According to the ancient Greeks, someone who was depressed probably ate too much during his or her last meal. A * had too much black bile in his or her body. had a genetic defect. worshipped Fluoxetine, the god of negative emotion. Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ______ theory. behavioristic Gestalt humanistic * psychodynamic Which of the following does a psychoanalyst hope to produce? reaction formation a latent period B an Oedipus complex * catharsis Catharsis refers to * the release of pent-up emotions. gaining access to the collective unconscious. treating the therapist like a parent. an increase in anxiety. Who was the inventor of psychoanalysis? Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Hobbes * Sigmund Freud Carl G. Jung The original goal of psychoanalysis was to prevent the process known as catharsis. help the patient reexamine the assumptions behind his or her style of life. * bring the contents of the unconscious into consciousness. help the patient probe the contents of the collective unconscious. Freud believed that some people overreacted to mildly traumatic events in adult life because of a failure to understand their own style of life. excessive indulgence in sexual activities. symbolism contained in their collective unconscious. * early childhood sexual events. Sigmund Freud DISAGREED with which of the following statements? The release of pent-up tension can relieve a person of self-defeating behaviors. Something that we say by accident reflects a hidden motivation. * People develop their first interest in sexual pleasure during adolescence. Early fantasies can alter the later development of personality. According to Freud, people have a psychosexual energy, which he called ______. catharsis * libido superego ego In Freud's terms, blockage of normal sexual development at some stage is called ______. repression * fixation sublimation catharsis According to Freud, we go through stages of sexual development in the following order: latent, anal, oral, genital, phallic anal, oral, latent, genital, phallic * oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital oral, latent, anal, phallic, genital How would Sigmund Freud explain why someone eats, drinks, or smokes too much? The person has a strong id and a weak superego. A The person has a very high level of libido. The person is engaging in projection and rationalization. * The person had a fixation during the oral stage. According to Freud, someone who goes through life "holding things back" and is orderly, stingy, and stubborn was probably fixated in the oral stage. * anal stage. phallic stage. latency period. According to Freud, boys who are fixated in the phallic stage become orderly, stingy, and stubborn. are likely to become adults who eat and drink too much. B * develop a fear of being castrated. develop "penis envy." According to Freud, a boy who develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression toward his father is experiencing * an Oedipus complex. an Electra complex. an Othello complex. catharsis. According to Freud, what is the normal, healthy resolution to the Oedipus complex? The son continues to fantasize about killing his father and marrying his mother. * The son directs his sexual interests elsewhere. The son represses all interest in sexuality. The son releases the emotions openly. According to Freud, what does a girl experience when she has an Electra complex? She feels inferior and tries to develop a master plan for achieving a sense of superiority. She wishes to be the center of attention within the household. * She is romantically interested in her father and hostile toward her mother. She is constantly active and has trouble controlling her impulses. According to Freud, a little girl who develops a romantic attraction toward her father and hostility toward her mother is experiencing an Oedipus complex. * an Electra complex. an Othello complex. catharsis. According to Freud, sexual interest is suppressed during the oral stage. phallic stage. * latent period. genital stage. According to Sigmund Freud, which stage of sexual development is characteristic of a normal adult? phallic stage latent period * genital stage oral stage Many psychologists criticize Freud's theory of psychosexual stages because * the theory makes such vague predictions that it cannot be tested. children can go through the stages in any order, beginning at any age. he dealt only with normal sexual development and neglected to deal with frustrated development. he described only the infant stages and neglected to deal with adolescence and adulthood. In Freud's theory, the id is the part of personality that resembles conscience. makes rational decisions. * includes biological drives. mediates between the conscious and the unconscious. In Freud's theory, the superego is the part of personality that includes the drives for biological gratification. A suppresses the desires of the ego in order to make logical decisions. * includes dos and don'ts handed down from one's parents. strives for superiority. According to Freud, what does the EGO do? * makes rational decisions evaluates behavior in comparison to the prohibitions taught by one's parents urges behavior toward immediate fulfillment of biological drives seeks a feeling of superiority over others According to Freud, what does the SUPEREGO do? urges behavior toward immediate fulfillment of biological drives seeks a feeling of superiority over others B * evaluates behavior in comparison to the prohibitions taught by one's parents makes rational decisions What kind of behavior would you expect of someone who has a strong id and a weak superego (in Freud's terminology)? * frequent indulgence in sexual and impulsive behavior highly cooperative behavior with little tendency to compete highly logical, rational behavior unusually inhibited behavior dominated by feelings of guilt Someone is unusually inhibited and is dominated by feelings of guilt. In Freud's terminology, this person may be said to have a strong id. weak ego. weak superego. * strong superego. The purpose of the defense mechanisms, according to Freud, is to protect the id. achieve physical gratification. gain access to the unconscious. * reduce anxiety. A worker in an asbestos plant who hears that working with asbestos increases the risk of cancer soon forgets the report. This is an example of which defense mechanism? reaction formation displacement regression * repression A college student, ill prepared for the final exam, shows up late and then discovers that he has forgotten to bring a pencil. This is a possible example of which defense mechanism? reaction formation projection regression * repression According to Freud, repression is * blocking an unpleasant memory form reaching consciousness. completely forgetting some unimportant event. suppressing or preventing an urge to do something. a return to an infantile mode of thinking. "Denial" is the same thing as motivated forgetting. a defense mechanism that involves a return to a more juvenile level of functioning. * a defense mechanism that involves refusal to believe information. a river in Egypt. A woman who has just been told that her husband is having an affair with another woman says, "I don't believe it." This is an example of which defense mechanism? * denial projection displacement reaction formation It is May 7 and you have not yet begun to look for a summer job. You say, "Nothing to worry about.... I won't have any trouble finding a job." This is an example of which defense mechanism? displacement A projection * denial regression Someone who refuses to make a donation to charity says, "Charity just teaches people to be lazy. I am really doing people a favor by refusing to support these causes." This answer may be an example of which defense mechanism? * rationalization regression sublimation reaction formation An hour after wrecking her car, a woman yells at her friend. This is an example of which defense mechanism? regression * displacement B denial reaction formation When the United States got angry with the former Soviet Union, it took measures against Libya. This is an example of which defense mechanism? * displacement repression regression projection Someone who is frustrated by economic failure expresses hatred toward a minority group. This is an example of which defense mechanism? * displacement regression repression reaction formation A student who fails an exam yells at her roommate. This is an example of which defense mechanism? reaction formation projection repression * displacement The defense mechanism of displacement is a return to a more juvenile level of functioning. * diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target. attributing one's own undesirable characteristics to other people. the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable, or even admirable, behavior. The defense mechanism of regression is motivated forgetting. presenting oneself as the opposite of what one actually is. a refusal to believe something. * a return to juvenile behavior. A student who fails an exam begs, cries, and pouts. This is an example of which defense mechanism? repression projection * regression displacement A man who is going through a traumatic divorce buys a motorcycle and goes to parties every night. This is an example of which defense mechanism? denial * regression projection displacement Bosnians claim, "Serbs don't understand anything but force!" Meanwhile, Serbs claim, "The Bosnians don't understand anything but force!" Which defense mechanism is in action here? displacement * projection denial regression A woman with great hostility toward others claims that other people are always unkind to her. Which defense mechanism is in action here? regression A repression displacement * projection Which of the following would be the clearest example of Freud's defense mechanism of "projection"? Someone who gets angry with his boss keeps quiet until he gets home and then kicks the dog. An adult who fails at business and begins to act like a teenager again. A witness to a bloody automobile accident forgets all the relevant details. * Someone who has used illegal drugs accuses other people of being drug users. A student who seldom comes to class and seldom reads the book says, "No one else takes this class seriously either." This is an example of which defense mechanism? regression * projection B displacement reaction formation A man who has just been deserted by his family and who has lost his job becomes abnormally cheerful. This is an example of which defense mechanism? regression repression displacement * reaction formation A young woman, strongly attracted to a young man who ignores her, says, "I can't stand the sight of him." This is an example of which defense mechanism? displacement projection repression * reaction formation A man who fears that he has been cheated tries to convince others that he has made a good deal. This is a possible example of _______. displacement projection * reaction formation repression Which of the following would be the clearest example of Freud's mechanism of "reaction formation"? * A man with a secret fear of travel becomes an editor of travel guide books. A woman with a history of dishonesty accuses other people of being dishonest. A man who is angry with his boss comes home and shouts at his children. A woman who habitually smokes cigarettes insists that smoking does not really pose a health hazard. Someone with unacceptable violent impulses transforms those impulses into a socially desirable form and becomes a surgeon. According to Freud, this is an example of _______. rationalization * sublimation regression projection The defense mechanism of sublimation is a return to a more juvenile level of functioning. diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target. attributing one's own undesirable characteristics to other people. * the transformation of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable, or even admirable, behavior. Someone makes an appointment to be tested for possible cancer and then forgets the time of the appointment. This is an example of which defense mechanism? displacement * repression projection regression A boss takes credit for a good idea suggested by an employee because "It's better for me to take the credit so that our department will look good and all the employees will benefit." This is an example of which defense mechanism? * rationalization sublimation reaction formation projection Someone with a smoking habit insists that there is no convincing evidence that smoking impairs health. This may be an example of which defense mechanism? projection A sublimation reaction formation * denial A man who beats his wife writes a book arguing that all people are instinctively aggressive. This is a possible example of which defense mechanism? regression * projection displacement repression Someone with an unacceptable impulse to shout obscenities becomes a writer of novels. A psychoanalyst might interpret this as an example of which defense mechanism? * sublimation projection B rationalization repression Someone who is planning to say "our dear old queen" says instead "our queer old dean." To say that this is a "Freudian slip" is to say that Freud might have said the same thing. it was random and meaningless. it depended on a short-circuit in the brain. * it was unconsciously motivated. Several of Freud's ideas are difficult to test scientifically. Which of the following Freudian ideas HAS been tested experimentally? The personality is made up of the id, the ego, and the superego. Childhood sexual fantasies are responsible for many adult psychological disorders. Artistic works may represent the sublimation of sexual impulses. * Slips of the tongue can reveal a person's motivations. According to one experiment on slips of the tongue, a strongly aroused sexual motive or shock-avoidance motive is the main cause and probably the only cause of slips of the tongue. increases the frequency of all kinds of slips of the tongue, but has no relationship to the content of the slips. * increases the frequency of slips of the tongue related to the motive. has no measurable effect on slips of the tongue. Today, most psychologists believe that strongly aroused motives such as sex or shock-avoidance are the main cause, and probably the only cause, of slips of the tongue. have no significant influence on slips of the tongue. * influence the type of slips of the tongue that people make, but are not their only cause. actually inhibit slips of the tongue. Freud's theories about personality were based primarily on laboratory experiments with troubled people. surveys. correlational studies. * inferences he made after talking to his patients. According to Freud, what made certain people highly vulnerable to psychological disorders? symbolism contained in their collective unconscious hereditary physiological weakness * sexual fantasies in early childhood a failure to understand their own style of life In Freud's earliest psychological writings, he said the cause of mental illness was ______. Several years later he changed his mind and said the cause was ______. the Oedipal complex ... the Electra complex biological disorders ... ideas related to sex ideas related to sex ... ideas related to striving for superiority * childhood sexual abuse ... childhood sexual fantasies Freud developed his view of the most common cause of psychological disorders based on claims his patients made about childhood experiences of sexual abuse. claims his patients made about early childhood sexual fantasies. * inferences he made regarding his clients' childhood experiences. both survey results and laboratory experiments. What is meant by the term "neo-Freudian"? a psychologist who is thoroughly opposed to Freud's basic A theories and approaches a psychologist who accepts all of Freud's theories * a psychologist who wants to keep some of Freud's theories and to modify others a psychologist who is trying to revive Freud's theories and to reawaken public interest in them What are the contents of the collective unconscious, according to Carl Jung? * symbols and thoughts that have long been part of human experience material that used to be conscious but which has now been forgotten experiences one has repressed sensory experiences that one paid no attention to when they occurred Carl Jung broke away from Freud, arguing that the main force in human behavior is the striving for superiority. Freud was too behavioristic. B psychologists should study self-actualization, not abnormal behavior. * people have a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious. Carl Jung concentrated on * probing the collective unconscious, as revealed in symbols and art. providing reinforcement for new learned patterns of behavior. examining the assumptions behind a client's style of life. making people conscious of memories that had been repressed. The psychologist who proposed the existence of a "collective unconscious" was Mao Tse Jung. Egg Foo Jung. Young Jung. * Carl Jung. According to Carl G. Jung, what were the contents of the collective unconscious? * thoughts that are common to people of all times and places ideas that were repressed because they conflicted with the striving for superiority experiences that were repressed because they aroused sexual conflict all the sensory experiences of one's lifetime, even those that one did not attend to when they occurred Carl G. Jung drew his evidence for the existence of a collective unconscious from his observations of patterns of intellectual development in children. * similarities among various cultures. experiments on laboratory animals. EEG recordings on sleeping people. According to Jung, we all inherit vague images as part of our collective unconscious. These vague images are called ______. * archetypes defense mechanisms the Electra complex libido Adler, an early follower of Freud, broke away from the teachings of Freud because Adler felt that Freud denied the influence of the subconscious. relied too heavily on laboratory research. took his clients' claims of prior sexual abuse as children too literally. * overemphasized the sex drive and neglected other, more important, influences on personality. What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "individual psychology"? a psychology in which one individual makes the decisions for everyone else a psychology that treats each person differently * a psychology of the person as an indivisible whole a psychology in which each person makes his or her own decisions Who introduced the term "inferiority complex"? Carl Jung * Alfred Adler Sigmund Freud Karen Horney Which of the following pairings of an investigator with a theory is correct? C. Rogers -- behavior modification A C. G. Jung -- client-centered therapy * A. Adler -- inferiority complex S. Freud -- introvert and extravert According to Alfred Adler, people's main motivation is sexuality. avoidance of pain. * striving for superiority. the collective unconscious. What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "style of life"? the activities one chooses during one's free time * a plan for achieving a sense of superiority B a way of making a living the distinctive features that set apart one culture or society from another In Alfred Adler's theory, what is the relationship between striving for superiority and style of life? People strive for superiority so that they can experience a better style of life. * A person's style of life is a method of striving for superiority. Some people strive for superiority and other people choose a style of life. People strive for superiority when they are young; they experience a style of life when they are older. What did Alfred Adler believe was the main cause of psychological disorders? * a lack of social interest sexual fantasies in early childhood disturbance of contact with the collective unconscious abnormal patterns of reinforcement What did Alfred Adler mean by the term "social interest"? sexual interest a desire to talk with other people a desire to receive recognition from others for one's accomplishments * a sense of solidarity and identification with others One psychotherapist tries to understand her patients' "style of life" and to strengthen their "social interest." She is probably a follower of the theories of * Alfred Adler. Sigmund Freud. Karen Horney. Carl Jung. In the form of psychotherapy practiced by Alfred Adler, he tried to get people to change their behaviors, independent of their beliefs. sexual inhibitions. eating and sleeping habits. * goals and assumptions. Alfred Adler would DISAGREE with which of the following statements? * Mental health is best defined as a normal, average personality without any impairments. People can overcome their own problems by working for the betterment of other people. It is natural for people to strive for superiority. To understand why people act the way they do, it is useful to try to understand their goals. Humanistic psychologists believe that every behavior has a cause that can be studied scientifically. behavior is best studied by analyzing it into its component elements. psychologists should seek only general rules that apply to average people. * personality depends on what people believe and how they perceive the world. Humanistic psychology began as a protest movement against cognitive psychology and developmental psychology. Jung and Adler. Gestalt psychology and social psychology. * psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Which of the following branches of psychology is LEAST interested in breaking behavior down into its component parts, and MOST interested in describing "the person as a whole"? behaviorism A psychoanalysis physiological psychology * humanistic psychology What do humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis have in common? both are based on determinism (the belief that every behavior has a cause) both reject the idea of reductionism (attempts to explain behavior in terms of its component elements) * both are based on methods other than laboratory research both explain behavior in terms of unconscious thought processes A peak experience is a moment at which a person reexperiences the moment of birth. realizes the discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self. B experiences conflict between two sets of values. * feels fulfilled and content. Carl Rogers is known as * a humanistic psychologist. Buck Rogers's father. star of "Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood." a country and western singer. Carl Rogers assumed that * people have a natural drive to fulfill their potential. the sex drive and the striving for superiority are equally strong. without social pressures, people would be inactive or destructive. there is a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious. A "self-actualized" person is likely to be introverted. * independent and creative. obedient to authority. stubborn and resistant to change. Humanistic psychologists try to help people to interpret the symbolic meaning of their dreams. bring the contents of the unconscious mind into consciousness. * reduce the discrepancy between their self-concept and their ideal self. understand the unspoken assumptions behind their style of life. Which of the following do humanistic psychologists try to encourage? analysis of a behavior into its component parts development of an "ideal self" that is much better than the current self-image * unconditional positive regard sublimation of repressed energies Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the "self-actualized personality," according to Abraham Maslow? willingness to accept uncertainty and ambiguity independence and creativity * strong effort to make oneself look good openness to new experiences Maslow and Adler both argued that human beings are nothing but "id" at birth. * personality can be better than normal as well as worse than normal. personality and behavior are best explained in terms of their component parts. sex drive is the most important influence on personality. Critics of Maslow's description of self-actualization have argued that his description is too vague. is based on unconscious motives. fits almost everyone. * may simply reflect his (Maslow's) own values. Nomothetic laws apply to ______; idiographic laws apply to ______. personality traits ... personality states A personality ... intelligence * people in general ... certain individuals certain individuals ... people in general The approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how some aspect of personality affects behavior is the ______ approach. idiographic big five * nomothetic idiosyncratic A psychologist who studies how people's goals in life affect their moods and their reactions to various events would not attempt to draw conclusions meant to apply to everyone. Therefore, this psychologist is using a/an ______ approach. * idiographic big five B nomothetic monotheistic A personality trait is a ______; a personality state is a ______. temporary activation of a behavior ... consistent behavioral tendency * consistent behavioral tendency ... temporary activation of a behavior behavioral tendency found in only certain people ... behavioral tendency found in everyone behavioral tendency found in everyone ... behavioral tendency found in only certain people A personality trait is a dimension on which someone is known to be inconsistent. defect or problem that the person tries to overcome. set of types. * predisposition to act in a particular way. A psychologist is trying to decide whether a particular person is suffering from "trait anxiety" or "state anxiety." Which of the following would suggest that it is probably state anxiety? * Everyone else who is in the same situation is also suffering anxiety. The anxiety is so strong that it seriously interferes with behavior. This person seems to experience anxiety more frequently than most other people do. The person has trouble explaining exactly what he or she is nervous about. As opposed to a trait, a state is more permanent. likely to be found in children. likely to be found in adults. * temporary. How could you determine whether someone's anxiety is "trait anxiety" or "state anxiety"? Find out whether the person is nervous about personality problems or about problems in the external world. Determine whether the anxiety is severe enough to interfere with behavior. Ask whether the person remembers ever experiencing anxiety in that situation before. * See whether the anxiety changes when the situation changes. John Numbercruncher has used factor analysis on the results of a questionnaire. The purpose of this technique is to determine which questions unfairly discriminate against certain groups. ought to be reworded. * are related to one another. are the most difficult. A psychologist wants to determine a parsimonious way to describe personality. She starts with a large number of questions and tries to find the smallest number of traits that will account for the variation in people's answers. Which technique will she use? * factor analysis reaction formation free association autokinetic effect For which of the following purposes might a psychologist use the method called "factor analysis"? to determine which childhood experiences play the greatest role in the development of a particular personality to probe into a person's unconscious and try to recover infant memories to determine how the brain combines auditory experience with visual experience * to determine whether several traits are closely correlated with one another or whether they are independent Many psychologists believe they can account for the largest proportion of personality differences by means of the following five traits: * neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, A agreeableness, and conscientiousness. locus of control, authoritarianism, field- independence, Machiavellianism, and honesty. masculinity, femininity, androgyny, ambitiousness, and sensation seeking. self-monitoring, politeness, willingness to take risks, shyness, and timidity. The "big five" personality dimensions each apply to a few very specific situations. are all highly related to each other. are the first five traits to develop in a child, although many more important traits develop later in life. * can describe most of the usual variation in human personality. Neuroticism is defined as viewing others as in control over meaningful events in your life. * a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily. B a tendency to seek new experiences and enjoy the company of others. a tendency to be compassionate toward others. Someone who is likely to experience anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, and impulsiveness would be high in the trait ______. * neuroticism extraversion introversion conscientiousness The characteristics of warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, and excitement seeking would be most closely associated with the trait ______. neuroticism * extraversion introversion conscientiousness Someone who is shy about meeting people would most likely be low in ______. neuroticism * extraversion introversion agreeableness The "big five" trait of agreeableness is a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions relatively easily. * be compassionate towards others. seek new experiences and enjoy the company of others. show self-discipline and strive for achievement. People high in the trait ______ generally trust each other and expect other people to trust them. neuroticism extraversion * agreeableness conscientiousness The tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence is called ______. neuroticism extraversion agreeableness * conscientiousness If you were an employer and you wanted to hire someone who would be a better than average worker and would be likely to complete whatever task he or she took on, which personality characteristic would you be most interested in? gregariousness extraversion agreeableness * conscientiousness Some psychologists suggest that we should divide extraversion into two traits: ambition and sociability. How should psychologists determine whether or not to do so? Interview people and ask them if they think ambition and sociability mean the same thing. Examine whether the areas of the brain controlling ambition and sociability are the same or different. * Determine whether measures of ambition correlate strongly with measures of sociability. Determine whether people who are high on extraversion consider the trait as unitary or multifaceted. The "biggest" of the "big five" personality traits (those that have the largest influences on people's behavior) are neuroticism and ______. * extraversion A agreeableness conscientiousness openness to experience Using the "big five" description of personality, we find that most adults show a slight INCREASE in ______ as they grow older. neuroticism extraversion openness to experience * conscientiousness Which of the following BEST describes the changes in personality (based on the "big five" description) that occur as a person moves from young adulthood to old age? Most people show a progressive increase in neuroticism and a sharp decline in the other four dimensions. Most people show a dramatic increase in extraversion and openness, and a moderate decrease in the other three dimensions. B Most people show a strong decrease in agreeableness, and are relatively stable on the other four dimensions. * In most cases, people are relatively stable on all five dimensions, typically showing only slight changes one way or the other. One of the main criticisms of the "big five" description of personality is that it originated from scientists outside the field of psychology. it is not based on statistical tests of relatedness. * it is based entirely on written responses to questionnaires. it is based entirely on data from middle-class European-American males. Research on personality has shown that when a person is conscientious on one kind of task that person will generally be conscientious on all tasks. * almost always be conscientious on that kind of task, but not necessarily on other kinds of tasks. almost always also scores high on extraversion and neuroticism while doing that task. be unlikely to be consistently conscientious on that, or any other, task in the future. One of the main ways psychologists have studied the CAUSES of differences in personality among people is to perform factor analysis on answers given to written questionnaires about various traits. ask people for their own explanations for how their personalities developed. * compare the similarities in personality between identical twins and fraternal twins. unobtrusively observe people interacting in everyday situations. When studying extraversion in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers have found that * monozygotic twins are more similar than dizygotic twins. dizygotic twins are more similar than monozygotic twins. there is no relationship in extraversion for either monozygotic or dizygotic twins. if one monozygotic twin is high in extraversion, the other will generally be low (this relationship does not appear in dizygotic twins). What large and consistent difference, if any, is typically found between males and females on tests of the "big five" personality traits? Males are generally higher on conscientiousness. Females are generally higher on extraversion. Males are generally lower on agreeableness. * There are no large and consistent differences in the five main traits, although there are some sex differences in some subcomponents of those traits. According to Sandra Bem, androgynous people are those who achieve their full potential. take responsibility for their own successes and failures. loyally follow the wishes of anyone who is in authority. * are not limited by sex-role stereotypes. Someone who has a high level of the stereotypically masculine traits AND a high level of the stereotypically feminine traits is said to have which type of personality? extraverted self-monitoring * androgynous high locus of control The idea behind the concept of androgyny is that people would be mentally healthier if they had a trait that was halfway between internal locus of control and external locus of control. had direct access to their collective unconscious. * felt free to combine masculine and feminine traits in whatever way they chose. were neither introverted nor extraverted. In contrast to Bem's original definition of androgyny, most investigators now define the androgynous person as someone who has more masculine than feminine traits. A more feminine than masculine traits. * a high level of both masculine and feminine traits. an equal level of masculine and feminine traits, regardless of whether the levels were high or low. How can you determine whether a test is standardized? * Find out whether anyone knows the mean and standard deviation. Find out whether all the questions deal with important concepts. Calculate the correlation between scores on the test and some other measure of behavior. Determine whether all of its questions are equally difficult. The most widely used personality test is the Rorschach Inkblot Test QUAZY B * MMPI Thematic Apperception Test MMPI stands for Marky Mark's personal income. Multiple Manic-Psychosis Inventory. Michigan Mental Patient's Institute. * Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. What purpose does the MMPI serve? to uncover unconscious thoughts and motivations to discover how previous experience influenced current behavior * to measure personality tendencies to measure intelligence When psychologists designed the MMPI, they evaluated possible questions for the depression scale by asking the following question: Is the predictive validity of this item higher than its reliability? * Do most depressed people answer this question differently from most nondepressed people? Do most psychologists agree that this item has something to do with depression? Does this item correspond to a major point in the current theories about the causes of depression? You have just taken a psychological test that yields scores on 10 clinical scales, including depression, anxiety, fear, anger, cynicism, and social introversion. Which test did you probably take? Rorschach Inkblot Test WAIS-R * MMPI-2 Thematic Apperception Test When given to people of various ethnic and cultural groups, the MMPI loses all reliability and validity. produces results that explain the origins of ethnic differences. finds large and consistent personality differences between European-Americans and African-Americans. * reveals only small differences between groups. How does a psychologist determine whether people are lying about themselves on the MMPI? by true-false items such as "I would rather lie than admit my faults" * by true-false items such as "I give generously to every worthy cause I know of" by a polygraph test by comparing answers on the MMPI with answers on the Rorschach Inkblot Test