Which of the following is true regarding when ground squirrels awaken from hibernation?       
 Females wake up a week or so before males.      
 Males wake up only when food becomes available.      
 Females and males wake up at the same time each spring.      
 * Males wake up prior to the time females are sexually receptive.     
    

A rhythm of activity and inactivity that lasts about a day is called a _______.       
 biorhythm      
 * circadian rhythm      
 diadromous rhythm      
 euclidean rhythm      
    

People have activity-rest cycles lasting about 24 hours. What happens to those cycles when people stay in a cave that provides no changes in light or temperature?      
 * The 24-hour cycles continue, although they may increase slightly.     
 The cycles become irregular and unpredictable.      
 The cycles gradually become faster and faster.      
 People are active at all times without periods of sleep.      
    

Two sleep researchers once spent a summer in Mammoth Cave where the lighting and temperature are constant at all times. What were they trying to discover?      
 * whether the body generates its own 24-hour cycles      
 whether active people need more sleep than inactive people      
 whether a period of sleep deprivation interferes with people's reasoning abilities     
 what people dream about when their environment provides no stimuli     
    

In an unchanging environment (such as a cave), people become sleepy about once every ___ hours.       
 12-13      
 * 24-25      
 28-29      
 48-49      
    

In an environment in which temperature, light, and other conditions remain constant 24 hours a day, most people       
 awaken and fall asleep at irregular, inconsistent intervals.      
 * still awaken and go to sleep on a nearly 24-hour schedule.      
 remain awake almost all the time.      
 easily adjust to wake-sleep cycles that last a lotlonger or shorter than 24 hours.     
    

Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun) and circadian rhythms?      
 Circadian rhythms are completely independent of light-dark A cycles.     
 Circadian rhythms are completely determined by light-dark cycles.     
 Circadian rhythms are those that only function during the day (light cycle).     
 * Circadian rhythms are generated within the body, but fine-tuned or reset by light-dark cycles.     
    

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a structure at the base of the brain known to be involved in       
 pain perception.      
 sexual motivation.      
 * maintaining circadian rhythms.      
 susceptibility to hypnosis.      
    

Some people describe themselves as "morning people", while others describe themselves as "evening people". Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding that distinction?      
 There really is no difference: "evening people" are just making up an excuse for being lazy and not getting up in the morning.    
 "Evening people" are actually at their intellectual and physical peak around 9-11 am. B    
 * "Evening people" have low body temperatures in the morning that gradually rise during the day.     
 Someone who is a "morning person" at age 20 will invariably be a "morning person" throughout life.     
    

In adjusting to a different time zone or a different schedule, most people find it easier to make a shift       
 to a schedule that is 12 hours different from their home schedule than to any intermediate schedule.     
 to a rapidly alternating schedule than to any fixed schedule.      
 in the direction of going to sleep at an earlier time.      
 * in the direction of going to sleep at a later time.      
    

Which of the following is most likely to cause a person to have difficulty falling asleep (at least temporarily)?       
 staying in a cavelike environment with no cues to time of day      
 traveling across several time zones to the west (where the person goes to bed later)     
 * traveling across several time zones to the east (where the person goes to bed earlier)     
 changing from standard time to daylight savings time      
    

Which of the following is most likely to cause people to have difficulty falling asleep?       
 moving from the east coast to the west coast      
 becoming accustomed to going to bed early and then trying to shift to going to bed later     
 * becoming accustomed to going to bed late and then trying to shift to going to bed earlier     
 living in a cavelike environment with no cues to time and going to sleep whenever they feel like it     
    

Most employees who are asked to work at different 8-hour shifts on different days find it easier to adjust to the schedule when       
 * they shift to a work schedule that starts 8 hours later.      
 they shift to a work schedule that starts 8 hours earlier.      
 the work times shift randomly from one day to the next.      
 they stay on each shift for only a week at a time before rotating to the next one.     
    

A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc., is currently working from 8 am to 4 pm. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which of the following would be best?     
 * Move her to the 4 pm to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 am shift.     
 Move her to midnight to 8 am shift, then to the 4 pm to midnight shift.     
 Ask her to alternate between the 4 pm to midnight period one day and the midnight to 8 am period the next day.     
 Ask her to work 24 hours in a row one day followed by two days of not working at all.     
    

People who consistently work on the night shift (midnight to 8 am) may or may not fully adjust their circadian rhythms to this schedule. Which of the following would be MOST likely to help people adjust their rhythms?     
 complete silence while sleeping during the day      
 social activity while at work at night      
 * bright lights while at work at night      
 loud music while at work at night      
    

Suppose you suffer from insomnia because your body has shifted to a schedule of going to sleep late and waking up late, and you cannot readjust to your normal time. What is one effective way to overcome this problem?     
 Keep trying to go to sleep at the normal time until your body resets its sleep schedule.     
 * Go to sleep two hours later each night until you get around the clock to the normal time.     
 Eat a heavy meal just before going to bed.      
 Try going to sleep three hours earlier than usual for a few nights, and then the normal time.     
    

According to the repair and restoration theory of sleep, the purpose of sleep is to       
 allow adequate blood supply to reach the muscles.      
 * allow the body to recover from exertion.      
 permit dreams to occur.      
 enforce inactivity during times of inefficiency.      
    

Which of the following lines of evidence indicates that repair and restoration is NOT the only purpose of sleep?       
 Digestion and protein production occur during sleep. A     
 Most people who go without sleep for a night or two feel uncomfortable and sleepy during the day.     
 * People need about the same amount of sleep after an inactive day as after an active day.     
 All animal species need at least a little sleep.      
    

The repair and restoration theory of sleep leads to which of the following predictions?       
 People should generate a 24-hour cycle of activity and rest even in an unchanging environment, such as a cave.     
 Animal species that are safe from attack while they sleep should sleep longer than those that are in danger when they sleep.    
 Sleep should consist of separate REM and non-REM stages.      
 * People should need more sleep after an active day than after an inactive day.     
    

In 1965 a high-school student, Randy Gardner, stayed awake 11 days for a science fair project. What effect did this experience have on him?      
 Gardner suffered from severe visual and auditory hallucinations during the final days of his project.     
 Once he was allowed to sleep, Gardner slept for 5 consecutive days and nights. B    
 Gardner suffered permanent intellectual impairment.      
 * Gardner suffered no serious psychological consequences.      
    

When people go without sleep for more than 24 hours in a row, how does their experience of sleepiness vary over time?       
 It increases for a while and then becomes constant.      
 * It increases during the night but decreases the next morning.      
 It continues to increase steadily throughout the period when the person does not sleep.     
 It increases and decreases on an irregular cycle that averages about 120 minutes.     
    

What happens to body temperature and logical reasoning over the course of an experiment in which volunteers go without sleep for 3 days?      
 They both progressively decline at a steady rate over the three days and nights.     
 Both reach a low level after the first sleepless night and stay at that level until the person sleeps again.     
 * Both continue to follow a circadian rhythm superimposed on a pattern of progressive deterioration.     
 Neither seem to be adversely affected by 3 days of sleep deprivation.     
    

Someone who stays awake 24 hours a day for several days will probably feel       
 sleepier during the day than during the night.      
 sleepier and sleepier as time goes by, with no period of increasing alertness.     
 * sleepier in the night than during the following morning.      
 about equally sleepy at all times.      
    

The evolutionary theory of sleep proposes that sleep evolved primarily as a means of       
 * forcing animals to conserve energy at times when they are relatively inefficient.     
 recovering from the wear and tear of the day.      
 protecting individual animals from predators.      
 increasing brain development, especially during infancy.      
    

Which kinds of animals tend to sleep more than others?        
 * predators      
 tropical animals      
 hoofed animals      
 rodents      
    

Which theory holds that the primary purpose of sleep is to conserve energy and avoid trouble during times of relative inefficiency?      
 attribution theory      
 * evolutionary theory      
 repair and restoration theory      
 activation-synthesis theory      
    

According to the evolutionary theory of sleep, why do horses and sheep get so little sleep per night?       
 They are relatively primitive animals with small brains.      
 They have less physical activity per day than most other animals.     
 * They are in danger of being attacked while they sleep.      
 They eat diets that include foods rich in calories.      
    

Which of the following observations fits best with the predictions of the evolutionary theory of sleep?       
 The skeletal muscles are highly relaxed during REM sleep.      
 People who have been deprived of REM sleep for a few nights experience a "rebound" of extra REM sleep on later nights.     
 * Predator species (such as cats) sleep more than prey species (such as horses).     
 Digestive processes and protein synthesis occur during sleep.      
    

Hibernation is a means of keeping an animal inactive during a time when activity would do more harm than good. Which theory holds that sleep serves more or less the same purpose?      
 * evolutionary theory A     
 repair and restoration theory      
 activation-synthesis theory      
 REM theory      
    

Which of the following pairs of terms mean the same thing?        
 REM sleep ... stage 4 sleep      
 evolutionary theory ... activation-synthesis theory      
 repair and restoration theory ... evolutionary theory      
 * REM sleep ... paradoxical sleep      
    

What is "paradoxical" about paradoxical sleep?        
 The person reports dreams, but there are no rapid eye movements.     
 The EEG pattern suggests a dream, but the person denies dreaming. B    
 * The brain is active, but the muscles are relaxed.      
 The brain is inactive, but the muscles are tense.      
    

During REM sleep,        
 breathing rate and heart rate are low and stable.      
 the muscles are tense and active.      
 brain activity is at a minimum.      
 * dreams are most likely to occur.      
    

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?        
 * Most of the body's muscles are tense and active.      
 The eyes move rapidly.      
 It begins about once every 90 minutes during the night.      
 Dreams are likely to occur.      
    

During one stage of sleep the major postural muscles are highly relaxed and the person's brain is very active. This is MOST characteristic of      
 stage 2.      
 stage 3.      
 stage 4.      
 * REM sleep.      
    

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?        
 Dreams are likely to occur.      
 The major postural muscles are highly relaxed.      
 * Heart rate, breathing rate, and temperature are steadier than during other stages of sleep.     
 The eyes move about.      
    

Investigators distinguish among stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of sleep by observing       
 sleep position.      
 eye movements.      
 dream content.      
 * brain waves.      
    

What does the EEG record for stage 4 sleep look like (compared to other stages of sleep)?       
 It is relatively flat.      
 It contains a large number of short, choppy waves.      
 It looks similar to the EEG that is found in people who are awake.     
 * It includes many long, slow waves.      
    

When the brain produces many long, slow waves on the EEG, what do those waves indicate about the activity of the neurons?       
 * Many neurons are active in synchrony with one another.      
 More neurons than usual are active.      
 Neurons are producing action potentials of larger amplitude than usual.     
 Neurons are producing action potentials with slower velocities than usual.     
    

A person's EEG shows many short, choppy waves. What does that pattern indicate?       
 The person is probably in stage 4 sleep.      
 * Many neurons are active, but they are out of synchrony with one another.     
 Most neurons are inactive, but the active ones are in synchrony with one another.     
 The muscles are tense and active.      
    

During an ordinary night's sleep, the usual sequence of sleep stages is:       
 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 A     
 * 1-2-3-4-3-2-1      
 1-2-1-2-3-4-3-4      
 1-2-1-3-1-4      
    

The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with       
 * stage 1 sleep.      
 stage 2 sleep.      
 stage 3 sleep.      
 stage 4 sleep.      
    

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is LEAST likely when       
 the eyes are moving.      
 the major postural muscles are relaxed. B     
 * the person has been asleep less than an hour.      
 the person has been asleep more than 8 hours.      
    

During which part of a night's sleep does REM sleep occupy the greatest amount of time?       
 the first 1 or 2 hours      
 at about the middle of the night      
 * the last part of the night's sleep      
 the first hour and the last hour      
    

During which stage(s) of sleep does dreaming occur?        
 only during REM sleep      
 * mostly during REM sleep, but less vivid dreams also occur during non-REM sleep     
 mostly during non-REM sleep, but less vivid dreams also occur during REM sleep     
 only during non-REM sleep      
    

Research involving people who claim they do not dream has found        
 they dream, but they do not have REM periods.      
 they do not dream, but they do have normal REM periods.      
 they neither dream nor have REM periods.      
 * they dream and have REM periods just like everyone else.      
    

Many people claim that they do not dream. If they are awakened during an REM period, what do they describe?       
 no dream at all      
 an intense visual hallucination, more similar to the effects of a psychedelic drug than to a dream     
 * a fairly normal dream      
 an extremely brief dream, lasting only a second or two      
    

A dream that seems (to the dreamer) to have lasted 5 minutes, probably actually took       
 around 10 seconds      
 around 1 minute      
 * around 5 minutes      
 over 2 hours      
    

Greg has been deprived of REM sleep for the last several days. Tonight he will be permitted to sleep without interruptions. What will probably be true of his sleep?      
 He will have less REM sleep than usual.      
 He will have about the same amount of REM sleep as usual.      
 He will have REM periods but without any dreams.      
 * He will spend more time in REM sleep than usual.      
    

Dement tried to deprive people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights. On the first night he had to awaken the average subject 12 times. By the seventh night, what happened?      
 He did not have to awaken them even once to prevent REM sleep.     
 He still had to awaken the average subject about 12 times.      
 * He had to awaken the average subject much more than 12 times.      
 He had to keep the subject awake nonstop all night.      
    

Dement deprived some young men of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights. Which of the following was NOT one of the consequences?       
 He had to awaken them more and more often each night.      
 * They had nightmares for weeks after the end of the experiment.     
 They complained of anxiety and irritability on the days following deprivation.     
 When permitted to sleep without interruption, they spent more time than usual in REM sleep.     
    

What was the conclusion of Dement's experiment on the effects of depriving people of REM sleep for seven consecutive nights?       
 People need REM sleep in order for the brain to develop. A     
 People need REM sleep in order to improve their memory.      
 * People need REM sleep, but we still do not know why.      
 People do not really need REM sleep.      
    

How does sleep change as a person ages, from infancy to old age?        
 The total amount of sleep decreases and the amount of REM sleep increases.     
 * The total amount of sleep decreases and the amount of REM sleep decreases.     
 The total amount of sleep increases and the amount of REM sleep increases.     
 The total amount of sleep increases and the amount of REM sleep decreases.     
    

The individuals with the greatest total amount of sleep are _______; the individuals with the greatest amount of REM sleep are _______.      
 older adults ... infants      
 older adults ... young adults B     
 young adults ... older adults      
 * infants ... infants      
    

What is the similarity between the sleep of infants, cats, and adults who sleep 9 or more hours per night?       
 * All have a high percentage of REM sleep.      
 All have a high percentage of stage 2 sleep.      
 All have a high percentage of stage 3 sleep.      
 All have a high percentage of stage 4 sleep.      
    

After days when animals are given new learning experiences they generally get ______ than the usual amount of REM sleep; animals prevented from getting REM sleep learn ______ than usual.      
 more ... faster      
 * more ... slower      
 less ... faster      
 less ... slower      
    

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming is        
 a manifestation of a person's unconscious thoughts and motives.     
 your brain's attempt to prevent or decrease PGO waves.      
 a time of memory consolidation and removal.      
 * your brain's effort to make sense of spontaneous sensory activity.     
    

Which of the following is TRUE about visual imagery in dreams?        
 Fewer than 10% of people dream in color.      
 * Blind people who once had sight, but lost it, continue to have visual imagery in dreams.     
 Visually impaired people who can still see to some degree are less likely than normally sighted people to dream about things they have touched.    
 People who have been blind since birth occasionally have visual imagery during dreams.     
    

Why is it difficult to determine how often people dream in color?        
 The occipital lobe of the brain is inactive during sleep.      
 The color of objects in dreams is often different from their color in real life.     
 * People often forget whether their dreams included color.      
 Even when awakened during REM period and asked about color in dreams, people say they do not know if they dreamed in color.     
    

A person is suffering from insomnia if he or she        
 * consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day.      
 gets less sleep per night than he or she used to get in the past.     
 gets less than 6 hours sleep per night.      
 gets less sleep than the average for other people of the same age.     
    

People with "onset insomnia"        
 * have trouble falling asleep.      
 awaken many times during the night.      
 awaken early and cannot get back to sleep.      
 fall asleep suddenly during the day.      
    

People with "maintenance insomnia"        
 have trouble falling asleep.      
 * awaken many times during the night.      
 awaken early and cannot get back to sleep.      
 become suddenly sleepy in the middle of the day.      
    

Which of the following treatments for onset insomnia would be MOST advisable?       
 drink alcohol to relax A     
 REM deprivation      
 prescribe tranquilizers      
 * attempt to readjust circadian rhythms      
    

Onset insomnia and termination insomnia are often related to        
 an absence of REM sleep.      
 an absence of an internal generator of the 24-hour cycle of wakefulness and sleep.     
 an excessive amount of non-REM sleep early in the night.      
 * a biological rhythm that is out of phase with the outside world.     
    

Irving's internal biological rhythm is out of phase with the time in the outside world. When it is really 2:00 am, he feels as if it were already 7:00 am. Which abnormality of sleep will he probably experience?     
 onset insomnia      
 maintenance insomnia B     
 * termination insomnia      
 narcolepsy      
    

Someone who suffers from termination insomnia might be able to sleep better if he or she       
 * moved two or three time zones to the east, or tried going to sleep earlier at night.     
 moved two or three times zones to the west, or tried going to sleep later at night.     
 tried sleeping in a different position.      
 set a loud alarm clock for the desired time of awakening.      
    

What is the problem suffered by people with sleep apnea?        
 * They often stop breathing while they are asleep.      
 They suddenly fall asleep in the middle of the day.      
 They walk and talk in their sleep.      
 Once they fall asleep, they have trouble waking up again.      
    

Dan is an overweight, middle-aged history professor who snores loudly and periodically stops breathing during sleep. Dan has a condition known as _______.      
 narcolepsy      
 * sleep apnea      
 maintenance insomnia      
 termination insomnia      
    

People suffering from narcolepsy        
 find it difficult to wake up in the morning.      
 walk and talk in their sleep.      
 find it difficult to breathe while sleeping.      
 * get sleepy in the middle of the day.      
    

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with narcolepsy?       
 * stopping breathing during sleep      
 extreme daytime sleepiness      
 dreamlike experiences that are confused with reality      
 sudden attacks of muscle weakness      
    

Narcolepsy is caused by        
 excessive alcohol use.      
 brain abnormalities in the medulla that interfere with breathing during sleep.     
 a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world.     
 * unknown factors.      
    

Which of the following is experienced by the largest number of adults?       
 sleep apnea      
 narcolepsy      
 * sleep talking      
 sleepwalking      
    

When do people talk during their sleep?        
 only during REM sleep      
 only during non-REM sleep      
 * equally in REM and non-REM sleep      
 only during the brief transition from REM sleep to non-REM sleep     
    

Nightmares occur mostly during _______ sleep; night terrors occur during _______ sleep.       
 REM ... REM A     
 non-REM ... non-REM      
 non-REM ... REM      
 * REM ... non-REM      
    

Which of the following occur more often during non-REM sleep than during REM sleep?       
 sleepwalking and sleep talking      
 * sleepwalking and night terrors      
 sleep talking and nightmares      
 nightmares and night terrors      
    

What do sleepwalking and night terrors have in common?        
 * They are both fairly common in children, but decline with age.     
 They both occur during REM sleep. B     
 They are both associated with a circadian rhythm that is out of synchrony with the outside world.     
 They both become more likely with increasing age.      
    

Periodic limb movement disorder involves repetitive movements of one's ______ during sleep, and is a common cause of poor sleep in people ______.      
 arms ... under 12      
 arms ... over 50      
 legs ... under 12      
 * legs ... over 50      
    

Why would it be unlikely for anyone to engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep?       
 Brain activity is too low to control balance.      
 * The muscles are too relaxed.      
 The slightest disturbance awakens a person in REM sleep.      
 Heart rate and breathing rate are too low and too steady.      
    

Which of the following is NOT good advice for someone who is having trouble sleeping?       
 Exercise daily.      
 * Use sleeping pills to help yourself get to sleep.      
 If you can't get to sleep, get up and try again later.      
 Wake up the same time each day.      
    

Hypnotism was discovered by _______.        
 * Mesmer      
 Wundt      
 Aristotle      
 Calkins      
    

The main similarity between hypnosis and dreams is that in both of them,       
 the person is in REM sleep.      
 the muscles are totally relaxed.      
 * the person accepts illogical information without question.      
 the person feels no pain.      
    

In one common method of inducing hypnosis, the hypnotist tells the person, "After you go under hypnosis ...       
 you will do whatever I tell you to do."      
 * your arm will begin to rise automatically."      
 you will experience nothing at all."      
 your eyes will open wide."      
    

Before a person can be hypnotized he or she must        
 understand how hypnosis works.      
 * be a willing participant.      
 undergo psychoanalysis.      
 sign a waiver releasing the hypnotist of all responsibility.      
    

What is meant by the "depth" of hypnosis?        
 how closely the EEG pattern matches stage 4 of sleep      
 how long the person has been under hypnosis      
 how tightly the eyelids are closed      
 * the probability that the person will follow the hypnotist's suggestions     
    

When a hypnotist tells hypnotized subjects "Your hand will rise," and it does rise, the subjects will typically insist that they       
 never heard the hypnotist's command. A     
 had complete control over whether or not their hand rose.      
 did not, in fact, raise their hand.      
 * lost control over their hand.      
    

Which of the following is true about the use of hypnosis for the control of pain?       
 * Even though people are less bothered by the pain, their blood pressure and heart rate respond to the stimulus.     
 Medical and dental surgical procedures can take place using hypnosis, but ONLY IF it is used in conjunction with drugs.     
 Hypnosis is ineffective in altering the perception of pain.      
 Hypnosis completely blocks all aspects of the pain message from reaching the brain.     
    

Which of the following is TRUE regarding posthypnotic suggestions?       
 They stay in effect indefinitely, until cancelled by the hypnotist.     
 They work equally well on people who want to be hypnotized and people who do not. B    
 * They can be effective in helping people change their habits, although the effect of a single session wears off in a few days or weeks.    
 There is no evidence whatsoever supporting the claim that posthypnotic suggestions have any effect on people.     
    

In some stage acts, a hypnotist shows that a hypnotized person can become as stiff as a board, balancing with the head on one chair and the feet on another. How is this done?      
 * People can do this even without being hypnotized.      
 The hypnotist puts the audience into a trance so they think they see something they do not see.     
 Hypnotism gives people greater than normal strength.      
 The person's weight is supported by very thin wires that the audience cannot see.     
    

Memories recalled under hypnosis        
 * are frequently incorrect.      
 accurately describe events that people did not even notice when they happened.     
 faithfully reproduce events going back to less than age 1 year.     
 are so vague that it is meaningless to ask whether they are accurate.     
    

The American Medical Association recommended that courts refuse to admit testimony that was obtained under hypnosis. Why?       
 Not everyone can be hypnotized.      
 * Memories reported under hypnosis are frequently incorrect.      
 Testimony under hypnosis violates the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.     
 Inducing hypnosis requires more time than the courts are usually willing to permit.     
    

What happens when hypnotized people are asked to recall the events of early childhood?       
 * They answer with confidence, but their answers are generally incorrect.     
 They answer correctly back to memories from about age 3 years.     
 They answer correctly back to memories from about age 1 year.      
 They talk baby talk, so it is hard to tell whether their answers are accurate.     
    

Hypnotized people often give a convincing report of what they claim are memories from long ago. One reason why psychologists are skeptical of these "memories" is that hypnotized people      
 * also report with confidence on events from the future.      
 talk in baby talk that is hard to understand.      
 deny these memories as soon as they come out of hypnosis.      
 cannot remember events from before about age 2 years.      
    

Which of the following uses of hypnosis is NOT well supported by the evidence?       
 increased relaxation and concentration      
 relief from pain or its distress      
 * improvement of memory      
 helping people to stop smoking, at least temporarily      
    

Many hypnotists claim that you will do nothing under hypnosis that you would refuse to do otherwise. What does the evidence say about this claim?      
 It is correct. People who are asked to do something dangerous or illegal under hypnosis consistently refuse.     
 It is incorrect. Hypnotized people do many things that they would never agree to do otherwise.     
 * The evidence is unclear. Even people who are not hypnotized will agree to do strange and dangerous things in an experiment.     
 The evidence is unclear. As soon as a hypnotist suggests doing something even slightly dangerous, the person comes out of hypnosis.    
    

Hypnotized subjects who are told not to see certain lines claim that they do not see them. How do we know that they DO see them?       
 * They experience certain optical illusions that they would not experience if they really did not see those lines.     
 They remember the lines and describe them after they come out of hypnosis.     
 They draw pictures of those lines while saying they do not see them.     
 They blink their eyes whenever they look in the general direction of those lines.     
    

When hypnotized people are told that they will fail to see or hear something, what (if anything) changes in their perception?       
 They show no response at all to the stimulus, as if they were A blind or deaf.     
 * They deny seeing or hearing the stimulus, but it alters their behavior anyway.     
 They still claim they see or hear the stimulus, but it no longer affects their behavior in any measurable way.     
 They still report seeing or hearing the stimulus, and they respond to it the same as before hypnosis.     
    

In one experiment one group of students were hypnotized while another group pretended to be hypnotized. An experienced hypnotist tried to determine which were the hypnotized students and which were the fakes. What happened?     
 * The hypnotist had trouble telling who was really hypnotized.      
 The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because only the really hypnotized subjects recalled old memories.     
 The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because the pretenders could not tolerate sharp pain.     
 The hypnotist could tell who was hypnotized because only the really hypnotized subjects could express anger or other emotions on command.    
    

In one study, one group of college students were hypnotized while another group pretended to be hypnotized. What did some of the hypnotized subjects do that none of the pretenders did?      
 * report puzzlement at seeing the same person in two places at once     
 tolerate sharp pain B     
 make themselves stiff enough to balance their head on one chair and their feet on another     
 show signs of anger or other emotions when instructed to feel them     
    

Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler,"        
 actually had multiple personality, a condition that was detected under hypnosis.     
 claimed that his hypnotist gave him posthypnotic suggestions to kill women.     
 * attempted to fake both hypnosis and multiple personality.      
 was shown, under hypnosis, to have faked the murder of several women.     
    

Kenneth Bianchi, the "Hillside Strangler," claimed to have multiple personalities. Certain psychologists and psychiatrists were skeptical. One reason for their skepticism was that      
 after someone asked him to describe his crimes, the "Bianchi" personality remembered them and the "Walker" personality did not.     
 after someone hypnotized him, Bianchi admitted that he had just been pretending to have multiple personalities.     
 after someone explained to him the difference between multiple personalities and schizophrenia, Bianchi claimed to have schizophrenia.    
 * after someone told him that "real" multiple personalities had three personalities, Bianchi developed a third personality.     
    

What convinced psychologist Martin Orne that Kenneth Bianchi (the "Hillside Strangler") was faking hypnosis?       
 People with multiple personality cannot be hypnotized.      
 When Orne suggested that someone was sitting in an empty chair, Bianchi failed to see the person.     
 * Bianchi behaved in ways that Orne had never seen hypnotic subjects behave.     
 Bianchi behaved the same regardless of whether he was supposedly hypnotized or not.     
    

In the trial of Kenneth Bianchi, the Hillside Strangler, psychologists and psychiatrists had trouble agreeing on whether he was "insane", largely because      
 nearly all mentally ill patients are harmless and very few commit crimes.     
 Bianchi was legally insane at the time of the crimes but had clearly recovered by the time of the trial.     
 Bianchi kept insisting he was sane, despite evidence to the contrary.     
 * it is difficult to determine whether someone is really hypnotized or just pretending.     
    

Which of the following is NOT true about hypnosis?        
 It relieves pain or at least reduces the distress of pain.      
 * It gives people certain mental or physical powers they do not otherwise possess.     
 Posthypnotic suggestions can help people break bad habits, at least for a couple of weeks.     
 A person pretending to be hypnotized can mimic most of the common effects of hypnosis.     
    

What do commonly abused drugs seem to have in common that might account for their abuse tendency?       
 They all produce unusual sensory experiences and hallucinations.     
 They all have predominantly calming effects.      
 They all chemically resemble vitamins.      
 * They all stimulate receptors for a certain kind of neurotransmitter (dopamine).     
    

Which of the following drugs acts mainly as a relaxant?        
 * alcohol      
 amphetamine      
 cocaine      
 mescaline      
    

Which of the following is a common effect of alcohol consumption?        
 increased tension and anxiety      
 increased energy and alertness      
 * reduction of inhibitions against sexual or aggressive behavior     
 increased speed of muscle responses      
    

In the United States alcohol abuse is LEAST common among people with ______ ancestry.       
 Native American A     
 European      
 African      
 * Asian      
    

Which kind of drug helps people relax and fall asleep?        
 hallucinogens      
 stimulants      
 * tranquilizers      
 placebos      
    

The class of drugs that physicians most often prescribe as tranquilizers today are the _______.       
 opiates      
 barbiturates B     
 hallucinogens      
 * benzodiazepines      
    

Barbiturates are seldom recommended as tranquilizers today for two reasons:       
 They increase muscle tension, and they lead to cravings for other drugs.     
 They produce stimulant as well as depressant effects, and they are expensive.     
 They keep people awake at night, and they do not dissolve easily in water.     
 * They are habit-forming, and they are fatal if taken in large doses.     
    

Alcohol and barbiturates exert many of their behavioral effects by facilitating transmission at synapses that use the neurotransmitter _______.      
 acetylcholine      
 dopamine      
 norepinephrine      
 * GABA      
    

At the synaptic level, the effects of alcohol are most similar to those of _____.       
 * tranquilizers      
 opiates      
 marijuana      
 cocaine      
    

Which of the following is an example of an opiate drug?        
 * morphine      
 crack      
 marijuana      
 valium      
    

Morphine and heroin are members of which class of drugs?        
 hallucinogens      
 stimulants      
 * opiates      
 benzodiazepines