What percentage (approximately) of the people who consult psychotherapists have no psychological disorder, but are fairly normal, healthy people hoping to improve some aspect of their lives? less than 1% 5-10% * 40-50% 85-90% Methods of psychotherapy that attempt to unravel people's underlying drives and motives are called _______ therapies. rational-emotive * psychodynamic behavior person-centered Freud's method of psychotherapy is called rational-emotive therapy. eclectic therapy. cognitive therapy. * psychoanalysis. The main goal of psychoanalysis is to change the behavior of people who do not really want to A change. make well-defined changes in behavior through positive reinforcement. * bring unconscious thoughts to consciousness. increase unconditional positive regard. Which method of psychotherapy relies on free association, dream analysis, and an analysis of transference reactions? behavior modification * psychoanalysis Gestalt therapy person-centered therapy When a psychoanalyst asks someone to "free associate," what should the person do? Talk freely to a group of strangers. Sit quietly and let the mind go blank. B Try to remember everything that has happened that day. * Say everything that comes to mind. For what purpose does a psychoanalyst ask a client to engage in free association? * to gain access to the client's unconscious mind to improve the client's ability to socialize with other people to set specific goals and provide reinforcements for achieving them to increase a client's commitment to overcoming a problem Sigmund Freud believed the following about the meaning of dreams: The meaning of dreams is to be found in the symbols of the collective unconscious. The manifest content is the same thing as the latent content. Certain dream elements have the same sexual significance for every dreamer. * To interpret a dream, one must ask the dreamer what each element means. You tell a psychoanalyst about your dream about a quail. The psychoanalyst will probably interpret the quail as representing your id or ego. assume that the quail represents a former Vice President. interpret the dream in terms of a sexual interest in birds. * ask for more information before interpreting the dream. Freud believed that dreams had two levels of meaning, the _______ content, which is the content that appears on the surface, and the _______ content, which is hidden and only represented symbolically. * manifest ... latent latent ... manifest psychodynamic ... psychoanalytic psychoanalytic ... psychodynamic According to Sigmund Freud, every dream is based on spontaneous activity in certain parts of the brain. * fulfillment of a wish. rapid eye movements. experiences of the previous day. A paperback on "dream analysis" claims that walking up a flight of stairs represents sexual arousal. Sigmund Freud would disagree, because he believed that * a given item means different things in the dreams of different people. upward movement in dreams represents an effort to rise above everyday concerns. all movement in dreams represents an attempt to escape from a problem. the latent content of a dream is the same as the manifest content of the dream. The emotional attachment that a patient develops toward his or her therapist is known as ________. * transference resistance hysteria symptom substitution What did Freud mean by the term "transference"? shifting energies among the id, ego, and superego attributing your own unpleasant characteristics to someone else advancing from one stage of sexual development to another * treating a therapist the way you feel toward your parents Some patients in psychotherapy treat the therapist as a father or as some other important figure in their life. This process is called catharsis. A free association. resistance. * transference. Which of the following does a psychoanalyst try to AVOID during therapy? * resistance catharsis transference free association The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to ______; the primary goal of behavior therapy is to ______. * understand the reasons behind behavior ... get people to learn to change their behavior get people to learn to change their behavior ... understand the reasons behind behavior B provide people with unconditional positive regard ... help people to achieve self-actualization help people achieve self-actualization ... provide people with unconditional positive regard Behavior therapists assume that human behavior is _______ and that it can be _______. the result of unconscious motives ... understood through psychoanalysis * learned ... unlearned instinctual ... the result of repressed emotions genetically determined ... altered through gene splicing Which type of psychotherapist is most likely to start by setting clear, well-defined goals, such as getting a client to stop smoking? psychoanalyst person-centered therapist * behavior therapist rational-emotive therapist Behavior therapy does NOT make use of desensitization. specific behavioral goals. positive reinforcement. * free association. How does behavior therapy differ from other forms of psychotherapy? It is concerned primarily with helping people to achieve self-understanding and to live a fuller, richer life. * It is content to change the problem behaviors even without understanding their underlying causes and origin. It can be conducted by someone with no special training in psychology. It is used only with children, not with adults. A behavior therapist treating a woman with anorexia nervosa would probably begin by providing her with unconditional positive regard. contradicting her automatic thoughts. calling attention to her body language. * isolating her and depriving her of privileges. Research has shown that most bed-wetters have deep-seated emotional conflicts. intolerant parents. a great fear of success. * small bladders. The most effective treatment for bed-wetting is to provide the child with unconditional positive regard. aversion therapy. * based on classical conditioning. to probe the unconscious mind for unresolved conflicts. In behavior therapy for bed-wetting in children, a child learns to awaken when his or her bladder is full. The unconditioned stimulus is the act of urinating. the sensation of a full bladder. * a loud buzzer. the act of waking up. In behavior therapy for bed-wetting, a child learns to awaken when his or her bladder is full. The conditioned response is the sensation of a full bladder. A the act of urinating. * waking up. a loud noise. Rational-emotive therapy is based on the assumption that the removal of the stimulus for one emotion gives rise to the opposite emotion. people can solve their own problems if they are treated with unconditional positive regard. * people's emotions are based on their thoughts and interpretations of events. a stimulus leads directly to autonomic changes in the body that we later experience as emotions. Dr. Talklotz frequently argues with her psychotherapy clients. She tries to uncover their "internal sentences" such as "I must always be a success" and she contradicts them. She is probably which type of psychotherapist? paradoxical intervention specialist behavior therapist B person-centered therapist * rational-emotive therapist Rational-emotive therapy concentrates on helping clients by * calling attention to the irrational beliefs behind their emotions. providing positive reinforcement for specific behavior changes. providing an accepting environment and encouraging clients to solve their own problems. analyzing whether people are talking as adults, children, or parents. The primary goal of rational-emotive therapy is to get the client to change his or her outward behavior, regardless of what is going on inside. * replace irrational beliefs with more realistic "internal sentences." understand the early life experiences that have led to his or her thoughts. reduce transference. A depressed patient says, "No one likes me." A cognitive therapist would be most likely to reply, "Let's try to change your personality so that people will start to like you." * "What evidence do you have for believing that?" "You're absolutely right. No one likes you." "That's not true. I like you." Cognitive therapists try to get their clients to change their body language, such as clenching their fists. * automatic thoughts, such as "I'm a loser." way of speaking to others, such as parent to child. bad habits, such as smoking, overeating, or undereating. Which two types of therapy try to change what people think? cognitive therapy and behavior therapy humanistic therapy and psychoanalysis humanistic therapy and behavior therapy * rational-emotive therapy and cognitive therapy Rational-emotive therapists differ from cognitive therapists in that only cognitive therapists deal with people's thoughts and beliefs. only rational-emotive therapists focus on early life experiences and unconscious motives. * rational-emotive therapists are more likely to tell the client what to think. cognitive therapists are more likely to tell the client what to think. You tell your therapist, "No one likes me." Your therapist responds, "What evidence do you have for this hypothesis?" Your therapist is most likely a _______ therapist. psychodynamic psychoanalytic humanistic * cognitive What do humanistic psychotherapists (including person-centered therapists) try to ELIMINATE? chemical imbalances among neurotransmitters in the brain bad habits and other self-defeating behaviors * incongruence between self-concept and ideal self resistance to the therapist's interpretations A person-centered therapist provides a client with paradoxical intervention. A * unconditional positive regard. advice on how to overcome automatic thoughts. behavior modification. Which kind of psychotherapy gives people the LEAST direction and advice, simply providing sympathy, acceptance, and encouragement for people to solve their own problems? * person-centered therapy behavior therapy psychoanalysis rational-emotive therapy Person-centered therapy, in contrast to most other forms of psychotherapy, uses rewards and punishments for specific, well-defined behaviors. makes much use of biological and medical interventions. B * offers little intervention, advice, or direction. makes heavy use of both Freud's and Adler's theories. Which of the following does not go with the other three? unconditional positive regard * interpretation of unconscious motives nondirective therapy person-centered therapy Who pioneered person-centered therapy? Roy Rogers Rodgers and Hammerstein Fred Rogers * Carl Rogers Which of the following types of therapist generally does the LEAST talking and offers the LEAST advice? rational-emotive therapist * person-centered therapist specialist in transactional analysis psychoanalyst Which type of psychotherapy focuses more on changing what people do than on exploring what they think? psychoanalysis cognitive therapy * behavior therapy humanistic therapy What distinguishes a "family therapist" from other therapists is that the family therapist uses a whole family of therapeutic approaches. provides therapy to members of his or her own family. * focuses on how individuals relate to other family members. tries to provide the same kind of support and encouragement that a family usually provides. A therapist who uses a variety of methods, depending on the needs of different clients, is said to be * eclectic. paradoxical. psychoanalytic. rational-emotive. An eclectic therapist makes use of drugs, ECT, and other medical treatments. self-help groups. * a variety of methods and theories. the lecture method. Which of these types of therapy is most common in the United States? * eclectic therapy Rolfing behavior modification humanistic therapy The distinguishing feature of an "eclectic" psychotherapist is that he or she relies heavily on drugs, shock, and other medical A interventions. is concerned mostly with understanding the underlying reasons for a client's abnormal behavior. * uses a combination of many theories and methods. is concerned more with changing behavior than with understanding it. The main goal of cognitive therapy is to * establish realistic goals and expectations. change behavior. bring unconscious thoughts into consciousness. develop an understanding of how specific childhood events have interfered with the emotional health of the adult. The main goal of humanistic or person-centered therapy is to establish realistic goals and expectations. to change behavior. B to bring unconscious thoughts into consciousness. * to enable the client to make personal decisions and to promote self acceptance. Brief therapies have several advantages. Which of the following is NOT one of them? limited time and therefore limited expense * possibility of using less-trained therapists fewer hurt feelings when the therapy is terminated increased urgency of dealing with the problems Brief therapies, which start with an agreement to limit the duration of the treatment, have the advantage that they can be conducted by a therapist with less than the usual amount of training. * increase the sense of urgency to deal with the client's problems. can be used with clients who do not wish to be helped. increase the feeling of attachment between client and therapist. One of the benefits of "brief therapy" is that * at the end of the treatment, the client does not feel deserted. it is suitable for patients who have no motivation for dealing with their problems. even a poorly trained therapist can conduct it. the client feels no pressure to hurry up and deal with the problems. One of the primary disadvantages to receiving psychotherapy through a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is that they generally increase the cost of psychotherapy. will only pay for sessions with psychiatrists, not clinical psychologists. * cover only brief therapy, regardless of the severity of one's problems. require the therapist to reveal personal details about the nature of the client's problems. One major advantage of group therapy is that it enables clients to receive the advantages of several types of psychotherapy at once. deal with more severe disorders than an individual session can deal with. speak more freely and more openly than they would in individual sessions. * save money. One advantage of group therapy is that the therapy has to finish by a deadline set in advance. each group includes people with a wide variety of problems. it is the best method for dealing with schizophrenia. * participants develop and practice social skills. Self-help groups differ from most other forms of therapy in that they do NOT meet together as a group. deal with problems people are having. * involve a therapist. involve communication between people. What is the "paradox" in "paradoxical intervention"? The therapist concentrates on the least severe of the client's problems. The client provides psychotherapy for the therapist. The therapist provides treatment to someone whose behavior is actually normal. * The therapist tells the client to do something that he or she hopes the client will stop doing. Which type of therapy is designed to help someone who does not want to help himself or herself? eclectic therapy A * paradoxical intervention behavior therapy family systems therapy Suppose you want to provide psychotherapy for someone who does not want to help himself or herself. Which of the following techniques would be most effective? Use rational-emotive therapy to improve the person's communication with others. Provide unconditional positive regard and warm understanding. * Redefine the reasons behind the person's actions to make them seem embarrassing. Use free association and dream analysis to gain access to the person's unconscious mind. Suppose someone intentionally acts "crazy" as a means of getting attention and of controlling his or her relations with other people. Which method of psychotherapy is designed especially to deal with such people? free association person-centered therapy B * paradoxical intervention group therapy Spontaneous remission means the sudden appearance of symptoms of a disorder. * improvement of psychological problems without therapy. the progressive degeneration of psychological well-being. a spiritual insight providing one with meaning in life. When attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular form of therapy, the best way to measure improvement would be to have the therapist rate the improvement. have the clients rate their own improvement. compare those who sought therapy to those who were not interested in receiving therapy. * have a "blind" observer evaluate each client without knowing who has received treatment. A method of combining the results of many experiments, weighting each one in proportion to the number of participants, is factor analysis. * meta-analysis. transactional analysis. transference. Studies that evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy generally find that people who receive no treatment are just as likely to improve as those who receive psychotherapy. almost no psychologically disturbed people improve without the benefits of psychotherapy. people are actually more likely to improve without psychotherapy than with it. * the average psychotherapy patient improves more than do about 80% of the untreated people. In general, how do various forms of psychotherapy compare with one another in their effectiveness? Family-systems therapy generally produces the most dependable benefits. Humanistic therapy generally produces the most dependable benefits. Psychoanalysis generally produces the most dependable benefits. * Cognitive or cognitive-behavioral methods produce the most dependable benefits. What do nearly all types of psychotherapy have in common? Nearly all concentrate on understanding early experiences. * Nearly all produce benefits. Nearly all focus on the problems of families or of whole communities. Nearly all concentrate more on changing behaviors than on finding the reasons behind the behaviors. Nearly all forms of psychotherapy yield benefits for their clients, to a large extent because of one feature they all share in common: * The client is committed to work on the problem outside the sessions. The therapist relates the client's problems to early experiences and conflicts. The therapist sets specific goals and provides reinforcements. The client gains greater understanding of the contents of the unconscious mind. Which of the following is NOT common to all forms of psychotherapy? * the identification of unconscious thoughts and emotions a "therapeutic alliance" between the therapist and client expectation of improvement increased self-understanding A psychotherapist says one form of therapy is "guaranteed to work," but refuses to describe it until the client promises to follow it. What is the therapist trying to do? establish rapport with the client A make use of paradoxical intervention * increase the client's commitment to change conduct a controlled experiment on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis Unlike talk therapies, medical therapies require that the client be strongly committed to change. try to change people's thoughts and actions by providing new experiences. * assume that normal physiology leads to normal behavior. require the therapist and client to meet on a regular basis. One common result in people who received prefrontal lobotomies was * loss of initiative and social skills. exaggerated facial expressions of emotion. B severe drop in performance on IQ tests. impaired vision and hearing. Prefrontal lobotomies were fairly common from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s. What happened in the mid-1950s that led to a sudden drop in the use of this operation? The American Medical Association required that only licensed surgeons could perform the operation. A new federal agency enacted rules requiring patients to give their consent to any operation. * New drugs became available that were effective against depression and schizophrenia. A patients' rights group publicized the harm done by the operation. The early medical therapy of insulin shock was commonly used to treat anorexia nervosa. * an ineffective treatment used for schizophrenia. a very successful treatment for diabetes. moderately successful in treating chronic depression. Benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Librium, and Xanax) are drugs commonly prescribed to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia. * relieve anxiety. improve memory in patients with Alzheimer's. treat depression. One of the major disadvantages of the benzodiazepines (such as Valium, Librium, and Xanax) is that even when given in proper dosages they may cause epileptic seizures. produce insomnia. * can be habit forming. cause muscle tension. The most common tranquilizers, the benzodiazepines, work by altering the number of glia cells in the brain. the speed of transmission in neurons that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. adrenal gland functioning. * receptors to GABA molecules. Which drug, if any, has been found to help people with obsessive-compulsive disorder? Valium * clomipramine lithium salts No drug to date has been found that has any beneficial effects for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Alcohol facilitates transmission at GABA synapses. What effect should we expect if someone took both alcohol and benzodiazepine tranquilizers? They would cancel each other out and produce no effect. The result would be hyperactivity. We would expect to see symptoms that resemble those of schizophrenia. * They would promote muscle relaxation and sleep to a point that may even be fatal. Which of the following medical treatments is NOT commonly used for people with depression? electroconvulsive therapy tricyclic drugs * neuroleptic drugs serotonin reuptake blockers Tricyclic antidepressant drugs act (in part) by blocking synaptic receptors that are sensitive to the A neurotransmitter GABA. * increasing the number of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine molecules in the synapses. increasing the ability of glucose to enter the brain. increasing the flow of blood to the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex. A new drug prolongs the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin from the terminal button of an axon. This drug can be expected to cause or aggravate panic disorder. * relieve depression. relieve schizophrenia. cause or aggravate alcoholism. Antidepressant drugs influence people's mood by affecting ________. digestion genes B * synapses blood flow A depressed person begins taking antidepressant drugs. How soon can the person expect to experience noticeable relief from depression? within 5 to 10 minutes within 3 to 6 hours within 1 to 3 days * within 1 to 3 weeks Most depressed people have abnormalities in their procedural memories. abilities to taste and smell. * sleep patterns. language comprehension. Compared to antidepressant drug therapy, cognitive therapy for depression has the advantage of * working in a higher percentage of people. working more quickly. being less expensive. being easier for the therapist. One serious disadvantage of using antidepressant drugs to relieve depression is that after people have used the drugs for 2 or 3 weeks, the effectiveness of the drugs begins to decline. the drugs are more expensive than psychotherapy. * many people who take them experience unpleasant side effects. the drugs decrease depression for only about 10% of people. The use of the antidepressant Prozac is somewhat controversial because it only works in 10-20% of the people who take it. nobody knows how it works. it produces a greater number of side effects than other antidepressant drugs. * some nondepressed people take it to improve their personalities. Electroconvulsive therapy is most commonly used for people suffering from __________. epilepsy * depression autism schizophrenia Electroconvulsive therapy is LEAST likely to be used for which of these types of patient? depressed patients with serious thought disorders depressed patients who have failed to respond well to drug therapies * patients with bipolar disorder depressed patients with strong suicidal tendencies When electroconvulsive therapy is used today, it is given once a day for as long as necessary until it takes effect. the intensity of the shock is greater than it used to be in past years. patients are given drugs to magnify the effect of the shock on muscle contractions. * patients must first give their informed consent. Today, the use of electroconvulsive shock therapy for the treatment of depressed patients is illegal. A uses a more intense shock for more total applications than in previous times. is used more to punish uncooperative patients than to help them recover. * is used in conjunction with muscle relaxants and anesthetic drugs. One advantage of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) over antidepressant drugs is that ECT generally * takes effect faster. improves memory. can be administered by attendants who are not trained in medicine. can be given to the most severely depressed patients, with or without their consent. What is the relationship between electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and memory loss? ECT relieves depression in some people and impairs memory in others; it cannot do both for a given individual. ECT does not affect memory at all. B * ECT often impairs memory but its effect on memory is not necessary to relieve depression. ECT relieves depression BECAUSE it impairs memory; it cannot relieve depression without impairing memory severely. To the extent that electroconvulsive therapy relieves depression, it probably produces its benefits by punishing the person for complaining. blotting out the person's most painful memories. * altering activity at dopamine and norepinephrine synapses. damaging the parts of the brain responsible for emotions. Lithium salts are the most effective known treatment for * bipolar disorder. panic disorder. phobia. schizophrenia. The most common treatment for bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder is * lithium. psychoanalysis. rational-emotive therapy. chlorpromazine. For how long should a person with bipolar disorder take lithium pills? Only for 2 to 3 weeks; after that the pills become less effective. As long as necessary until mood returns to normal, but no longer than that. Until mood returns to normal and for about 2 to 3 weeks after that. * Indefinitely; if the person stops taking lithium, mood disorders return. One disadvantage to the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder is that it is effective only for patients less than 30 years old. it can be taken only by injections, not in pill form. its effectiveness decreases after a patient uses it for more than a month. * slightly increased doses can produce serious side effects. Drugs that relieve schizophrenia are known as _______. benzodiazepines * neuroleptics tricyclics tranquilizers Drugs that help to relieve schizophrenia include Antabuse and methadone. tricyclic drugs and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Valium and Librium. * chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Neuroleptic (antischizophrenic) drugs act by * blocking dopamine synapses in the brain. increasing the flow of blood to the anterior portions of the cerebral cortex. causing memory loss. increasing activity in both sensory and motor neurons. Neuroleptic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol produce the greatest, most rapid benefits for schizophrenic patients whose condition developed ____ and whose symptoms are ____. rapidly ... severe A gradually ... severe * rapidly ... mild gradually ... mild Someone with schizophrenia is told to take a neuroleptic drug. For how long will the psychiatrist probably recommend that the person continue to take the drug? Only until the person has achieved a breakthrough in psychotherapy. * Indefinitely; if the person stops taking the drugs, the symptoms may return. For no longer than 1 week. Until the person starts to experience some relief from the symptoms, and no longer. A person with schizophrenia begins taking a neuroleptic drug. Which time course is most likely for the recovery process? The person will improve for a few weeks and then will begin to deteriorate as the effects of the drug become weaker. The person will continue to improve day by day for years if he or she continues to take the drug. B The person will recover within 1 to 2 weeks and can then stop taking the drug without fear of a return to schizophrenic symptoms. * The person will gradually improve over about a month and then will remain unchanged for as long as he or she takes the drug. One similarity among antidepressant drugs, lithium therapy, and neuroleptic drugs is that all of them act primarily by increasing activity at acetylcholine synapses. have a significant risk of becoming addictive to the user. * produce unpleasant side effects. should be used only briefly, until the person begins to recover from the psychological disorder. Tardive dyskinesia is a common side effect for people who have taken _______ for years. antidepressant drugs electroconvulsive therapy lithium therapy * neuroleptic drugs Neuroleptic drugs sometimes produce tardive dyskinesia. This is probably because the drugs have caused damage to the axons in the spinal cord. altered the flow of blood to different parts of the brain. altered the way the body metabolizes glucose. * blocked dopamine receptors for years.