Currently, the PRIMARY way in which psychologists collect data on emotions is through measurement of physiological arousal, such as heart rate and skin conductance. * asking people for self-reports. social situations; observing people who do not realize that they are being observed. having people role-play in various emotion-evoking situations. Phineas Gage, an accident victim in 1848, showed little emotion after an iron bar damaged his spinal cord. cerebellum. corpus callosum. * prefrontal cortex Emotions are generally associated with changes in the activity of the ______ nervous system. invertebrate peripheral * autonomic glial The sympathetic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ______ nervous system. somatic A central mammalian * autonomic The neuron clusters of the sympathetic nervous system are located within the heart and other internal organs. operate independently of the rest of the nervous system. * are located to the left and right of the spinal cord. are attached to the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord. Which part of the autonomic nervous system, if any, prepares the body for "fight or flight"? parasympathetic nervous system * sympathetic nervous system B both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems equally neither the sympathetic nor the parasympathetic nervous system What does the sympathetic nervous system do? It controls the muscles of the face. It controls the muscles of the arms and legs. * It readies the body for vigorous emergency actions. It decreases heart rate and promotes digestion. Activity of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in electrical conduction of the skin. * digestion. breathing rate. blood pressure. Activity of the ______ decreases heart rate and increases digestion. cerebellum * parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system adrenal gland The _______ nervous system prepares you for a burst of vigorous activity; the _______ nervous system generally supports nonemergency functions. * sympathetic ... parasympathetic parasympathetic ... sympathetic central ... peripheral peripheral ... central In extremely frightening situations people's hearts race, they sweat, and they lose control over bowel and bladder functioning. These responses are due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. * simultaneous activation in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. simultaneous shutting down of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. A stimulus strongly excites the sympathetic nervous system. Then the stimulus is suddenly removed. What happens? The sympathetic nervous system returns to its normal level of activity, but the parasympathetic nervous system becomes less active. Both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system become less active than usual. * The parasympathetic nervous system becomes more active than usual. Both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system return quickly to their usual level of activity. Which of the following increases the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system? injections of epinephrine (adrenaline) anything that leads to fight or flight responses watching something frightening * stopping something that had excited the sympathetic nervous system According to the opponent-process theory of emotions, after the removal of the stimulus for an emotional state, a person has first an increase, then a decrease, in the acidity of the blood. * rebounds into the opposite emotion. is temporarily unable to experience any other emotion. attempts to prolong the emotional state. Which of the following is an example to illustrate the opponent-process principle of emotions? * Although students may feel tense during a test, they feel A happy and relaxed when it is over. Some people drink alcohol to celebrate and others drink to forget. People laugh at TV situation comedies more if the programs have a laugh track. Invasion of someone's territory arouses aggressive emotions. According to the opponent-process theory of emotions, removal of the stimulus for an "A" state leads to a "B" state. If this sequence is repeated many times, the A state grows stronger. * the B state grows stronger. both the A state and the B state grow weaker. both the A state and the B state grow stronger. The opponent-process theory of emotions can explain why women tend to stand closer together than men do. * roller coaster rides become more enjoyable after the first few rides. B tastes and smells evoke strong emotions. the use of marijuana interferes with the perception of the passage of time. You are hiking in the woods when a storm approaches. According to the opponent-process theory of emotions, * if the wind blows the storm cloud away, you will feel relief. you experience the emotion first and then you feel autonomic arousal. the more work you expend to escape the storm, the more intense the emotions you feel. you feel autonomic arousal first and then you experience the emotion. According to the opponent-process theory of emotions, a drug user who takes the same drug repeatedly will find that the initial "high" grows ______ after many experiences and the subsequent withdrawal experience grows ______. weaker ... weaker * weaker ... stronger stronger ... weaker stronger ... stronger The polygraph test measures * activity of the sympathetic nervous system. arousal of the brain. attitudes and knowledge. physical fitness. Electrical conduction of the skin provides an indication of the level of activity of the corpus callosum. circulatory system. parasympathetic nervous system. * sympathetic nervous system. The polygraph test measures differences in activity between the two hemispheres of the brain. changes in the tone of voice. * activity of the sympathetic nervous system. activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. The theory behind the polygraph test is that people who are lying * have increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. shift the pattern of blood flow in the brain. have increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. change their eye movements. The main objection to the polygraph test is that it fails to catch most liars. * it incorrectly identifies too many honest people as liars. it is difficult and time-consuming to administer. it is no more accurate than the average person is at identifying dishonesty. According to research on the polygraph test, its major flaw is that it can't tell liars from honest people any better than the average person can. it is too complex and expensive for widespread use. it identifies fewer than 50% of all liars. * it too frequently identifies honest people as liars. When polygraph examiners administer polygraph tests in order to detect lying they correctly identify liars at levels no better than A chance. * they often detect liars, but they also frequently incorrectly report honest people as lying. they often detect liars, and they rarely incorrectly report honest people as lying. they are as likely to report a lying person is honest as they are an honest person is lying. The manager of the local factory wants to administer a lie-detector test to all employees to determine whether any of them have cheated the company in any way. The manager should be advised not to administer the test. Why? The lie-detector test has high validity but low reliability. Only psychiatrists have enough training to understand how to use a lie-detector test. People can judge the truthfulness of someone's answers more accurately without the lie-detector test than with it. * Using a lie-detector test for this purpose is illegal in the United States. The United States outlawed most uses of polygraph ("lie-detector") tests because of evidence that administration of the test procedure is physically painful to many people. * the test erroneously identifies too many honest people as "liars." B the test erroneously identifies too many liars and "honest." most people can identify who is lying just by observing them. Someone who administers the guilty-knowledge test measures eye movements, facial expressions, and hand gestures. voice stress levels. EEG and EKG. * heart rate, breathing rate, and skin conductance. How does the guilty-knowledge test differ from the more usual lie-detector test? * In the guilty-knowledge test, innocent people should be no more nervous about the crime-related questions than about other questions. In the guilty-knowledge test, the accused person is given the questions in written form instead of having an interrogator read them aloud. The guilty-knowledge test measures EEG as well as autonomic responses. The guilty-knowledge test is administered only after the accused person has given his or her informed consent. The main advantage of the guilty-knowledge test over the polygraph test is that the guilty-knowledge test will succeed even with people who have learned to suppress their physiological responses. requires little or no advance preparation by investigators. * is very unlikely to indicate that an innocent person is guilty. does not rely on physiological changes such as heart rate. In contrast to the standard "lie-detector test," the guilty-knowledge test * almost never identifies an honest person as a liar. almost never identifies a liar as being honest. measures brain waves instead of autonomic responses. measures answers on a pencil and paper test instead of autonomic responses. An employer wants to know if a particular job applicant is likely to steal money from the cash register. Of the following, the employer would be best advised to administer a polygraph test. a guilty-knowledge test. * a pencil-and-paper "integrity test". none of the tests listed above, since all are illegal to use for this purpose. One of the main objections to pencil and paper tests of honesty or integrity is that * many of their items are ambiguous, so that a highly conscientious individual may "admit" to minor acts of dishonesty. almost no job applicant admits that "I have stolen from or cheated a previous employer." the rules for their administration are so complicated that only the most experienced psychologists can use them. employers already have other, highly reliable and valid means of determining who would be an honest employee. A tiger is chasing you. You run; you also feel afraid. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, what is the order of events? You become afraid, which makes you run; your running makes you more afraid, and you run faster; and so on. First you feel afraid; you run away because you are frightened. * First you run away; you feel afraid because you are running. Your fear and your running away start at the same time and end at the same time. According to common sense, emotions cause body movements and autonomic changes. Which of the following DISAGREES with common sense on this point? opponent-process theory * James-Lange theory frustration-aggression hypothesis activation-synthesis hypothesis According to the James-Lange theory, * emotion is our perception of body movements and autonomic A changes. frustration leads to aggression. intermediate arousal levels produce the best performance on difficult tasks. the limbic system of the brain is critical for emotional behavior. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, you tremble because you feel afraid. * you feel afraid because you notice yourself trembling. you feel afraid when you stop trembling. your trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid. The view that emotions are our perceptions of autonomic changes and body movements is known as the opponent-process theory. * James-Lange theory. B Schachter and Singer theory. Cannon-Bard theory. Which of the following questions might an investigator ask in an effort to evaluate whether the James-Lange theory is correct? Do children experience more intense or less intense emotions than do adults? Does performance improve when arousal levels increase? * Do people who are experiencing different emotions have different kinds of autonomic activity? When the reason for one emotion disappears, do people experience a rebound to an opposite emotional state? Which of the following questions might an investigator ask in order to evaluate whether the James-Lange theory is correct? Do people who show greater fear also show greater anger? Do people feel stronger emotions at some times of day than at others? * Which occurs first after a stimulus, physiological changes or the experience of emotion? Who shows stronger emotional reactions, men or women? Different emotions (such as happiness and anger) are associated with autonomic changes of completely different types. identical autonomic changes. autonomic changes that are entirely unpredictable. * similar but not identical autonomic changes. Suppose your facial expression were molded into a smile without your being aware of it. Then you examine some cartoons. Compared to your usual response to cartoons, you are equally likely to find them funny but more likely to complain that they are "silly." * you are more likely to find them funny. you are less likely to find them funny. you are equally likely to find them funny but more likely to complain that some of them are "offensive." Someone whose facial expression is molded into a smile (without using the term "smile" and without any happy event) reports a less happy than normal reaction to common stimuli. * a happier than normal reaction to common stimuli. no change in emotional reactions. less likelihood than normal to experience either happiness or sadness. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, * autonomic changes and the cognitive experience of emotion occur simultaneously but independently. emotions are labels we give to our autonomic changes. emotions originate spontaneously within the brain, independently of stimuli in the environment. autonomic changes and body movements lead to the experience of emotion. You are hiking in the woods when a storm approaches. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, what is the correct order of events? First you feel afraid, and then your autonomic nervous system becomes aroused. * You feel afraid at the same time that your autonomic nervous system becomes aroused. First your autonomic nervous system becomes aroused, and then you feel afraid. First you feel afraid, and then the activity of your autonomic nervous system becomes suppressed. Which of the following is evidence AGAINST the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions? Different emotions produce somewhat different physiological responses. * Drugs and injuries that impair autonomic responses also weaken emotional experiences. Damage to certain parts of the brain can weaken certain emotional experiences. People often report that they experience an emotion at the same time that they feel autonomic arousal. After spinal cord damage, in which a person can no longer receive sensory information from the internal organs such as the heart and stomach, people no longer experience emotion. A people experience intensified emotions. people's experience of emotion is unaffected. * people experience emotions that are less intense than before. According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, what is the role of autonomic arousal in emotions? Autonomic arousal determines both the type of emotion and the intensity of the emotion. * Autonomic arousal determines the intensity of an emotion, but it has no effect on which emotion a person experiences. Autonomic arousal determines which emotion a person experiences, but it has no effect on the intensity of the emotion. Autonomic arousal has no effect on either the type of emotion or the intensity of the emotion. The Schachter and Singer theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion disagree in their answers to the following question: * Can people identify their emotional state by noticing what their autonomic nervous system is doing? Which parts of the central nervous system are most important for the experience of emotions? B Does the removal of the stimulus for one emotion lead to the start of an opposite emotion? Are the facial expressions of emotional states learned or built-in? As a result of an injury, Jane's autonomic nervous system produces less vigorous responses than it once did. According to the Schachter and Singer theory of emotions, what changes (if any) will there be in her emotions? She will experience only the unpleasant emotions (such as anger and fear), not the pleasant emotions. Her emotional experiences will be the same as ever. * She will experience the same emotions as before, but they will feel weaker. She will experience emotions as strongly as before, but she will have trouble recognizing which emotion is which. According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, each emotion reflects a unique state of autonomic arousal, different from the arousal that characterizes any other emotion. a special pattern of neuronal activity in the cerebellum. a mental experience that has nothing to do with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system. * an interpretation of autonomic arousal based on what we know of the situation. Jack has just taken a pill that will increase his sympathetic nervous system arousal. According to Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions, what procedure would INCREASE the chance that Jack will experience a strong emotion? * Put him in a situation that might arouse emotions and tell him that the pill will have no effect. Give him another pill that cancels the effects of the first. Give him instructions that lead him to attribute his arousal to the pill. Put him in a situation that should not arouse any emotions and tell him that the pill has unknown effects. According to the results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer, people in an emotion-arousing situation are LESS likely to feel emotions if they are surrounded by other people who are strongly reacting to the situation. think their physiological arousal is the result of the situation. * think their arousal is the result of a drug injection. experience strong physiological arousal for no reason they know of. The results of the experiment by Schachter and Singer suggest that anxiety produces more intense autonomic changes than other emotions do. each emotional state is associated with its own distinctive set of autonomic changes. * emotion is an interpretation of a physiological condition based on information about the situation. emotional changes lead to changes in autonomic activity. Schachter and Singer's theory of emotions AGREES with the James-Lange theory in assuming that autonomic arousal has nothing to do with emotional behavior or experience. each type of emotion is associated with a different, specific type of autonomic activity. all types of emotion are associated with the same type of autonomic activity. * anything that prevents autonomic arousal will decrease the intensity of all emotions. Which theory claims that you identify your emotional states mainly by attending to the activities of your autonomic nervous system? * James-Lange theory Schachter and Singer's theory opponent-process theory Cannon-Bard theory One theory holds that physiological arousal determines the intensity of an emotion and your interpretation of the situation determines which emotion you feel. Which theory is this? opponent-process theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory * Schachter and Singer theory Psychologists attempting to identify basic emotions have generally made each of the following assumptions, EXCEPT basic emotions should appear early in life, without requiring A much experience. basic emotions should each have a distinct biological basis. basic emotions should be about the same for people in different cultures. * basic emotions should be triggered by the same situations or stimuli for all people. According to most psychologists, how many basic emotions do we have? two four nine * Psychologists have not been able to agree on how many basic emotions exist. How does a voluntary smile typically differ from a full, spontaneous, Duchenne smile? * Only Duchenne smiles include contractions of the muscles around the eyes. Only voluntary smiles include a parting of the lips to reveal the teeth. B Voluntary smiles have more of an upward curve. The Duchenne smile involves clenched teeth; the voluntary smile has a relaxed jaw. Which of the following were pioneers in the study of human facial expressions? B. F. Goodrich and Oskar Gestalt B. F. Skinner and Hermann Ebbinghaus Carl Rogers and Mary Calkins * Charles Darwin and Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Studies by Darwin and by Eibl-Eibesfeldt have indicated that people in different cultures in different parts of the world are unable to interpret the facial expressions of people from elsewhere in the world. have only two facial expressions in common: frowning and crying. differ from one another in all their facial expressions. * convey their emotions by many of the same facial expressions. The eyebrow-raising greeting has ______ meaning in various cultures. The duration of the expression is ______ from one culture to another. different ... different the same ... different * the same ... the same different ... the same The eyebrow-raising greeting occurs in all cultures but has different meanings in different cultures. occurs in some cultures but not others. * lasts about one-third second in people of all cultures. occurs in monkeys but not in humans. What evidence do we have for believing that people have built-in, unlearned tendencies for certain facial expressions? Humans use facial expressions to express emotions and other primates do not. * Children who are born deaf and blind develop normal facial expressions. People use various facial expressions throughout the day, even when they are feeling no emotions. People in all parts of the world laugh equally frequently and they laugh at the same things. Based on research in which people of various cultures are shown pictures of facial expressions and asked to identify the emotions represented, we can conclude there are 6 basic emotions in humans. emotional expressions are learned through trial-and-error. * people throughout the world use similar facial expressions. most people around the world are unable to identify the emotion being expressed in a facial expression. Researchers have identified brain circuits in the pons and medulla responsible most clearly for ______. happiness * fear anger love Researchers have identified brain circuits responsible for fears and learned fears. How might we best use this knowledge to find out about basic emotions? * Damage these areas and look to see if other emotions are impaired. Examine these areas to determine if they have the same kind of neurons as other areas of the brain. Monitor the electrical activity of those areas while the subject is afraid. Do a cross-cultural study to see if people of all cultures have those brain areas. People who kept an "anger diary" reported that most of their experiences of anger were directed against strangers. A * were directed against family or friends. were responses to physical attacks by other people. led to physical attacks. Which of the following is INCONSISTENT with the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed in the late 1930s? Frustration leads to anger and hostile aggression. Frustration occurs when you are blocked from reaching some expected goal. People feel angry when they feel as if they have been mistreated. * Some unpleasant events that do not cause frustration sometimes lead to aggressive behavior. A comprehensive theory of aggressive behavior that includes the effects of both frustration and pain is Berkowitz's theory that all events that produce olfactory responses increase the drive to attack. all aggressive behavior is related to the reproductive drive. B * all unpleasant events stimulate impulses to fight and to flee. all aggressive behavior depends on the activity of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. The probability of aggressive or violent behavior DECREASES when the person drinks alcohol. the person takes tranquillizers. levels of the hormone testosterone are high. * temperatures are low. Which of the following kinds of information is most useful to someone who is trying to predict whether someone else will engage in violent behavior? the results of a polygraph test an interview with that person * biographical information about the person the results of a Rorschach Inkblot Test If a psychologist is asked to predict whether a given person will be dangerous in the future, what kind of information is most useful in making the prediction? comparison of the person's EEG pattern to the EEGs of violent criminals the results of personality tests such as the Rorschach Inkblot * biographical information about the person and his or her past impressions gained through extensive personal interviews with the person A tendency toward violent behavior has been associated with each of the factors below EXCEPT * low testosterone levels. lack of guilt after hurting someone. watching a lot of violence on television. weaker-than-normal physiological response to arousal. Within a given country at a given time, wealthy people tend to be ______ than poor people are. As a country becomes more wealthy over time, the average happiness in the country ______. more happy ... increases * more happy ... stays about the same less happy ... stays about the same less happy ... increases One reason why it is so difficult to investigate the causes of happiness is that studies of happiness must be based on cross-sectional studies. an event that causes happiness is likely to alter the person's mood for months or years at a time. people in some cultures express happiness by smiling; people in other cultures do not smile to express happiness. * nearly all studies of happiness rely on self-ratings. Based on people's self-reports, psychologists find that religious people are ______ nonreligious people, and people with many friends are ______ people with few social contacts. less happy than ... happier than equally as happy as ... happier than happier than ... equally as happy as * happier than ... happier than The area of psychology that deals with the ways people's behavior can enhance health and prevent illness is called ______ psychology. holistic biobehavioral Gestalt * health According to Hans Selye, the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it is known as ______. * stress A resistance immunization accommodation Which of the following is NOT involved in the stress response described by Selye? * decreased metabolism activation of the sympathetic nervous system increase in epinephrine levels difficulty concentrating According to Selye, stress occurs in response to * both pleasant and unpleasant events. pleasant events only. B unpleasant events only. internal, not external, events. The order of the stages your body goes through in response to stress, according to Hans Selye, is * alarm, resistance, exhaustion. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. Selye's alarm stage is characterized by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. * sympathetic nervous system. glial cells. digestive system. During a period of prolonged stress, * epinephrine levels in the blood increase to a high level. physiological variables such as epinephrine and heart rate show slight changes at first and then return to normal. heart rate and respiration rate show a gradual decrease. appetite and weight increase steadily. During Selye's resistance stage people have ______ than normal levels of epinephrine, and ______ than normal blood sugar levels. higher ... lower lower ... higher lower ... lower * higher ... higher During Selye's exhaustion stage people tend to have higher than normal ______. * metabolism protein synthesis (including proteins necessary for the immune system) appetite strength The hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress that elevates blood sugar and enhances metabolism is ______. endorphin estradiol * cortisol oxytocin The general adaptation syndrome, a response of the body to intense or prolonged stress, is characterized by heightened alertness and increased efficiency. increased resistance to disease. * fatigue and general loss of interest. increased appetite and weight gain. The "general adaptation syndrome" refers to our bodies' response to * any form of stress. extreme emotions. bacteria and infection. extreme temperature. Selye referred to the weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and general lack of interest that occur as the result of prolonged stress as the posttraumatic stress disorder. A opponent-process reaction. * general adaptation syndrome. nervous exhaustion condition. Posttraumatic stress disorder would be LEAST likely to occur in someone who fought in a war. was raped. * failed a college course. witnessed a murder. "Survivor's guilt" is a condition most closely associated with * posttraumatic stress disorder. opponent-process reaction. B general adaptation syndrome. nervous exhaustion condition. People who experience war or violence often suffer from frequent nightmares, outbursts of anger, constant unhappiness, guilt, and difficulty concentrating. This condition is known as bipolar disorder. dementia praecox. * posttraumatic stress disorder. conversion reaction. Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder watched a 15-minute videotape of dramatized combat. How did they react, based on measures of their endorphin levels? They showed no reaction, since they knew the combat was not real. They showed very little reaction, since the disorder made them indifferent to their surroundings. Their response was the same as Vietnam veterans who did not have PTSD, but stronger than that of nonveterans. * They responded the same way most people do to an actual injury. When using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale you would assign more points for an increase in "arguments with spouse" than for a decrease. more points for a decrease in "arguments with spouse" than for an increase. points for "arguments with spouse" only if the frequency has not changed. * the same number of points for an increase in "arguments with spouse" as a decrease. One criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, a questionnaire that attempts to measure stressful experiences, is that it * gives points for symptoms of illness. does not correlate with the probability of getting ill. includes only events from the previous two weeks. gives points only for unpleasant stressful events and ignores pleasant stressors. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale attempts to measure the stress a person has experienced. Which of the following experiences would NOT earn points on this scale? becoming ill * expecting to be fired from a job getting married death of a family member One reason why it is difficult to measure stress by counting experiences on a checklist is that some stressful events are much more common than others. the effects of brief, mild stress are different from the effects of prolonged stress. both pleasant and unpleasant events can be stressful. * a given event may be more stressful for some people than for others. Lazarus's view on stress emphasizes the severity of the threat of amount of danger involved. the reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. * our interpretation of the stressful event. the consistent response across individuals to a single situation. A psychosomatic illness is a real illness that is caused entirely by psychological factors, without any influence of genetics, diet, or other biological factors. an imaginary illness in someone who is medically healthy. an illness that someone fakes in order to avoid an unpleasant responsibility. * an illness that is influenced by a person's experiences. The "Type A" personality, characterized by hostility and impatience, is associated with an increased probability of ulcers. A multiple sclerosis. * heart disease. cancer. The "Type A" personality that tends to be associated with heart disease is characterized by * impatience and hostility. memory impairments. a lack of interest in life. annual bouts of depression. People with a "Type A" personality often develop stress-related heart disease, even though their scores may be low on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). Why might the SRRS underestimate the stress of Type A people? * The SRRS measures changes in a person's life, not constant sources of stress. The SRRS was designed to apply to college students, not working adults. B The SRRS assigns equal values to all sources of stress. The SRRS measures only unpleasant events, not pleasant events. What role, if any, does stress seem to play in the development of cancer? Stress seems to increase people's resistance to cancer. * Stress seems to make people more vulnerable to cancer by weakening the immune system. Stress seems to directly cause cell abnormalities and the onset of cancer. The evidence to date fails to show any relationship between stress and cancer. In general, unpleasant events produce more stress if they are controllable. * unpredictable. rare. predictable.