A psychologist who is attempting to determine whether a behavior is due to the effects of genes, or due to the effects of the environment is dealing with the      
 mind-body problem.      
 * nature-nurture problem.      
 existential paradox.      
 fundamental attribution dilemma.      
    

What seems to be the role of genetics and of environment in these three conditions: Alzheimer's disease, depression, and alcoholism?      
 All three are caused entirely by genetics, and are not A influenced by environmental events.     
 All three are caused entirely by environmental events and are not influenced by genetics.     
 Alzheimer's is due solely to environmental causes; depression and alcoholism both result solely from the effects of a single gene.    
 * All three involve the combined effects of genetics and environment.     
    

A gene is        
 a structure whose sole function is to determine how many pairs of chromosomes a person will have.     
 the chemical basis of heredity, and each gene is made up of many chromosomes.     
 * a section of a chromosome that controls development.      
 the molecular basis for denim.      
    

If you have one gene for brown eyes and one gene for green eyes, your genes for eye color are said to be       
 * heterozygous.      
 homozygous. B     
 sex-linked.      
 sex-limited.      
    

A gene that can mask the effects of other genes is called _____.        
 homozygous      
 heterozygous      
 recessive      
 * dominant      
    

A person who is heterozygous for a particular gene will        
 have two dominant genes for the particular trait.      
 have two recessive genes for the particular trait.      
 * show the effects of the dominant gene, but may pass the recessive gene on to a son or daughter.     
 show the effects of either the dominant or recessive gene, but will only pass the dominant gene on to a son or daughter.     
    

The gene for tongue curling and the gene for ability to taste PTC are both dominant genes. If you can curl your tongue but you cannot taste PTC, then we can be sure that your genes are HOMOZYGOUS for     
 * inability to taste PTC.      
 ability to taste PTC.      
 inability to curl the tongue.      
 ability to curl the tongue.      
    

The ability to curl the tongue lengthwise and the ability to taste PTC both depend on dominant genes. If you can curl your tongue but you cannot taste PTC, what do we know about your genes for these two traits?     
 You are homozygous for ability to curl your tongue and homozygous for inability to taste PTC.     
 * You are homozygous for inability to taste PTC, and we do not know whether you are homozygous or heterozygous for ability to curl the tongue.    
 You are heterozygous for ability to curl your tongue, and we do not know whether you are homozygous or heterozygous for the ability to taste PTC.    
 You are homozygous for the ability to curl your tongue and heterozygous for the ability to taste PTC.     
    

Red-green color blindness depends on a recessive gene on the X chromosome. Red-green color blindness is therefore more common in _____ than in _____.      
 children ... adults      
 adults ... children      
 women ... men      
 * men ... women      
    

Why is an X-linked recessive gene more likely to exert effects on males than on females?       
 Females have only one X chromosome.      
 * Males have only one X chromosome.      
 Genes on the X chromosome are sex-limited.      
 Males have autosomal genes on their Y chromosome.      
    

Which of the following is more likely to exert its effects in women than in men?       
 * an X-linked dominant gene      
 an X-linked recessive gene      
 a Y-linked dominant gene      
 a Y-linked recessive gene      
    

An X-linked recessive gene is more likely to exert its effects on _____ than on _____.       
 adults ... children      
 children ... adults      
 women ... men      
 * men ... women      
    

Color blindness depends on an X-linked recessive gene. Suppose a man with normal color vision marries a woman whose father was color-blind. What sort of color vision will their children have?      
 All will have normal color vision. A     
 All will be color-blind.      
 * The daughters will have normal color vision; the sons will have a 50% chance of being color-blind.     
 The sons will have normal color vision; the daughters will have a 50% chance of being color- blind.     
    

Genes that affect one sex more strongly than the other, even though both sexes have the genes, are known as       
 autosomal.      
 recessive.      
 * sex-limited.      
 sex-linked.      
    

Color blindness depends on an X-linked recessive gene. Suppose a color-blind man marries a woman who is homozygous for normal color vision. What sort of color vision will their children have?      
 All of them will be color-blind.      
 * All of them will have normal color vision, but some of the daughters may be carriers who can pass on color blindness to B their own children.    
 The sons will be color-blind and the daughters will have normal color vision.     
 The daughters will be color-blind and the sons will have normal color vision.     
    

By examining chromosome number 4 physicians can now tell if someone will develop       
 alcoholism.      
 * Huntington's disease.      
 schizophrenia.      
 pedophilia.      
    

If a married couple was found to each have one recessive (non sex-linked) gene for some serious disorder, a genetic counselor would advise them that      
 all of their children will probably develop the disorder.      
 about half of their children will probably develop the disorder.     
 * about one-quarter of their children will probably develop the disorder.     
 none of their children are likely to develop the disorder.      
    

If some characteristic depends to a large degree on genes, then we should expect to find that       
 dizygotic twins resemble each other more closely than monozygotic twins do.     
 monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins resemble each other equally closely.     
 * monozygotic twins who are separated at birth and reared in separate environments resemble each other.     
 adopted children resemble their adoptive parents but not their biological parents.     
    

Dr. Rascal wishes to investigate whether some people inherit a tendency toward criminal behavior. Which of the following types of evidence would be LEAST helpful in answering that question?      
 a measurement of the criminal behavior by pairs of monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins     
 a measurement of the criminal behavior by pairs of monozygotic twins who were reared in separate environments     
 * a measurement of criminal behavior in various countries and in various ethnic groups     
 a measurement of criminal behavior by adopted children and by their adoptive and biological parents     
    

Which of the following would count as evidence in favor of a genetic influence on behavior?       
 Adopted children resemble their adoptive parents more than they resemble their biological parents.     
 * Adopted children resemble their biological parents more than they resemble their adoptive parents.     
 Dizygotic twins resemble each other more than monozygotic twins do.     
 Monozygotic twins reared together resemble each other more than monozygotic twins reared apart do.     
    

There is currently evidence for at least some genetic influence in all of the following characteristics EXCEPT       
 alcohol abuse.      
 how much time people spend watching television.      
 religious devoutness.      
 * attitudes towards romantic love.      
    

Most Asian adults drink little or no milk and seldom eat dairy products. The primary reason is       
 a cultural taboo against dairy products.      
 genetic difference in the taste buds from non-Asians.      
 a lack of availability of dairy products in most Asian countries.     
 * genetic differences in digestion.      
    

Worldwide, people vary genetically in their likelihood of enjoying milk products. How does that gene alter people's milk preference?      
 by altering the taste buds      
 by altering the structure of certain parts of the brain      
 * by altering the metabolism of milk sugar      
 by altering visual responses to milk      
    

A gene that controls the ability to metabolize lactose is common in people in some parts of the world and rare in other parts of the world. That gene is largely responsible for variations in the probability that a person will     
 suffer from migraine headaches. A     
 * enjoy dairy products as an adult.      
 become severely depressed.      
 have trouble sleeping when adjusting to a change in time zones.     
    

Oriental cooks almost never use cheese or milk because        
 * most Oriental adults cannot digest lactose.      
 dairy products are outrageously expensive in Asia.      
 using animal milk violates religious customs.      
 hunger mechanisms in the brains of most Asian adults do not respond to dairy products.     
    

What is the relationship between a gene and an observable characteristic, such as curly hair?       
 The gene causes the development of that characteristic, regardless of the environment.     
 * The gene facilitates reactions that lead to a characteristic, but the outcome depends on diet and other environmental B influences.    
 The gene causes the characteristic during infancy, but the environment causes it during adulthood.     
 The gene has no direct or indirect influence on the development of the observable characteristic.     
    

Phenylketonuria is an inherited condition in which a person has an increased likelihood of becoming       
 depressed.      
 allergic to milk products.      
 * mentally retarded.      
 epileptic.      
    

If untreated, a person with the genes for phenylketonuria (PKU) becomes mentally retarded. However, it is possible to prevent the mental retardation by means of      
 * strict diet.      
 brain surgery.      
 special education.      
 sensory deprivation.      
    

Occasionally someone claims that "if some behavioral condition is controlled by genes, then there is nothing we can do to change it." Which of the following phenomena provides the strongest, clearest evidence AGAINST that claim?     
 the effects of corpus callosum damage on the ability to localize sounds     
 the effects of hypnosis on recall of old memories      
 the effects of L-DOPA on Parkinson's disease      
 * the effects of diet on phenylketonuria      
    

Studies of phenylketonuria (PKU) provide particularly strong evidence for the conclusion that       
 when some people fail to use some ability, that ability grows weaker and weaker in later generations.     
 X-linked recessive genes express their effects more strongly in males than they do in females.     
 all mammals are descended from a common ancestor.      
 * changes in the environment can alter the outcome of a condition that is under genetic control.     
    

Which of the following is evidence AGAINST the view that "inherited characteristics are unmodifiable"?       
 sex differences in the frequency of color-blindness      
 effects of practice on the ability of humans to curl their tongues lengthwise     
 amount of mobility shown by young gulls vs. young kittiwakes before they can fly     
 * the ability of a special diet to prevent mental retardation in children with PKU     
    

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to evolution?        
 The tendency for some individuals to be more successful attracting a mate than other members of the species.     
 Some difference between the parents and the offspring, based on recombinations of genes and mutations.     
 * A tendency for most mutations to be advantageous to the species.     
 A tendency for individuals with certain genes to leave more offspring than do individuals with other genes.     
    

In both artificial selection and natural selection, certain genes spread       
 because of survival of the fittest.      
 * because individuals with those genes reproduce more than individuals with other genes do.     
 because of the accumulation of both favorable and unfavorable mutations.     
 because those genes benefit the species as a whole, even if they interfere with the survival and reproduction of the individual.    
    

Of the four men described below, whose genes will be most favored by natural selection, according to Darwin's theory of evolution?       
 * Al, who had four children and died at age 25.      
 Bob, who had two children and died at age 45.      
 Charles, who had one child and died at age 65.      
 Don, who had no children and died at age 90.      
    

We would expect evolution to favor each of the characteristics below EXCEPT       
 * elimination of the useless human appendix. A     
 the tendency to protect your offspring.      
 characteristics that appeal to members of the opposite sex.      
 the tendency to live beyond the age of puberty.      
    

Both ethology and comparative psychology study        
 thought processes.      
 communication among members of a family.      
 theories of personality.      
 * animal behavior.      
    

The branch of biology that studies animal behavior under natural (or nearly natural) conditions is _______.       
 ontogeny      
 horticulture B     
 entomology      
 * ethology      
    

What does a comparative psychologist study?        
 differences among Freud, Jung, and other personality theorists     
 * differences in behavior among animal species      
 changes that have occurred during the history of psychology      
 the behavior of normal adult humans      
    

Ethologists believe that kittiwake chicks have evolved a tendency to remain motionless for days after birth because if they moved they might      
 wander out of the parents' sight.      
 lose their balance.      
 attract the attention of predators.      
 * fall off a cliff.      
    

If a herring gull egg is placed in the nest of a kittiwake,        
 the adult kittiwakes will push the egg out of the nest and drop it off the cliff.     
 * the egg will hatch, but the chick will inadvertently kill itself walking off the cliff.     
 the egg will hatch and the chick will survive by modeling its behavior after kittiwake chicks.     
 the egg will hatch and the bird will survive to adulthood, but will not adopt any kittiwake behaviors.     
    

Young kittiwake chicks fail to move around in their nests until they are old enough and large enough to fly. This behavioral tendency appears to be      
 learned by imitation of older kittiwakes.      
 * evolved as an adaptation to living on cliff ledges.      
 inherited from a behavior learned by their parents.      
 a conscious decision based on depth perception.      
    

People often help others in need, even at the risk of their own life. Which of the following is an example of a sociobiological explanation for this tendency?      
 Putting others' welfare ahead of your own is encouraged by most cultures and religions.     
 People become altruistic during childhood by observing the behavior of adult models.     
 * Selection has favored genes that promote behaviors which help close family members survive.     
 Helping behavior develops through positive reinforcement.      
    

Men are more likely than women to seek a variety of sexual partners. Which of the following is an example of a sociobiological explanation of this tendency?      
 Male hormones promote greater activity levels and greater sexual desires.     
 Society tolerates a man with many sexual partners but shows contempt for a woman with many partners.     
 Men copy the behavior of other men who seek multiple partners; women copy the behavior of other women who generally do not seek multiple partners.    
 * A man can spread his genes by impregnating several women; a woman gains no reproductive advantage from having several partners.    
    

We should be skeptical of sociobiological explanations of behaviors when those behaviors       
 are due to the influence of a single gene.      
 are adaptive.      
 differ between men and women.      
 * are highly variable across cultures.      
    

A neuron is        
 * a cell of the nervous system that conveys information to other cells.     
 a cell of the nervous system that does not convey information to other cells.     
 a part of a cell of the nervous system.      
 a cluster of cells in the nervous system.      
    

Comparing neurons and glia, we find that _____ carry information to other cells; _____ are more numerous.       
 glia ... neurons A     
 * neurons ... glia      
 both ... neurons      
 both ... glia      
    

The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the _____, and the _____.       
 glia ... dendrites      
 action potential ... membrane      
 glia ... axon      
 * dendrites ... axon      
    

The numerous short, widely branching fibers of a neuron that receive input from other neurons are known as ______.       
 * dendrites      
 somas B     
 axons      
 glia      
    

A single neuron can have many ______.        
 axons      
 cell bodies      
 cones      
 * dendrites      
    

The information transmitted from an axon to another neuron can be either       
 electrical or mechanical.      
 * excitatory or inhibitory.      
 hot or cold.      
 light or dark.      
    

What purpose does the myelin covering an axon serve?        
 It prevents action potentials from occurring.      
 * It speeds up transmission along the axon.      
 It prevents resting potentials from occurring.      
 It helps neurons to divide and reproduce.      
    

Which of the following changes occurs in the anatomy of an adult human brain?       
 Additional neurons form to replace those that have died.      
 * Neurons grow new branches of their axons and dendrites.      
 Neurons move from one part of the brain to another.      
 Some neurons change into glia and some glia change into neurons.     
    

It would be impossible for a brain to have more        
 dendrites than axons.      
 * axons than neurons.      
 glia than neurons.      
 dendrites than glia.      
    

The advantage of an action potential over electrical conduction is that the action potential       
 is faster.      
 does not require sodium ions.      
 * does not diminish in strength.      
 does not involve a change in electrical polarization.      
    

The strength of an action potential        
 decreases as the action potential travels down an axon.      
 * remains constant as the action potential travels down an axon.     
 increases as the action potential travels down an axon.      
 decreases if the action potential is moving away from the cell body, but increases if it is moving toward the cell body.     
    

During the resting potential an axon's interior has        
 a positive charge relative to the outside of the cell.      
 * a negative charge relative to the outside of the cell.      
 no electrical charge.      
 a positive charge for cells in the central nervous system, and a negative charge for cells in the peripheral nervous system.     
    

The resting potential of an axon is due to different distributions inside and outside the cell of       
 glia. A     
 myelin.      
 * sodium and potassium.      
 acetylcholine and epinephrine.      
    

The action potential of a neuron is produced by        
 * the movement of sodium ions across the membrane.      
 the flow of hormones down the axon.      
 the breakdown of potassium ions by an enzyme.      
 a rapid vibration that is conducted at the speed of sound.      
    

An action potential takes place by the movement of _____ ions across the membrane.       
 calcium      
 hydrogen B     
 oxygen      
 * sodium      
    

Just after _____ ions enter the axon (an action potential), _____ ions leave, restoring the original charge.       
 * sodium ... potassium      
 potassium ... hydrogen      
 sodium ... other sodium      
 potassium ... other potassium      
    

If a drug prevents sodium from crossing the membrane of an axon, what changes in the activity of the neuron?       
 An increased number of potassium ions cross instead.      
 It increases its rate of consumption of glucose and other fuels.     
 * It stops transmitting action potentials.      
 It transmits action potentials at a greater than usual velocity.     
    

Anesthetic drugs such as Novocain block the transmission of impulses in the brain by       
 decreasing the flow of blood to the brain.      
 * preventing sodium from crossing the membranes.      
 decreasing the ability of glucose to enter the brain.      
 blocking transmission at glutamate synapses.      
    

The study of axons and action potentials enables us to understand        
 * how Novocaine and other anesthetic drugs block pain.      
 why morphine and heroin are generally addictive.      
 why some people enjoy dairy products more than other people do.     
 why young adults generally have better memories than older people do.     
    

Suppose someone takes a drug that increases the rate of flow of sodium ions across the membrane. What will probably happen in that person's nervous system?      
 The number of synapses will increase.      
 The number of synapses will decrease.      
 * The frequency of action potentials will increase.      
 The frequency of action potentials will decrease.      
    

Why does it take you longer to feel a pinch on your ankle than a pinch on your shoulder?       
 The touch receptors on the ankle are smaller than those on the shoulder.     
 Neurons in the shoulder have more dendrites than those in the ankle.     
 * Action potentials from the ankle must travel farther to reach the brain.     
 The ratio of neurons to glia is greater in the shoulder than in the ankle.     
    

A synapse is        
 an area of dead tissue in the brain.      
 the combination of a neuron and its nearest glia cell.      
 * a junction where one neuron communicates with another.      
 an immoral apse.      
    

As a rule, one neuron communicates with another neuron at the synapse by       
 vibrating the second neuron's membrane.      
 redirecting the flow of blood.      
 * releasing a chemical.      
 transmitting an electrical impulse.      
    

Nearly all drugs with strong effects on behavior (cocaine, morphine, marijuana, tranquilizers, etc.) exert their effects by altering      
 the structure of dendrites. A     
 blood flow through the brain.      
 the acuity of sensory receptors.      
 * transmission at synapses.      
    

A neurotransmitter is released into a synapse by which part of a neuron?       
 dendrite      
 myelin      
 cell body      
 * terminal button      
    

Transmission at synapses        
 depends on the same chemical at all synapses.      
 * depends on different chemicals at different synapses. B     
 depends on electrical rather than chemical activity.      
 can go in either direction equally easily.      
    

What is a neurotransmitter?        
 a machine that measures brain waves      
 * a chemical that travels from one neuron to another      
 a drug that produces hallucinations      
 an ionized chemical bound to the nucleus of a cell      
    

Neurotransmitter molecules are stored in packets within the cell called _____.       
 * synaptic vesicles      
 neurological bubbles      
 terminal buttons      
 chemical capsules      
    

If at a given moment a neuron receives more inhibition than excitation through its incoming synapses, it will probably       
 produce an action potential.      
 * be silent.      
 produce a negative action potential.      
 send an action potential in the reverse direction.      
    

A neuron may produce action potentials more frequently at one time than at another depending on the       
 amount of blood flow reaching the neuron.      
 * number of excitatory vs. inhibitory synaptic messages reaching it.     
 concentration of glucose inside vs. outside the neuron.      
 angle of the dendrites with respect to the axon.      
    

Transmission at a synapse depends on        
 the exchange of chemicals in both directions between two neurons.     
 * the release of a chemical by one neuron and its reception by another.     
 a temporary interruption of the usual electrical conduction between the two neurons.     
 a change in the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide at a point between two neurons.     
    

Otto Loewi devised a clever experiment that demonstrated neurons communicate       
 by means of electrical charges.      
 with one, and only one, other neuron.      
 by mechanically stimulating other neurons.      
 * by releasing chemicals.      
    

When Otto Loewi collected the fluid from synapses that were involved in slowing a frogs heart, then injected them near the heart of a second frog, he demonstrated that      
 neurotransmitters which are inhibitory can also be excitatory.     
 * at least some neurons communicate by releasing chemicals.      
 neurons do NOT communicate by releasing chemicals.      
 communication between a neuron and a muscle is very different than that between two neurons.     
    

The different chemicals that are used as neurotransmitters by various neurons       
 produce action potentials that travel at different velocities.     
 * control different aspects of behavior.      
 produce action potentials of different sizes (amplitudes).      
 all produce the same effects.      
    

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all examples of        
 fuels used by the brain. A     
 tranquilizers.      
 toxic substances that damage the brain.      
 * neurotransmitters.      
    

Which of the following is an example of an abnormal behavior that is caused by a deficiency in the activity of a particular neurotransmitter?      
 phenyketonuria (PKU)      
 * Parkinson's disease      
 stroke      
 Korsakoff's syndrome      
    

People with Parkinson's disease have trouble in        
 digesting certain foods.      
 * controlling voluntary movements. B     
 inhibiting emotional outbursts.      
 sleeping and awakening on schedule.      
    

Why is L-DOPA a useful therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease?       
 It strengthens the blood-brain barrier.      
 It prevents the further loss of neurons in the brain.      
 * It restores the levels of a synaptic transmitter that had declined.     
 It helps the brain to metabolize fuels that it cannot ordinarily use.     
    

Which of the following is NOT true of Parkinson's disease?        
 Its symptoms include difficulty in voluntary movement.      
 Drugs can reduce the symptoms but do not cure the disease.      
 * It is hereditary.      
 It is reported mostly in elderly people.      
    

Parkinson's disease is sometimes caused by        
 a diet deficient in vitamins.      
 close contact with other people afflicted with the disease.      
 * exposure to toxic chemicals.      
 heredity.      
    

MPTP, a toxic drug sometimes sold as a drug of abuse, can produce the symptoms of       
 Korsakoff's syndrome.      
 * Parkinson's disease.      
 phenylketonuria (PKU).      
 epilepsy.      
    

Haloperidol is a drug that interferes with transmission at dopamine synapses. What effect would it probably have on someone who is suffering from Parkinson's disease?      
 It would relieve the symptoms.      
 * It would make the symptoms worse.      
 It would relieve the symptoms at first but make them worse in the long run.     
 It would make the symptoms worse at first but relieve them in the long run.     
    

The brain needs an adequate supply of thiamine (vitamin B-1) in order to       
 synthesize new proteins.      
 combat infections.      
 prevent blood clots.      
 * use glucose for energy.      
    

The main fuel used by the brain is ______.        
 * glucose      
 calcium      
 starches      
 proteins      
    

In order for the neurons of the brain to make use of their normal fuel supply, they need an adequate supply of       
 vitamin A.      
 * vitamin B-1 (thiamine).      
 vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine).      
 vitamin C.      
    

The drugs generally used as cold remedies produce a variety of side effects (such as increased heart rate and decreased salivation) because they      
 prevent sodium ions from crossing the membrane of neurons. A     
 interfere with the effects of thiamine (vitamin B-1).      
 alter the pattern of blood flow to the brain and spinal cord.      
 * block the activity of a particular neurotransmitter.      
    

LSD, mescaline, and several other hallucinogenic drugs have effects that either mimic or block the effects of       
 alcohol.      
 vitamins.      
 DNA and RNA.      
 * neurotransmitters.      
    

What would the effect be if the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) decided to require that all alcoholic beverages be fortified with vitamin B-1?      
 * The amount of brain damage suffered by some chronic alcoholics would be reduced.     
 Alcohol would no longer produce intoxication. B     
 Alcohol would become even more toxic.      
 Heart disease would no longer be associated with chronic alcoholism.     
    

The brain and the spinal cord make up the ______ nervous system.        
 * central      
 peripheral      
 somatic      
 autonomic      
    

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the _____ nervous system, which controls muscles, and the _____ nervous system, which controls the organs.      
 sympathetic ... parasympathetic      
 parasympathetic ... sympathetic      
 * somatic ... autonomic      
 autonomic ... somatic      
    

The spinal cord is connected to two kinds of nerves:        
 smooth nerves and striated nerves.      
 limbic nerves and callosal nerves.      
 electrical nerves and chemical nerves.      
 * sensory nerves and motor nerves.      
    

After an accident, Joe cannot move his legs and cannot feel any sensations from his legs. He can still move his arms and receive sensations from them. Where is the damage to his nervous system probably located?     
 upper part of spinal cord, near where it joins the brain      
 * lower part of spinal cord      
 left half of spinal cord      
 right half of spinal cord      
    

Which part of the nervous system readies the body for vigorous "fight or flight" activities?       
 the somatic nervous system      
 the thalamus      
 the parasympathetic nervous system      
 * the sympathetic nervous system      
    

The two parts of the autonomic nervous system are the _____ and the _____.       
 central ... peripheral      
 endocrine ... exocrine      
 * sympathetic ... parasympathetic      
 somatic ... unsympathetic      
    

Which of the following refers to a set of glands that produces and releases hormones?       
 limbic system      
 * endocrine system      
 sympathetic nervous system      
 autonomic nervous system      
    

Which of the following is NOT part of the endocrine system?        
 thyroid      
 ovary or testis      
 * cerebellum      
 adrenal gland      
    

Hormones are very similar both chemically and functionally to _____ .       
 * neurotransmitters A     
 digestive enzymes      
 lymphocytes      
 blood platelets      
    

Insulin is a hormone that increases the storage of food as fats. In what way is insulin better suited for this purpose than a neurotransmitter would be?      
 Insulin exerts its effects more rapidly.      
 Most foods contain a large amount of insulin, but they do not contain neurotransmitters.     
 Unlike neurotransmitters, insulin is present in the body in the same amount at all times.     
 * Insulin affects a larger number of cells for a longer time.      
    

Which part of the nervous system is immediately responsible for sensory input from the head and control of the muscles of the head?      
 hippocampus and limbic system      
 pituitary and pineal B     
 corpus callosum      
 * medulla and pons      
    

What would probably happen to a person who suffered damage to the reticular formation in the brain?       
 increase in hunger and thirst      
 * long period of inactivity and sleepiness      
 inability to name objects seen in the left visual field      
 inability to suppress inappropriate impulses      
    

A person who has suffered damage to the cerebellum (located in the back of the brain) will probably have trouble with       
 understanding spoken language.      
 * rapid, skillful movements.      
 restraint of emotional outbursts.      
 following maps.      
    

Al seems to have lost his motor skills. He can still move each muscle, but he cannot organize his muscle movements into a smooth, rapid sequence. Which part of his nervous system is probably damaged?     
 ventral part of spinal cord      
 occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex      
 * cerebellum      
 medulla      
    

Barbara has suffered damage to her cerebellum. Which of the following tasks will probably be most difficult for her?       
 describing what she sees in the left visual field      
 describing what she sees in the right visual field      
 understanding spoken language      
 * dribbling a basketball      
    

Which of the following is a subcortical structure involved in eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other motivated or emotional behaviors?      
 pons      
 * hypothalamus      
 cerebral cortex      
 cerebellum      
    

The cerebral cortex makes up about _____ of the total volume of the human brain.       
 * 90%      
 50%      
 25%      
 5%      
    

The outer surface of the forebrain, which constitutes about 90% of the total brain in humans, is called the       
 * cerebral cortex.      
 cerebellum.      
 reticular formation.      
 hypothalamus.      
    

The main distinction between the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain is that the left hemisphere controls _____ and the right hemisphere controls _____.      
 sensation ... movement      
 movement ... sensation      
 * the right side of the body ... the left side of the body      
 the left side of the body ... the right side of the body      
    

The "gray matter" of the brain is composed mostly of        
 * cell bodies. A     
 muscle fibers.      
 axons.      
 blood vessels.      
    

Which of the following is TRUE?        
 Thinking and remembering occur in subcortical, but not in cortical, areas of the brain.     
 * What used to be considered "association areas" of the cortex are really additional sensory areas.     
 Almost all of the sensory information we take in funnels into one central processor, located in association cortex.     
 Sensory nerves send their information first to the cerebral cortex, which then passes it onto subcortical areas.     
    

The overall picture that emerges from modern research of how the brain works is that       
 all sensory information feeds into one central processor, where information is integrated and decisions are made.     
 the cerebral cortex operates as a whole: every important behavioral function depends on all brain areas more or less B equally.    
 * the brain consists of a great many separate pathways, each acting in parallel with the others.     
 each thought you have is stored on one, and only one, neuron.      
    

Prosopagnosia is a loss in the ability to        
 produce language.      
 comprehend language.      
 control complex movements.      
 * recognize familiar faces.      
    

There are separate pathways in the visual system of the brain for        
 height and width.      
 * shape, color, and motion.      
 bright colors and pastel colors.      
 attractive faces and unattractive faces.      
    

Following damage to the cerebral cortex, a person neglects the left side of his or her body. Which part of the cortex is probably damaged?      
 right occipital lobe      
 left occipital lobe      
 * right parietal lobe      
 left parietal lobe      
    

Which of the following would NOT be associated with damage to the parietal lobe?       
 failing to dress the left side of the body      
 * being unable to produce language, although you can still understand it     
 being able to feel objects, but ignoring what you are feeling      
 impairment in sensation from a particular part of the body.      
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the lobes of the cerebral cortex?       
 occipital      
 parietal      
 * callosal      
 temporal      
    

One difference between the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes that we are sure of is that they are responsible for       
 different types of motivation.      
 different aspects of personality.      
 control of the muscles in different parts of the body.      
 * different sensory systems.      
    

After damage to the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, a person would have most impairment in       
 * hearing.      
 control of fine movements.      
 body perception.      
 vision.      
    

A person who has suffered damage to the cerebral cortex has impaired vision. Which part of the cortex is probably damaged?       
 parietal lobe      
 motor cortex      
 prefrontal cortex      
 * occipital lobe      
    

After damage to the cerebral cortex, a person has an impairment in body perception (touch, pressure, pain, etc.). Where is the damage probably located?      
 * parietal lobe A     
 frontal lobe      
 temporal lobe      
 occipital lobe      
    

Brain surgery is sometimes conducted under local anesthesia while the patient remains awake. During such surgery, suppose the surgeon lightly stimulates a few neurons in the patient's left parietal cortex. What will the patient probably experience?     
 * touch sensation somewhere in the right half of the body      
 visual sensation somewhere in the left visual field      
 auditory sensation coming from the right side of the world      
 movements of the left side of the body      
    

A person who has suffered damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex would probably experience impairment of       
 * hearing.      
 control of fine movements. B     
 suppression of socially inappropriate behaviors.      
 body perception (such as touch).      
    

Impairments in hearing, the ability to recognize complex patterns (such as faces), language comprehension, and emotion are ALL associated with damage to the      
 prefrontal cortex.      
 * temporal lobe.      
 occipital lobe.      
 parietal lobe.      
    

In most people, the left hemisphere is specialized for control of        
 facial expressions.      
 * language.      
 the muscles on the left side of the body.      
 complex visual-spatial perception.      
    

The primary motor cortex is located on the ______ lobe.        
 * frontal      
 temporal      
 occipital      
 parietal      
    

After brain damage, Deborah has lost control of fine movements of her fingers. Where is the damage in her brain probably located?       
 * rear portion of the frontal lobe      
 margin between the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe      
 posterior part of the corpus callosum      
 right temporal lobe