The current definition of psychology given in the text is the systematic study of       
 * behavior and experience.      
 the mind.      
 methods of motivating and controlling others.      
 abnormal thought and behavior.      
    

Someone who supports the position of "determinism"(as opposed to "free will") believes that       
 people can change their own behavior if they try hard enough.      
 the development of behavior depends more on the environment than on genetics.     
 * every behavior has a cause.      
 the only way to find out why people act as they do is simply to ask them.     
    

Someone who believes that all behaviors have a physical cause is an adherent of which philosophical position?       
 hereditarianism      
 environmentalism      
 free will      
 * determinism      
    

From the viewpoint of psychological determinism, complex decisions a person makes are       
 influenced solely by the person's past experience.      
 * influenced solely by the person's genetic endowment.      
 independent of genetics and past experience.      
 a product of the combined influence of genetics, past experiences, and the current environment.     
    

The adherents of "free will" disagree with the adherents of "determinism" with regard to whether behavior is ________.       
 * predictable A     
 inherited      
 persistent      
 useful      
    

A psychologist offers people three pairs of shoes and investigates whether their choices are predictable. The results are likely to be relevant to which of these issues?      
 * free will versus determinism      
 the mind-brain problem      
 the nature-nurture issue      
 the ethics of behavior modification      
    

Which of the following (if true) would most seriously contradict the assumptions of "determinism"?       
 Some behaviors are controlled mostly by heredity and others mostly by environment.     
 Two parts of the brain control the same aspects of behavior. B     
 Despite being very determined to succeed, people with low levels of intelligence are unable to accomplish as much as people with high intelligence.    
 * Certain behaviors are completely unpredictable.      
    

According to the adherents of determinism, why is it sometimes impossible to predict people's behavior accurately?       
 People have a free will.      
 Some behaviors have causes but others do not.      
 * Sometimes the causes are so complex that it is not possible to predict certain behaviors.     
 The experimental method is appropriate only for the physical sciences, not for the behavioral sciences.     
    

The mind-brain (or mind-body) problem refers to the question:        
 Which is more important in controlling behavior, the mind or the brain?     
 * How is the mind related to the brain and does one control the other?     
 What causes the mind to undergo "out-of-body" experiences?      
 Which part of the mind controls the body?      
    

What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term "mind-body question"?       
 * "Is the mind separate from or identical with the physical brain?"     
 "Which is stronger, the mind or the body?"      
 "Is the mind aware of anything that goes on in the body?"      
 "Do you mind what I do with your body?"      
    

Using position-emission tomography, researchers are able to demonstrate       
 the existence of free will.      
 * that different areas of the brain are active during different behaviors.     
 that the entire brain is uniformly activated during most behaviors.     
 the role of genetics in controlling behavior.      
    

Brain researchers would probably be most comfortable with which of the following statements?       
 Brain activity causes mental activity.      
 Mental activity causes brain activity.      
 Brain activity and mental activity are completely independent.     
 * Brain activity and mental activity are the same thing.      
    

Which of the following research questions is most directly related to the nature-nurture issue?       
 Are some areas of the brain more active than others during a given behavior?     
 Are certain behaviors completely random or unpredictable?      
 * Are the behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in their genes?     
 Is personality consistent from one situation to another?      
    

A clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist differ in        
 the way they deal with clients who have only minor problems.      
 * their education.      
 whether they agree with the theories of Sigmund Freud.      
 whether they deal with children or adults.      
    

A clinical psychologist specializes in        
 studying how children's behavior changes as they grow older.      
 * helping people with emotional and psychological disorders.      
 providing medical treatments to people with abnormal behavior.     
 conducting laboratory experiments on animal behavior.      
    

A clinical psychologist        
 is licensed to prescribe drugs. A     
 generally has an M.D. degree.      
 * generally has a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree.      
 is the same thing as a psychiatrist.      
    

Which of the following mental-health specialists is MOST likely to prescribe drugs as a means of treating a client with anxiety or depression?      
 * psychiatrist      
 clinical psychologist      
 counseling psychologist      
 physiological psychologist      
    

The main difference between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist is that the clinical psychologist       
 prescribes drugs.      
 deals with more serious kinds of disturbance. B     
 relies heavily on the theories of Sigmund Freud.      
 * has a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D.      
    

The main difference between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist is that the psychiatrist       
 has extra training in research methods.      
 has extra training in the theories of Sigmund Freud.      
 * has an M.D. degree instead of a Ph.D.      
 has a Ph.D. degree instead of an M.D.      
    

The single characteristic that best distinguishes a psychoanalyst from both a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychoanalyst      
 is licensed to prescribe drugs.      
 * relies mostly on Freud's theories.      
 does research instead of clinical practice.      
 treats only clients with severe disorders.      
    

It is most likely that you would find a psychologist working in which of the following occupational settings?       
 * an academic institution      
 a hospital      
 a public school system      
 business      
    

Which of these pairings is INCORRECT?        
 Developmental psychologist -- studies changes in people as they grow older     
 Ergonomist -- studies communication between person and machine     
 * Environmental psychologist -- deals with organizations and social structures     
 Industrial psychologist -- deals with productivity and efficiency of people at work     
    

Which type of psychologist is most interested in the effects of noise, heat, and crowding on behavior?       
 biopsychologist      
 community psychologist      
 ergonomist      
 * environmental psychologist      
    

The percentage of current graduate students in psychology who are women is around ______.       
 10%      
 25%      
 * 50%      
 90%      
    

Which type of psychologist is most likely to work on developing and improving tests that measure intelligence, personality, and interests?      
 social psychologist      
 biological psychologist      
 psychoanalyst      
 * quantitative psychologist      
    

A biopsychologist tries to relate behavior to        
 interactions between conscious and unconscious thought processes.     
 experiences early in life.      
 * electrical and chemical activities in the body.      
 the influences of other people.      
    

Which of the following is a biopsychologist LEAST likely to investigate?       
 effects of drugs on behavior A     
 effects of brain damage on behavior      
 effects of genetics on behavior      
 * effects of unconscious thoughts on behavior      
    

A major difference between Huntington's disease and alcoholism is that       
 genetics play a role in Huntington's disease, but not in alcoholism.     
 genetics play a role in alcoholism, but not in Huntington's disease.     
 * Huntington's disease depends on a single gene.      
 alcoholism depends on a single gene.      
    

A behaviorist is most likely to explain why you like to skydive based on       
 * the consequences of past behaviors.      
 your genetic makeup. B     
 your conscious thought processes.      
 your unconscious thought processes.      
    

How would a behaviorist (in contrast to other types of psychologists) probably study a child with a psychological disorder?      
 Examine changes in behavior as the child grows older.      
 Test the effects of drugs on the child's synapses and behavior.     
 Catalog the effects of social influences, including self-fulfilling prophecies.     
 * Concentrate on the effects of learning, rewards, and punishments.     
    

Which type of psychologist is MOST likely to investigate the principles of learning?       
 psychoanalyst      
 * behaviorist      
 social psychologist      
 quantitative psychologist      
    

In trying to explain or understand individual differences, a behavioral psychologist would focus more on _______ while a cognitive psychologist would focus more on ______.      
 past consequences ... influences of other people      
 influences of other people ... emotional aspects of the behavior     
 involvement of the brain and nervous system ... unconscious motives     
 * past consequences ... thought processes and knowledge      
    

A cognitive psychologist studies        
 the relationship between brain and behavior.      
 the influence of the social environment on behavior.      
 the behavior of infants.      
 * thinking and acquiring knowledge.      
    

Which kind of psychologist specializes in the study of thought and knowledge?       
 quantitative psychologist      
 * cognitive psychologist      
 behaviorist      
 physiological psychologist      
    

Cognitive psychologists are similar to behaviorists in their        
 heavy reliance on animal experiments.      
 rejection of all discussion of thinking.      
 * reliance on experiments and observations of behavior.      
 preference for self-reports instead of objective observation.      
    

One distinction between experts and nonexperts is that        
 experts divide phenomena into fewer categories.      
 * experts are better at recognizing relevant information when forming categories.     
 experts have greater intelligence and use less information.      
 experts take longer to identify simple patterns.      
    

Because people expect a particular individual to succeed, they treat that person differently and thereby cause the success they expected. This phenomenon is likely to be studied by which kind of psychologist?     
 physiological psychologist      
 comparative psychologist      
 * social psychologist      
 quantitative psychologist      
    

The main interest of social psychologists is        
 how behavior develops as a function of age. A     
 * how behavior is influenced by other people.      
 the role of learning and memory in behavior.      
 how human behavior has changed over the course of history.      
    

To explain why the behavior of boys differs from that of girls, different types of psychologists take different approaches. Which of the following is NOT a typical emphasis of a certain type of psychologist?     
 * Cognitive psychologists concentrate on the differences in maturational rate between boys and girls.     
 Biopsychologists concentrate on differences in the brain and differences in hormones.     
 Social psychologists concentrate on how children are affected by the different expectations people have for boys and girls.     
 Quantitative psychologists try to measure the differences between boys and girls without necessarily trying to explain them.    
    

A clinical psychologist would be most likely to explain a disruptive schoolchild's behavior in terms of       
 a clinical brain disorder.      
 the influence of the other children. B     
 the reinforcing effects of attention.      
 * emotional troubles.      
    

The field of psychology broke away from philosophy when psychologists began to       
 ask why one person is different from another.      
 formulate theories about why people act the way they do.      
 * collect and evaluate evidence scientifically.      
 observe human behavior and compare it to animal behavior.      
    

Wilhelm Wundt is famous for what contribution to the history of psychology?       
 establishing the first mental-health clinic      
 teaching the first psychology course offered in a U.S. college     
 * establishing the first psychology laboratory      
 clarifying certain philosophical issues such as the mind-brain problem     
    

Wundt's research focused on the question        
 * "What are the basic components of mental experience?"      
 "Are the mind and body separate?"      
 "Do early childhood experiences shape personality?"      
 "How do consequences shape behavior?"      
    

Wundt collected data by        
 * asking people to report on their subjective experiences.      
 observing the behavior of animals in a lab.      
 observing people who did not know they were being observed.      
 observing the behavior of animals in their natural environment.     
    

Which of the following pairs is CORRECT?        
 Watson -- functionalism      
 * Titchener -- structuralism      
 Freud -- behaviorism      
 James -- psychoanalysis      
    

Titchener's research failed to gain popularity because        
 it was viewed as unimportant.      
 he relied on theory rather than on a scientific approach.      
 * there was no convincing way to check the accuracy of his data.     
 he focused too much on overt behavior and ignored the role of the mind.     
    

Who is credited with being the founder of American psychology?        
 Wilhelm Wundt      
 Edward Titchener      
 John B. Watson      
 * William James      
    

William James would have been most likely to be interested in which of the following psychological questions?       
 * How do people recognize that they have seen something before?      
 How do reinforcements and punishments influence behaviors?      
 How do unconscious thoughts and motives influence behaviors?      
 What are the basic structures of the mind?      
    

Which approach to psychology was advocated by William James in the late 1800's?       
 * functionalism A     
 structuralism      
 behaviorism      
 psychoanalysis      
    

Early psychologists, eager to demonstrate that a scientific psychology was possible, focused much of their attention on       
 abnormal behavior.      
 * sensation.      
 the influence of groups on the individual.      
 the role of the brain in controlling behavior.      
    

The mathematical relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its perceived intensity is called the       
 * psychophysical function.      
 sensory threshold. B     
 quasi-experimental function.      
 structural-functional dynamic.      
    

Several early comparative psychologists put various species into tasks such as the delayed-response problem and the detour problem. The purpose of such experiments was to      
 determine the structure of the mind.      
 examine the relative sensory capacity of various species.      
 * rank-order various species for intelligence.      
 compare species for differences in motivation.      
    

Which of the following would be the correct ranking of intellectual ability (from highest to lowest)?       
 zebra, chimpanzee, rat      
 chimpanzee, zebra, rat      
 chimpanzee, rat, zebra      
 * The correct ranking would depend on the task being studied.      
    

One of the first psychologists to try to measure human intelligence was _______.       
 * Francis Galton      
 Charles Darwin      
 John Watson      
 Mary Calkins      
    

Galton's studies of eminent men and their sons led him to the conclusion that intelligence is       
 determined primarily by environmental experiences.      
 * inherited.      
 a useless concept.      
 inversely related to status in society.      
    

The first useful intelligence test was devised in 1905 by _______.       
 * Alfred Binet      
 Francis Galton      
 William James      
 John B. Watson      
    

Calkins, Washburn, and Ladd-Franklin were famous as        
 pioneers in the development of clinical psychology.      
 pioneers in the development of humanistic psychology.      
 prominent people of color in the early history of psychology.      
 * prominent women in the early history of psychology.      
    

Calkins, who eventually became a leader in the early history of U.S. psychology, was at first refused admission to graduate schools. Why?      
 low grades and GRE scores      
 a speech impediment      
 unwillingness to accept older students      
 * unwillingness to accept women