1. Which of the following are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?
 depression and obsessions
 mania and compulsions
 hallucinations and obsessions
 * hallucinations and delusions


2. Auditory hallucinations related to schizophrenia most frequently involve hearing:
 the voices of deceased relatives.
 animal sounds.
 the grinding of machines and motors.
 * voices that criticize or give commands.


3. After auditory hallucinations, the next most common hallucinations experienced by individuals with schizophrenia are:
 * tactile hallucinations.
 visual hallucinations.
 olfactory hallucinations.
 delusions of grandeur. 


4. _____________ are erroneous beliefs that are held despite strong evidence to the contrary.
 Hallucinations
 Loose associations
 * Delusions
 Dissociations


5. Delusions of ____________ are the most common type in individuals with schizophrenia.
 * persecution
 grandeur
 identity
 reference


6. Craig has schizophrenia and suffers from delusions. For example, when he walks by a certain restaurant and sees the sign for the daily specials, he thinks the letters form a code which he is meant to decipher. This type of delusion is a delusion of:
 persecution.
 identity.
 grandiosity.
 * reference. 


7. The thoughts expressed by individuals suffering from schizophrenia are often disjointed and do not make sense when put together. These patterns are described as:
 * word salad.
b. content delusions.
c. cognitive hallucinations.
d. cognitive flooding.


8. The intellectual deterioration seen in senility is:
 * very different from that involved in schizophrenia.
 very similar to that involved in schizophrenia.
 the same as that involved in schizophrenia, but has a later onset.
 the same as that involved in schizophrenia, but is triggered by a different mechanism.


9. ____________ is a common mood symptom of many individuals who suffer from schizophrenia.
 * Inappropriate affect
 Enhanced emotion
 Delirium
 Mania


10. In some studies, persons with schizophrenia are found to be more physiologically aroused than normal individuals, and in other studies they are found to be less aroused. This suggests that:
 physiological arousal is unrelated to schizophrenia.
 some of the studies were inaccurate.
 * different levels of arousal may be due to different types of schizophrenia or delusions.
 arousal levels were dependent upon the types of studies being conducted.


11. Gerry has gone through the prodromal and active phases of schizophrenia and is now in the residual phase. During this phase, his symptoms will become:
 primarily based on delusions instead of hallucinations.
 primarily based on hallucinations instead of delusion.
 more clear-cut and prominent, and his behavior will become grossly disorganized.
 * more vague, his mood will flatten and his intellectual performance will decline.


12. In the ____________ phase of schizophrenia, symptoms are clear-cut and prominent.
 residual
 prodromal
 * active
 standard


13. An individual who experienced delusions of persecution, but no disorganized speech or thought patterns would likely be diagnosed as having ________________ schizophrenia.
 * paranoid
 catatonic
 undifferentiated
 residual 


14. In ___________ schizophrenia, symptoms revolve primarily around motor activity including involuntary movements, immobility and purposeless activity.
 paranoid
 disorganized
 * catatonic
 undifferentiated


15. ____________ schizophrenia is essentially a "catch-all" diagnosis for individuals who do not fit any of the other types.
 Disorganized
 * Undifferentiated
 Undisclosed
 Residual


16. An individual who exhibited flat or inappropriate moods, rambling, unconnected speech and a general lack of cohesiveness in their behavior, would be diagnosed as suffering from:
 * disorganized schizophrenia.
 undifferentiated schizophrenia.
 residual schizophrenia.
 paranoid schizophrenia.


17. Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and bizarre behaviors are classified as:
 * positive symptoms.
 negative symptoms.
 covert symptoms.
 overt symptoms.


18. Flat mood, poverty of speech, inability to experience joyful feelings and apathy, are classified:
 * as negative symptoms.
 as positive symptoms.
 as covert symptoms.
 as overt symptoms.


19. ____________ symptoms are consistent over time, whereas ____________ symptoms tend to wax and wane.
 Positive; negative
 Disorganized; mood
 Behavioral; emotional
 * Negative; positive


20. Individuals with schizophrenia whose symptoms are mainly positive are more likely to:
 have a poor prognosis.
 show flat moods and inappropriate affect.
 * respond well to drug treatments.
 respond poorly to drug treatments.


21. One probable reason for the difference in the onset of schizophrenia between men and women is the role _____________ is(are) thought to play in suppressing the activity of the neurotransmitter that leads to the symptoms of schizophrenia.
 testosterone
 androgens
 endorphins
 * estrogen 


22. Schizophrenia is most frequently diagnosed during:
 * early adulthood.
 early childhood.
 middle adulthood.
 late adulthood.


23. The rate of schizophrenia is:
 higher in underdeveloped countries.
 higher in industrialized countries.
 higher in European countries.
 * about the same in all countries and cultures.


24. Which of the following is true, regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
 It is diagnosed more frequently in the middle class than the upper or lower classes.
 * It is diagnosed more frequently in the lower class than the middle or upper classes.
 It is diagnosed more frequently in the upper class than the lower or middle classes.
 There is no class difference in diagnosis.


25. All of the following are considered to be reasons why lower-class individuals are more likely to suffer from schizophrenia EXCEPT:
 the disorder causes them to drift downward into the lower social classes.
 mental health personnel are influenced by an individual's social class.
 * they are genetically predisposed as evidenced by their social background.
 they are more likely to be treated in public hospitals and receive lesser care.


26. ____________ has symptoms that are similar to schizophrenia, but it differs in that it lasts between 1 day and 1 month and requires the presence of only one symptom for a diagnosis.
 Schizophreniform disorder
 * Brief psychotic disorder
 Schizoaffective disorder
 Delusional disorder


27. It is quite likely that brief psychotic disorder and schizophreniform disorder are:
 * less severe forms of schizophrenia.
 two distinctly different disorders.
 more severe forms of delusional disorder.
 less severe forms of schizoaffective disorder.


28. The psychodynamic explanation that schizophrenia is caused by a lack of maternal consistency has been:
 modified to include stress as a mitigating factor.
 modified to include the role of the father in child-rearing.
 somewhat reduced in popularity due to the success of neuroleptic drugs.
 * completely discredited.


29. Psychodynamic theorists promoted the notion that the reduced levels of intellectual and social performance exhibited by individuals with schizophrenia are a result of:
 denial.
 suppression.
 * regression.
 repression.  


30. It is currently thought that stress can _________ schizophrenia, but does not __________ it.
 cause; exacerbate
 cause; prolong
 contribute to; prolong
 * contribute to; cause


31. One aspect of learning theory suggests that disturbed thought processes are:
 a result of observation and imitation.
 classically conditioned responses to stressful environmental stimuli.
 the result of a limited ability to process and encode information.
 * due to inattention to relevant cues, resulting in responses that do not make sense.


32. Which of the following is a criticism of the learning explanation that rewards account for schizophrenia?
 * Many symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be beyond voluntary control.
 It does not explain why some symptoms appear to be the result of conditioning.
 Many behaviors involved in schizophrenia appear to be child-like in nature.
 It does not take into account the possible role stress might play in schizophrenia.


33. Research involving sensory deprivation has shown that people are ____________ to suggestions.
 immune
 insensitive
 intolerant
 * vulnerable


34. The case study presented in the text in which normal individuals had themselves admitted into psychiatric hospitals illustrates the:
 * role labels and expectations can play in perception.
 inadequacy of our current mental health care system.
 fact that a lot of individuals with schizophrenia exhibit similar symptoms.
 extent to which individuals with schizophrenia will act abnormal to obtain what they want.


35. Which type of theorist would suggest that the delusions seen in individuals with schizophrenia are very likely just irrational explanations for unusual sensory experiences?
 Learning
 * Cognitive
 Psychodynamic
 Physiological


36. Cognitive theorists argue that the decline in intellectual functioning seen in individuals who have schizophrenia is a result of:
 the gradual deterioration of certain cortical areas in the brain.
 * the intrusion of irrelevant thoughts which disrupt the normal thought process.
 the cumulative effect of the stress inherent in coping with the disorder.
 an inability to effectively understand, process and categorize incoming stimuli.


37. ________________ involve the use of words or phrases that automatically come to mind because of their frequency of use in conjunction with the topic word or phrase.
 Semantic intrusions
 Clang intrusions
 * Habit strength intrusions
 Thought content intrusions


38. Perhaps the most widely accepted explanation for schizophrenia is that high levels of the neurotransmitter ___________ lead to increased brain activity, which in turn disrupts cognitive functioning.
 serotonin
 * dopamine
 norepinephrine
 acetylcholine


39. Low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are linked to:
 * both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
 the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
 the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
 the low levels of dopamine seen in schizophrenia.


40. ______________ is the neurotransmitter for inhibitory neurons that reduce the activity of excitatory neurons activated by _____________.
 Dopamine; serotonin
 Norepinephrine; serotonin
 * Serotonin; dopamine
 Serotonin; norepinephrine


41. Pet scans reveal that high levels of activity in the ___________ are associated with disturbed thought processes and high levels of activity in the _____________ are associated with visual and auditory hallucinations.
 temporal cortex; prefrontal cortex
 * prefrontal cortex; temporal cortex
 frontal lobes, parietal lobes
 parietal lobes, frontal lobes


42. The right hemispheric dominance seen in some individuals with schizophrenia is probably an indication that:
 that their brain has atrophied as a result of their disorder.
 that their brain has smaller than normal ventricles.
 that their brain did not sustain the proper neural migration.
 * that their brain did not continue to develop as it should in their infancy.


43. The physical effects of subcortical atrophy are seen most easily in:
 hemispheric lateralization.
 retarded neural migration.
 * enlarged ventricles.
 shrinking ventricles.


44. It appears that the poverty of thought seen in schizophrenia may be due in part to improper functioning of the __________, which results in a deficit in information processing.
 * hippocampus
 amygdala
 hypothalamus
 medulla


45. In persons suffering from schizophrenia who exhibit primarily positive symptoms, the thalamus:
 is smaller and less active.
 is comparable in size to normal individuals.
 * is enlarged.
 is similar in size to that of individuals who exhibit negative symptoms.


46. Adoption studies indicate that:
 shared genes can account for almost 50% of the cases of schizophrenia.
 there is no link between shared genes and schizophrenia.
 the children of individuals who exhibit primarily positive symptoms are less likely to inherit the disorder.
 * there is a link between shared genes and schizophrenia.


47. Genetic factors and biological traumas are clearly linked to schizophrenia, but symptoms do not usually develop until adolescence or early adulthood. This likely happens because:
 the disorder is not recognized as such in younger individuals.
 * during this period the normal process of brain deterioration begins, which exacerbates any pathological decline or abnormality.
 this period of life is the most stressful and the added stressors trigger the disorder.
 it is at this time that individuals begin to function in greater society.


48. The ___________ explanation suggests that an environmental stress triggers a biological predisposition.
 * diathesis-stress
 drive reduction
 stimulus-response
 nature-nurture


49. Psychosurgeries, such as prefrontal lobotomies, had the effect of reducing aggressive behaviors and increasing the likelihood a patient would be released from a hospital. They also:
 * destroyed cognitive abilities and emotional control.
 decreased the occurrence of mental illness in the general population.
 enhanced some cognitive functioning and prosocial behaviors.
 increased the likelihood the patient would contribute to society.


50. Neuroleptic drugs reduce high levels of brain activity by:
 increasing the reuptake of dopamine.
 increasing catabolism of dopamine.
 decreasing the availability of serotonin.
 * blocking dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.


51. _____________ is a side effect of neuroleptic drug treatment and consists of involuntary muscle movement seen predominantly in the facial area.
 Akathisia
 Malignant neuroleptic syndrome
 Agranulocytosis
 * Tardive dyskinesia


52. Persons suffering from schizophrenia often require:
 only neuroleptics to treat their disorder.
 only neuroleptics and psychotherapy to treat their disorder.
 an initial powerful dose of neuroleptics, but then can rely solely on psychotherapy.
 * other drugs such as antidepressants along with neuroleptics to treat their disorder.


53. At present it is ____________ to determine beforehand which drug will be the most effective for treating a particular patient with schizophrenia.
 common
 easy
 unethical
 * impossible


54. Psychoeducation and social skills training help patients with schizophrenia and their families:
 * normalize the disorder.
 cure the disorder.
 avoid the disorder.
 ignore the disorder.


55. Research involving token economies indicates that rewards are effective for improving ________ behaviors, but they are not effective for improving ___________.
 * overt; cognitive processes
 emotional; cognitive processes
 cognitive; emotional processes
 covert; overt processes


56. Traditional psychotherapy has been shown to be _____________ for treating schizophrenia.
 not effective
 * very effective
 marginally effective
 extremely effective


57. Children who have difficulty organizing tasks, are easily distracted and who cannot keep still could very possibly have:
 conduct disorder.
 oppositional defiant disorder.
 * attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
 antisocial personality disorder.


58. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder:
 occurs in about 30% of elementary school children.
 can generally be identified around the age of two.
 * is between 5 and 10 times more common among boys than girls.
 causes no lasting deficit.


59. Due to symptom similarities, children suffering from ____________ disorder are sometimes misdiagnosed as having ADHD.
 * bipolar
 conduct
 obsessive-compulsive
 schizotypal


60. The lack of specific diagnostic criteria causes many diagnoses of ADHD to be:
 invalid.
 objective.
 unethical.
 * unreliable.


61. Brain scans indicate that individuals with ADHD have lower levels of metabolism in the _________ cortex and ___________ cortex.
 cerebral; frontal
 prefrontal; caudal
 association; prefrontal
 * prefrontal; premotor


62. ___________ is the stimulant most widely used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
 Dexedrine
 Fluoxetine
 Methylxanthine
 * Ritalin


63. A large-scale experiment involving over 600 children with ADHD who were placed in four experimental treatment groups and rated on their improvement by parents and teachers indicated:
 * drug treatment was more effective than behavior therapy or routine care.
 a combination of drug treatment and behavior therapy was most effective.
 behavior therapy was more effective than drug treatment or routine care..
 there is no difference between the efficacy of behavior therapy and drug treatment. 


64. There is some evidence that Ritalin can slow growth in some children. One possible strategy, as suggested in the text, to overcome this is:
 supplementing Ritalin with human growth hormone.
 immediate and permanent withdrawal of the medication if discrepancies are noticed.
 * lowering the dosage rate of the medication.
 using Ritalin during the school year, but not during vacation periods.


65. Of the following, which is the best predictor of conduct disorder?
 ethnicity
 parental permissiveness
 number of parents
 * social economic status


66. Individuals who commit extremely violent acts are likely to have:
 low testosterone levels.
 * high testosterone levels.
 high serotonin levels.
 high androgen levels.


67. Individuals who have conduct disorder seem to have a disregard for punishment. This lack of inhibition in regard to consequence has been linked to:
 * low levels of serotonin.
 high levels of testosterone.
 high levels of serotonin.
 low levels of testosterone.

68. Children with autism show a marked delay or sometimes a total lack of:
 hearing.
 visual acuity.
 physical movement.
 * language development.


69. Tillie is seven and suffers from autism. She rarely talks. Although she never initiates speech, she sometimes will repeat a word or phrase a few minutes or sometime even hours after she has heard it spoken. This unusual speech pattern is known as:
 delayed repetition.
 a verbal response set.
 idiopathic speech.
 * echolalia.


70. Savant syndrome is:
 a unique and extraordinary ability in one particular discipline.
 * a unique and extraordinary ability in one particular area.
 a marked lack of intelligence, punctuated by one outstanding talent or ability.
 the extraordinary ability to learn many different talents.


71. Numerous investigations have revealed that the parents of children with autism:
 * do not differ from the parents of normal children.
 are not as nurturing as the parents of normal children.
 favor an authoritarian disciplinary style more often than the parents of normal children.
 are often more affectionate and nurturing than parents with normal children.


72. Increased size in the basal ganglia has been linked to:
 * the repetitious motor behaviors seen in autism.
 the communication difficulties seen in autism.
 the need for consistency exhibited by individuals with autism.
 the temper tantrums sometimes seen in individuals with autism.


73. As stated in the text, increased size of the _____________ has been linked to the temper problems and head banging seen in some individuals with autism.
 basal ganglia
 medulla
 * amygdala
 thalamus


74. Which of the following statements concerning the concordance rate of autism in siblings is true?
 Dizygotic twins have a higher concordance rate for autism than siblings who are not twins.
 * Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rate for autism than dizygotic twins.
 The non-twin siblings of children with autism have a higher concordance rate for autism than any type of twins. .
 There is a very low concordance rate for autism among monozygotic and dizygotic twins. 


75. Individuals with autism often have problems with their:
 cardiovascular system.
 * immune system.
 endocrine system.
 visual acuity.


76. Children with autism frequently engage in dangerous behaviors. The use of ________ treatments brings these behaviors to a stop, but a serious question of _________ arises with its use.
 drug; side effects
 reward; recidivism
 * aversive; ethics
 behavioral; morality


77. _____________ have proved to be the most effective means for reducing the potentially dangerous behaviors such as head banging sometimes engaged in by children with autism.
 Neuroleptics
 Antidepressants
 * Aversive treatments
 Behavior modification techniques


78. The most popular approach to the treatment of enuresis is:
 * the bell-and-pad procedure.
 psychotherapy.
 neuroleptics.
 antianxiety drugs.


79. Tic disorders:
 * involve recurrent involuntary motor movements.
 usually involve physical aggression.
 involve recurrent voluntary motor movements.
 involve the use of inappropriate language.


80. The physiological processing of information for storage takes place primarily in the:
 * hippocampus.
 hypothalamus.
 thalamus.
 pons.


81. Kerry suffered a severe head injury and now at times has great difficulty completing sentences because he cannot remember the particular word or words he needs to finish a thought. Kerry suffers from:
 anterograde amnesia.
 agnosia.
 apraxia.
 * aphasia.


82. ______________ is the inability to recall previous experiences.
 * Retrograde amnesia
 Anterograde amnesia
 Aphasia
 Cognitive abulia


83. The inability to process recent events into storage for recall is termed:
 * anterograde amnesia.
 retrograde amnesia.
 cognitive abulia.
 progressive memory loss.


84. Korsakoff's syndrome, a disorder seen most often in individuals suffering from alcoholism, is caused by:
 * a deterioration of the hippocampus resulting from a lack of vitamin B1.
 cerebral embolisms resulting from alcohol dislodging fatty deposits from arterial walls.
 cerebral infarctions due to alcohol induced high blood pressure.
 insufficient blood supply.


85. The loss of motor abilities seen in some individuals who suffer from dementia is called:
 aphasia.
 agnosia.
 anoxia.
 * apraxia.


86. Tobias is eighty-three and suffers from severe memory loss. He is at the point where he cannot recall the names of objects like the clock on the wall or the television. This is called:
 aphasia.
 apraxia.
 * agnosia.
 anoxia.


87. Onset of dementia that occurs after the age of 65 is termed:
 differential dementia.
 pervasive dementia.
 presenile dementia.
 * senile dementia.


88. Dementia brought about by Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:
 a deterioration of neurons in the basal ganglia.
 a step-like decline in intellectual functioning.
 * the formation of plaque on the neurons.
 infections and fevers of the brain.


89. In ________________, the primary symptoms involve problems with movement. Dementia sets in later and is a result of additional brain deterioration.
 * Parkinson's disease
 Huntington's disease
 Pick's disease
 Alzheimer's disease


90. _______________ disease is genetic in nature. It involves twitches of the facial area and progresses to a general jerking of the body. Steady, cerebral deterioration eventually results in dementia.
 * Huntington's
 Parkinson's
 Pick's
 Creutzfeld-Jakob


91. Attempts to improve memory in Alzheimer's patients have focused on the use of drugs which increase the availability of:
 dopamine.
 serotonin.
 * acetylcholine.
 norepinephrine.


92. The blockage of blood vessels in the brain can lead to strokes. These can be caused by a buildup of fatty material on the walls of arteries, a condition known as:
 * atherosclerosis.
 arteriosclerosis.
 an embolism.
 an aneurysm.


93. The weak spots in vessel walls in the brain, which can swell, potentially burst and lead to a stroke, are called:
 embolisms.
 * aneurysms.
 abulias.
 artereosclerotics.


94. Alcohol, narcotics and hallucinogens can all lead to:
 * delirium disorders.
 delirium tremens.
 dementia disorders.
 dementia psychosis.


95. Which of the following disorders associated with mental retardation can also occur in individuals of fairly normal intelligence?
 * Savant syndrome
 William's syndrome
 Klinefelter's syndrome
 Turner's syndrome


96. Trisomy 21, a chromosomal abnormality, is associated with:
 Cretinism.
 * Down syndrome.
 Turner's syndrome.
 Phenylketonuria.

97. The emotional and motor symptoms seen in individuals who are born with ___________ are very similar to those seen in cases of autism.
 Cretinism
 Down syndrome
 * Phenylketonuria
 Turner's syndrome.


98. Mental retardation because of maternal exposure to rubella can be prevented by:
 early detection of the disease.
 * vaccinations before pregnancy.
 vaccinations during pregnancy.
 adjusting maternal diet to be high in folic acid.


99. In general, the poor language habits and limited social environments sometimes found in the lower socioeconomic classes have the effect of:
 * hindering a child's problem-solving abilities.
 causing mental retardation.
 increasing a child's motivation to better their situation.
 all of the above.


100. The idea behind normalization is that those who are mentally retarded:
 do not have to be influenced by their intellectual limitations.
 are actually developmentally delayed and can be "normalized" through exposure.
 * can partially overcome their intellectual limitations by being exposed to normal situations.
 are too much of a burden on the economy if they are housed in institutions.