Which of the following would a behaviorist be LEAST likely to study? rats in a maze * human thought processes schedules of reinforcement classical conditioning Which kind of behaviorist would accept references to mental experiences, as long as they are cautiously inferred from observable behaviors? A radical behaviorist, but not a methodological behaviorist. * A methodological behaviorist, but not a radical behaviorist. Both methodological and radical behaviorists. No self-respecting behaviorist (radical, methodological, or otherwise) would ever accept references to mental experiences. Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study * people's reports of their mental experiences. stimulus-response connections. animal learning. reflexive behavior. B. F. Skinner was known for his objection to the use of animals in research. * the use of mental terms in describing behavior. the idea that all behavior is caused or determined in some way. Darwin's theory of evolution. Early behaviorism was sometimes referred to as _______ psychology. * stimulus-response Gestalt humanistic Freudian Modern behaviorists generally believe that all human and animal behavior can be described as simple responses to current, simple stimuli. human thought is the only appropriate subject matter for psychologists to study. * behavior is a product of an individual's past history of stimuli and responses, as well as responses to current stimuli. determinism is an obsolete concept. The study of learning in laboratory animals is most closely associated with which of the following? structuralists psychoanalysts humanistic psychologists * behaviorists The idea that all behavior has causes and obeys certain laws is called ______. structuralism A pantheism * determinism transactional analysis Which of the following is NOT an assumption made by behaviorists? All behavior is caused or determined in some way. The environment molds behavior. Explanations based on mental states are generally ineffective. * Overt behaviors are caused by subconscious forces. Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of operant conditioning. social-learning theory. B behavior modification. * classical conditioning. What is an unconditioned reflex? a process of pairing a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus a process of following a conditioned response with an unconditioned response * an inborn, automatic connection between a stimulus and a response a learned connection between a stimulus and a response At the beginning of an experiment on classical conditioning, the animal cannot make a UCR. the CS elicits a CR automatically. the CS and the UCS are the same. * the UCS elicits a UCR automatically. Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments? pecking at a disk pressing a lever * salivation eye blinking What procedure does an investigator use to produce classical conditioning? Pair the CS with the CR. Pair the UCS with the UCR. * Pair the CS with the UCS. Present reinforcement after a response. A psychologist conducts an experiment on classical conditioning. Which of the following will NOT be present on the first trial? unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus * conditioned response In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the buzzer was the _______. unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response * conditioned stimulus conditioned response In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the salivation was the unconditioned stimulus. the conditioned stimulus. the conditioned response, but not unconditioned response. * both the conditioned and the unconditioned response. In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the _______. * food buzzer salivation to food salivation to the buzzer In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the conditioned response was the _______. food A buzzer salivation to food * salivation to the buzzer In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the conditioned stimulus in this experiment? the puff of air the eyelids * the tone blinking In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The puff of air is the conditioned stimulus. conditioned response. B * unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the ______ and the puff of air is the ______. * conditioned stimulus ... unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus ... conditioned response unconditioned stimulus ... unconditioned response conditioned response ... unconditioned response Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the alarm is a/an * unconditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus. conditioned response. Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is waking up to your alarm. the alarm. * the clicking. waking up to the clicking. Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the unconditioned response is * waking up to your alarm. the alarm. the clicking. waking up to the clicking. Which of the following is most likely to occur during an experiment on classical conditioning? The subject shows spontaneous recovery before extinction. A subject that has been trained to discriminate responds equally to all stimuli. * The subject displays an unconditioned response on the first trial. The subject displays a conditioned response on the first trial. In classical conditioning, it is generally easier to establish a new association if the stimulus used as the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus. weak in intensity. * unfamiliar. familiar. A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast every time she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus? * the baby's cry the baby sucking at the breast the mother the flow of milk A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk begins to flow as soon as the baby cries. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response? the baby's cry the baby sucking at the breast the mother * the flow of milk In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is ______. generalization A * extinction discrimination spontaneous recovery How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning? Punish all responses. * Present the CS without the UCS. Present the UCS without the UCR. Present the UCS without the CS. After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself. Which of the following is likely to occur? * extinction acquisition B spontaneous recovery stimulus generalization The difference between extinction and forgetting is that extinction takes place over a longer time. is permanent and complete. * depends on specific experiences. is a brief suppression of response based on punishment. In classical conditioning, responding decreases in both _______ and _______. * forgetting ... extinction forgetting ... acquisition spontaneous recovery ... extinction spontaneous recovery ... acquisition Under what circumstances do we see "spontaneous recovery" of a learned response? An individual is reinforced for responding to one stimulus but not to another. A distracting stimulus increases a weakly learned response. * After a response is extinguished, an animal is given a delay and then tested again. An animal's response rate increases during puberty. What is spontaneous recovery? a learned decrease in responding * an increase in responding after a delay following extinction a response to a stimulus that resembles the stimulus used in training a conditioned response to a stimulus that followed the unconditioned stimulus You conduct an experiment like Pavlov's: You present the sound of a buzzer and then present food. After a few trials the animal begins to salivate as soon as it hears the buzzer. How could you now produce extinction? Punish the animal for salivating. Wait for a long time and then present the buzzer again. Present some other sound and follow it with food. * Present the buzzer by itself repeatedly. A dog has been trained to salivate whenever it sees a large white square. Now it is shown a large gray square and it salivates, though not quite as much as when it sees the white square. The dog is displaying acquisition. spontaneous recovery. * stimulus generalization. conditioned taste aversion. A dog wags its tail whenever it sees its master. If this is a learned response, what would the dog have to do in order to demonstrate stimulus generalization? Continue wagging its tail for some time after its master has left. Wag its tail more vigorously than usual if it has not seen its master for a long time. Bark or growl when it sees someone other than its master. * Wag its tail when it sees someone who looks similar to its master. What is the procedure for producing "stimulus generalization" of a conditioned response? Extinguish the response and then allow time to pass without further testing. Reinforce the subject for making a response to one stimulus but not to a different stimulus. * Train the subject to respond to one stimulus and then present a similar but not identical stimulus. Offer the subject an opportunity to make a response that has never previously been reinforced. You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying spontaneous recovery. A discrimination. * stimulus generalization. successive approximation. A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called * discrimination. spontaneous recovery. stimulus generalization. extinction. Drug tolerance for morphine or heroin develops quickly when * the user injects the drug repeatedly in a particular environment. the user varies the environment each time the drug is injected. B the user administers the drug with a variety of techniques. the body fails to trigger countermeasures against the drug's effects. In some drug abusers, drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning. The conditioned stimulus in these cases is * the drug administration ritual. the positive feelings produced by the drug. the body's countermeasures against the effects of the drug. the drug's entry into the brain. Someone who takes repeated injections of a drug under similar circumstances may develop a tolerance to the drug. Much of that tolerance evidently depends on classical conditioning. In this process, what is the conditioned response? the entry of the drug into the brain the injection procedure the environment in which the person takes the drug * the body's defenses against the drug A person who has developed a drug tolerance to a specific drug could temporarily reduce or eliminate the tolerance by * taking the drug by new means in an unfamiliar setting. reducing the drug dosage for one or two administrations of the drug. sticking as close as possible to a routine when administering the drug. taking the drug while focusing on the environmental cues associated with the drug usage. When an individual develops tolerance to the effects of a drug injection, what is the unconditioned stimulus? the injection procedure * the entry of the drug into the brain the body's defenses against the drug the environmental cues surrounding the drug administration Based on the classical conditioning interpretation of drug tolerance, which of the following procedures should extinguish tolerance? Abstaining from the drug for a short period of time * Repeatedly injecting salt water instead of the normal drug. Repeatedly increasing the dosage of the drug. Restricting drug administration to one specific setting. Temporal contiguity means similarity between two stimuli. repetition over many trials. * being close together in time. presenting the CS before the US. According to Pavlov, the cause of classical conditioning is reward or punishment for a response. an opportunity to imitate. * temporal contiguity of stimuli. conscious understanding of the relationship among events. Pavlov believed that classical conditioning occurs if and only if the CS and the US are physically similar. both followed by positive reinforcement. equally intense (for example, equally loud). * presented in temporal contiguity. In a classical conditioning experiment, an animal associates a light (CS) with a shock (UCS). Then it receives the light and a tone (another CS) at the same time, followed by the UCS. It will display a strong conditioned response to * the light only. A the tone only. both the light and the tone. neither the light nor the tone. Which of the following experimental results CONFLICTS most strongly with Pavlov's theory of the causes of classical conditioning? A tone is paired with shock until an animal displays a conditioned response to the tone. When tested with a similar tone, the animal makes a weaker conditioned response. * A light is paired with shock. Then a light and tone are paired with shock. The animal shows a response to the light but not the tone. Several animals hear a tone and receive food after various delays. The longer the delay between tone and food, the weaker the conditioned response. An animal acquires a conditioned response. Then the response is extinguished. After a delay, the response returns. A conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented and always followed by an unconditioned stimulus. Will the animal necessarily develop a conditioned response? Why or why not? Yes, the animal must develop a conditioned response because of the principle of temporal contiguity. Yes, the animal must develop a conditioned response because of the principle of spontaneous recovery. B * No. The animal may or may not develop a conditioned response, depending on whether or not the CS predicts the US. No. The animal may or may not develop a conditioned response, depending on whether or not the CS is similar to the US. Pavlov believed that the main cause of classical conditioning was ______; today, most investigators believe another important variable is also ______. temporal contiguity ... positive reinforcement * temporal contiguity ... contingency positive reinforcement ... temporal contiguity positive reinforcement ... contingency Animal learning usually requires that the events to be associated with each other occur no more than a few seconds apart. However, effective learning can occur with a delay of hours when the events to be associated are a highly familiar CS and a highly familiar US. a complicated response and punishment. a simple response and positive reinforcement. * food and illness. Which kind of learning generally takes place even though the events to be associated are separated by minutes or hours? operant conditioning backward conditioning classical conditioning * conditioned taste aversion Rats drink a saccharin solution and then are injected with something that makes them slightly ill. They learn to avoid the saccharin solution. What is unusual about this type of learning? * Rats learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours. Rats show no sign of learning until the taste-illness pairing has been repeated dozens of times. Rats show no indication of either stimulus generalization or discrimination in this type of learning. Rats forget this type of learning unless they receive daily practice. Ranchers in the western United States have deterred coyotes from eating sheep by * developing taste aversions in the coyotes to the sheep meat. shocking the coyotes as they eat the sheep meat. classically conditioning the coyotes to fear the sheep. disguising the sheep as other coyotes. Rats and other species seem to be predisposed to associate tastes with ______ and to associate lights and sounds with ______. * illness ... skin pain skin pain ... illness colors ... textures textures ... colors Rats drink saccharin-flavored water while also seeing bright lights and hearing loud noises. Shortly afterward, they are exposed to X rays that make them nauseated. As a result of this experience, what do they avoid? * saccharin-flavored water lights and noises saccharin-flavored water and lights and noises equally nothing A number of rats drink saccharin-flavored water while hearing loud noises and seeing bright lights. Later, some of the rats are made nauseated and others are given electric shocks. What do the rats learn to avoid? The rats made nauseated avoid the lights and noises, and the rats given shocks avoid the saccharin-flavored water. * The rats made nauseated avoid the saccharin-flavored water, and the rats given shocks avoid the lights and noises. All the rats learn to avoid saccharin-flavored water. All the rats learn to avoid the noises and lights. Which of the following responses would most likely be the direct result of classical conditioning? movement toward an attractive person of the opposite sex A * feelings of fear searching for food purchasing an addictive drug According to the current view of classical conditioning, conditioning is based almost entirely on temporal contiguity. acquisition occurs in a wide range of species; extinction only occurs in primates. * the learner is an active processor of information. conditioning only occurs when there is a short delay (less than a second) between the CS and the UCS. Who of the following was the first to investigate operant conditioning? * Edward Thorndike David Premack B Ivan Pavlov Robert Rescorla The cats in Thorndike's experiments learned gradually. What conclusion did he draw from this observation? * Learning is based on strengthening responses, not on insights. Some animal species are more intelligent than others. Behaviorist assumptions do not apply to operant conditioning. Learning depends on a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Thorndike set up experiments in which cats escaped from puzzle boxes. He argued that learning by the cats was not due to insight or understanding, because if it were the cats would have learned more slowly than they did. the cats should have escaped on the first trial. * speed of escaping would have increased suddenly on some trial and remained fast on later trials. reinforcement would not have been necessary. How did Thorndike describe what takes place when learning occurs? The animal's expectations and experiences give rise to new behaviors. Electrical patterns in the brain consolidate to cause the production of new proteins. * The probability of some behaviors increases, and theprobability of others decreases. The animal gains an understanding of the relationship between events. According to Thorndike, reinforcement is an event that physically forces an animal to make a certain response. reminds an animal of a previous experience. an animal desires. * increases the probability of the preceding response. "Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future." This is a brief statement of the * law of effect. principle of temporal contiguity. Premack principle. vicarious reinforcement principle. The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning every response is reinforced, not just some of them. much simpler responses are required. * the animal has some control over the reinforcements. the animal is given punishments instead of rewards. In the presence of a light, an animal makes a response that is followed by food. The food is given only when the animal makes the response. Which type of learning is this? classical conditioning * operant conditioning social learning Not enough information is given for an answer. Classical conditioning applies primarily to ______ responses; operant conditioning applies primarily to ______ responses. visceral ... reflexive * visceral ... skeletal skeletal ... reflexive skeletal ... visceral To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should one ask? * Does the individual's behavior control the delivery of A reinforcement? Does the individual move the whole body or just a single muscle? Is the reinforcement pleasant or unpleasant? Does the learning occur quickly or does it require many repetitions? In the presence of a flashing light an animal sits up and salivates; then food is presented. What type of learning is this? classical conditioning operant conditioning social learning * Not enough information is given for an answer. What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning? Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus. Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. B * Give no reinforcement after the response. Punish undesirable responses. Suppose a cat has learned to push against a pole in order to escape from a puzzle box, like one of Thorndike's. What procedure would lead to the extinction of this response? On the next few trials, open the box before the cat has a chance to push against the pole. On the next trial, give the cat a shock as soon as it touches the pole. On the next trial, give the cat a shock as soon as it gets out of the box. * Let the cat push against the pole many times without opening the box. An animal presses a lever for food in one box. If we now place it in a new but similar box, it presses the lever in that box as well. This is an example of discrimination. * stimulus generalization. the Premack principle. extinction. Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning? * You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class. Your history professor focuses on vocabulary words, so you memorize words for that class, but not other classes. You react emotionally when your boyfriend or girlfriend gives you an unexpected gift. You try several different methods of studying for your psychology exam, not just one. Which of the following is an example of discrimination in operant conditioning? After you have learned to operate one brand of computer, you quickly learn to operate another brand as well. * You have learned to buy Ida brand potato chips, which are always fresh, and to avoid Hoe brand, which are usually stale. After you shifted from using one brand of computer to using another, you found that you made certain mistakes when you returned to the first brand. After you ate some stale potato chips, you found that you were thirstier than usual. When your professor arrives and opens her notes, you stop talking to the person next to you and prepare to take notes. This situation is most clearly an example of classical conditioning. belongingness. * a discriminative stimulus. an unconditioned reinforcer. What is the principle of "belongingness"? Animals learn social responses by imitating other members of their species. If an animal can learn a particular association quickly, it will extinguish the connection quickly. * Animals are predisposed to associate some events with each other more easily than other events. Animals are born knowing how to control their own bodies; they do not need to learn. Thorndike's cats were relatively quick to learn that pushing a pole would open a door; they were slow to learn that they could open the door by scratching themselves. One of the explanations for this effect is referred to as the law of effect. Premack principle. * principle of belongingness. principle of stimulus generalization. "Shaping" (in the context of operant conditioning) means * reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior. learning by imitation. punishing every behavior except the one that is reinforced. physically forcing an individual to make a response. When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response, the training procedure is known as * shaping. A conditioned reinforcement. classical conditioning. molding. For what purpose would a psychologist make use of "shaping"? to produce classical conditioning in an inactive animal to increase the amount of imitation that occurs in a group of animals to increase the speed at which extinction of a response occurs * to train an animal to make a new response An experimenter wishes to provide reinforcement for a rat every time it presses a lever. But the rat never presses the lever. Therefore the experimenter decides to use the procedure of "shaping." What will the experimenter do first? Show the rat how to press the lever. Mold the rat's body into the correct position to press the lever. B Change the dimensions of the lever. * Reinforce the rat for something simple, like sitting up. A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again. The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response. This procedure is known as shaping. * chaining. stimulus generalization. primary reinforcement. What is "chaining" in operant conditioning? reinforcement for successive approximations to a behavior the weakening of a response by the omission of a favorable stimulus that would otherwise be presented the concept that certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes * training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of ______ and ______. positive reinforcement ... negative reinforcement positive reinforcement ... punishment * shaping ... chaining operant conditioning ... classical conditioning The probability of a given response is DECREASED by positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. * punishment. either negative reinforcement or punishment. What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other? They both depend on the presentation of a desirable stimulus. They both depend on the presentation of an undesirable stimulus. They both weaken a behavior. * They both strengthen a behavior. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? * A rat learns to press a lever to escape from an electric shock. A rat learns to press a lever to obtain food. After a rat learns to press a lever to obtain food, it stops pressing when it is no longer hungry. After a rat learns to press a lever to obtain food, it stops pressing if it is punished for pressing the lever. Negative reinforcement is a procedure in which a response is weakened because it leads to the omission of a favorable stimulus. * is strengthened because it removes an unfavorable stimulus. is weakened because it leads to an unfavorable stimulus. is weakened because it is followed by nothing. The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative reinforcement refer to whether the behavior is productive or destructive. the behavior increases or decreases. * something is presented or removed. reinforcement is larger than or smaller than expected. If your employer gave you bonus pay for working overtime you would probably work overtime more. This is an example of chaining. A negative reinforcement. * positive reinforcement. negative punishment. Which of the following procedures is LEAST SIMILAR to the other three? escape learning negative reinforcement avoidance learning * punishment Another name for negative punishment is escape learning. * omission training. B positive reinforcement. extinction. The terms "positive" and "negative" in positive and negative punishment refer to whether the behavior being punished is good or bad. behavior increases or decreases. * response leads to an event or prevents the event. person enjoys or dislikes the punishment. Which of the following would be an example of punishment (passive avoidance)? * You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. Your swimming coach says you cannot go to the next swim meet (which you were looking forward to) because you broke a training rule. You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound. Which of the following would be an example of negative punishment? You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. * Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. Your employer gives you bonus pay for working overtime. You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound. Punishment is most likely to produce a long-lasting suppression of a behavior if there is a long delay between the response and the punishment. * the individual has an alternative response available to produce the reinforcement. the individual does not understand the reason for the punishment. the punishment is delivered the first time the individual makes the response and then never again. A problem psychologists face when they try to determine whether or not something is a reinforcer is that some reinforcers never change the probability of the response that preceded them. some reinforcers are positive and some are negative. * a given reinforcer may be more effective at one time than at others. it is almost impossible to determine whether or not a particular reinforcement was contingent on a response. Which of the following is a statement of the Premack principle? Certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes. * The opportunity to engage in a more frequent behavior will reinforce a less frequent behavior. An event becomes a reinforcer when it is associated with an unconditioned reinforcer. A response that is followed by favorable consequences becomes more probable in the future. According to the Premack principle, is it possible to train an animal to drink more water by giving it food as a reinforcement for drinking? Yes, food is a reinforcement for any response at any time. No, it is impossible to reinforce an animal for a natural response such as drinking. * Yes, but it is possible only when the animal would ordinarily spend more time eating than drinking. Yes, but it is possible only when the animal would ordinarily spend more time drinking than eating. Suppose you were a psychologist trying to encourage someone with anorexia nervosa (a condition in which people refuse to eat) to eat. According to the Premack principle, how should you begin? Have the person eat small amounts of food first, then gradually increase the amount. * First find out how the person normally spends his or her time. Begin by administering mild punishment when the person refuses to eat. Begin by pairing the sight and smell of food using classical conditioning. If you cannot spend as much time as you would like engaged in a particular activity, that activity will function as a reinforcer. This statement describes the _______. law of effect A Premack principle principle of temporal contiguity * disequilibrium principle Which of the following is a statement of the disequilibrium principle? Certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes. The opportunity to engage in a more frequent behavior will reinforce a less frequent behavior. * The opportunity to engage in any deprived (performed less than usual) activity will be a reinforcer. An individual that receives too many positive reinforcers will experience a drop in the effectiveness of those reinforcers, unless they are balanced by negative reinforcers. What is an unconditioned reinforcer? one that gains value by being paired with a conditioned reinforcer one that was selected on the basis of the Premack principle B the weakest reinforcer for a given individual at a given time * one that satisfies a biological need Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer? food water * money electric shock A conditioned reinforcer has the opposite effect of an unconditioned reinforcer. * gains its value from association with an unconditioned reinforcer. has little effect on behavior except under unusual circumstances. is the same as a punishment. Thorndike believed that reinforcers simply increase the probability of certain behaviors; the animal does not know WHY it has increased certain behaviors. Which of the following argues most strongly AGAINST his interpretation? Through shaping and chaining it is possible to train animals to make complex responses that they would never make in nature. It is possible to increase the probability of a given response by providing either unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers. * A rat that has received food at the end of a maze runs through the maze slowly when it is not hungry, fast when it is hungry. Animals associate illness with foods more readily than they associate illness with lights and sounds. In operant conditioning, a continuous reinforcement schedule is one in which * every correct response is reinforced. every response, whether correct or incorrect, is reinforced. reinforcement is continuously available, regardless of whether or not the organism makes a response. animals are continuously force-fed through a tube. An individual receives a reinforcement after every sixth response. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this? * fixed-ratio schedule fixed-interval schedule variable-ratio schedule variable-interval schedule An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after a 1-minute interval, but not again until the next 1-minute interval has passed. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? fixed ratio variable ratio * fixed interval variable interval If a farmer had a chicken that laid eggs intermittently (sometimes 8 hours between eggs, sometimes 3 days) the farmer's "egg checking" behavior would be maintained by a ______ schedule. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval * variable-interval You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval * variable interval A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this? fixed ratio A variable ratio fixed interval * variable interval A slow but steady rate of responding is MOST characteristic of behavior reinforced on a ______ schedule. fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval * variable interval You attend every new movie that appears at your local theater. You find that most of them are dull (not reinforcing) but really enjoy about one-fourth of them. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. fixed ratio * variable ratio B fixed interval variable interval