-effacing bias.       
 informational social influence.       
    

Roger was not sure which of two candidates to vote for in the race for mayor.  However, after he cast his vote, he felt much more confident that he had made the correct choice.  The change in the strength of Roger's attitude about the candidate he voted for is probably the result of:         
 informational social influence.       
 the self-serving bias.       
 normative social influence.       
 * cognitive dissonance.       
    

When Joan went to buy a lottery ticket, she could not decide which one of two series of numbers to choose.  After making a decision and buying the ticket, she felt confident that the number series she chose had a much better chance of winning.  This example illustrates the effect of:         
 conformity.       
 informational social influence.       
 normative social influence.       
 * cognitive dissonance.       
    

_____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group.         
 Ethnocentrism       
 * Prejudice       
 The rule of reciprocity       
 Deindividuation       
    

Zelda is researching the topic of prejudice for a term paper.  If she does a thorough job she is likely to conclude that:         
 * racial and ethnic groups are far more alike than they are different.       
 any differences that may exist between racial and ethnic groups are far larger than differences within a group.       
 racial and ethnic groups are far more different than they are alike.       
 prejudice and discrimination only exist among and between minority groups.       
    

_____ is a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.         
 A social norm       
 A self-serving bias       
 An altruistic category       
 * A stereotype       
    

Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents.  Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group.  This example illustrates:         
 * stereotyped thinking.       
 the rule of reciprocity.       
 prosocial thinking.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
    

Sixty-five-year-old Bernice is taking courses at the university with the intention of completing a bachelors degree.  Some members of her family think she is not likely to succeed because she is much too old to learn new information.  These family members are demonstrating:         
 the reciprocity principle.       
 altruism.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
 * stereotyped thinking.       
    

Your textbook identifies a number of problems associated with stereotyped Thinking.  Which of the following is NOT one of those problems?         
 Stereotypes often determine what people do NOT see as well as what people do see.       
 Once they are formed, stereotypes are hard to shake.       
 * When confronted by evidence that contradicts a stereotype, people quickly change their stereotyped way of thinking.       
 When confronted by evidence that contradicts a stereotype, people tend to discount that information in a variety of ways.       
    

Your textbook discusses a number of problems associated with stereotyped thinking.  Which of the following is one of those problems?         
 Stereotypes rarely influence what people perceive or do not perceive.       
 * Once formed, stereotypes are very hard to change.       
 When confronted by evidence that contradicts a stereotype, people quickly change their stereotyped way of thinking.       
 Once formed, stereotypes can easily be changed by contradictory evidence.       
    

For as long as she can remember, Farrah has avoided talking to any Yumtucks because she thinks that all Yumtucks are self-centered and irresponsible.  However, when Farrah's 4-year-old wandered out of the yard and strayed a couple of blocks, it was a Yumtuck who found the child and brought him back home.  Based on this direct experience with a Yumtuck, Farrah is likely to:         
 abandon her stereotype of Yumtucks as self-centered and irresponsible.       
 * think that this particular Yumtuck is an exception to the stereotype.       
 reach out and form friendships with the Yumtucks that live in her neighborhood.       
 think that the other person is not really a Yumtuck       
    

People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two basic social categories, which social psychologists call the _____ and the _____.         
 prosocial group; altruistic group       
 * in-group; out-group       
 social loafers; social facilitators       
 bystanders; conformists       
    

The social group to which a person belongs is called the _____, and the social group to which a person does not belong is called the _____.         
 * in-group; out-group       
 prosocial group; altruistic group       
 out-group; in-group       
 active group; passive group       
    

Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club.  In terms of basic social categories, Nestor's cross-country club members are the _____ and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____.         
 social loafers; social facilitators       
 * in-group; out-group       
 social facilitators; social loafers       
 out-group; in-group       
    

The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to each other is called:         
 communal bias.       
 the bystander effect.       
 the self-serving bias.       
 * the out-group homogeneity effect.       
    

When Catherine decided to major in engineering her parents thought she should reconsider her decision because engineering majors are "logical, analytical, conservative, aggressive, and always male."  Her parents' view that all engineering majors are similar illustrates:         
 deindividuation.       
 ethnocentrism.       
 * the out-group homogeneity effect.       
 the fundamental attribution error.       
    

During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field.  One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all alike: boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity."  This statement best reflects the:         
 * out-group homogeneity effect.       
 fundamental attribution error.       
 social facilitation effect.       
 just-world hypothesis.       
    

The tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and the behavior of out-group members unfavorably is called:         
 communal bias.       
 the just-world hypothesis.       
 the out-group homogeneity effect.       
 * in-group bias.       
    

Victoria is a fifth grader in Zender Elementary School.  Like most students in her school, she believes that Zender Elementary School is the best school in the town.  This example best illustrates:         
 * in-group bias.       
 ethnocentrism.       
 the feel good, do good effect.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
    

The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures is called:         
 the just-world hypothesis.       
 altruism.       
 * ethnocentrism.       
 deindividuation.       
    

During Nigel's first trip abroad he was surprised to find that people in other cultures ate such foods as snails, squid, insects, lizards, earthworms, seaweed, and rotten-looking cheeses.  "One day they will become civilized like us and eat normal foods like donuts, pizza, hot dogs, and hamburgers and fries," he wrote to his parents.   Nigel's remarks illustrate a form of in-group bias called:         
 the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 * ethnocentrism.       
 deindividuation.       
 the informational social influence effect.       
    

Stereotypes and in-group/out-group bias form the _____ basis for prejudicial attitudes.         
 * cognitive       
 behavioral       
 normative       
 dissonant       
    

Behaviorally, prejudice can be displayed in the form of _____, which includes behaviors ranging from privately sneering at another group to physically attacking members of the out-group.         
 * discrimination       
 dissonance       
 social facilitation       
 altruism       
    

A waitress refused to serve an interracial couple.  This example best illustrates:         
 the just-world hypothesis.       
 * discrimination.       
 obedience.       
 social facilitation.       
    

Katrina is doing research for a paper on prejudice.  Based on current research on the emotional basis of prejudice she is likely to conclude that:         
 * prejudice often exists in the absence of direct competition for resources, changing social conditions, or contact with members of a particular out-group.       
 prejudice and intergroup hostility exist only when there is direct competition for resources, changing social conditions, and direct contact between the groups.       
 people are rarely, if ever, prejudiced against groups that are perceived as threatening important in-group norms and values.       
 those who are discriminated against usually deserve what they get.       
    

The theory that simply bringing members of different groups together would eventually reduce prejudice among the groups is called _____ theory; this theory has _____ supported by empirical research.         
 contact; been fully       
 jigsaw theory; not been       
 * contact; not been       
 jigsaw theory; been fully       
    

The social psychologist who is best known for his Robbers Cave experiments and his study of prejudice, conflict resolution, and group processes is:         
 Stanley Milgram.       
 Solomon Asch.       
 * Muzafer Sherif.       
 Bibb Latané.       
    

Muzafer Sherif helped clarify the conditions that produce intergroup _____ and _____.         
 altruism; social loafing       
 social facilitation; social loafing       
 * conflict; harmony       
 obedience; conformity       
    

Muzafer Sherif's work with 11-year-old boys at a summer camp demonstrated that:         
 it was very difficult to establish in-group/out-group conflict because there were no intrinsic differences between the Rattlers and the Eagles.       
 * when situations were created that required cooperation and the joint efforts of both groups, conflict and hostility between them were reduced.       
 simple social contact between the two groups greatly reduced conflict and hostility.       
 competition between the two groups greatly increased harmony between them.       
    

When their community was threatened with flooding, two rival groups ended up working together to try to save the town from the overflowing river.  Based on Muzafer Sherif's findings, it is probable that the joint effort of the two groups to achieve a common goal may lead to:         
 diffusion of responsibility.       
 deindividuation.       
 * reduced conflict and increased harmony between the two groups.       
 increased antagonism once the danger has passed.       
    

In a science fiction story about hostile aliens invading Earth, the major conflicting political powers join together to combat the extraterrestrial threat.  Generalizing from Muzafer Sherif's research it would be safe to conclude that this act of cooperative behavior would lead to:         
 the formation of the just-world hypothesis.       
 alienation, antagonism, and increased levels of conflict once the threat is over.       
 deindividuation.       
 * reduced conflict and increased harmony between the major powers.       
    

A technique used to promote cooperation that involves students working together in small, ethnically diverse groups on a mutual project is called the:         
 out-group homogeneity effect.       
 * jigsaw classroom technique.       
 bystander effect.       
 social facilitation technique.       
    

Mrs. Juarez divides her class into small, ethnically diverse groups.  She then requires each student to become an expert in one aspect of their overall project and teach it to other members of his or her group.  Mrs. Juarez is using:         
 the social facilitation technique.       
 a technique that will lead to increased hostility and competitiveness between the groups.       
 * the jigsaw classroom technique.       
 a technique that will increase deindividuation.       
    

If a teacher uses the jigsaw classroom technique, it is very likely that the children will:         
 develop intense prejudice against members of the out-group.       
 tend to engage in ethnocentrism when trying to solve the mutual problem.       
 * have higher self-esteem and greater liking for children in other ethnic groups.       
 become very good at solving jigsaw puzzles but will have poor reading and writing skills.       
    

One of the steps for reducing prejudice at the individual level is to:         
 unconsciously accept prejudice as a natural part of our lives.       
 immerse oneself in the culture that one is prejudiced against.       
 * decide that prejudiced responses are wrong and consciously reject prejudice and stereotyped thinking.       
 study all that one can about the culture that is stereotyped and wrong.       
    

The first step in overcoming prejudice is to         
 * become aware of the biases that allow it to flourish, such as in-group bias and the out-group homogeneity effect.       
 allow oneself to be discriminated against in order to have a firsthand understanding of prejudice.       
 act in a prejudiced manner so it is very clear what behavior needs to be changed.       
 live among a group of people who experiences prejudice as a part of their everyday lives.       
    

The tendency to adjust one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure is called:         
 obedience.       
 prosocial behaviors.       
 altruism.       
 * conformity.       
    

Conformity is defined as:         
 * the tendency to adjust one's behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure.       
 the performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status.       
 any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless.       
 helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit.       
    

After carefully considering the pros and cons of each college that had accepted him for admission, Conner decided to attend Blackwater College.  The next day, Conner discovered that three of his closest friends had also decided to attend Blackwater College.  In this example, Conner's behavior:         
 illustrates the fundamental attribution error.       
 is the result of normative social influence.       
 reflects social facilitation.       
 * does not reflect conformity.       
    

When Justine made an oral presentation in class, Meagan joined her classmates in applauding, even though she did not think the presentation was very clear or well organized.  This example illustrates:         
 deindividuation.       
 obedience.       
 * conformity.       
 social loafing.       
    

_____ is an American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity.         
 * Solomon Asch       
 Stanley Milgram       
 Muzafer Sherif       
 John M. Darley       
    

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line.  His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:         
 Would people obey an authority figure even if it meant hurting others?       
 Would people intervene and help a person in trouble in the presence of others?       
 * Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?       
 Would prejudice be reduced if members of different groups were brought into contact with each other?       
    

Dr. Pulaski decided to replicate Solomon Asch's classic experiment of conformity to group pressure.  If his results were consistent with those of the original research, he is likely to find that:         
 99 percent of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on all the critical trials.       
 * roughly a third of the subjects are likely to conform to the group's judgment on the critical trials.       
 approximately two-thirds of the subjects will conform to the group's judgment on the critical trials.       
 subjects in the control group who respond alone instead of in a group will choose the correct line approximately 50 percent of the time.       
    

Behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval is referred to as:         
 obedience.       
 * normative social influence.       
 social facilitation.       
 informational social influence.       
    

Nadine is a casual dresser who loves wearing pants and hates wearing dresses.  However, when she went for a job interview she decided to wear a dress.  Nadine's behavior best illustrates the importance of:         
 informational social influence.       
 prosocial behavior.       
 * normative social influence.       
 social facilitation.       
    

When we want to be correct but are uncertain or doubt our own judgment, we may look to the group as a source of accurate information.  This is referred to as:         
 normative social influence.       
 deindividuation.       
 * informational social influence.       
 social facilitation.       
    

Informational social influence results from people's desire to:         
 * be correct and gain accurate information.       
 be liked and accepted by the group.       
 avoid deindividuation.       
 gain social approval.       
    

After attending a lecture on the potentially harmful effects of long-term stress on health, Max decided to enroll in a stress management class.  His decision illustrates the effect of:         
 social striving.       
 social facilitation.       
 normative social influence.       
 * informational social influence.       
    

If a cross-cultural researcher investigates conformity in both collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures, she is generally likely to find:         
 * conformity is higher in collectivistic cultures compared to individualistic cultures.       
 conformity is lower in collectivistic cultures compared to individualistic cultures.       
 there is no difference in the level of conformity between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures.       
 conformity in individualistic cultures does not seem to carry the same negative connotations that it does in collectivistic cultures.       
    

If Solomon Asch conducted his research today using U.S. college students, it is likely that he would find:         
 much greater conformity today than in the 1950s.       
 * somewhat less conformity today than in the 1950s.       
 no difference in the level of conformity today compared to the 1950s.       
 much greater conformity among males and slightly less conformity among females compared to the 1950s.       
    

The performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status is a definition of:         
 conformity.       
 * obedience.       
 deindividuation.       
 social facilitation.       
    

The American social psychologist who is best known for his controversial series of studies investigating destructive obedience to an authority is:         
 Solomon Asch.       
 Bibb Latané.       
 * Stanley Milgram.       
 Muzafer Sherif.       
    

Milgram was influenced by Asch's conformity research but he posed a more critical question, namely:         
 Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?       
 How does the reduction of self-awareness and inhibition influence people to help others?       
 What factors influence people to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort?       
 * Could people be pressured by others into committing an immoral act or taking an action that violated their conscience, such as hurting a stranger?       
    

If you were a subject in Milgram's original obedience experiment, it is very likely that:         
 * you would play the role of the teacher and get to "shock" the learner.       
 you would play the role of the learner and get "shocked" by the teacher.       
 there would be an equal chance of being assigned to the role of teacher or learner.       
 you would be given a battery of psychological tests to determine whether you were high or low in conformity.       
    

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, subjects who were assigned the role of "teacher":         
 * were temporarily deceived about the real role of the learner and the actual amount of shock.       
 were told to leave whenever they felt the slightest discomfort.       
 seemed to enjoy shocking the learner, especially at the higher voltage levels.       
 quickly figured out the learner was not really getting shocked.       
    

To remove any lingering doubt about the legitimacy of the shock generator in Milgram's obedience study, the:         
 * "teachers" were given a sample shock.       
 "teachers" witnessed Milgram being shocked.       
 "learners" were able to administer a sample shock to themselves.       
 "learners" were watched by the "teachers"  the entire time the "learners" were being shocked.       
    

If the "teacher" protested that he wished to stop or that he was worried about the "learner's" safety, what did the experimenter do?         
 The experimenter would stop the experiment.       
 The experimenter ignored the protests.       
 * The experimenter would say, "The experiment requires that you continue."       
 The experimenter would offer the "teacher" more money to continue.       
    

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?         
 None of the participants agreed with the group's judgment about the length of the lines.       
 * Despite hearing protests from the learner in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.       
 The majority of the subjects refused to continue the experiment when the learner first protested that the shocks were painful.       
 Even though ordered by the experimenter to do so, no subject went beyond the 300-volt level.       
    

During Stanley Milgram's original obedience study, most of the subjects:         
 showed virtually no emotions or feelings while shocking the learner.       
 quickly figured out that the experimental situation was bogus and that the learner was not really getting shocked.       
 * showed extreme tension and conflict as they continued to shock the learner.       
 refused to obey the experimenter by the 150-volt level.       
    

Milgram described the details of his experimental design to three groups: psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults. He asked each group to predict how subjects would behave.  The results of this survey showed:         
 only the psychiatrists' prediction was correct.       
 all three groups correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment.       
 * all three groups were wrong in their predictions.       
 only the college students' prediction was correct.       
    

Vittorio is a participant in a study replicating Milgram's original obedience research but conducted in a different country.  It is very likely that:         
 the results of this study will show a much lower degree of obedience.       
 Vittorio, like most subjects in the study, will refuse to obey the experimenter at the 150-volt level, the point at which the learner first protests.       
 * the results of this study will be very similar to those obtained in the original experiment.       
 Vittorio will play the part of the learner.       
    

Andrea is a participant in a replication of Milgram's original obedience experiment that involves 40 female subjects.  Compared to a similar study with 40 male subjects:         
 * the results of the female-only study will likely be the same as the male-only study.       
 a much higher percentage of the females will obey the experimenter and progress to the 450-volt level.       
 only about 10 to 15 percent of the females will obey the experimenter and progress to the 450-volt level.       
 none of the female subjects will obey the experimenter and progress to the 450-volt level.       
    

Milgram, along with other researchers, identified several aspects of his original obedience experiment that had a strong impact on the subjects' willingness to obey the experimenter.  Which of the following is NOT one of them?         
 the gradual, repetitive escalation of the task       
 the physical and psychological separation from the learner       
 * the freedom of the teacher to choose the level of shock       
 a previously well-established mental framework to obey       
    

Which of the following factors influenced subjects to continue obeying in Milgram's obedience study?         
 * the physical and psychological separation from the "learner"       
 the very polite way in which the subjects were asked to continue with the experiment       
 the ease with which the "learner" carried out the task.       
 the lack of an authority figure, such as an experimenter, in the experimental setting       
    

Andrew volunteered to take part in a psychology experiment to earn extra credit for his psychology class.  The experiment was one that studied obedience, and Andrew was asked to deliver aversive consequences to another student.  Based upon what you know about the forces that influence a subject to continue obeying an experimenter's orders, which of the following reactions is most likely?         
 Andrew would refuse to take part in the experiment once he knew that he would have to deliver aversive consequences to another student.       
 * Having volunteered to participate in the experiment for which he will receive extra credit, it is likely that Andrew will have the mental expectation that he should obey the experimenter.       
 Andrew would try to talk the experimenter out of delivering aversive consequences in favor of delivering pleasant consequences.       
 Andrew would not show up for the experiment on moral principles because delivering aversive consequences to others is morally unacceptable.       
    

In a series of variations of his obedience experiments, Milgram found that the teachers were LEAST likely to deliver high levels of shocks when:         
 the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale.       
 there was physical and psychological separation between the teacher and the learner.       
 * teachers were free to choose the level of shock.       
 the experimenter took responsibility for the learner's well-being.       
    

If Jerome takes part in a replication of Milgram's obedience experiments that involves observing two other "teachers" refusing to continue, it is very likely that he:         
 * will also refuse to continue administering shock at the highest level.       
 will give more shocks at the highest level to compensate for the two teachers who quit.       
 will demand to be paid more money for continuing with the experiment.       
 will enjoy shocking the learner more than other subjects who did not observe people refusing to obey.       
    

Professor Gorsky is trying to replicate Milgram's obedience experiments. If Professor Gorsky allows the teachers to freely choose the level of shock given to the learner, it is probable that:         
 about 65 percent would progress to the 450-volt level.       
 * approximately 95 percent would not progress beyond the 150-volt level.       
 about 40 percent would progress to the 450-volt level.       
 none of the teachers would shock the learner at any level.       
    

In a series of experiments, Stanley Milgram systematically varied the conditions of his obedience study.  Under which of the following conditions were subjects LEAST likely to continue administering shocks to the full 450-volt level.         
 when the teacher and the learner were in the same room       
 when the experimenter left the laboratory and gave orders over the phone       
 when the teacher was required to hold the learner's hand down on a shock plate       
 * when the teacher observed two other teachers who refused to continue with the experiment       
    

Which of the following statements regarding Milgram's research is FALSE?         
 It created controversy that led to the American Psychological Association and the federal government to establish ethical safeguards regarding experiments involving human subjects.       
 It was criticized for causing the subjects emotional stress, tension, loss of dignity, and loss of self-esteem.       
 * Most of the subjects reported that they were emotionally traumatized by the experience and were sorry to have been in the experiment.       
 It demonstrated, to everyone's surprise, that the majority of subjects would obey an authority figure even if it apparently meant hurting a stranger.       
    

When the subjects of Milgram's obedience experiments completed a follow-up questionnaire, Milgram found that:         
 most of the subjects continued to be psychologically traumatized long after they had participated in the experiment.       
 approximately half of his subjects felt extremely angry and resentful for having been deceived.       
 most still had not figured out that the experiment had involved the deception of shocking the learner.       
 * most said they were glad to have participated in the experiment.       
    

Which of the following statements about Milgram's obedience experiment is TRUE?         
 Although many people criticized Milgram's experiments, psychologist Diana Baumrind was one of the few people who praised Milgram for his elaborate use of deception to investigate obedience to an authority figure.       
 * Ethically, you could not replicate Milgram's experiment today in the United States.       
 When some of Milgram's subjects were examined a year after the experiment, about half of the subjects still showed signs of psychological trauma from having participated in the experiment.       
 Milgram was the first psychologist to use deception and the threat of electric shocks as part of an experiment to investigate human behavior.       
    

Lacey has reviewed the literature on conformity and obedience for a term paper.  If her conclusions are similar to those presented in the textbook, she is likely to suggest that:         
 * conformity and obedience are not necessarily bad in and of themselves and are important for an orderly society.       
 human beings are genetically predisposed to be destructive, sadistic, aggressive, and cruel.       
 extraverted personality types are more likely than other types to be conformists and obey authority figures.       
 virtually nobody is capable of resisting group or authority pressure.       
    

Which of the following events spurred social psychologists to begin studying the conditions under which people will help another person?         
 the arrest of Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who helped save thousands of Hungarian Jews during World War II       
 the finding that none of the "teachers" in Milgram's obedience studies tried to help the "learner" escape the shock chair       
 the fact that no one tried to help the twelve Kent State University students who were wounded when National Guardsmen fired on the students during a protest march in 1970       
 * the fact that none of the people who witnessed the murder of Kitty Genovese tried to help her       
    

Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her New York City apartment.  This tragic event led to intense psychological research on:         
 attribution.       
 * altruism and prosocial behavior.       
 social facilitation.       
 cognitive dissonance.       
    

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit is the definition of:         
 attribution.       
 ethnocentrism.       
 * altruism.       
 persuasion.       
    

Dr. Alvarez spent his whole working life selflessly helping the sick and poor in some of the poorest countries in the world.  This example illustrates:         
 * altruism.       
 ethnocentrism.       
 attribution.       
 social facilitation.       
    

_____ is any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless.         
 Deindividuation       
 * Prosocial behavior       
 Altruism       
 Ethnocentrism       
    

In order to earn his "Community Service" badge as a Boy Scout, young Dunstan is a weekend volunteer in the "Up With Trees" program.  Dunstan's behavior in this situation is an example of:         
 deindividuation.       
 altruism.       
 * prosocial behavior.       
 the bystander effect.       
    

Altruism is to _____ as prosocial behavior is to _____.         
 expectation of reward; selfishness       
 * no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior       
 selfishness; no expectation of reward       
 either selfless or self-serving behavior; selfishness       
    

Peggy worked very hard as a volunteer research assistant on Dr. Milton's research project because she wanted to get her name on the publication.  Peggy's helping behavior best illustrates:         
 altruism.       
 social facilitation.       
 * prosocial behavior.       
 obedience.       
    

Which of the following psychologists began a series of studies in the 1960s investigating the factors involved in determining whether a person will help a stranger?         
 Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram       
 * Bibb Latané and John Darley       
 Stanley Milgram and Diana Baumrind       
 Muzafer Sherif and Solomon Asch       
    

Latané and Darley developed a model of helping behavior.  According to this model, which of the following is NOT a condition under which people are likely to help?         
 They notice the event or incident.       
 * They feel no sense of responsibility to help.       
 They believe it is a situation in which help is needed.       
 They know how to deal with the situation.       
    

Albert, who had recently completed a first-aid course, quickly realized that the elderly man sitting alone on the bench clutching his chest was having a medical problem.  According to Latané and Darley's model of helping behavior:         
 it is very unlikely that Albert will help.       
 it is very probable that Albert will feel no responsibility to help.       
 * it is very likely that Albert will go to the aid of the elderly man.       
 Albert will suffer from diffusion of responsibility because he is the only person present.       
    

The _____ effect refers to the fact that when people feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate, they are more likely to help others.         
 diffusion of responsibility       
 bystander       
 * feel good, do good       
 out-group homogeneity       
    

Sylvester was thrilled when he received a large bonus from his company.  Later that day, when he was asked if he could volunteer a few hours to help at the Food Bank, he readily agreed.  This example best illustrates the:         
 * feel good, do good effect.       
 bystander effect.       
 feel guilty, do nothing effect.       
 social facilitation effect.       
    

Several of the people ahead of Kyle in the checkout line at the cafeteria put loose change in a charitable donation box.  According to your textbook:         
 it is very unlikely that Kyle will make a donation too.       
 the helping behavior of others has no influence on personal helping behavior.       
 * it is quite probable that Kyle will make a donation too.       
 Kyle will only make a donation in this situation if he is in a bad mood.       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?         
 feeling good, successful, happy, and fortunate       
 feeling guilty       
 seeing others who are willing to help       
 * perceiving others as undeserving of help       
    

A news show did a story about a small town that was almost totally destroyed by floods.  Most residents lost all their possessions, and an appeal for help was made during the news show.  According to your textbook, the victims of this tragedy:         
 are not likely to receive help because those watching the news show do not know them personally.       
 * are very likely to get help because their situation happened through no fault of their own.       
 are not likely to get help because the news show will put people in a bad mood.       
 are likely to get help but only if they are seen as somehow being responsible for their situation.       
    

Your textbook describes a study by researcher Ted Houston who interviewed people who tried to intervene during an emergency situation such as a mugging, an armed robbery, or a bank robbery.  In comparing this group of people with a matched control group who had not intervened in emergency situations, Houston found that the people who intervened were more likely to:         
 have a college education.       
 have been robbed or mugged themselves.       
 score high on the personality traits of assertiveness, aggressiveness, and independence.       
 * have medical, police, or first aid training.       
    

In which of the following scenarios is the person MOST likely to be helped by other people?         
 At a moderately crowded Greyhound bus station, a woman struggles to retrieve her suitcase from a man who shouts at her, "Do you understand? You're not leaving!"       
 Just moments after hundreds of people get off a crowded subway train on their way to work, an oddly dressed man in the crowd stumbles and falls as he is walking up the exit steps.       
 * Carla's car won't restart and partially blocks the exit drive as her fellow employees are walking to their own cars.       
 As the impatient crowd surges forward to enter the stadium in the race for the best possible seats for the concert, a man in the crowd yells, "Wait! Stop! I dropped my contact lens!"       
    

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:         
 * the bystander effect.       
 prosocial behavior.       
 the social facilitation effect.       
 deindividuation.       
    

While studying in the crowded library, Arlene hears a crashing noise and then someone moaning.  The commotion appeared to come from behind closed doors marked "staff only."  Nobody near Arlene seems concerned, so Arlene goes back to her studying.  This example best illustrates:         
 * the bystander effect.       
 social facilitation.       
 altruism.       
 deindividuation.       
    

While Eddie was working alone in the microcomputer lab, he noticed a strange acrid smell and immediately went to report the incident.  Eddie's behavior:         
 * was not constrained by the bystander effect.       
 was the result of diffusion of responsibility.       
 is an example of social facilitation.       
 illustrates the social loafing phenomenon.       
    

_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.         
 Prosocial behavior       
 The actor-observer discrepancy       
 The fundamental attribution error       
 * Diffusion of responsibility       
    

A middle-aged woman is sitting on a bench in the busy shopping mall, holding her head in her hands, visibly upset and crying.  Nobody stops to see if she needs assistance.  One explanation for why nobody helps in this situation is:         
 most people would not realize that the woman is distraught and might need help.       
 * diffusion of responsibility.       
 social facilitation.       
 the just-world hypothesis.       
    

Your textbook suggests that the sheer number of bystanders who observed the death of Kitty Genovese may have been a factor in these people's decision not to give her assistance because of:         
 ethnocentrism.       
 the inherent danger in helping people in large cities like New York.       
 * diffusion of responsibility.       
 the social facilitation effect.       
    

Imagine you are waiting in a classroom with about twenty other people. When an odorless vapor slowly seeps into the room from the heating vent, no one appears to be concerned.  It is very probable, if you are like most people who experience the bystander effect, that you will:         
 jump up and run from the room screaming for help.       
 * behave like most of the other people with you in the room.       
 quietly leave the room and dial 911 on the nearest phone.       
 disregard the actions of others in the room because of the out-group homogeneity effect.       
    

On a cross-country tour Gregory ran out of gas on the outskirts of Edenville, population 3,211.  Which of the following is most probable?         
 Gregory is more likely to get help than if he had a similar problem in nearby Clarksville, population 150,000.       
 There is no way to predict if Gregory will get assistance because population size is not correlated with helping behavior.       
 * Gregory is less likely to get help than if he had a similar problem in nearby Clarksville, population 150,000.       
 Although he is a complete stranger in this small town, Gregory is likely to get help very quickly.       
    

Which of the following was NOT one of the factors that seemed to play a role in explaining why no one helped Kitty Genovese?         
 * Each bystander thought that he or she was the only witness to the crime that was occurring.       
 Some of the bystanders interpreted the situation as a lovers' quarrel or a domestic dispute.       
 The crime occurred in one of the largest cities in the world.       
 Some of the bystanders may have felt that it was too dangerous to try to help Kitty Genovese.       
    

Social loafing refers to the:         
 * tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort.       
 tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance.       
 tendency to expend more effort on a task when it is a group effort.       
 reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.       
    

Gaston is working with six other employees to produce a joint report.  If he is typical of most people in individualistic cultures who are involved in a collective task, he is likely to:         
 credit external, situational factors if the project is a success, and blame himself if the project fails.       
 work much harder than if he were working on the project alone.       
 experience an increase in ethnocentrism.       
 * expend less effort than if he were working on the task alone.       
    

The tendency in individualistic cultures to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort is called:         
 social facilitation.       
 the bystander effect.       
 * social loafing.       
 the "feel good, do good" effect.       
    

Gabrielle is working on a group project with three of her friends.  The group got to pick their own topic, and each member feels she has a unique contribution to make. Under these conditions it is very probable that:         
 social loafing will occur.       
 deindividuation will increase.       
 * social loafing will not occur.       
 cognitive dissonance will be very high.       
    

In a social psychology experiment at an American university, students in a tug-of-war contest were led to believe they were alone when pulling on the rope; in a second condition they were led to believe that others were pulling with them on the same rope.  It is likely that:         
 social loafing will occur in the first condition and social facilitation will occur in the second.       
 deindividuation will occur in both situations.       
 * people will exert more effort in the first condition compared to the second.       
 social facilitation will occur in the first condition and social striving will occur in the second.       
    

In many collectivistic cultures individuals work harder when they are in groups than when they are alone.  This phenomenon is called:         
 * social striving.       
 the bystander effect.       
 the modesty bias.       
 social loafing.       
    

In a Japanese factory, small groups of employees work together to assemble and test each finished product.  In this situation the individuals work harder and exert more effort on the collective task than if they worked alone.  This example illustrates:         
 social loafing.       
 the self-effacing effect.       
 * social striving.       
 the bystander effect.       
    

The term social facilitation refers to:         
 the tendency for individuals in collectivistic cultures to work harder on a collective task than when working alone.       
 the tendency in individualistic cultures to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort.       
 * the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance.       
 the tendency to help other people with no expectations of personal reward or benefit.       
    

The tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance is called:         
 * social facilitation.       
 social loafing.       
 the self-serving effect.       
 the bystander effect.       
    

Franz, who dislikes speaking in public because it makes him very nervous, was not well prepared for his presentation.  In this situation, the presence of other people will:         
 enhance Franz's performance.       
 * diminish Franz's performance.       
 have no effect on Franz's performance.       
 enhance deindividuation.       
    

Madeline is a talented actress.  Consequently, she was very well prepared when she played the leading role in the school's production of The Sound of Music.  The presence of other people will:         
 result in social loafing.       
 diminish Madeline's performance.       
 result in the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 * enhance Madeline's performance.       
    

During practice sessions, Lucio cycled as fast as he could around the racetrack, and his best time was 10 minutes and 30 seconds.  However, during the actual race in the presence of a large, cheering crowd Lucio improved his best time by almost 50 seconds.  This example best illustrates the phenomenon of:         
 social loafing.       
 social influence.       
 * social facilitation.       
 social striving.       
    

_____ refers to the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.         
 Persuasion       
 Attribution       
 Ethnocentrism       
 * Deindividuation       
    

Deindividuation refers to the:         
 tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort.       
 * reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is part of a group whose members feel anonymous.       
 tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance.       
 tendency to help other people when there is no expectation of personal reward or benefit.       
    

On Halloween, a group of normally law-abiding teenagers wearing masks and costumes committed acts of vandalism.  The reason for this atypical behavior is probably due to:         
 * deindividuation.       
 the actor-observer discrepancy.       
 social loafing.       
 prosocial behavior.       
    

Following the questionable police killing of a young man, thousands of concerned citizens assembled and marched in protest.  As the darkness of night set in, the rally turned violent as some younger members of the crowd began breaking shop windows, looting merchandise, and overturning cars.  Of the people who participated in the violence, the darkness of the night and the size of the crowd probably contributed to their sense of:         
 cognitive dissonance.       
 ethnocentrism.       
 * deindividuation.       
 self-effacing bias.       
    

When Marsha continued to waver on her decision to buy a new computer, the salesperson finally said to her, "If you buy this computer system today, I'll throw in a larger hard drive and a couple of computer games for your kids.  Have we got a deal?"  The salesperson appears to be using the _____ technique to persuade Marsha to buy the computer system.         
 foot-in-the-door       
 door-in-the-face       
 * that's-not-all       
 devil's advocate       
    

While they were shopping, 6-year-old Elliot came running around one of the store aisles and excitedly asked his mother if she would buy him a $300 Nintendo game to use with their television at home.  When his mother immediately refused, Elliot looked very dejected but apologized for asking.  A few moments later, Elliot asked, "Well, can I get a new basket for my bicycle?"  Elliot appears to be using the _____ technique to persuade his mother.         
 foot-in-the-door       
 * door-in-the-face       
 that's-not-all       
 devil's advocate       
    

Professional persuaders use a number of techniques to influence attitudes and behaviors.  Which of the following is NOT one of those techniques?         
 the door-in-the-face technique       
 the foot-in-the-door technique       
 * the foot-in-the-mouth technique       
 the that's-not-all technique       
    

Real estate agents promoting a new recreational development offer a free breakfast and the opportunity to win a trip to Hawaii for attending a short sales promotion meeting.  It would appear they are using the persuasion technique of the:         
 rule of commitment.       
 low-ball technique.       
 * rule of reciprocity.       
 high-ball technique.       
    

The textbook provides several practical suggestions to defend against being manipulated by various persuasion techniques.  Which of the following is NOT one of the practical suggestions you can use making important decisions?         
 List all of the reasons why you should not make a particular commitment.       
 * Always go with your first impulse and don't look back.       
 Wait a day before making a final commitment to the decision.       
 If you have feelings of hesitancy about a particular decision, take the conservative course of action and do nothing.       
    

The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations is called social psychology.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

When engaging in person perception, every interpersonal context has three key components: cognitions, emotions, and behaviors.       
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

The "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation are called social norms.     
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

An implicit personality theory is a network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

The fundamental attribution error, an attributional bias that is common in individualistic cultures, refers to the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

The fundamental attribution error and the just-world hypothesis are two biases that contribute to a common explanatory pattern called blaming the victim.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Collectivistic cultures often demonstrate the self-effacing bias.         
 * True        
 False