According to Sigmund Freud, "libido" referred to repressed memories. infantile behaviors. * sexual energy. aggressive tendencies. According to both Freud's theory of motivation and Lorenz's theory of motivation, motivation is like a game in which different players strive to come out on top. * fluid that builds up until it is released in some way. magnetic field that pulls the individual in some direction. path along the ground that becomes more prominent every time it is used. Which theory or theories of motivation hold that motivation is a kind of energy that has to be released in one way or another? Cannon's homeostasis theory the theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations * Freud's and Lorenz's theories incentive theory Which of the following is an example of motivation as a "drive" as described in Hull's drive reduction theory? the desire to ride a roller coaster the enjoyment of painting or other creative activity an interest in trying unfamiliar foods just for variety * the desire to remove a painful splinter Which of the following facts tends to CONTRADICT Hull's "drive" theory of motivation? An individual who has just completed a meal will rest before engaging in any other activity. Hormones can increase the activity of certain parts of the brain. * People sometimes try to increase their level of stimulation. An individual who cannot engage in his or her preferred activity at a given moment may substitute some other activity. The "energy" theories of Freud and Lorenz and the "drive" theory of Hull agree in assuming that motivation is based on * factors inside the organism. changes in stimuli in the outside world. frustrations during early childhood. sensation-seeking. What is homeostasis? a kind of sexual energy A * maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions sensation-seeking engaging in an act for its own sake, without any external reward A drive is regarded as "homeostatic" if the individual develops the drive as a result of learning. it occurs only on rare occasions. * the individual maintains some variable around a constant value. it is at or near the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Human motivated behavior is UNLIKE the homeostatic action of a home thermostat control in that only the thermostat works to maintain an optimal level. only people act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance. B only thermostats act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance. * people anticipate future needs, as well as maintain current homeostasis. Drive theories disagree with incentive theories of motivation with regard to how they answer the following question: Are all motivations equally strong or do some take priority over others? Are the motivations of humans fundamentally similar to or different from the motivations of other species? * Does motivation depend on factors within the individual or on stimuli from the environment? Are some people more motivated than others are because of differences in heredity or differences in environment? An internally generated tendency toward vigorous activity is known as ______; an external stimulus that pulls us toward a particular activity is known as ______. sensation-seeking ... homeostasis a primary motivation ... a secondary motivation * a drive ... an incentive an incentive ... a drive The difference between the drive theory of motivation and the incentive theory is similar to the difference between software and hardware. eating and digestion. mind and body. * push and pull. Playing the piano for the fun of it is an example of ______; playing the piano because one is being paid is an example of ______. extrinsic motivation ... intrinsic motivation * intrinsic motivation ... extrinsic motivation drive ... homeostasis homeostasis ... drive Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivation? * writing a story just for the fun of it writing a story to submit to a magazine for pay writing a story because your instructor requires you to write it writing a story to submit for a competition Which of the following is an example of a behavior motivated by an extrinsic motivation? * working for pay at a grocery store riding a roller coaster reading a novel that was not assigned for class going for a long walk Motivation based on the rewards and punishments that an act may bring is called * extrinsic motivation. intrinsic motivation. drive reduction. homeostasis. In one study, monkeys learned to open a device just for the fun of it. Later they could open the same device to get a raisin. Now that they could get a raisin, what happened to their behavior? They opened the device more accurately, but no faster than before. They opened the device faster than before, but no more accurately. They opened the device faster and more accurately than before. * They took longer than before to open the box. Betsy used to paint as a hobby. Now that she has become a professional portrait painter, she no longer enjoys painting during her spare time. This change in her motivations is a possible example of * the overjustification effect. A homeostasis. self-actualization. the externality hypothesis. One way of stating the "overjustification effect" is that an event that leads indirectly to the satisfaction of biological needs can eventually become a motivator. when the normal way of expressing a motivation is blocked, the energy associated with it will spill over into other activities. * people who have done something because of extrinsic motivations no longer do them because of intrinsic motivations. people can engage in a particular activity, such as eating, because of incentives, even if they have no drive at the moment. Chuck's parents want him to learn to enjoy reading. Many psychologists would advise them not to pay him large rewards for reading. Why? Maslow's hierarchy of needs externality hypothesis B homeostasis * overjustification effect Which of the following is probably an example of the overjustification effect? * Professional golfers do not like to play golf during their spare time. Workers who are promised a bonus for increasing their productivity work harder than do workers who are not offered a bonus. Children who are punished for touching the stove are more likely to quit touching it if the parents explain why they punished the children. People who are trying to lose weight but who have just violated their diet are likely to overeat during the later meals of the day as well. Collecting rare coins is an example of which kind of motivation? homeostatic motivation instinctive motivation primary motivation * secondary motivation Which of the following is an example of a primary motivation? * thirst money seeking a college diploma coin-collecting According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, WHEN do we attempt to satisfy our need for self-actualization? at all times more when we are younger than when we are older after satisfying the physiological needs but before satisfying the safety needs * only after satisfying all other needs According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the "highest" need, the one we try to achieve only after we have satisfied the lower needs? safety self-esteem * self-actualization social interaction Based on Maslow's theory of a hierarchy of needs, we can predict that children should show a greater variety of needs than adults show. most individuals will be inactive most of the time unless they are specifically trained to make active responses. * certain needs will always take priority over certain others. when an opportunity to engage in one behavior is blocked, a person or animal will engage in a different behavior to work off excess energy. Suppose Fred has satisfied all his biological needs and social and esteem needs. According to Hull's drive theory, Fred will ______. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Fred will ______. be inactive ... be inactive strive for self-fulfillment ... be inactive * be inactive ... strive for self-fulfillment strive for self-fulfillment ... strive for self-fulfillment Which of the following observations is evidence AGAINST Maslow's hierarchy of needs? People sometimes eat highly attractive foods even when they are not hungry. * People sometimes sacrifice their safety and physiological needs in order to satisfy their self-esteem needs. Someone who has been paid for engaging in an interesting activity gradually loses interest in doing it just for fun. People sometimes ride roller coasters or engage in other activities that satisfy no biological need. An important characteristic of motivated behaviors, as opposed to reflexes, is that a motivated behavior serves a biological need. A * varies and persists until it accomplishes a goal. is similar from one time to another. uses a particular form of neural energy. A frog flicks its tongue at passing insects. One way to decide whether or not this is a "motivated" behavior is to find out whether the frog has a cerebral cortex. swallows the fly. ever flicks its tongue at anything else besides flies. * varies its behavior and persists until it catches the fly. Which of the following is NOT one of the typical characteristics of motivated behaviors? * dependence on conscious, deliberate decisions persistence until reaching a goal B variation in intensity from one time to another variation in intensity from one individual to another One characteristic of motivated behaviors is that they remain constant across situations and between various people. vary across situations, but remain constant between various people. remain constant across situations, but vary between people. * vary across situations and between different people. If your body needs fuel, the LAST source your body would use would probably be * the breakdown of muscle tissue. fuel stored in fat cells. fuel circulating in the blood. fuel present in your stomach and intestines. An important source of energy for all parts of the body, and the main source of energy for the brain, is sodium. * glucose. phenylalanine. insulin. Which hormone controls the rate at which nutrients (such as glucose) leave the blood and enter the cells of the body? testosterone estrogen * insulin aldosterone How does the hormone insulin influence eating and hunger? It increases the flow of blood to the lateral hypothalamus. * It regulates the entry of glucose into the cells. It alters the sensitivity of the taste buds. It controls the frequency of stomach contractions. The pancreas secretes both ______, which promotes the movement of nutrients out of the blood and into the cells, and ______, which helps to convert stored supplies back into blood glucose. glucagon ... insulin * insulin ... glucagon adrenalin ... sodium sodium ... adrenalin People with untreated diabetes may eat a great deal without gaining weight. Why? They are abnormally active and burn up the excess fuel. * The glucose in their blood cannot enter the cells that need it. They vomit most of what they eat. The food cannot pass from the digestive system to the blood. Very low levels of insulin leads to weight ______; very high levels of insulin leads to weight ______. * loss ... gain gain ... loss loss ... loss gain ... gain Through which mechanism does insulin affect food intake? It enables the intestines to digest certain types of protein A that they would not otherwise be able to digest. * It increases the percentage of each meal that is stored as fats. It increases the sensitivity of the taste buds to sugars. It increases the preference for salty foods. How does a high level of blood insulin lead to an increase in appetite? * It causes glucose to be stored as fat instead of remaining available for use as energy. It prevents glucose from entering the cells and thereby causes it to be excreted. It directly alters the taste buds to increase their response to sweet tastes. It increases the rate at which the body burns energy supplies and therefore increases the nutritional needs. When insulin levels are very high, glucose enters the cells of the body rapidly and much of it is stored as fat. If the insulin levels remain high, the stored fat cannot be used for energy. What happens to the person's appetite? * The appetite becomes very strong. The appetite is about the same as usual. B The appetite becomes very weak. The appetite fluctuates sharply from moment to moment. An increase in the insulin levels in the body leads to a willingness to eat bad-tasting foods. prolonged nausea. * weight gain. increased preference for salty foods. For most people, insulin levels are higher in midday than they are in the middle of the night. This tendency helps to explain why people are generally thirstier at night than during the day. * hungrier during the day than at night. sleepier at night than during the day. more active during the day than at night. After eating, the experience of feeling "full" and having no more hunger is called ______. obesity ecumenicity plurality * satiety The main factor that ends a meal is ______; over the long run (days) the factor that changes appetite to compensate for errors in meal size is ______. * stomach distention ... body weight glucose level in the blood ... stomach size taste ... glucose level in the blood body weight ... taste Which of the following would probably cause people to eat smaller meals? an increase in the set point for body weight a very high level of insulin in the blood damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus * a decrease in the size of the stomach Which of the foods below, if any, would be most likely to produce satiation, even before your stomach was full? unfamiliar, low-calorie food familiar, low-calorie food * familiar, calorie-rich food No food would produce satiation prior to the stomach being full; satiation depends entirely on stomach distention. Eating is limited by both short-term and long-term regulation. Which of these variables is most important for long-term regulation? blood sugar level * body weight stomach distention the appearance and taste of the food Which of the following is evidence in favor of the existence of a "set point" in eating? After certain kinds of brain damage, individuals gain weight. * Most people maintain a nearly steady body weight over a long time. Most people are hungrier during the day than they are at night. People eat more than they need when food tastes good and less than they need when it tastes bad. People tend to maintain a nearly constant body weight over the course of months, unless something unusual happens. That constant weight is referred to as ______. healthy weight A equilibrium ideal weight * set point Individuals will eat less and lose weight, due to abnormally high levels of glucagon, following damage to the thyroid gland. adrenal glands. * lateral hypothalamus. cerebellum. Damage to the lateral hypothalamus leads to ______. Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus and axons that pass nearby leads to ______. * weight loss ... weight gain weight loss ... weight loss B weight gain ... weight loss weight gain ... weight gain Which two areas of the hypothalamus seem to be important for ENDING meals? lateral and ventromedial lateral and paraventricular ventromedial and suprachiasmatic * ventromedial and paraventricular An area of the brain that is especially important in determining when to start and stop eating is the ______. cerebellum hippocampus medulla * hypothalamus After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal's weight eventually reaches a higher than usual level and then fluctuates around that point. What has happened to set point? It has decreased. It is unaffected. * It has increased. It has been eliminated. People and other animals show an immediate, apparently unlearned craving for the taste of ______ when they are deficient in that substance. vitamin B-1 calcium protein * salt When someone has a deficiency of salt in the body, he or she is likely to show * an increased preference for salty tastes. a decreased preference for salty tastes. an increased preference for sweet tastes. a decreased preference for sweet tastes. Damage to the adrenal gland can lead to an increased need for ______ in the diet. calcium protein * salt carbohydrates Which of the following is most likely to lead to an increased preference for salty tastes? prolonged experience with a low-fat diet repeated nausea * damage to the adrenal glands damage to the lateral hypothalamus Donna is likely to reject salty tastes if her adrenal glands have been damaged. she has drunk a substantial amount of distilled water. * she once became nauseated from riding a roller coaster shortly after eating a highly salty meal. she has recently lost a great deal of blood. You go to an amusement park. While there, you try a food you've never eaten before: a corndog. Later you ride the "Screaming Turtle" roller coaster, and get quite ill. What is likely to happen in the future? You will feel nauseated at the sight of roller coasters. A You will feel nauseated at the sight of turtles. * You will feel nauseated at the sight of corndogs. You will develop a craving for corndogs when you ride on roller coasters. When a food is paired with a later illness, people often develop an aversion to that food. Which is true about that aversion? It will develop only if it was actually the food that made you ill, and you know it was the food that made you ill. It will develop only if it was actually the food that made you ill, but will occur even if you thought something else caused the illness. * It is most likely to occur when you are unfamiliar with the food that preceded the illness. It is most likely to occur with foods you eat often, but whose taste you consider bland. The excessive accumulation of body fat is called ______. * obesity gluttony B anorexia bulimia Which of these statements accurately describes a relationship between emotional problems and weight gain? Overweight people have the same kind of emotional problems as other people, but to a greater degree. * Some people, both overweight and not overweight, sometimes overeat when they are unhappy. Overweight people have a special emotional problem that causes them to overeat. People without emotional problems do not overeat. What do psychologists believe is the relationship between emotional disorders and long-term weight gain? People with any emotional disorder are more likely than other people are to gain weight. People with anxiety are more likely than others are to gain weight. People with depression are more likely than others are to gain weight. * Emotional disorders do not lead to long-term weight gain. Compared to overweight people, normal-weight people are ______ likely to engage in eating binges, and ______ likely to experience emotional problems. less ... more less ... less more ... less * about equally ... about equally Eating binges are most frequent and most extreme in people who eat the same amount of food during every meal. * have been dieting to lose weight. are severely obese. suffer from anorexia nervosa. Obesity ______ tend to run in families; the weight of adopted children is ______ related to that of their birth parents than to that of their adopting parents. * does ... more does ... less does not ... more does not ... less Each of the following is true EXCEPT: obesity tends to run in families. researchers have identified a gene in mice that leads to obesity. the weight of adopted children correlates more closely with that of their birth parents than with that of their adoptive parents. * obese individuals are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression than other people. Which of the following is true of most overweight people? They perform much lower than average in school. * They expend less energy than most other people do. They became overweight as a reaction to anxiety or depression. They have a smaller-than-average stomach. You have been asked to predict which of 30 infants is most likely to become overweight by age 1 year. To make an accurate prediction, which kind of information should you try to obtain? * measurements of the energy output per day by each infant records of the weight at birth for each infant information on which babies were breast-fed and which ones were bottle-fed estimates of the anxiety level of each infant Low energy expenditure is a poor predictor of weight gain. A is a good predictor of weight gain in infants, but not in adults. is a good predictor of weight gain in adults, but not in infants. * is a good predictor of weight gain, regardless of age. Exercise, as a method of weight control, is the approach that most overweight people find easiest. * is not very effective unless accompanied by a reduction in eating. is usually very effective, even when there is no change in the amount eaten. is never effective. In a study by Fallon and Rozin, women were asked which female figure men considered most attractive. How accurate were the women's guesses? Most women correctly guessed which figure men preferred. About half of the women guessed too thin a figure and half guessed too heavy a figure. B * Most women guessed too thin a figure. Most women guessed too heavy a figure. When asked about the body shape that the opposite sex finds most attractive, women ______ and men ______ the weight that the opposite sex actually prefers. * underestimate ... overestimate overestimate ... underestimate underestimate ... correctly estimate correctly estimate ... underestimate What is likely to happen after a person who has been dieting to lose weight eats a high-calorie treat that is forbidden by the diet? * The person will subsequently eat more than a non-dieting person would after eating the treat. The person will subsequently eat less than a non-dieting person would after eating the treat. The person will return to dieting as usual. The person will show a preference for unusual flavors for the rest of the day. "Yo-yo" dieting refers to alternating high-carbohydrate and low-carbohydrate foods. alternating intake of fluids and solids. * alternating periods of weight loss and weight gain. restricting your intake of small, plastic children's toys. People with anorexia nervosa eat inedible substances. too much. * too little. only when they are alone. Anorexia nervosa occurs most often in teenage boys. * teenage girls. women in their early 40s. men in their early 40s. Which of the following statements about anorexia nervosa is true? While it may seem like a problem to the rest of the family, anorexia does not pose a serious threat to the person who has the condition. Anorexia is equally likely to begin at almost any age. * The prevalence of anorexia has been gradually increasing over the past several decades among African-Americans. Anorexia is more common in Jamaican teenage girls than in any other group. Anorexia nervosa occurs about equally in both young and old people. occurs about equally in all ethnic groups. occurs about equally in both sexes. * is fatal in about 5-10% of the cases. People who are suffering from anorexia nervosa * have unusually high energy levels. have very little self-control. spend most of the day sleeping or lying in bed. find the very thought of food to be unpleasant. What are people with anorexia nervosa most afraid of? * becoming fat A contact with other people an orex meaninglessness According to your text, one of the major contribution factors in anorexia (especially in women) is * societal pressure to be thin. malfunctioning of the lateral hypothalamus. malfunctioning of the ventromedial hypothalamus. a classically-conditioned aversion to the taste of certain foods, based on an earlier pairing of that food and illness. People who alternate between excessive eating and self-starvation suffer from a condition known as ______. * bulimia anorexia B self-actualization Turner's syndrome Bulimics and anorexics are most likely to differ in preoccupation with food. gender. * body weight. fear of fatness. Bulimics are most often ______ ; anorexics are most often ______. male ... female male ... male female ... male * female ... female People who develop anorexia nervosa are mostly described as having been ______ since early childhood. demanding and uncooperative thin and indifferent to food inactive * perfectionists Girls who develop anorexia nervosa very often have low self-control. have been rebellious children throughout their childhood. are attempting to become more attractive to men. * enjoy the new attention that their condition brings to them. What was Alfred Kinsey's contribution to the study of sexual behavior? He studied the differences in sexual behavior among various species of animals. He determined the effects of testosterone and estrogen on sexual motivation. He was the first to measure the physiological changes that take place during sexual arousal and orgasm. * He conducted extensive surveys to find out about people's sexual activities. Kinsey reported data concerning the percentage of people who engaged in various sex acts. Why should we be skeptical of the percentages he reported? Kinsey based his percentages on results from fewer than 1,000 people. Kinsey had little skill as an interviewer and most people said he made them nervous. * Kinsey did not use a random or representative sample of the population. Kinsey reported surprisingly little Kinsey from one person to another. What did Alfred Kinsey discover? Sexual activity does not change in frequency as most people grow older. * Human sexual behavior varies more than most people realize. Abnormal sexual preferences are based on an inherited predisposition. Human sexual practices are similar in all parts of the world. Alfred Kinsey found that most people have the following misconception about sexual behavior: * Most people underestimated the variability of human sexual behavior. Most people underestimated the risks associated with masturbation. Most people overestimated the frequency of homosexual behavior. Most people overestimated the differences in sexual customs among human societies. Subjects in Kinsey's studies defined "excessive masturbation" as more than once a day. A more than twice a week. more than twice a month. * anything more than what they personally did. Based on a 1994 survey of almost 3500 U.S. adults, the sexual activity described as "very appealing" by the most people was oral sex. group sex. watching a partner undress. * vaginal intercourse. In which of the following areas are men and women in the U.S. MOST similar? frequency of masturbation interest in casual sex B interest in watching a partner undress * level of satisfaction with their current sex lives The estimate the "10% of people are predominantly homosexual," based on Kinsey's reports, seems to underestimate the true percentage. be an accurate estimate of the true percentage. * overestimate the true percentage. have been based on data that Kinsey completely fabricated. Kinsey's survey apparently overestimated the frequency of homosexual orientations in the United States because he interviewed too small a sample of people. he phrased his questions in a confusing, misleading way. one of his assistants made systematic errors in reporting the data. * he used a nonrandom, nonrepresentative sample. According to a survey of almost 3500 U.S. adults by Laumann et al. (1994), the percentage of men in the U.S. who describe themselves as having a homosexual orientation is approximately ______. one-tenth of 1% * 3% 10% 20% Of the following, same sex activity is reported MOST frequently by * U.S. men. U.S. women. British men. French men. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which a person can become infected with AIDS? sexual contact with a person who has the virus * touching the hands of someone with the virus transfusion of blood from an infected donor sharing a needle with someone who carries the virus If a man and woman have vaginal intercourse, and one of them has the AIDS virus, then the woman is more likely to infect the man than the man is to infect the woman. * the man is more likely to infect the woman than the woman is to infect the man. the virus is equally likely to pass from the man to the woman or from the woman to the man. it is very unlikely that either one will transmit the virus to the other. Which sex act is most likely to transmit the AIDS virus from one person to another? * anal intercourse vaginal intercourse touching the genitals kissing What technique was used by Masters and Johnson to study the human sexual response? an anonymous survey face-to-face interviews * observation of sexual acts in the laboratory a diary of their sexual acts with each other over a period of several years According to Masters and Johnson, the FIRST of the four physiological stages of sexual arousal is the ______ stage. plateau A orgasm resolution * excitement According to Masters and Johnson, human sexual arousal proceeds through four stages: * excitement, plateau, climax, resolution abstinence, experimentation, habituation, withdrawal pleasure, augmentation, approach, completion denial, bargaining, acceptance, action Which of the following tends to INTERFERE with sexual excitement? a "sex flush" of the skin * stimulant drugs B rapid breathing the hormone testosterone The sexual arousal of women differs from men in which way? * Women are more likely to experience multiple orgasms without a rest period between them. Women experience resolution before excitement; men experience excitement before resolution. Women experience a refractory period at the same time as men experience a plateau. Men enter the excitement phase before orgasm; women enter excitement after orgasm. The term "sexual orientation" refers to a person's * preference for male or female sexual partners. pattern of predominantly male or female hormones. tendency to identify himself as a man or herself as a woman. degree of interest in sexual stimulation. The term "sexual identity" refers to a person's preference for male or female sexual partners. pattern of predominantly male or female hormones. * tendency to identify himself as a man or herself as a woman. degree of interest in sexual stimulation. What biological evidence suggests that we all start life as a "unisex"? The chromosome patterns of males and females are the same. The nerves that connect the genitals to the spinal cord do not conduct any action potentials until age 6 years. Sexual hormones have no effect until puberty. * The penis and the clitoris develop from the same structure of a fetus. Why is it impossible for a person to have a complete set of both male genitals and female genitals? It requires energy to form genital tissue and the fetus does not have enough energy or fuel to form two sets of genitals. Males have only testosterone and females have only estrogen. * Both sets of genitals develop from the same structure in the fetus. The development of male genitals can only occur in the absence of estrogen. An article in the latest issue of the Gullible Inquirer claims that a person was born with both a penis and a clitoris. Why is that impossible? Each depends on a different hormone, and it is impossible to have both estrogen and testosterone. The clitoris does not develop until well after birth. A person with an intermediate level of testosterone and estrogen would develop no sexual structures at all. * Both develop from the same structure found in the fetus. Under what circumstances might a genetically female (XX) fetus develop a sexual anatomy that partly resembles that of a genetic male (XY)? Her mother continued to engage in sex while she was pregnant. Her mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy. She was exposed to less estrogen than normal for a female fetus. * She was exposed to more testosterone than normal for a female fetus. If a human fetus were exposed to very low levels of both testosterone and estrogen throughout prenatal development, its sexual anatomy at birth would appear similar to that of normal males. * similar to that of normal females. about halfway between that of males and that of females. completely lacking in both male and female structures. In the early 20th century, psychologists viewed homosexuality as a sign of mental illness. One flaw in the data that conclusion was based on was that the data were obtained from * a badly distorted sample consisting of homosexual men who A sought help from psychotherapists. studies conducted only in cities known to have a large homosexual population. longitudinal rather than cross-sectional studies. Masters and Johnson, who misrepresented their findings. Which, if any, of the following brothers of a homosexual would be most likely to be homosexual himself? * an identical twin brother a fraternal twin brother an adopted brother All of the above would be equally likely to be homosexual, since environment, not genetics, determines sexual orientation. What evidence is there, if any, that homosexuality may be partly the result of genetics? We know that 10% of people are homosexual across cultures. Most homosexual men had homosexual fathers or grandfathers. B If a man is homosexual his twin brother is more likely to also be homosexual if he is a fraternal twin than if he is an identical twin. * If a man is homosexual his twin brother is more likely to also be homosexual if he is an identical twin than if he is a fraternal twin. A portion of the anterior hypothalamus known as INAH3 is generally larger in males than it is in females, and is known to be necessary for the display of male-typical sexual behavior. Researcher Simon LeVay found that in homosexual men INAH3 is about the same size as in heterosexual men and is larger than in women. is larger than both heterosexual men and women. * is about the same size as in women, and is smaller than in heterosexual man. is smaller than in either heterosexual men or women. In what aspect have researchers found male homosexuals' brains to be more similar to those of females than to those of male heterosexuals? testosterone levels size of the corpus callosum hemispheric dominance * structure of the hypothalamus Research by Simon LeVay suggests that sexual orientation in men may be related to the size of part of the ______. corpus callosum * anterior hypothalamus brain stem superior colliculus Which of the following is NOT a reasonable biological explanation for male sexual orientation (homosexuality versus heterosexuality), according to current evidence? levels of sex hormones at an early stage of brain development * levels of sex hormones during adulthood genetics differences in brain anatomy According to one survey of thousands of college students, 25% of women said they had been forced into sex at least once. About what percent of men admitted they had forced themselves on a woman sexually? * 4% 15% 25% 50% A survey of over 3,000 women at 32 colleges suggests that most cases of unwanted sexual intercourse are reported to the police, although very few convictions follow. are reported to the police and result in conviction of the rapist. involve assaults by strangers. * occur on a date. One childhood experience common to many convicted rapists is loss of a parent. conviction for drug abuse. failure in school. * having been abused.