The last coalition against Napoleon consisted of Russia and Britain * Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria Prussia, Austria and Britain Russia, Prussia and Austria Britain, Prussia and the United States The Congress of Vienna supported the position that France should be humiliated Napoleon should be executed * no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe Prussia should be the new dominant continental power both a and d Napoleon was crushed in 1815 by Frederick William III at Jena General Kutuzov at Borodino Field Marshall von Blucher at Austerlitz * Wellington and Blucher at Waterloo none of the above In Rousseau's Emile (1762), the author stressed the need to develop a "consensus foundation" for government the importance of diversity of opinion in the success of a nation * the necessity to regard children as different from adults and to give them maximum freedom in their development the bonds of friendship which are essential for happiness in life none of the above "Citizen Capet" referred to Robespierre. Danton. * Louis XVI. Marie Antoinette. "Every man." The Thermidorian Reaction began in 1794 and consisted of the executions of former terrorists. the establishment of the Directory. the destruction of the machinery of terror and the institution of a constitutional regime. * all of the above. Because of the crucial role played by the women of Paris in the overthrow of the French monarchy, the French Revolution took the giant leap to gender equality as well as to political freedom. True * False Most of the members of the National Constituent Assembly wished to create a republic. * constitutional monarchy. classical democracy. democracy, but with a healthy commitment to communistic principles regarding property. dictatorship of the proletariat. An assignat was a grievance against the government. * a government bond. an exemption from traditional obligations which peasants owed to lords. rendezvous. a mission. After Pauline Leon's successful petition to the Revolutionary government demanding the right of women to bear arms, women came to make up almost half of revolutionary France's military forces. True * False The emigres were exiled members of the middle class. * members of the aristocracy who left France and opposed the revolution in exile. traitors to the aristocracy. none of the above. About how many people died in the Reign of Terror? 500 1,700 * 25,000 840,000 6 million In April 1793 the Convention established to perform the executive duties of government. Two of its most prominent leaders were Danton and Robespierre. the Directory the Mountain the parlement * the Committee of Public Safety the Thermidorean Reaction levee en masse 3 means a very large unmarried woman. is an embankment along the Seine River. * means general military conscription and mobilization. is the French equivalent of the British rank of Sergeant Major. means a general equality among all the people Almost all of the victims killed during the Reign of Terror in France were wealthy aristocrats. True * False #131016 Before returning to Paris to become Consul in the Directorate (1799) Napoleon's military campaign had failed in * Egypt northern Italy Belgium Austria Russia Who crowned Napoleon "Emperor of the French"? Pope Pius VII Archbishop of Paris * Napoleon Abbe Sieyes Tsar Alexander I The Napoleonic Code maintained that * all privileges based on birth were to be abolished labor unions were to be legal salaried officials to be chosen by favor rather than by merit women were to be social and political equals to men both b and d Methodist teaching centered on inward heartfelt religion practical piety emotional experiences * all of the above The poems "The Ancient Mariner" and "Kublai Khan" were written by Shelley * Coleridge Wordsworth Byron Longfellow Napoleon Bonaparte was born in A.D. 1769 in La Rochelle Paris Normandy Marseille * Corsica Perhaps the greatest German literary figure of modern times, his masterpiece was Faust. Friedrich Schlegel E.T.A. Hoffman Friedrich Schiller * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Hegel The greatest naval commander of his age and probably the most famous and venerated naval hero in history was Charles Maurice de Tallegrand-Perigord Napoleon Bonaparte Francisco Goya * Horatio Nelson Lord Castlereagh Napoleon's greatest weapon in his conquest of Europe was cannon made of reinforced steel the incompetency of the generals he faced * the mobilized French nation which could produce a steady flow of conscript citizens the repeating rifle his Navy In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire * was dissolved came under the leadership of Napoleon as Holy Roman Emperor was incorporated into the Confederacy of the Rhine fell under the control of Prussia was made a tributary state to France with Napoleon's brother named Holy Roman Emperor The British economy survived the "Continental System" of Napoleon because Britain still controlled the seas of British access to the markets of North and South America as well as the eastern Mediterranean of the resentment of the continental members to the economic advantages of the system for France * all of the above After Napoleon's defeat in Russia in 1812, his army lost respect and his position as commander was lost he sued for a negotiated peace he was unable to raise an army both a and c * none of the above The Russians were able to repel Napoleon's invasion in 1812 because of the strong support of their Prussian and Austrian allies * a "scorched-earth" policy against Napoleon mild Russian winter Russian tactics of engaging in decisive battles with Napoleon both a and d On the eve of the French Revolution, the French monarchy's greatest problem was a losing war with Spain. * the inability to handle finances on a sound basis. a conflict (more political than religious) with the pope. none of the above. The sans-culottes were all of the following except shopkeepers artisans * aristocrats wage earners factory workers Edmund Burke supported the French Revolution. * was the most articulate critic of the French Revolution. was a liberal British political theorist. advocated the policies of the Mountain. was a closet Jacobin. The famous "Tennis Court Oath" was taken * after the Third Estate left the Estates-General and formed the National Assembly. by the First Estate in response to the formation of the National Assembly. in order to force the king's abdication. by the Second Estate in order to quell the rioting in Paris. The war against Austria in 1792 united the aristocracy against the forces of revolution. resulted in English involvement in a French domestic politics. * radicalized the revolution and led to a second revolution which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. disrupted the revolution and allowed the emigres to return to France. strengthened the King's position and allowed him to crush the revolution. The First, Second, and Third Estates represented which groups of society respectively: clergy; peasantry, middle class, and artisans; nobility nobility; peasantry, middle class, and artisans; clergy * clergy; nobility; peasantry, middle class, and artisans peasantry, middle class, and artisans; clergy; nobility In the 1790s, Poland was partitioned by Russia, Bavaria, and Austria. Austria, Italy, and Bavaria. * Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Russia Austria and Sweden. Russia, France, and Prussia. On July 14, 1789 crowds in Paris stormed , which was a prison. Versailles Newgate * the Bastille the Louvre the Mountain Maximilien (1758-1794) became the most powerful revolutionary figure in 1793-94. He dominated the Reign of Terror but was finally executed in July of 1794. * Robespierre Danton von Hapsburg Capet Rousseau The leader of the Methodist movement was John (1703-1791). Castlereagh Burke David Coleridge * Wesley Sir Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) led the British army in Spain and later at Waterloo. His later title was . Admiral Lord Nelson * Duke of Wellington King Edward VI Duke of Norfolk Duke of Marlbourgh This King of France lost his head in A.D. 1793. Henry IV Louis XIV Louis XV * Louis XVI Louis XVIII (1729-1799) was an Irish-born British writer and statesman. In 1790 he wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. 4 Herder Lord Byron William Blake * Edmund Burke William Wordsworth (1724-1804), author of The Critic of Pure Reason sought to accept the rationalism of the enlightenment and still preserve a belief in human freedom, immortality and the existence of God. * Immanuel Kant John Wesley Hegel Herder Jacque-Louis David (1788-1824) was perhaps the most famous European poet of his era. This English social rebel wrote Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. William Blake John Wesley Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Wordsworth * Lord Byron was the Queen of France. She was beautiful and intelligent if not wise. She lost her head in October, 1793. Jean Rousseau * Marie Antoinette Abbe Sieyes Pauline Leon Ann Marie II The victory of Lord Nelson at in 1805 guaranteed British control of the sea and put an end to French hopes for an invasion of England. Leon Vienna * Trafalgar Jutland Lepanto The Great Reform Bill * expanded the electorate. was a triumphant democratic measure which granted every English citizen over 21 years of age the right to vote. constituted the triumph of lower class interests. instituted universal male suffrage. gave the women of Great Britain the right to vote. In 1848, great revolutions occurred in all of the following countries except Prussia. Hungary. Austria. * Great Britain. France. In 1815, after Napoleon's hopes were crushed at Waterloo, he was exiled to Argentina. executed. * exiled to St. Helena. imprisoned in England. held in the dungeons of the Bastille until his death in 1821. The Corn Law of 1815 lowered the price of grain for relief of the impoverished. raised prices on corn but lowered prices on wheat and barley. * placed import duties on foreign grain which maintained high domestic prices. were repealed in 1816. The King of France overthrown by the Revolution of 1830 was Louis XIV. Louis XVI. * Charles X. hillip Augustus. Henry V. The Junkers were the conservative Prussian aristocracy. allied with the army and the King. opposed to the creation of a united liberal German nation. * all of the above. Economically, liberals in the period 1815-1832 opposed government regulation of wages. sought the removal of economic restraints associated with mercantilism. favored removal of international tariffs. * all of the above. Among the following, which were forces of conservatism? monarchy and nationalists * monarchy and aristocracy church and nationalists nationalists and aristocracy Louis XVIII's successor, Charles X, supported the constitutional charter of Louis XVIII. * wanted to restore the pre-revolutionary order in France. extended suffrage to the majority of Frenchmen. upheld the freedom of the press. The ruler who epitomized the most extreme form of 19th century autocracy was George IV of England. * Nicholas I of Russia. Louis XVIII of France. Victoria I of England. Louis Philippe of France. Simon Bolivar conquered all of the following areas except: Venezuela. Ecuador. Colombia. Peru. * Mexico. dedicated much of his life to fighting the slave trade and slavery. George Canning * William Wilberforce Thomas Macaulay Edmund Burke Viscount Castlereagh The "eastern question" referred to * the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and the political and economic ramifications of this instability for European powers. the prevalence of Islam and its threat to Christianity. the economic problems created by a gold drain from the west to the east because of trade in luxury items. the threat posed by a resurgent China to European security. The man elected President of France in 1848 was * Louis Napoleon. Louis Philippe. Cyrano de Bergerac. Charles de Gaulle. Pepe Lepeu. The early 19th century statesman who most epitomized conservatism was Karl Sand. * Clemens von Metternich. Eugene Delacroix. Daniel O'Connell. Simon Bolivar. The Peterloo Massacre of 1819 * Resulted in the death of several radical reformers. Resulted in the death of four members of the Prime Minister's cabinet when their meeting room was bombed. Did not really occur and was a propaganda ploy on the part of the liberals. Resulted in censorship of the press and restrictions on freedoms of speech which were not lifted until 1937! Which of the following countries outlawed slavery first (A.D. 1833)? Spain * Great Britain United States Brazil Denmark The artist who created the famous painting, Liberty Leading the People, was * Eugene Delacroix. J.M.W. Turner. John Constable. Louis Kossuth. the Archduchess Sophia. Which of the following countries abolished or outlawed slavery last (A.D. 1888)? Spain Great Britain United States * Brazil Denmark In 1774, , the founder of Methodism, attacked slaveholding in Thoughts on Slavery. William Blake William Pitt Arthur Wellesley Edmund Burke * John Wesley The initial religious protest against slavery originated among English, a radical Protestant group founded by George Fox in the 17th century. Luddites * Quakers Puritans Levelers Methodists In 1823 the President of the United States issued a proclamation prohibiting further colonization and intervention by European powers in the Americas. This proclamation is known as . the Emancipation Proclamation the Declaration of Independence Manifest Destiny * the Monroe Doctrine the Gettysburg Address The great peace conference that concluded the Napoleonic Wars was the. Peace of Westphalia Congress of Berlin Versailles Peace Conference Potsdam Agreement * Congress of Vienna was Tsar of the Russian Empire from 1802-1825. He began his reign as a moderate reformer, but he became increasingly reactionary after the Napoleonic Wars. Peter I Peter III * Alexander I Alexander III Nicholas II Generally, the revolutions of 1848 accomplished * immediate gains for the liberal forces only to be later crushed by the combined forces of monarchy, aristocracy, and army. slow gains at first for the liberals followed by complete realization of their goals. immediate and complete success by the liberals. the complete destruction of the old aristocratic class. their most lasting and important changes in Russia. The economist who postulated the "iron law of wages" (i.e., that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to the subsistence level) was Adam Smith. John Maynard Keynes. Friedrich Engels. * David Ricardo. John Kenneth Galbraith. Perhaps as many as half a million Irish peasants starved to death in the 1840s when disease blighted the crop. wheat corn * potato cabbage barley The English Factory Act of 1833 limited a nine- to thirteen-year-old child's work day to nine hours. required two hours of education paid for by the factory owner. contributed to the breakdown of the parental link in the family. forbade the employment of children under 9 years of age. * all of the above. The middle classes believed that merit and competition should replace birth and patronage in advancing on the social ladder. were sympathetic to the plight of the poor. measured success and respectability in terms of money. both a and b * both a and c Which of the following was the anarchist who wrote What is Property? Charles Fourier Francois Guizot Claude Henri de Saint Simon Friedrich Engels * Pierre Joseph Proudhon The King of Prussia during the Revolutions of 1848 who was erratic and incompetent was Frederick William the Great Elector. Algernon II. * Frederick William IV. Frederick the Great. William II. In June of 1848 , whose wife had been killed by a stray bullet, used his troops to ruthlessly repress the uprising in Prague. Czech nationalism was checked by the use of non- Czech troops and the area was once more controlled from Vienna. Guiseppi Mazzini General Cavaignac Field Marshall Pierre Joseph Proudhon * General Alfred von Windishgraetz General Alfred E. Newman Sir Robert Peel instituted a new silver standard for the British economy. * "bobbies." the Factory Act of 1833. the Chartist movement. the Six Points of the Charter. Among the factors which led to the revolutions of 1848 were all of the following except severe food shortages. * the Communist Manifesto. unemployment. nationalism (outside France). In 1848, great revolutions occurred in all of the following countries except Prussia. Hungary. Austria. * Russia. France. The Austrian foreign minister was Castlereagh. Talleyrand. * Metternich. Alexander I. Bismark. Coke, as used in this chapter, can best be defined as a trademark name for the world's most popular cola. cocaine (slang). * the solid carbonaceous residue obtained from coal and used as fuel especially in the smelting of iron and steel. a product of the kola nut useful in the treatment of arthritis. a fruit flavored liquor of amazing potency. In the early 19th century the economic doctrine of laissez-faire was most closely associated with which of the following ISM's? conservatism * liberalism nationalism mercantilism radicalism All but one of the following were major ideas of liberalism: representative government. equality before the law. individual freedoms; e.g., freedom of the press, freedom of speech. equality of opportunity. * the fair and equal redistribution of wealth. The industrial economy affected women in all of the following ways except most women started agitating for political rights in the 1830s. * women became associated more with household duties and men with family breadwinning. new modes of employment were created for women. skills required of employed women were lowered. Metternich's conservative and repressive political and social policies were primarily a response to * growing nationalism and liberalism in Europe. Russia's growing political power. Napoleon's One Hundred Days. Prussia's threat to Austria's power. England's world dominating sea power. The program of Chartism included all of the following except * maintenance of the property requirement for Members of Parliament. universal manhood suffrage. secret ballots. annual elections of the House of Commons. The great 18th century philosopher and teacher who laid much of the groundwork for classical economics in his master work The Wealth of Nations (1776) was... * Adam Smith Thomas Malthus Jeremy Beatham David Ricardo Thomas Maculay The German intellectual who authored Capital, one of the most influential books of the modern world, pulled together powerful ideas and insights to create one of the great secular religions out of the intellectual and social ferment of the early 19th century. He was Friedrich List Clemens von Metternich * Karl Marx Otto von Bismarck Louis Kossuth The author of the Malthusian Doctrine, (i.e., that population tends to increase at a faster rate than its means of subsistence and that unless it is checked by moral restraints or by the harsh discipline of famine, disease, and war, widespread poverty and degradation inevitably result) was a kindly English parson named. * Thomas Malthus Friedrich Engels Adam Smith Friedrich List John Wesley won a place in history as the partner of Karl Marx. He supported Marx financially and intellectually. He is the author of The Conditions of the Working Class in England. Thomas Malthus Adam Smith Friedrich List * Friedrich Engels Louis Kossuth Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in the years immediately preceding the revolution, France was suffering from the following economic problems: poor harvests the price of bread was rising wages were stagnating * the government made no attempt to reform the unfair system of taxation Mark the false choice. In 1789, Professor Weber tells us that the first year of the French Revolution the Third Estate, joined by some representatives of the clergy and nobles, took over the Estates General the Great Fear swept the countryside the National Assembly abolished most feudal privileges on the night of the Fourth of August * Louis XVI was beheaded Mark the false choice. Among the permanent reforms of the French Revolution discussed by Professor Weber were the following the emancipation of religious minorities * the end of disagreements between the papacy and the French government the principle of equality before the law a uniform standard of weights and measures Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in addition to using terror against their enemies, the revolutionary governments of 1792-1794 also attempted to fix prices, a measure that backfired by driving goods off the market issued paper money, which quickly lost most of its value went to war with Prussia, Austria, England, Holland, and Spain * revoked the laws that had emancipated Protestants and Jews Mark the false choice. When Napoleon's armies conquered other parts of Europe, they * supported the right of national self-determination abolished serfdom emancipated religious minorities Mark the false choice. Professor Weber argues that the American Revolution could be conservative and revolutionary at the same time because even American conservatives were radical by European standards the most conservative Americans, the Loyalists, were forced to leave the country or left on their own * Americans agreed on the kind of government they wanted when they began the Revolution by European standards America was relatively free, even before the Revolution Mark the false choice. Professor Weber argues that the American Revolution influenced European thinkers by * promising to aid European revolutionaries making them think more critically about politics substituting America for England as the model for enlightenment thinkers making written constitutions and declarations of rights a real possibility Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that as a result of the legal reforms embodied in the Napoleonic Code, the French possessed freedom to work liberty of conscience equality before the law * equal political rights for both men and women The first country to exploit the new industrial technologies of steam power and mass production was France Germany * England the United States Poland Professor Weber tells us that among the great structures that symbolized the technical and industrial power of the nineteenth century were all of the following except the Brooklyn Bridge the Crystal Palace the Gare Saint-Lazare * the Empire State Building According to Professor Weber, which of the following is not true although agriculture was now able to feed more people than ever before, new techniques and more intensive production damaged the environment by * not using fertilizers altering water tables destroying forests creating soil erosion According to Professor Weber, the Industrial Revolution revolutionalized naval warfare in all the following ways except by creating ironclad vessels * by allowing coal-powered ships to stay at sea for far longer periods than sailing ships by building submarines by creating systems of communication linking naval bases across thousands of miles Professor Weber tells us that the end of the nineteenth century witnessed all the following improvements in the standard of living in large European cities except more efficient agriculture was better able to supply the cities with food * clean air legislation had reduced pollution sanitary water supplies had been established metropolitan police forces had been established Professor Weber tells us that by the end of the nineteenth century, urban life had been transformed in all the following ways except most large cities now had a metropolitan police force municipal water supplies were becoming common * infectious diseases were no longer an important cause of mortality in cities tramways and trains made public transportation much cheaper and more widespread Professor Weber tells us that during the 19th century new industrial techniques revolutionalized warfare by all of the following except rapidly moving great masses of soldiers on the railroads * mass-producing antibiotics for treating the wounded building ironclad warships developing naval guns that could hit targets that were many miles away According to Professor Weber, all of the following were true except: By the end of the nineteenth century, European agriculture had become so efficient that half the population could now work in other occupations * had become so efficient that farmers in the United States and Russia could not compete on the world market was able to supply cities that now sheltered approximately forty percent of the population was aided by a much more efficient transportation system According to Professor Weber, all of the following were true except: By the end of the nineteenth century, mass communications had grown to such an extent some newspapers had circulations over one million * most European households had their own telephone the telegraph could transmit news reporting over thousands of miles in only a few hours public postal service had become inexpensive enough for even poor people to use According to Professor Weber, under the old regime in France, which group was largely exempt from taxation? the clergy the nobility the officers of the Crown * all of the above According to Professor Weber, in 1794, how did the French revolutionary army compare in size to the old royal army before 1789? The revolutionary army was much smaller the revolutionary army was about the same size. The revolutionary army was slightly smaller but much better equipped. * The revolutionary army was five times as big. According to Professor Weber, the mass conscription of the French Revolution changed warfare in the following ways except New battle formations were adopted that could make use of hastily trained soldiers.. Replacements could more quickly take the place of the dead and wounded. The soldiers of the republic would not fight against countries that had a republican form of government. * Leaders became more willing to risk decisive battles. Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, countries occupied by French armies were transformed in all the following ways except free enterprise was established Jews were emancipated serfdom was abolished * women were given the same political rights as men According to Professor Weber, the Industrial Revolution began with the mass production of iron work pottery * textiles weaponry automobiles Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, how did the mass media of the nineteenth century alter general perceptions of the world? The media tended to focus on the exotic and the lurid. The media reported stories from all over the world, which in earlier times would have been neglected or forgotten. The media may have made the world seem more dangerous and threatening than in earlier times. * The media made it more difficult for rulers to begin wars against foreign enemies. According to Professor Weber, which country led the way in the development of mass consumption? * England France Germany Italy Russia According to Professor Weber, what was the increase in the number of people crossing the Atlantic each year between 1830 and 1900? By 1900, twice as many people were crossing each year. By 1900, five times as many people were crossing each year. By 1900, ten times as many people were crossing each year. * By 1900, fifty times as many people were crossing each year. According to Professor Weber, which country was devastated by the potato famine of the 1840s, losing 20 percent of its population to death or emigration? England France * Ireland Russia Mexico