The areas across the field of psychology that are concerned primarily with solving practical problems are collectively called ______ psychology.      
 basic A     
 humanistic      
 behavioristic      
 * applied      
    

Which of the following, if any, is NOT considered a field of applied psychology?       
 industrial-organizational      
 school psychology      
 ergonomics      
 * each of the above is considered a field of applied psychology      
    

Which of the following is NOT a typical activity for industrial-organizational psychologists?       
 designing or redesigning jobs      
 advising employers on how to select among job applicants B     
 recommending incentives to improve work motivation      
 * counseling employees who have emotional disorders      
    

Dr. Domuch is a psychologist who helps a company train people for jobs, select good employees, and organize the workplace to maximize workers' productivity and satisfaction level. Dr. Domuch is probably a(n) ______ psychologist.     
 clinical      
 * industrial-organizational      
 cognitive      
 developmental      
    

If you ran a large corporation and you wanted to hire a psychologist to help ensure that you hired people who were well-suited for the jobs you have, you would be best advised to hire a(n) ______ psychologist.     
 counseling      
 community      
 social      
 * industrial-organizational      
    

Interviews are most useful in the hiring of appropriate employees if the interviews       
 involve the use of projective tests of personality.      
 * are standardized.      
 are individually tailored for each applicant.      
 are short and casual.      
    

An interviewer wishes to develop an interview process that has good validity for predicting the future job success of applicants. Which of the following is NOT good advice for the interviewer?     
 Select questions that are directly related to the job.      
 * Ask different questions to each different applicant.      
 Grade the answers of all applicants based on the same standards.     
 Have a panel of people rate each applicant.      
    

For which group of potential employees would a standard test of cognitive abilities have the MOST validity in predicting job performance?      
 highly experienced applicants      
 * inexperienced applicants      
 minority applicants      
 applicants with low motivation for achievement      
    

Many employers have used cognitive tests to help select among job applicants. One reason for being reluctant about using such tests is that      
 such tests have little or no validity for predicting success on the job.     
 the tests are more expensive and more time-consuming than are other equally useful methods of selecting among applicants.     
 * use of such tests has adverse impact on the employment of minority groups.     
 many applicants simply refuse to take such tests.      
    

Current U.S. laws require major employers to hire        
 the best qualified applicants, regardless of ethnic diversity.     
 an ethnically diverse work force, regardless of qualification.     
 * the best qualified applicants AND an ethnically diverse work force, even though those goals may be in conflict.     
 relatives of current employees before considering non-relatives of employees.     
    

Which of the following standards, if any, is ILLEGAL when hiring employees?       
 minimum height      
 maximum weight      
 minimum performance on a particular test of cognitive abilities     
 * Each of the above may be legal, if the employer can demonstrate the importance of that standard for performance of the job.    
    

Previous job experience is a better predictor of performance        
 * on relatively simple jobs than it is on most complex jobs. A     
 on complex jobs than it is on most relatively simple jobs.      
 in men than it is in women.      
 for people who have worked for many employers than for people who have worked for the same employer for many years.     
    

Which of the following best characterizes the current state of men and women in the workplace?       
 Women now advance more rapidly than men in business.      
 * Companies hire women about as frequently as men for their lower-level management positions.     
 Men and women get promotions and salary increases at about the same rate.     
 Women who reach high levels of leadership are generally rated as less effective than men at the same level in most business settings.    
    

Women at top levels of leadership generally are rated ______ men at the same level in business, and ______ effective than men at the same level in the military.      
 more effective than ... less      
 about as effective as ... more B     
 * about as effective as ... less      
 less effective than ... more      
    

The guiding assumption of "scientific management" or "Theory X" is that       
 job satisfaction is closely related to job productivity.      
 employees will work harder and more effectively if they are paid more.     
 * jobs should be simple and foolproof.      
 employees like a challenge and a sense of accomplishment.      
    

Theory X assumes that workers are        
 more motivated by self-actualization than by extrinsic rewards.     
 happy, interested, and industrious.      
 * lazy, indifferent, and uncreative.      
 more productive when middle-aged than when either young or old.     
    

Jobs designed according to the scientific-management approach are very likely to       
 reward individual initiative.      
 promote a sense of accomplishment in most workers.      
 overwhelm the average employee (be more challenging than most people can handle).     
 * be boring.      
    

According to ______ employees like to take responsibility for their work, to feel a sense of accomplishment, and they enjoy some variety in their job.      
 Theory X      
 * Theory Y      
 ergonomics theory      
 human factors theory      
    

A manager who strive to make employees' jobs challenging and interesting is using the       
 * human-relations approach.      
 scientific-management approach.      
 ergonomic approach.      
 Cleavon-Little approach.      
    

According to industrial-organizational psychologists, "performance is a function of ability times ______".       
 opportunity      
 * motivation      
 luck      
 more ability      
    

Fred's shoe store sells alligator-leather running shoes for men and women. When he is not waiting on a customer, which of the following would be LEAST likely to stock the shelves or do some other work that needs to be done around the store?     
 Burt, who is paid by the hour.      
 Carl, who is paid an annual salary.      
 * Josh, who is paid on commission.      
 Fred, who owns the store and works there as well.      
    

Which of the following is a main drawback to an employer paying workers bonuses for high productivity?       
 Workers who receive bonuses will generally lower their work output.     
 Workers who receive bonuses are more likely to quit their jobs once they receive their bonuses.     
 Bonuses only increase work performance if they are very large and the performance goals are very high.     
 * Workers who do not receive bonuses often feel cheated.      
    

The correlation between job satisfaction and productivity is        
 negative, around -.53. A     
 * low, around +.17.      
 moderately positive, around +.53.      
 highly positive, around +.91.      
    

Satisfied workers and dissatisfied workers are about equally likely to       
 * show up for work on time under normal weather conditions.      
 try to improve their work-related skills.      
 help co-workers.      
 make constructive suggestions for improving the organization.      
    

The primary concern in the field of ergonomics is to        
 understand the attitudes of people at work.      
 * improve the design of machines so that people can use them more effectively. B    
 choose the people who can most effectively learn how to operate machines.     
 redesign jobs so the more work can be done automatically and less by employees.     
    

Another name for the field of ergonomics is        
 industrial-organizational psychology.      
 school psychology.      
 * human factors.      
 artificial intelligence.      
    

Which of the following departments at a university would be LEAST likely to be involved in a program in ergonomics?       
 * sociology      
 psychology      
 engineering      
 computer science      
    

It is easier to learn that a burst of loud noise means danger than to learn that some melody means danger. This illustrates the ergonomic principle of ______.      
 parsimony      
 volume      
 * compatibility      
 mainstreaming      
    

Which of the following would be the best example of the ergonomic "principle of compatibility"?       
 Two people are more likely to fall in love if they share many common interests.     
 A drug that produces a mild effect, produces a stronger effect when combined with a second drug.     
 * A knob that is turned clockwise moves a machine to the right; the machine moves to the left when the knob is turned counterclockwise.    
 A computer program written for one type of computer can be used on other types of computers.     
    

Ergonomists increased the safety of air travel in the military by        
 teaching flight instructors the principles of positive reinforcement and punishment.     
 developing a test of personality that is used to weed out dangerous pilots.     
 persuading the Air Force to only issue licenses to pilots over the age of 30.     
 * developing a standard placement of knobs in aircraft.      
    

Ideally, gauges and dials in airplane cockpits should be structured so that they can be processed       
 * through preattentive processing.      
 sequentially.      
 by air traffic controllers on the ground, rather than by pilots.     
 better by an inexperienced pilot than by an experienced pilot.     
    

Ergonomists would advise governments of multilingual countries to erect road signs       
 in the dominant language of the people of the entire country.      
 in the dominant language of each individual region of the country.     
 in as many of the languages spoken in the country as possible.     
 * that use a standard system of nonverbal symbols.      
    

Psychological researchers have found that warning signs (such as "No trespassing") are most effective if       
 the sign is attached to a wall or some other permanent fixture.     
 the words are written in large, upper-case, red letters.      
 the words are written in small, lower-case, black letters.      
 * the sign gives a reason for the warning.      
    

The minimum requirement to be a school psychologist in the United States is usually a       
 bachelor's degree. A     
 * master's degree.      
 doctorate degree.      
 pulse.      
    

A psychologist who administers and interprets the results of tests (including IQ tests) in the K through 12 school setting is probably a(n)      
 ergonomist.      
 human factors psychologist.      
 educational psychologist.      
 * school psychologist.      
    

The demand for school psychologists in the United States greatly increased in the mid-1970s when a law was passed that       
 required each school in the country to have a school psychologist on staff.     
 prevented the use of IQ tests in public schools. B     
 * required public schools to provide education for all children, regardless of their limitations.     
 prevented schools from discriminating in their hiring practices against emotionally unstable teachers.     
    

How many children experience "school phobia"?        
 Almost all children, at some point in their lives.      
 About half of schoolchildren.      
 About one-third of schoolchildren.      
 * Very few: about one in one-hundred.      
    

Current research indicates that most cases of school phobia are due to       
 * a fear of school, based on bad experiences in the past.      
 anxiety at being separated from one's parents.      
 a genetic abnormality on a single, recessive gene.      
 intentional faking by the child.      
    

When dealing with a case of "school phobia" the role of a school psychologist typically is to       
 prescribe antianxiety medication.      
 persuade the child about the importance of education, and encourage the child to stop "faking".     
 administer punishment to the child.      
 * identify the source of the child's fear, and find ways to deal with those fears.