IQ tests were originally devised to help identify        
 prisoners who were ready for release.      
 applicants who should be chosen for particular jobs. B     
 mental patients who were likely to improve.      
 * children who belonged in special classes.      
    

When Spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for?       
 * general      
 gifted      
 genetic      
 group      
    

Which of the following facts is the best evidence in favor of the "g" factor in intelligence?       
 People who take an IQ test repeatedly generally get about the same score each time.     
 Parents who have high IQ scores generally have children with high IQ scores.     
 The mean IQ score for boys is the same as that for girls.      
 * Scores on tests of specialized intellectual abilities are all positively correlated with one another.     
    

Certain IQ tests, such as the WISC-III, include separate tests for specialized abilities. Scores on all those separate tests are positively correlated with one another. These positive correlations are considered evidence in favor of     
 Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.      
 * Spearman's "g" factor.      
 Cattell's distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence.     
 Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.      
    

Suppose someone demonstrated that there are several kinds of intellectual abilities that correlate poorly or negatively with one another. That demonstration would be evidence AGAINST      
 Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.      
 Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.      
 * Spearman's "g" factor.      
 the theory that heredity contributes to intelligence.      
    

The main implication of Spearman's concept of a "g" factor in intelligence is that       
 different people excel at different kinds of intelligence.      
 most differences among people are based on differences in their genes.     
 the quality of the environment determines how close people will come to achieving their full potential.     
 * all tests of intelligence measure the same general ability, at least partially.     
    

Spearman's "g" factor corresponds to an ability for        
 memorizing facts.      
 performing one specific task more skillfully than any other task.     
 * dealing with abstract concepts.      
 mental imagery.      
    

If a psychologist wanted to test Spearman's concept of a "g" factor in intelligence, what kind of data should the psychologist collect?      
 * correlations between performances on various intellectual tasks     
 information on similarities and differences in the IQ scores of monozygotic twins reared in separate environments     
 data on the means and standard deviations for people of various ages when they take IQ tests     
 surveys of whether psychologists believe that IQ tests actually measure intelligence     
    

One line of evidence AGAINST the idea that all intelligence depends on a single underlying ability (Spearman's "g") is the demonstration that      
 * localized brain damage can impair one intelligent skill without impairing any of the others     
 individual performances on a standardized IQ test vary according to a normal distribution.     
 performance on an IQ test correlates positively with brain mass.     
 scores on almost any IQ subtest correlate positively with scores on the other subtests.     
    

According to Raymond Cattell, the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components:       
 inherited and acquired. A     
 * fluid and crystallized.      
 verbal and performance.      
 slow and fast.      
    

Someone who has learned a great deal of specific information and who has acquired many specialized skills can be said to have a great deal of ______ intelligence.      
 fluid      
 * crystallized      
 triarchic      
 psychometric      
    

What is meant by "fluid intelligence"?        
 intelligence that increases and decreases from time to time      
 intelligence that is present in the same amount at all times B     
 * the ability to reason, use knowledge, and gain more information     
 acquired skills and knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems     
    

The ability to reason and to learn new skills is ______ intelligence. The ability to apply acquired skills to a familiar problem is ______ intelligence.      
 verbal ... performance      
 performance ... verbal      
 * fluid ... crystallized      
 crystallized ... fluid      
    

According to Cattell, if we examine the intelligence of a person at age 20 and again at age 50, we are most likely to find       
 consistent levels of both fluid and crystallized intelligence.     
 the same amount of fluid intelligence, but less crystallized intelligence at age 50.     
 * lower levels of fluid intelligence at age 50, but more crystallized intelligence.     
 more fluid intelligence at age 50, but less crystallized intelligence.     
    

Critics of the notion of a single kind of intelligence argue that psychologists find strong evidence for a "g" factor in intelligence because      
 * their tests focus on overlapping skills.      
 their tests are not narrow or specific enough.      
 they test children far more often than they test adults.      
 the statistical methods that are commonly used are biased.      
    

The main assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of "multiple intelligences" is that       
 * people have a number of unrelated forms of intelligence.      
 all types of intelligence are positively correlated with one another.     
 intelligence is controlled by unconscious and unmeasurable cognitive processes.     
 a single "g" factor is present in all types of intelligence.      
    

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differs most strongly from Spearman's concept of a "g" factor with regard to the answer given to the following question:      
 * Are all types of intelligence positively correlated with one another?     
 Do differences in intelligence depend mostly on differences in heredity or on differences in environment?     
 Which is more important in everyday life, fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence?     
 Do people of various cultures use the same cognitive processes, or do they each use a different type of cognitive process?    
    

The outstanding abilities of a savant in one area, despite poor abilities in other areas, would provide the most support for       
 the "g" factor.      
 fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.      
 Sternberg's triarchic theory.      
 * numerous unrelated forms of intelligence.      
    

According to Sternberg's "triarchic" theory, intelligence        
 develops through three separate phases in children.      
 has three levels -- genius, normal, and retarded.      
 uses three separate areas of the brain -- the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.     
 * is governed by three types of processes.      
    

According to Sternberg's "triarchic" theory of intelligence, in order to understand intelligence one must consider the situations that require intelligence, how intelligence relates to the outside world, and the     
 age of the individual.      
 gender of the individual.      
 * cognitive processes within the individual.      
 person's self-awareness.      
    

According to Sternberg's "triarchic" theory of intelligence, three factors need to be considered when describing intelligence. Which of the factors below is NOT one of Sternberg's three factors?     
 * the age of the individual A     
 the cognitive processes within the individual      
 the situations that require intelligence      
 the practical application in the outside world      
    

According to Sternberg, cognitive processes include three components. Which of those three components (if any) do standard IQ tests measure?      
 learning the necessary information      
 planning an approach to a problem      
 * combining the knowledge with the plan to actually solve a problem     
 Standard IQ tests do not measure any of the three components described by Sternberg.     
    

Sternberg argues that the term intelligence is meaningful only in a sociocultural context because       
 genetic differences exist between various races.      
 advanced cultures are generally more intelligent. B     
 * intelligent behavior must be practical, and what is practical varies across cultures.     
 intelligence does not apply to the abilities of individuals.      
    

Binet and Simon developed the first intelligence tests in order to measure       
 creativity.      
 * the skills that children need for success in school.      
 cognitive impairment in victims of head injury.      
 job skills in adult factory workers.      
    

An IQ test measures        
 * current performance.      
 the maximum limit of a person's capacity.      
 innate potential.      
 brain size.      
    

The early IQ tests developed in France were modified for English speakers and became the first important IQ test in the English language. This new version was the      
 * Stanford-Binet.      
 SAT.      
 WAIS.      
 Progressive Matrices test.      
    

A psychologist administering the Stanford-Binet IQ test to an 8-year-old would       
 only administer items designated "age 8."      
 begin with the most difficult questions (e.g., "adult") and work down to the easier questions until the child began to get some right.    
 administer all of the items (age 2 through adult), and note the percentage of items missed at each level.     
 * administer only those items at or near the child's current level of functioning.     
    

When does a psychologist who is administering the Stanford-Binet end the test for an 8-year-old child?       
 when the child misses his or her first item      
 when the test reaches the items designated as "age 8."      
 * when the child begins to consistently miss items.      
 when all of the items have been presented.      
    

The average IQ score        
 * is 100.      
 is higher in men than in women.      
 increases steadily from birth to old age.      
 has been steadily declining over the last three decades.      
    

The WAIS-R and the WISC-III are tests of ______.        
 creativity      
 personality      
 * intelligence      
 interests      
    

The WAIS-R test is given to ______; the WISC-III test is given to ______.       
 English-speaking people ... people who speak other languages      
 * adults ... children      
 people of normal intelligence ... people of above-average intelligence     
 people with visual handicaps ... people with hearing handicaps     
    

Which IQ test provides separate verbal and performance scores, as well as scores on individual skills such as vocabulary and block design?      
 * Wechsler tests A     
 Stanford-Binet      
 Raven's Progressive Matrices      
 Rorschach Inkblot      
    

One advantage of the Wechsler IQ tests in comparison to the Stanford-Binet test, is that the Wechsler tests       
 do not impose a time limit.      
 are equally appropriate for people from all backgrounds.      
 do not require language.      
 * provide 12 separate verbal and performance scores.      
    

Which test has separate parts that measure general information, vocabulary, arithmetic, block design, and mazes?       
 Stanford-Binet      
 Raven's Progressive Matrices B     
 * WISC-III      
 MMPI      
    

If a psychologist wanted to measure someone's IQ, but also wanted to identify the person's pattern of strengths and weaknesses, which test should the psychologist use?      
 * Wechsler tests      
 16-PF      
 Raven's Progressive Matrices      
 MMPI      
    

Why do critics complain about questions on IQ tests that ask for factual information?       
 such questions do not predict performance in school      
 * such items measure knowledge, not necessarily ability      
 factual knowledge is unrelated to problem-solving ability      
 these questions fail to differentiate among people who take the tests     
    

Raven's Progressive Matrices represent one attempt to construct a        
 * culture-fair IQ test.      
 test that measures both intelligence and personality.      
 test of IQ for infants.      
 test of intelligence for nonhuman animals.      
    

Which of the following was an attempt to devise an IQ test that makes minimal use of language and is more fair to people with various cultural and language backgrounds?      
 Stanford-Binet test      
 * Raven's Progressive Matrices      
 Wechsler test      
 MMPI      
    

An advantage of Raven's Progressive Matrices is that it        
 directly measures innate ability.      
 * is fairer to people who do not speak English.      
 provides separate scores for a number of specialized abilities.     
 has higher reliability and validity than other IQ tests.      
    

To get separate scores on a number of separate abilities, use the ______ IQ test. To measure abilities more fairly in people who do not speak English, use the ______ test.      
 * Wechsler ... Raven's Progressive Matrices      
 Raven's Progressive Matrices ... Wechsler      
 Stanford-Binet ... Wechsler      
 Wechsler ... Stanford-Binet      
    

Why do deaf and foreign-born people get a more fair score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices than they do on the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test?      
 Raven's Matrices measure only simple responses to simple stimuli.     
 * Raven's Matrices include only nonverbal questions and answers.     
 Raven's Matrices accept a wide variety of answers as correct on each item.     
 Raven's Matrices measure biological variables rather than answers to questions.     
    

Under which of these circumstances would it be important for a psychologist to use Raven's Progressive Matrices (or a similar test) instead of, say, the WAIS-R or WISC-III?      
 The psychologist wants to record separate verbal and performance scores.     
 The person being tested is known to have already achieved a high score on the Stanford-Binet IQ test.     
 * The person being tested has just recently begun to learn English.     
 The psychologist wants to use a test with good reliability and validity.     
    

Which of these tests (if any) calls for the LEAST amount of memory for facts?       
 Stanford-Binet IQ test A     
 WAIS-R      
 * Raven's Progressive Matrices      
 All these tests require an equal amount of factual memory.      
    

What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test?       
 Performance on this test has been declining over the years in our culture.     
 It measures abilities that are taught in some cultures and not in others.     
 * It calls for little factual information or use of language.      
 It was prepared by representatives of all the world's major cultures.     
    

What is one similarity between the WAIS-R and the Scholastic Assessment Test?       
 Both have an average score of 100.      
 * Both provide separate scores for verbal and performance abilities. B    
 Both deal entirely with nonverbal questions and answers.      
 Both are good examples of culture-reduced tests.      
    

The SAT was originally designed to have a mean score of ______, but over the years the mean gradually drifted ______.       
 100 ... downward      
 100 ... upward      
 * 500 ... downward      
 500 ... upward      
    

Why do many colleges base their admission decisions partly on SAT scores, instead of relying entirely on high-school grades?       
 * Some high-school courses give easier grades than others.      
 The SAT provides a culture-reduced measure of intelligence.      
 The SAT provides numerical data and high-school grades do not.     
 Many high schools refuse to send students' grades to colleges.     
    

A college admissions official trying to predict how well a high-school student will do in college would come up with the best prediction based on      
 high-school grades.      
 SAT scores.      
 * a combination of high-school grades and SAT scores.      
 letters of recommendation.      
    

Students who attend SAT coaching sessions tend to        
 get lower scores than students who do not attend such sessions.     
 get the same scores as students who do not attend such sessions.     
 * raise their scores by 10-20 points on a 200-800 scale.      
 raise their scores by 150-200 on a 200-800 scale.      
    

Unlike the SAT or IQ tests, tests you take in your college classes are generally considered       
 * achievement tests.      
 aptitude tests.      
 progressive matrices tests.      
 culturally fair tests.      
    

An achievement test is designed to measure        
 fluid intelligence.      
 aptitude for school work.      
 general overall mental ability.      
 * specific skills or knowledge.      
    

Most tests, like the SAT, ACT, and various IQ tests, measure        
 aptitude, independently of specific knowledge.      
 achievement, independently of any general ability.      
 crystallized intelligence, independent of fluid intelligence.      
 * a combination of knowledge and abilities.      
    

Dr. Questioner has just written a new IQ test, but so far no one has ever taken the test so we have no results to examine. The one thing we know about this test is that right now it is NOT      
 * standardized.      
 reliable.      
 valid.      
 based on any theory.      
    

A psychologist wishes to "standardize" a new IQ test. What is the first thing the psychologist should do?       
 * administer the test to a large random sample of the A population     
 make the content of the test as similar as possible to other tests in the field     
 ask a number of experts in the field for their opinion of the content of the test     
 determine the predictive validity of the test      
    

Descriptions of the frequencies at which particular scores in an IQ test occur are called ______.       
 correlations      
 regressions      
 * norms      
 cliffs      
    

What does it mean to say that a test has been standardized?        
 People who get a high score the first time they take the test will probably get a high score the second time also.     
 * Psychologists have established rules for administering the test and interpreting its scores. B    
 Scores on this test correlate positively with performance on some other task.     
 The content of this test is a good representation of the field the test is supposed to deal with.     
    

Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,      
 her IQ score is 88.      
 * we do not know how her score compares to that of other people.     
 we can be sure that her score is neither reliable nor valid.      
 we know that her IQ is below average, but we do not know how much below average.     
    

If a test has not yet been standardized, then        
 scores fluctuate widely from one time to another.      
 scores on the test do not correlate with performance on another task.     
 the content of the test does not match the field it is supposed to cover.     
 * we do not know the norms.      
    

If psychologists administer a new IQ test to 1,000 randomly chosen students just once, they are probably trying to ______. If they administer the test twice to each student and compare the results, they are probably trying to ______.     
 determine the reliability of the test ... determine the content validity of the test     
 * standardize the test ... determine the reliability of the test     
 determine the content validity of the test ... standardize the test     
 determine the content validity of the test ... determine the construct validity of the test     
    

Someone who scores 115 on the WAIS-R has scored        
 better than 25% of people the same age.      
 better than 50% of people the same age.      
 * better than 84% of people the same age.      
 worse than 84% of people the same age.      
    

Someone with an IQ score of 130 is in the 98th percentile. This means he or she       
 answered 130 questions correctly.      
 answered 98 questions correctly.      
 answered 98% of the questions correctly.      
 * did better than 98% of the people his or her age who took the test.     
    

Psychologists sometimes use the term "gifted" to describe someone who       
 scores over 100 on an IQ test.      
 * scores more than two standard deviations above the mean on an IQ test.     
 scores above the 80th percentile on an IQ test.      
 has recently had a birthday.      
    

Someone scoring more than two standard deviations below the mean on an IQ test would be classified as ______.       
 gifted      
 normal      
 bright-normal      
 * retarded      
    

What percentage of people would we expect to score more than two standard deviations above the mean on an IQ test?       
 * 2%      
 20-25%      
 50%      
 65%      
    

Over the last 50 years or so, what have psychologists had to do in order to make sure the mean score on an IQ test remains at 100?      
 make the test easier A     
 * make the test harder      
 use more verbal items and fewer performance items      
 use more performance items and fewer verbal items      
    

Since the invention of IQ tests, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests and intentionally made the test more difficult. Why?      
 to prevent cheating      
 * to keep the mean score from rising above 100      
 because the tests are now being used for different purposes than they were in the past     
 because low IQ scores have greater reliability than high scores do     
    

Since the early days of IQ testing, psychologists have periodically rewritten the tests. If the young people of today took exactly the same tests that were used many years ago,      
 the validity of the test would be higher than the reliability.     
 the mean score would be well below 100. B     
 * the mean score would be well above 100.      
 the mean would still be 100, but the standard deviation would be close to zero.     
    

The reliability of a psychological test is practically the same thing as its ______.       
 regression      
 validity      
 standardization      
 * repeatability      
    

A test claims to measure intelligence. How could you measure the reliability of the test?       
 Examine the content of the items to see whether it agrees with standard descriptions of intelligence.     
 Determine whether people who score high on the test are more likely than others to do well in school.     
 Determine whether the mean score and the range are about the same for various groups of people.     
 * Give the test repeatedly and see whether each person's scores are consistent.     
    

Suppose people take a given IQ test twice. Those who got the highest scores the first time get scores much closer to the class average the second time. The test must have      
 high validity.      
 high reliability.      
 average validity.      
 * low reliability.      
    

A new personality test claims to measure how much two people love each other. How could you measure the reliability of the test?       
 * Have couples take the test repeatedly and see whether they keep getting the same score.     
 Determine whether couples who score high on the test are more likely than others to stay married for at least 10 years.     
 Give the test to a large random sample of people and calculate the mean and the standard deviation.     
 Ask a random sample of people whether the items on the test refer to the same thing they mean when they talk about love.     
    

A new psychological test has a reliability of zero. This means that       
 people who do better than average the first time they take the test will do worse than average the second time.     
 it is possible to use the scores on this test to make accurate predictions of some behavior outside the test.     
 scores on the test are normally distributed.      
 * scores fluctuate randomly from one time to another.      
    

The reliability of the WISC-III, Stanford-Binet, Progressive Matrices, and SAT have all been measured in the range       
 -.40 to -.30.      
 -.05 to +.05.      
 .80 to .85.      
 * .90 to .95.      
    

The reliability of most IQ tests is .90 or higher. This means that the tests       
 measure what they claim to measure (intelligence).      
 * measure something (whatever) in a repeatable manner.      
 measure at least 90% of each person's capacity.      
 have a standard deviation almost as large as the mean.      
    

A new IQ test, the Florida Revised Analysis of Unusual Dispositions, determines your IQ score by dividing your Social Security number by your ZIP code and then taking the square root. The reliability of this test is probably about _____.     
 0      
 * 1      
 .2      
 -.5      
    

Many students who take the SAT twice find that they score higher the second time. What (if anything) does this say about the reliability of the SAT?      
 The reliability of the SAT must be very high. A     
 The reliability of the SAT must be near zero.      
 We do not know. Reliability has nothing to do with the stability or repeatability of a set of scores.     
 * We do not know. The reliability depends on whether the order of scores is the same the second time as it was the first.     
    

Two standard ways to evaluate a test are to measure its ______ and its ______.       
 regression ... clarity      
 * reliability ... validity      
 normality ... difficulty      
 length ... user-friendliness      
    

A psychologist determines that people's scores on a new test are consistent over time. Those who do well one day also do well on another day. This test has ______ reliability and ______ validity.     
 high ... low      
 high ... high B     
 * high ... unknown      
 unknown ... high      
    

If a test has high content validity, then        
 the reliability of the scores is low.      
 scores on the test are useful for predicting some other behavior.     
 * its questions fairly represent the material the test is supposed to cover.     
 all groups who take the test get about the same average score.     
    

To determine whether the test you are taking right now has high content validity, an investigator could find out whether       
 performance on this test predicts how well you will do on the final exam.     
 * the content of this test includes the main points covered in this section of the course.     
 people who take the same test twice get approximately the same scores both times.     
 people who do well on this test say that they enjoy psychology.     
    

If a test produces results that correspond to theoretical expectations, then the test has high       
 utility.      
 * construct validity.      
 predictive validity.      
 standardization.      
    

What does it mean to say that a particular test has high predictive validity?       
 * The scores enable us to predict performance on some other task.     
 Nearly everyone who takes the test thinks it is fair.      
 Psychologists have measured the mean and the standard deviation for a large, randomly chosen population.     
 People who take the test repeatedly get approximately the same scores each time.     
    

If a test has low predictive validity, then        
 someone who scores high one time will probably get a below-average score the next time.     
 someone who scores high one time will probably get just an average score the next time.     
 * the test does not measure what it is supposed to measure.      
 the questions have not yet been standardized on a large population.     
    

Both reliability and validity are measured by        
 factor analysis.      
 * correlation coefficients.      
 imaginary numbers.      
 standard deviations.      
    

What would be one way to determine the predictive validity of an IQ test?       
 Find out whether or not the content of the test corresponds to theories of intelligence.     
 Calculate the mean and the standard deviation for a large number of people who take the test.     
 Find out whether people who get high scores the first time they take the test also get high scores when they take it a second time.    
 * Measure the correlation between performance on the test and performance in school.     
    

A test that has low predictive validity produces scores that        
 vary randomly when a person takes the test several times.      
 are more fair to one group of people than to another.      
 improve only slightly with practice.      
 * do not correlate strongly with performance on some other task.     
    

When considering school performance, the predictive validity of most popular IQ tests range from about .3 to .6. These figures suggest that success in school depends      
 almost exclusively on skills measured by the tests. A     
 almost exclusively on skills NOT measured by the tests.      
 * on a combination of skills, some of which are measured by the tests and some of which are not.     
 on random chance.      
    

Why do quantitative scores on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) have higher predictive validity for graduate students in English than verbal scores do?      
 Quantitative items predict verbal abilities better than verbal items do in all people.     
 People who have high quantitative scores are generally smarter in all other areas as well.     
 Verbal items on the GRE have lower reliability than quantitative items.     
 * All graduate students in English tend to have similar (high) verbal scores.     
    

If you want to predict the grades for a group of first-year graduate students in physics, you can generally predict better from their GRE verbal scores than from their GRE quantitative scores. The main explanation for this observation is that     
 * physics graduate students vary much in their verbal scores and only slightly in their quantitative scores.     
 the verbal part of the GRE has a higher reliability than the quantitative part does. B    
 the first year of graduate school concentrates more on verbal materials than it does on quantitative materials, even in physics.    
 the mean verbal score is higher than the mean quantitative score, even for physics graduate students.     
    

Which of the following is impossible?        
 a test with high reliability and high predictive validity      
 a test with high reliability and low predictive validity      
 * a test with low reliability and high predictive validity      
 a test with low reliability and low predictive validity      
    

If a test has a high predictive validity, what (if anything) can we expect must be true about its reliability?       
 * The reliability must be high also.      
 The reliability must be low.      
 The reliability must be intermediate (and lower than the validity).     
 We have no basis for making any guess at all about the reliability.     
    

What does it mean to say that a test has high utility?        
 A person who takes the test repeatedly will probably get about the same score each time.     
 * The results of the test are useful for some practical purpose.     
 Scores on the test correlate positively with performance on some other task.     
 Psychologists have carefully calculated the mean and standard deviation for scores on the test.     
    

Certain critics of the SAT have argued that the test does not improve predictions of college performance enough to be worth the time, the cost, and the anxiety. That is, they believe the test is low in     
 * utility.      
 validity.      
 reliability.      
 standardization.      
    

A group of 2-year-old infants are selected for a special program because their IQ scores are very low. Five years later, most of them have improved. One possible explanation is that the special program produced great benefits. Another explanation is that     
 the validity of the test decreased over time.      
 * the low scores had nowhere to go but up.      
 the mean IQ score is higher for 7-year-olds than for 2-year-olds.     
 the utility of the test increased over time.      
    

The Committee for the Prevention of Reality wants to find out who is more intelligent, boys or girls. Why would it be impossible to answer this question by comparing the IQ scores of boys to the IQ scores of girls?     
 Boys and girls take different forms of the test.      
 The IQ tests are biased against girls.      
 The IQ tests have high validity but low reliability.      
 * The tests were devised to ensure that boys and girls would have the same mean score.     
    

What sex differences (if any) are found on the scores of IQ tests?       
 Boys do about 5 points better than girls on the average.      
 Girls do about 5 points better than boys on the average.      
 Boys do better at the early ages, and girls do better after about age 12.     
 * Boys and girls get about equal scores.      
    

Why is it NECESSARILY the case that the mean IQ for boys is the same as that for girls?       
 There are no differences between the abilities of boys and the abilities of girls.     
 IQ scores depend entirely on education, which is the same for boys and for girls.     
 * The authors of the test balanced out two types of questions to make the means the same for boys and girls.     
 Male psychologists are biased in favor of boys and female psychologists are biased in favor of girls.     
    

On early IQ tests girls did ______ boys on language tasks, and ______ boys on some visual-spatial and mathematical tasks.       
 worse than ... better than A     
 equal to ... better than      
 * better than ... worse than      
 worse than ... worse than      
    

Studies comparing IQ scores of various ethnic groups have found that       
 even though differences exist in special abilities, the average score for all groups is about 100.     
 the mean for African-Americans tends to be 10-15 points higher than the mean for Asian-Americans.     
 the mean for Latinos tends to be 10-15 points higher than the mean for European-Americans.     
 * the mean for European-Americans tends to be 10-15 points higher than the mean for African-Americans.     
    

Studies on IQ have shown that the average IQ score among African-Americans seems to have recently       
 * risen from about 85 to about 88.      
 risen from about 100 to about 103. B     
 fallen from about 100 to about 97.      
 fallen from about 88 to about 85.      
    

A recent famous and controversial book on differences in IQ is        
 * The Bell Curve      
 Belladonna      
 For Whom the Bell Tolls      
 The Bell Jar      
    

What does it mean to say that a test is "biased" against members of a particular group?       
 Members of that group get low scores on the test.      
 * The test scores underestimate the performance of that group on other tasks.     
 The authors of the test intended it to be used unfairly against that group.     
 Members of that group object to the test.      
    

Sinistrella believes that the standard IQ tests are biased against left-handed people. Which of the following would SUPPORT her charge?      
 It is found that all the authors of the tests were right-handed.     
 Right-handers perform significantly better on the tests than left-handers do.     
 * Left-handers with a score of 100 do better in school than do right-handers with the same score.     
 Left-handers with right-handed parents get higher IQ scores than do right-handers with left-handed parents.     
    

An organization claims that IQ tests are biased against short people. To determine whether that claim is correct, what kind of information should psychologists collect?      
 a list of all the items on the test that have anything to do with measurements of height or weight     
 the means and standard deviations for short people and taller people who take the IQ tests     
 * information on whether short people and taller people who have the same IQ score do equally well in school     
 information about the backgrounds and intentions of the people who wrote the IQ tests     
    

Suppose it is determined that a particular IQ test is "biased" against recent immigrants to the United States or Canada. This means that an immigrant child with an IQ score of 100 will probably     
 * do better in school than lifelong residents with the same IQ score.     
 do worse in school than lifelong residents with the same IQ score.     
 do about the same in school as lifelong residents with the same IQ score.     
 get a lower score on the same test the next time he or she takes it.     
    

In order to determine whether a particular item on an IQ test is "biased" against women, a psychologist would need to determine       
 * whether performance on this item correlates with overall performance as highly for women as it does for men.     
 whether the percentage of women who answer the item correctly is higher or lower than 50%.     
 what were the intentions of the person who wrote the item and included it in the test.     
 what percentage of women say that they think the item looks unfair.     
    

Psychologists identify an item on an IQ test as "biased" if        
 most of the people who miss the item get low scores on the test overall.     
 it looks as though the item might be unfair to one group or another.     
 * the item is one of the easiest on the test for one group and one of the hardest for another group.     
 the item was written by just a few people who failed to consult a large group to get their opinions.