A psychologist plans to measure your attitudes toward environmental protection laws by means of a Likert scale. This means that you will be asked to      
 tell stories about a series of ambiguous pictures.      
 explain the reasons behind your attitudes.      
 * make checks on a series of lines that have some values like 1 to 7.     
 describe everything you know about current environmental laws.     
    

A common way of measuring attitudes is to have people check points along a line ranging from 1, meaning "strongly disagree" to 5 or 7, meaning "strongly agree." This rating scale is called a ______ scale.     
 proximity      
 Watson B     
 Cacioppo      
 * Likert      
    

A Likert scale is commonly used to measure        
 * attitudes.      
 overt behaviors.      
 sympathetic arousal.      
 cognitive dissonance.      
    

One of the main limitations of the use of Likert scales to measure attitudes is that       
 the scales are difficult to use and require extensive experience with the English language.     
 * people are not always aware of their own attitudes.      
 people of various cultures tend to all respond the same way that Americans respond.     
 expensive computer technology is required to score and interpret the responses.     
    

Why does behavior correlate so weakly with attitudes?        
 Our attitudes change much more frequently than our behavior changes.     
 We typically misinterpret what the correct application of our attitude should be, in terms of behavior.     
 We usually behave in a way to intentionally hide or mask our true attitudes.     
 * Many variables other than our attitudes also influence our behavior.     
    

People who change their behavior from one situation to another in order to make the best possible impression have which personality trait?      
 * high self-monitoring      
 external locus of control      
 internal locus of control      
 low self-monitoring      
    

The match between the attitudes people express and the way they actually behave is greater for       
 * low self-monitors than for high self-monitors.      
 people with an internal locus of control than for people with an external locus of control.     
 people with an external locus of control than for people with an internal locus of control.     
 high self-monitors than for low self-monitors.      
    

The personality trait of high self-monitoring vs. low self-monitoring has to do with whether people       
 feel anxiety just in certain situations or at practically all times.     
 feel limited by sex-role stereotypes or whether they feel free to combine masculine and feminine traits.     
 * change their behavior from one situation to another to try to make a good impression.     
 believe that they are in control of their own successes and failures or whether they believe external forces are in control.     
    

People listening to a message on a topic they consider very important will probably follow the ______ route to persuasion.       
 dissonant      
 * central      
 self-perceptive      
 peripheral      
    

You listen to your psychology professor try to persuade you to change your major from astrology to psychology. Since your future success may depend on this decision, you probably will follow the ______ route to persuasion.     
 dissonant      
 * central      
 self-perceptive      
 peripheral      
    

A poorly qualified speaker proposes a reasonable idea. What kind of influence (if any) is this likely to have on those who hear it?      
 They will move toward accepting the opposite idea. A     
 * They will disregard the idea at first but take it seriously later.     
 They will be persuaded at first but they will reject the idea later.     
 They will ignore the idea, both immediately and later.      
    

The "sleeper effect" refers to the fact that        
 people are more easily persuaded after they have had a good night's sleep.     
 people are easily persuaded by messages they hear while they are asleep.     
 the effect of peripheral-route influences increase over time.      
 * people often accept a message that they initially rejected, once they begin to forget peripheral- route influences.     
    

A minority group is most likely to persuade the majority to accept its position if the minority       
 has a vague or complicated message.      
 admits that its own members are divided on the issue. B     
 * constantly repeats a single, simple message.      
 shows that it is willing to compromise.      
    

A minority of the members of some organization continue presenting their views, even though they are consistently defeated in all votes. What is a likely outcome of their efforts?      
 If the minority continues stating the same message, the majority will refuse to listen or to take further votes on the issue.    
 If the minority continues stating the same message, the majority will harden its own position and probably even become more extreme.    
 * If the message is simple and the minority seems united, the majority may eventually adopt a position similar to what the minority advocated.    
 If the minority admits that they see both sides of the issue and that their own members are divided, the majority may adopt a position similar to what the minority advocated.    
    

A speaker tries to persuade people to do something by describing the dangers they face if they fail to act. The speech is most likely to be persuasive if the danger seems ______ and if the listeners believe that they ____ do something about it.     
 * real ... can      
 real ... cannot      
 exaggerated ... can      
 exaggerated ... cannot      
    

One speaker warns people about the danger of AIDS. Another speaker warns of the danger of the greenhouse effect. A survey reveals that the AIDS speech was more persuasive. One likely explanation is that     
 the danger of AIDS affects more people than the greenhouse effect does.     
 the danger of the greenhouse effect seems realistic but the AIDS danger is more extreme.     
 * people see how to prevent AIDS but not how to prevent the greenhouse effect.     
 the actor-observer effect applies to AIDS but not to the greenhouse effect.     
    

Under what circumstances (if any) is it easier to persuade intelligent people than to persuade unintelligent people?       
 when you are trying to persuade people to believe something that is not supported by solid evidence     
 when you are relying largely on fear tactics to persuade people     
 * when you are trying to persuade people to believe something complicated     
 under no circumstances      
    

You are going to make a speech in favor of outlawing squirt guns. Your audience is intelligent and well educated. The persuasiveness of your speech will probably be decreased if      
 you describe moderate and realistic dangers associated with the use of squirt guns.     
 * someone tells the audience in advance about the point of your speech.     
 you rely on the central route to persuasion (as opposed to the peripheral route).     
 you present detailed facts and statistics to support your argument.     
    

Simply informing an audience a few minutes ahead of time about the content of a persuasive speech will make the speech ______ effective in changing attitudes. This is called the ______.      
 * less ... forewarning effect      
 more ... forewarning effect      
 less ... inoculation effect      
 more ... inoculation effect      
    

Group A listens to a strong speech in favor of stiffer penalties for drunk driving. Group B listens first to a weak speech and later to a strong speech. How much are the two groups likely to be persuaded?     
 Group B will not be persuaded at all; Group A will be persuaded AGAINST stiffer laws.     
 * Group A will be persuaded more strongly than Group B.      
 Both groups will persuaded about equally.      
 Group B will be persuaded more strongly than Group A.      
    

If you want your children to preserve the beliefs and attitudes you try to teach them, you should       
 repeat the same arguments for those beliefs over and over.      
 shield them from people who might disagree with those beliefs.     
 * expose them to some arguments against those beliefs.      
 pay them large rewards for expressing agreement with those beliefs.     
    

The term "cognitive dissonance" means        
 any change in one's attitudes. A     
 * disharmony among one's thoughts.      
 doing the same thing one says one will do.      
 forming attitudes that are in agreement with the facts.      
    

Suppose Joe is experiencing cognitive dissonance. One way that he could minimize that dissonance is to       
 substitute cooperation for competition with other people.      
 make more situational attributions and fewer dispositional attributions.     
 maintain his current attitudes and behavior without change for as long as possible.     
 * change some of his attitudes to bring them in line with his actions.     
    

An experimenter pays a subject $1 to tell someone else that a particular monotonous, boring task was really interesting. This procedure will probably generate      
 an attributional bias.      
 * cognitive dissonance. B     
 bystander apathy.      
 groupthink.      
    

According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, people who accept a very small payment to tell a lie to another person are likely to      
 * come to believe their own lie.      
 become angry at the experimenter.      
 solidify their original opinion that the statement is indeed a lie.     
 become very relaxed about telling other lies in the future.      
    

According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, which of the following would be most likely to make someone enjoy some boring task?      
 Frankly admit that everyone else considers the task dull.      
 Physically force the person to do the task.      
 * Provide just a minimum reward for doing the task.      
 Reward the person well for doing the task.      
    

A basketball game ends with a score of 155-13. The fans who paid to see the game say it was exciting, but those who got in free say it was boring. What psychological principle is probably responsible for the difference in reactions?     
 attributional bias      
 group polarization effect      
 the collective unconscious      
 * cognitive dissonance      
    

Experiments on cognitive dissonance suggest that        
 to change people's behavior, it is necessary to change their attitudes first.     
 intelligent people are less likely than others are to be creative thinkers.     
 intelligent people are more likely than others are to be creative thinkers.     
 * it is possible to change people's attitudes by changing their behavior first.     
    

Which of the following phenomena might be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance?       
 Birds of a feather flock together.      
 As soon as one person in a crowded theater panics, everyone panics.     
 * People who buy something at full price like it better than those who buy it on sale.     
 People generally come to like tasks on which they excel, and they spend less and less time on tasks they fail.     
    

Suppose your parents pay you to get good grades. According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, you are most likely to develop a positive attitude toward your studying if they pay you      
 * a small amount -- such as $2 -- for each A.      
 a very large amount -- such as $100 -- for each A.      
 an intermediate amount -- such as $20 -- for each A.      
 none of the above      
    

The "primacy effect" refers to the fact that        
 what people say is more important than what they do when you are forming your first impression.     
 what people do is more important than what they say when you are forming your first impression.     
 * the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information.     
 unusual information about someone is harder to remember than expected information.     
    

Professor Fairperson asks all his students to sign their name on the first essay test of the semester, but on later tests he asks them to write only their social security number or some other code. What is the probable reason?     
 He plans to use the identification numbers to form a Likert scale.     
 * He wants to avoid being influenced by his first impressions.      
 He wants to decrease test anxiety by promoting a feeling of anonymity.     
 He wants to test the correlation between the students' identification numbers and their performances.     
    

In one study, college students were asked to rate the intelligence and personality of people they had never met. All they had was what was shown in a college yearbook. What happened?      
 * They gave more favorable ratings to good-looking people than A to less attractive people.     
 They gave more favorable ratings to people with common names (such as Johnson) than to people with unusual or foreign-sounding names (such as Raskolnikov).    
 They gave more favorable ratings to people who looked serious than to people who were smiling.     
 On the average they gave everyone the same rating.      
    

Compared to physically attractive people, unattractive people are more likely to be       
 perceived as intelligent.      
 perceived as socially skilled.      
 paid higher salaries.      
 * perceived as unpleasant.      
    

The expectations teachers have regarding school performance        
 are higher for shy children than for children who are not shy.     
 are higher for unattractive children than for attractive children. B    
 * are higher for attractive children than for unattractive children.     
 are usually based solely on the child's past performance, and are not influenced by the physical characteristics of the child.     
    

Research suggests that when we are forming a first impression of someone, and the verbal information conflicts with the nonverbal information, we      
 disregard both sources of information.      
 * place more trust in the nonverbal information.      
 place more trust in the verbal information.      
 weigh the verbal and nonverbal information equally and form an impression that combines the two.     
    

A ______ is a generalized belief or expectation about a group of people; a(n) ______ is a negative attitude about a group of people.      
 * stereotype ... prejudice      
 stereotype ... attribution      
 prejudice ... stereotype      
 prejudice ... attribution      
    

One reason why we sometimes form stereotypes about other groups of people is that we tend to       
 pay more attention to the most recent information we have learned and to forget the earlier information.     
 attribute other people's behavior to external factors more than internal factors.     
 * remember unusual behaviors more clearly than common behaviors.     
 ignore behavior that we know is different from our own.      
    

When we observe the behavior of other people, we are most likely to notice and remember when a member of the ______ group does something ______.      
 * minority ... unusual      
 majority ... unusual      
 majority ... ordinary      
 minority ... ordinary      
    

One reason why many people form stereotypes about minority groups is that       
 * we tend to remember unusual behavior by minority group members even if the same behavior is equally common in the majority group.    
 we tend to remember what members of the majority group have done and then assume that members of the minority group must behave in an opposite way.    
 minority groups are not subject to the group polarization effect.     
 we attribute other people's behavior mostly to the situation.      
    

A European-American whose attitude toward African-American is characterized by ambivalence feels that       
 European-Americans are superior to African-Americans in every way.     
 African-Americans are superior to European-Americans in every way.     
 African-Americans and European-Americans are equal in every way.     
 * African-Americans, in general, have some positive qualities, but also have some negative qualities.     
    

According to research concerning European-Americans' reactions to European-American or African-American group leaders, most European-Americans tend to      
 give more favorable ratings to European-American leaders than to African-Americans, regardless of how successfully they perform their tasks.    
 give more favorable ratings to African-American leaders than to European-Americans, regardless of how successfully they perform their tasks.    
 * praise successful African-Americans more than successful European-Americans, but criticize unsuccessful African-Americans more harshly than unsuccessful European-Americans.    
 praise successful European-Americans more than successful African-Americans, but criticize unsuccessful European-Americans more harshly than unsuccessful African-Americans.    
    

A European-American whose attitude toward African-American is characterized by ambivalence will tend to ______ African-Americans who succeed and ______ African-Americans who fail.     
 scorn ... admire      
 * admire ... scorn      
 ignore ... emphasize      
 emphasize ... ignore      
    

One effective way to break down the stereotypes that European-American children and African-American children form about one another is to      
 arrange tasks that encourage them to compete. A     
 make use of the sleeper effect.      
 * arrange tasks that encourage them to cooperate.      
 make use of the forewarning effect.      
    

Two groups of boys at a summer camp at Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma, each developed prejudice and hostility toward members of the other group. The hostility turned to friendship when      
 the groups were allowed to compete with each other for prizes.     
 * the groups were required to work cooperatively toward a common goal.     
 the counselors told the boys they could no longer visit the nearby girls' camp.     
 one group attacked and subdued the other.      
    

The process of assigning causes to someone's behavior (including one's own) is known as       
 cognitive dissonance.      
 group polarization. B     
 * attribution.      
 bias.      
    

"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person." This is an example of a/an       
 biased attribution.      
 external attribution.      
 * internal attribution.      
 reflexive attribution.      
    

You are likely to attribute someone's behavior to an internal cause (instead of an external cause) if       
 the person behaves differently toward different people.      
 the person's behavior is similar to that of other people.      
 * the person's behavior is consistent from one situation to another.     
 you think you would probably behave the same way in the same situation.     
    

Scott is unhappy right now, during math class. According to Harold Kelley, you are likely to attribute Scott's unhappiness to internal factors (as opposed to external factors) if      
 almost everyone in the class seems unhappy right now.      
 Scott is always unhappy in math but happy in history class.      
 * Scott seems to be unhappy more often than most people.      
 Scott seemed happy three out of the last six times you saw him.     
    

People are most likely to attribute someone's behavior to internal causes when that person's behavior is       
 the same thing the observer would have done.      
 highly variable from one situation to another.      
 * unusual or surprising.      
 unpredictable.      
    

Harold Kelley proposed that we rely on three types of information in deciding whether to make an internal or external attribution. Which of the following is NOT one of those types of information?      
 consensus information      
 * creativeness information      
 consistency information      
 distinctiveness information      
    

If someone seems friendly most of the time, we tend to make an internal attribution (such as "this person is friendly"). This is an example of making a decision based on      
 consensus information.      
 creativeness information.      
 * consistency information.      
 distinctiveness information.      
    

Using Kelley's (1967) terminology, making an external attribution when someone who is friendly to most people is unfriendly to one particular individual is based on ______.      
 consensus information      
 creativeness information      
 consistency information      
 * distinctiveness information      
    

Your friend Tina returns from watching a movie and says it was excellent. Everyone else you talked to hated it. What kind of attribution for Tina's enjoyment will you probably make, and why?      
 * internal, due to consensus      
 internal, due to consistency      
 external, due to consensus      
 external, due to distinctiveness      
    

The "fundamental attribution error" is the tendency to        
 use external causes as "decoy" attributions to explain our A failures.     
 feel less responsibility for helping someone when you know that other people are around.     
 * overemphasize internal attributions for other people's behavior.     
 silence all disagreement and move quickly toward a group decision.     
    

When people are called upon to explain someone's behavior, they are most likely to explain it in terms of personality factors or internal factors when they are talking about      
 their own behavior.      
 * someone else's behavior.      
 behavior that changes from one situation to another.      
 behavior that is not surprising because almost anyone else would do the same thing.     
    

The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute your own behavior mostly to ______ causes and the behavior of other people mostly to ______ causes.      
 real ... imaginary      
 * external ... internal B     
 internal ... external      
 imaginary ... real      
    

Which of the following statements is a typical example of the actor-observer effect?       
 "I am studying because I enjoy learning; Lynn is studying because her parents will punish her if she doesn't study."     
 "I painted a picture of some mountain climbers, then Lynn copied me and drew the same thing."     
 * "I went to the party because other people expected me to; Lynn went to the party because she likes parties."     
 "I have been watching Lynn acting on stage, and I think she is doing a great job."     
    

In one study, subjects were asked whether their own behavior and the behavior of other people depended mostly on their personality traits or whether it "depended on the situation." They were most likely to say "depends on the situation" when they were asked about     
 people they knew well (such as their close relatives).      
 * themselves.      
 people they did not know personally (such as a news announcer).     
 people they knew moderately well (such as a person they had met a few weeks ago).     
    

Subjects in an experiment read an essay that praised Fidel Castro, the Communist leader of Cuba. After reading the essay most subjects judged that the writer was ______. After being told that the writer was assigned, essay, MOST readers judged the writer to be __     
 pro-Castro ... anti-Castro      
 * pro-Castro ... pro-Castro      
 pro-Castro ... neutral      
 anti-Castro ... pro-Castro      
    

One reason for the actor-observer effect is that        
 * we are more aware of how our own behavior varies than how other people's behavior varies.     
 we consider our own behavior to be unpredictable, but we find it easy to predict what other people will do.     
 when other people do the same thing we are doing, we assume they are copying us.     
 when we watch someone else behave, we usually notice the external factors that are controlling the behavior.     
    

Which procedure can increase the probability that people will give internal attributions for their own behavior?       
 Point out to them the way their behavior differs from one time to another.     
 Place them in an unusual situation they have never encountered before.     
 Have them watch someone else who engages in the same behaviors they do themselves.     
 * Have them watch a videotape of their own behavior.      
    

Having people watch videotapes of their own behavior tends to        
 * minimize attributional bias.      
 lead to diffusion of responsibility.      
 lead to cognitive dissonance.      
 promote groupthink.      
    

You go along with a crowd to watch "Return of the Killer Tomato That Devoured Cleveland." As an example of the actor-observer effect, you are likely to believe that      
 everyone else in the crowd is almost exactly as interested (or uninterested) in the movie as you are.     
 * the others are really interested in the movie, even though your main desire is just to be with the crowd.     
 the others are less interested in the movie than you are.      
 the people in the crowd will act much like the characters (including the monster) in the movie.Answer: B     
    

Attributions that we adopt in an effort to maximize our credit for success and minimize our blame for failure are called       
 self-efficacy beliefs.      
 * self-serving biases.      
 fundamental attribution errors.      
 ambivalency biases.      
    

One reason why some people adopt a "self-handicapping strategy," such as staying out late and failing to study the night before a test, is that they want to      
 * attribute their failure to lack of sleep. A     
 attribute their failure to internal causes.      
 demonstrate that their performance is consistent despite variations in effort.     
 show off that they can succeed despite lack of effort.      
    

Most people feel better about a failure if they can attribute it to something about the situation instead of their own ability. For this reason, a number of people      
 * intentionally put themselves at a disadvantage on certain tasks.     
 express their ambitions in more exact terms than are really necessary.     
 prefer to associate with people more successful than themselves.     
 give the same attributions to their own behavior as to other people's behavior.     
    

An example of a "self-handicapping strategy" would be a student who       
 barely studied for a test he thought he would probably get an "A" on.     
 * barely studied for a test he thought he would probably fail. B     
 took an extremely heavy load of courses during fall semester, and studied constantly in order to do well.     
 pretended to need a wheelchair in order to meet members of the opposite sex.     
    

Subjects who are under a great deal of anxiety are more likely than other people to want to be       
 with calm, confident people.      
 with people they have never met before.      
 by themselves.      
 * with people in a similar predicament.      
    

According to social psychologists, a more accurate way of phrasing the old expression "misery loves company" is       
 misery loves noisy company.      
 misery loves quiet company.      
 misery loves happy company.      
 * misery loves miserable company.      
    

According to an experiment by Schachter, what kind of instructions generally increase people's desire to wait with other people instead of waiting alone?      
 instructions that increase anger      
 instructions that minimize all emotions      
 * instructions that increase anxiety      
 instructions that suggest a need for intense concentration      
    

In Schachter's experiment in which he tested the effect of anxiety on people's desire to wait alone or with other people, how did he manipulate anxiety?      
 the time of year (that is, how long it was until the final exam)     
 * the instructions at the start of the experiment regarding the painfulness of expected shocks     
 whether the experiment was conducted by a pleasant young woman or a disagreeable older man     
 how close the experimenter stood to each of the subjects      
    

Some subjects are given instructions designed to lead to anxiety. With which kind of people, if any, will these subjects probably prefer to wait while the experimenter sets up the equipment?      
 subjects who are waiting for a different, less anxiety-provoking experiment     
 * subjects who are waiting for the same experiment      
 students who are not participants in any experiment at all      
 no one (They prefer to be alone.)      
    

In a study done at the graduate housing complex at MIT, residents in a two-story apartment building were asked to list their three closest friends. It was discovered that people were most likely to make friends with     
 * their next-door neighbors.      
 people directly above or below them.      
 people on the same floor, but two or three apartments away.      
 people in a different building.      
    

The "mere-exposure effect" refers to the fact that        
 we tend to dislike someone we are merely exposed to, if we are unable to interact with them.     
 proximity makes people like each other less.      
 we tend to prefer people we have merely been exposed to over those we know well.     
 * we tend to increase our liking for people who have become familiar.     
    

The more often we come in contact with another person or thing the ______ likely we are to like that person or object. This is called the ______ effect.      
 * more ... mere-exposure      
 less ... mere-exposure      
 more ... equity      
 less ... equity      
    

According to social psychologists, which of these common sayings is LEAST often true?       
 Forewarned is forearmed. A     
 Birds of a feather flock together.      
 * Opposites attract.      
 Misery loves company.      
    

People are most likely to date people who are ______ and ______.        
 * similar to themselves ... are attractive      
 different from themselves ... are attractive      
 similar to themselves ... live far away from them      
 different from themselves ... live far away from them      
    

According to exchange or equity theory, a romantic relationship is most likely to endure if both partners       
 come from a similar background.      
 have an androgynous personality. B     
 * think they get as much as they give.      
 give each other presents.      
    

Based on the equity principle, someone can most easily achieve a good relationship if that person seeks a partner who is       
 much more attractive than himself/herself.      
 much less attractive than himself/herself.      
 much wealthier than himself/herself.      
 * as similar to himself/herself as possible.      
    

An attractive person your own age from another country moves in next door to you. Neither of you speaks the other's language. Which of the following factors would most work AGAINST your becoming friends?     
 proximity      
 mere-exposure effect      
 attractiveness      
 * similarity principle      
    

According to a sociobiological point of view, how should the reproductive strategies of men and women differ?       
 Women should prefer mates younger than themselves, while men should prefer mates their own age.     
 Men should be more concerned than women about their potential mate's wealth, ambition, and intelligence.     
 * Women should prefer fewer mates than men do.      
 The number of partners men have should be influenced by cultural standards; the number of partners women have should be independent of cultural standards.    
    

In every culture for which we have data, it has been found that women report a preference for slightly ______ men, while men prefer women who are ______ themselves.      
 younger ... younger than      
 younger ... about the same age as      
 older ... about the same age as      
 * older ... younger than      
    

In general, who would be MORE upset to find out that their partner became emotionally close to another partner than to find out their partner had sex with someone else?      
 men, but not women      
 * women, but not men      
 both men and women      
 neither men nor women (both would be more upset to find out that their partner had sex)     
    

According to sociobiological theory, we prefer attractive mates because we infer that they are ______.       
 * healthy      
 wealthy      
 wise      
 genetically similar to ourselves      
    

Robert Sternberg has described love in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment. What is the relationship among those three aspects?      
 * The three aspects are independent of one another.      
 Intimacy is long-lasting; passion and commitment are temporary.     
 Intimacy plus passion equals commitment.      
 People have to develop intimacy before they can develop passion or commitment.     
    

Using Sternberg's dimensions of love, which of the following, if any, would NOT be possible in a love relationship?       
 passion without intimacy      
 intimacy without commitment      
 commitment without passion      
 * All of the above are possible, since passion, intimacy, and commitment are independent.     
    

Hendrick and Hendrick identified three primary styles of love: eros (passionate erotic love), ludus (uncommitted, game-playing love), and storge (friendship love). Comparing men and women, they found men are more ______ and women are more ______.     
 ludic ... erotic A     
 * ludic ... storgic      
 storgic ... ludic      
 storgic ... erotic      
    

According to George Levinger, romantic relationships go through five stages. The first stage, initial attraction, is usually followed by the ______ stage.      
 consolidation      
 continuation      
 deterioration      
 * buildup      
    

According to George Levinger, romantic relationships go through five stages. Which stage is characterized by couples learning new things about each other and gradually revealing intimate, even embarrassing, information about themselves?     
 consolidation      
 continuation B     
 deterioration      
 * buildup      
    

Steve and Mary have been married for some time. They no longer discover worked out a complex Levinger's terms, they are in the ______ stage of their relationship.     
 initial attraction      
 buildup      
 * continuation      
 deterioration      
    

Exchange theory would predict that one partner in a relationship will want out of the relationship, or may engage in something like an extramarital affair, when      
 the relationship no longer involves discovering exciting new things about each other.     
 * that partner believes he or she is not getting a fair share out of the relationship.     
 that partner finds someone else more physically attractive.      
 the couple reaches middle age.      
    

In general, college men are ______ sensitive to problems in their relationships than college women, and the men usually seem ______ upset than the women when breakup occurs.      
 more ... more      
 more ... less      
 * less ... more      
 less ... less      
    

In college-age couples, ______ seem to monitor their relationship most closely, and ______ usually seem more upset when breakup occurs.      
 * women ... men      
 women ... women      
 men ... men      
 men ... women      
    

If you stare at an illuminated point in an otherwise dark room it seems to move. If someone suggests that you might see it move in a particular direction or at a particular speed, you probably do. This phenomenon is known as     
 groupthink.      
 the phi effect.      
 motion parallex.      
 * the autokinetic effect.      
    

Asch's studies revealed that people conform to the opinions and behaviors of other people       
 only when there is no objective right or wrong.      
 only when they realize that they have no basis for an opinion of their own.     
 only when there is some ambiguity about what is right or wrong.     
 * even when they know the other people's opinion is wrong.      
    

According to Asch's studies, about how many people conform to the opinion of the majority even when they know the majority is wrong?      
 * More than half of all people conform at least some of the time.     
 About 1% of all people conform all the time, but others almost never do.     
 About 99% percent of all people conform more than half the time.     
 No one whom Asch tested conformed when the majority was clearly wrong.     
    

According to Asch's studies of conformity,        
 * the tendency to conform to a group of three is as large as it is with larger groups.     
 it is just as easy to resist conforming when you are a minority of one as when you have an ally.     
 people who conformed always claimed that their perceptions had been distorted.     
 people do not conform on questions where there is an objective right and wrong.     
    

Wanda Wonderful finds herself in disagreement with her group of friends. Her likelihood of conforming to them       
 increases steadily as the size of the group increases. A     
 has no relationship to the size of the group.      
 declines if she is outnumbered by more than 10 to 1.      
 * declines if she has one ally who agrees with her.      
    

Which of the people described below would be LEAST likely to conform to the opinions of the majority?       
 someone who is outnumbered 25 to 1      
 someone who is outnumbered 10 to 1      
 someone who is outnumbered 3 to 1      
 * someone who is outnumbered 6 to 2      
    

People in a group (especially a group of strangers) are less likely to offer help to a person in need than is a single individual. Of the following, which is the best explanation for this tendency?     
 cognitive dissonance      
 * diffusion of responsibility B     
 group polarization      
 prisoner's dilemma      
    

Psychologists Latane and Darley propose that no one helped Kitty Genovese when she was attacked near her apartment in New York in 1964 because      
 nobody realized she needed help.      
 it appeared that she was the one who was doing the attacking.      
 nobody wanted to get involved out of fear for their own life.      
 * everyone knew there were other people who could, and presumably would, help her.     
    

In general, which of the following factors DECREASES the probability that a given person will come to the aid of a person in distress?      
 being certain that the person needs help      
 personally knowing the person in distress      
 * having other people around who might also help      
 having plenty of time available      
    

You are LEAST likely to help other people in distress when        
 * many other people are present.      
 you know the person in distress personally.      
 you are in no hurry.      
 no one else is present.      
    

Social loafing refers to people's tendency to        
 group other people together based on social status.      
 put less effort into relationships that have been ongoing than into new relationships.     
 * work less hard when sharing the work with other people than when working alone.     
 work less hard when you have an audience than when you are alone.     
    

You are asked to "name all the uses you can think of for a brick," writing each one on a card. If you are working by yourself you will probably come if you are working as part of a group. example of what psychologists call     
 diffusion of responsibility.      
 conformity.      
 group polarization.      
 * social loafing.      
    

Social loafing generally does NOT occur        
 * when people know that their individual contribution can be evaluated.     
 when there are more than 10 people in the group.      
 when all of the group members are the same sex.      
 when there are both men and women in the group.      
    

Which of the following would DECREASE social loafing?        
 increase the size of the group      
 make each individual's contribution to the group effort anonymous     
 decrease the importance of the task being worked on by the group     
 * convince group members that their contribution to the success of the project is unique     
    

Very few people work hard to clean up the environment, because they believe their own contribution would not make a noticeable difference. This exemplifies      
 group polarization.      
 the inoculation effect.      
 self-perception theory.      
 * social loafing.      
    

The head of a large library wants to improve the way his staff reshelves books. Based on what we know about social loafing, good advice for the librarian would be      
 hire only female employees. A     
 have the staff work together as a group.      
 * assign each staff member one set of shelves, and monitor the quality of those shelves.     
 have workers work in pairs.      
    

The "group polarization effect" refers to the fact that        
 a group that is composed of people with widely differing opinions tends to shift most of them toward a moderate position.     
 people with opposite personalities find each other attractive.     
 groups that discuss an issue tend to split into opposite, hostile camps.     
 * after a group discusses an issue it tends to shift toward a more extreme opinion.     
    

If a group is composed mostly of people who lean in one direction on some controversial issue, then after the group has discussed the issue, the majority of those people will probably      
 * shift their opinions even further in the same direction.      
 shift to a position nearly opposite to the one they started with. B    
 shift their opinions toward a more moderate position.      
 stick to just about the same position they started with.      
    

The "group polarization effect" is UNLIKELY to occur if the group members       
 are already acquainted with one another.      
 * are almost equally divided in their opinions before starting a discussion.     
 try to remain friendly and cohesive.      
 all lean in the same direction on a controversial issue before the start of a discussion.     
    

A group begins to discuss a difficult or controversial issue. "Group polarization" is most likely to occur if the group members       
 are about equally divided between two positions at the start of the discussion.     
 * are nearly in agreement at the start of the discussion.      
 vote entirely by secret ballot.      
 like to argue with each other.      
    

The term "groupthink" refers to the observation that        
 people who belong to any group tend to develop prejudices against all nonmembers of the group.     
 a group of people working together generates more ideas than the same number of people working independently.     
 people are likely to explain their own behavior in situational terms and other people's behavior in dispositional terms.    
 * groups sometimes make bad decisions because they fail to challenge one another's decisions.     
    

In 1986 NASA decided to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite protests from project engineers that it was unsafe to launch in cold weather. Top decision makers told those who disagreed to keep quiet. This is an example of     
 the actor-observer effect.      
 * groupthink.      
 the commons dilemma.      
 the fundamental attribution error.      
    

Which of the following public events is an apparent example of the phenomenon of GROUPTHINK?       
 obedience to inhuman orders from the Nazi government of Germany during World War II     
 the debate between presidential candidates Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan in 1980     
 * the United States government's decision to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961     
 the ratification of the Bill of Rights by the United States      
    

How does the phenomenon of "groupthink" tend to affect the opinions of a group of people who are discussing an issue?       
 They reach an intelligent, well-informed decision.      
 * They suppress disagreement and reach an apparently unanimous decision.     
 They start off leaning in one direction and end up making a decision in the opposite direction.     
 They argue endlessly and fail to reach any decision at all.      
    

Which of the following techniques would NOT reduce the likelihood of groupthink?       
 have group leaders encourage dissent      
 divide the group into independent subgroups      
 seek advice of experts outside the group      
 * emphasize the importance of group loyalty      
    

Judges will excuse "for cause" any juror who        
 has less than a high-school education.      
 would prefer not to serve on a jury.      
 * could not render a fair and impartial judgement.      
 has served on a jury before.      
    

What do the terms "death-scrupled" and "death-qualified" refer to?       
 the degree to which someone would unconditionally follow a A leader     
 * the opinions held by a prospective juror regarding the death penalty     
 the amount of time and thought a person has put into preparing for his or her own death     
 the amount of time and thought a person has put into preparing for the death of a loved one     
    

Because of the laws excluding death-scrupled people from juries in murder trials, the juries in those trials will have a disproportionately high number of      
 * older European-American men.      
 younger African-American men.      
 older African-American women.      
 younger European-American women.