The fall of Charlemagne's empire saw the invasion of Europe by all but which one the following?



A. the Vikings


B. the Magyars


C. the Merovingians


D. the Muslims


E.


Answer: C
 Which of the following was not a Germanic people?



A. Vandals


B. Ostrogoths


C. Huns


D. Franks


E. Saxons


Answer: C
At the battle of Adrianople in 378,



A. the Romans won a great victory, but at a heavy cost; their emperor, Theodoric, was killed.

B. the Romans lost to the Visigoths.


C. the Romans defeated the Huns.


D. the Romans prevented the Vandals from marching on Rome.


E.


Answer: B
The major custodian of western culture during the Middle Ages was



A. Charlemagne.


B. the Roman Catholic Church.


C. devout spiritual movements among the laity.


D. the Lutherans.


E. wandering minstrels.


Answer: B
The Treaty of Verdun



A. partitioned the Carolingian empire.


B. established peace between the Franks and Moslems.


C. created the "Papal States."


D. ended the generations-long war between France and England.


E. recognized Catholic dominance in Spain.


Answer: A
What city was considered the "new Rome"?



A.  Milan


B.  London


C.  Ravenna


D.  Constantinople


E.  Cottage Grove


Answer: D
The missi dominici of Charlemagne were



A.  missionaries.


B.  peasant farmers.


C.  royal legal officials.


D.  military outposts.


E.  elusive monks.


Answer: C
Who was called the "scourge of God"?



A.  Justinian


B.  Empress Theodora


C.  Clovis


D.  Attila the Hun


E.  Charlemagne


Answer: D
A modest revival of Western imperial pretensions occurred in the 8th century under which dynasty?



A.  Julio-Claudian


B.  Hapsburgs


C.  Carolingians


D.  Valois


E.  Tudor


Answer: C
Clovis founded which dynasty?



A.  Carolingian


B.  Ottonian


C.  Clovian


D.  Merovingian


E.  Tudor


Answer: D
Justinian was famous for his



A.  reconquering of the west.


B.  editing of the Koran.


C.  code of law.


D.  both A.  and C.  


E.  none of the above


Answer: D
Charles Martel



A.  invaded Spain and broke the Muslim resistance.


B.  defeated the Muslims in 732 at Poitiers.


C.  was a confirmed Caesaropapist.


D.  translated the Bible into German.


E.  was King of Spain 968-984 A.D.


Answer: B
Fiefs were



A.  lands bestowed on noblemen in return for military aid.


B.  Germanic acts of valor and fidelity.


C.  judgments in German law which were decided after an ordeal.


D.  nobles who fought next to the king.


E.  criminals with a speech impediment.


Answer: A
Hagia Sophia was



A.  Empress of Byzantium (872-894 A.D.).


B.  Queen of Italy (562-587 A.D.)


C.  a great cathedral in Constantinople.


D.  a Turkish mosque.


E.  both C.  and D. 


Answer: E
The Donation of Constantine was believed by many to be a genuine document until it was
definitely exposed as a forgery in the fifteenth century by the humanist scholar, Lorenzo
Valla.

A.  True


B.  False


C.


D.


E.


Answer: A
The Gospel of Matthew (16:18) says



A.  "Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."


B.  "He that is without sin among you, let him cast the first stone."


C.  "All things work together for good to them that love God."


D.  "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church."


E.  "I have fought the good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith."


Answer: D
The most important scholar and the leader of the palace school at Aix-la-Chapelle was the
Northumbrian.  He was Charlemagne's major advisor on religious and
educational matters.

A. Clovis


B. Alcuin of York


C. Charles Martel


D. Hagia Sophia


E. Abbot Sugar


Answer: B
The sacred book of is the Koran (or Quran).  It is believed to contain the
revelations made by Allah to Mohammed.


A. Islam


B. Judaism


C. Christianity


D. Mithraism


E. none of the above


Answer: A
The Battle of Hastings was fought on October 14,.



A. 911 A.D.


B. 1053 A.D.


C. 1066 A.D.


D. 1089 A.D.


E. 1215 A.D.


Answer: C
The monastery of Cluny observed the rules of



A. St. Augustine.


B. St. Thomas Acquinas.


C. St. Benedict.


D. St. Odo.


E. St. Agnes.


Answer: C
The Domesday Book was



A. a compilation of statutes under William of Normandy.


B. a compilation of statutes under Alfred the Great.


C. an accounting of property for tax purposes.


D. a pessimistic book depicting the penalties of Hell.


E.


Answer: C
The Magna Carta was



A. a victory of feudal over monarchical power.


B. secured the rights of the nobility over the autocratic king.


C. was signed by Richard the Lion-Hearted.


D. both a and b.


E.


Answer: D
The First Crusade was preached by



A. Pope Gregory VII.


B. Bernard of Clairvaux.


C. Pope Urban II.


D. Pope Innocent III


E. Abbot Sugar.


Answer: C
The word that means marks resembling the wounds of the crucified body of Christ, said to
be supernaturally impressed on the bodies of certain persons, especially saints, nuns and
monastics is

A. Eucharist


B. accouterment


C. iconoclast


D. Shi'at Ali


E. stigmata


Answer: E
In an indirect way, the Norman conquest of England



A. destroyed French political unity.


B. resulted in a breakdown of French culture.


C. made it possible for the Capetian kings to establish a truly national monarchy.


D. both a and b.


E.


Answer: C
The English barons revolted against King John because



A. England was placed under Papal interdict.


B. England became a fief of the pope.


C. of the disastrous English loss at Bouvines.


D. all of the above.


E.


Answer: D
Henry IV did penance before



A. St. Odo at Cluny.


B. Gregory VII at Canossa.


C. Adrian VI at Calais.


D. Thomas Becket at Canterbury.


E.


Answer: B
The term that means the selling of spiritual or sacred things, especially church offices is



A. Eucharist


B. investiture


C. stigmata


D. plenary


E. simony


Answer: E
The Knights Templar



A. were originally a military religious order


B. were castle stewards


C. dedicated themselves to escort pilgrims to the Holy Land.


D. were important bankers and money leaders


E. all of the above


Answer: E
The patron of courtly love literature was



A. Matilda of Anjou.


B. Henry II.


C. Louis VII.


D. Eleanor of Acquitane.


E. Canute, the Dane.


Answer: D
The Truce of God ordered



A. an end to the Investiture Struggle.


B. a peace between the Saracens and Christians during the Third Crusade.


C. that all men must abstain from violence and warfare during a certain part of each week.


D. cooperation between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York.


E.


Answer: C
The First Crusade was generally considered a



A. success.


B. dismal failure.


C. partial success in that Jerusalem was never captured by the crusaders.


D. partial success in that Richard the Lion-Hearted was captured.


E.


Answer: A
Generally, the early Crusades were



A. inspired by a high degree of genuine religious piety.


B. undertaken by patently mercenary motives.


C. carefully orchestrated by a rising British imperial state.


D. a and c.


E. inspired, planned, and led by the Emperor of Germany.


Answer: A
 was considered by some to be "the third Rome" after the fall of Constantinople to
the Turks in A.D. 1453.


A. Paris


B. Warsaw


C. the Hohenstauffin Empire


D. Moscow


E. Canossa


Answer: D
The Albigensians



A. were a mendicant order who served as physicians and healers in the Holy Land


B. were the giants in Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels


C. heretics


D. the army of the Duke of Alba who conquered Italy in the 1320's


E. none of the above


Answer: C
The creation of the College of Cardinals in 1059



A. came under the pontificate of Innocent III.


B. resulted in the election of popes.


C. resulted in the cultural domination of the church by the state.


D. both a and c.


E.


Answer: B
The Peace of God was a



A. document that united the western (Latin) and eastern (Orthodox) churches.


B. euphemism for death, especially a crusader's death in battle.


C. series of church decrees that attempted to lessen the endemic warfare of medieval
society.

D. a heretical movement in 12th century France.


E.


Answer: C
The battle of Lechfeld in 955 was significant because



A. it completed the splintering of Charlemagne's empire


B. it secured German borders against barbarian attack.


C. it won Italy for the revived German empire.


D. both a and c.


E.


Answer: B
 (d. 1170 A.D.), Archbishop of Canterbury, had once been King Henry II's
compliant and loyal chancellor.  He broke openly with the King and fled to France.


A. Phillip Augustus


B. St. Francis


C. Abbot Sugar


D. Henry Plantagenet


E. Thomas a Becket


Answer: E
The Fourth Crusade



A. succeeded in capturing Jerusalem.


B. was preached by St. Francis of Assisi.


C. resulted in the fall of Constantinople to the crusaders.


D. was preached by Pope Urban II.


E. both a and c.


Answer: C
Edward the Confessor was



A. a medieval Pope.


B. King of England.


C. Archbishop of Canterbury.


D. Holy Roman Emperor.


E. King of France.


Answer: B
The learned, brave and brilliant woman who was Queen of France, Queen of England,
Countess of Aquitaine and mother to two kings of England:  .


A. Empress Theodora


B. Hagia Sophia


C. Matilda of Normandy


D. Eleanor of Acquitane


E. none of the above


Answer: D
Pope(A.D. 1198-1216) made the papacy a great power, with financial resources
and a bureaucracy equal to those of the secular monarchs.  The medieval papacy reached its
apex in worldly power and influence during his reign.

A. Innocent III


B. Urban II


C. Boniface VIII


D. Stephan II


E. John XXIII


Answer: A
The victor at the Battle of Hastings was.



A. Harold Hardrada


B. Harald of England


C. William of Normandy


D. Earl Godwinson


E. Louis the Fat


Answer: C
The learned churchman(1100-1169 A.D.) argued for the spiritual equality
of men and women.  He argued that God had created Eve from Adam's rib because he
wanted woman to be neither above nor below man but to be squarely at his side as an equal
partner.
A. Peter Abelard


B. Peter Lombard


C. Thomas Aquinas


D. Thomas More


E. St. Francis of Assisi


Answer: B
The general pattern of the high and later Middle Ages in western Europe was for towns and
townspeople to ally with the landed nobility to break the rising power of kings.


A. True


B. False


C.


D.


E.


Answer: B
Sumptuary laws



A.  outlawed the sale of alcohol on the Sabbath.


B. regulated and taxed gambling.


C. restricted the type of clothing a citizen could wear and how he could decorate his
dwelling.

D. created a prioritized list of who was to serve in the king's standing army.


E. were used to keep Jews from moving out of their assigned area of town.


Answer: C
The excerpt from Jacques de Vitry on student life at the University of Paris makes it clear
medieval students and faculty were more charitable and tolerant of one another than are the
students and faculty today.

A. True


B. False


C.


D.


E.


Answer: B
All but which of the following are associated with Romanesque architecture?



A. large stained glass windows


B. thick stone walls


C. rounded arches to support the roof


D. a near fortress-like appearance


E.


Answer: A
A special mark of noblemen in medieval Europe was humility and a deep respect for the
poor and the unwarlike elements of society.


A. True


B. False


C.


D.


E.


Answer: B
In peacetime, the favorite amusements of the nobility in the Middle Ages were



A. study and service to the Church.


B. hunting and fishing.


C. study and writing poetry.


D. tournaments and hunting.


E. fishing and foreign travel.


Answer: D
The duties of the secular clergy were to



A. live according to an ascetic rule in cloisters.


B. raise money for charity to the poor.


C. conduct diplomacy with secular leaders.


D. live and work directly among the laity of the world.


E.


Answer: D
The first European universities were located in



A. England.


B. Denmark.


C. Italy.


D. Spain.


E. Poland.


Answer: C
The University of Paris became the model for the study of



A. French.


B. theology.


C. science.


D. dialectic.


E. sociology.


Answer: B
Which of the following was not among the first western universities?



A. Paris


B. Harvard


C. Bologna


D. Cambridge


E. Oxford


Answer: B
Which of the following do we not associate with Gothic cathedrals?



A. flying buttresses


B. stained glass windows


C. pointed arches rather than rounded ones


D. story telling through artworks


E. All of the above are associated with Gothic cathedrals.


Answer: E
Which of the following factors forced the nobility into steep decline in the Late Middle Ages?



A. population reduction


B. changes in military tactics emphasizing the infantry


C. alliance of wealthy towns with the king


D. all of the above


E.


Answer: D
The university of Bologna was distinguished as the center for the study of



A. Roman Law.


B. medicine.


C. rhetoric.


D. geology.


E. animal husbandry.


Answer: A
 (1079-1142 A.D.), was the author of Sic et Non, a small book that juxtaposed
seemingly contradictory statements on the same subject by revered authorities.  He also held
the doctrine of the trinity up to Aristotelian logic and found the doctrine wanting.  He is also
famous as the lover of Heloise.
A. Peter Lombard  


B. Thomas Aquinas


C. John of Salisbury


D. Peter Abelard


E. Alcuin of York


Answer: D
In medieval Europe, one would probably find the most social mobility



A. in the military.


B. in towns.


C. on the estates of the great nobility.


D. in rural areas.


E. None of the above; there was no social mobility anywhere in medieval Europe.


Answer: B
In German societies  , or a compensatory fine, was paid to the family of
someone who was injured or killed.


A. sumptuary


B. regula


C. enmity


D. wergild


E. saeculum


Answer: D
The textbook tells us that in reality the vast majority of medieval women were either a
subjugated housewife under the rule of her husband or a nun confined to a convent.


A. True


B. False


C.


D.


E.


Answer: B
St. Thomas' a Becket



A. was murdered in his cathedral.


B. died of indigestion; gluttony being the one vice he couldn't control.


C. died from mushroom poisoning.


D. died from alcohol poisoning.  Records show he drank 32 quarts of altar wine the day of
his death.

E. was killed in a dual with the Archbishop of York.


Answer: A
  , 1225-1274, defined the nature of Christian theology in his work Summa
Theologica.  He stated that theology rests not only upon divine authority but also human
reasoning and scholarship.

A. Peter Abelard


B. St. Francis of Assisi


C. Thomas Aquinas


D. Abbot Sugar


E. William of Ockham


Answer: C
  , (1300-1349) rejected any hint of the existence of human concepts outside the
mind.  He also taught that all efforts to penetrate the mind of God were useless and that
Christians must be content with biblical revelation.

A. Peter Abelard


B. St. Francis of Assisi


C. Thomas Aquinas


D. Abbot Sugar


E. William of Ockham


Answer: E
The city of has been pilgrimage destination for many centuries.  The Ka'ba, a
huge black meteorite, is enshrined there.  Muslims look toward this city when they pray and
are expected to go there at least once in their lifetime.

A. Jerusalem


B. Medina


C. Cairo


D. Jericho


E. Mecca


Answer: E
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Constantinople's geographical position dominated the water route between the
Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

B. Constantinople's geographical position commanded the route from the Danube Valley to
the valley of the Euphrates.

C. Constantinople's geographical position was well suited to control the area of the western
Mediterranean.

D. Constantinople's geographical position dominated important trade routes between
Europe and Asia.

E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, Caesaropapism was a political system in which



A. the pope automatically became emperor


B. the emperors were always drawn from the same family


C. the ruler of the state was the effective ruler of the church


D. the pope was appointed by the emperor


E. Caesar was regarded as the Patre or father of the country


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire converted the Hungarians.


B. Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire converted the Bulgarians.


C. Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire converted the Balkan Slavs.


D. Missionaries from the Byzantine Empire converted the Russians.


E.


Answer: A
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Iconoclasm demanded the destruction or removal of holy images in churches.


B. Iconoclasm was most powerful in sections of the empire where the religious influence of
Muslims and Jews was strong.

C. Iconoclasm was official policy in the Byzantine Empire for much of the eighth and ninth
centuries.

D. Iconoclasm eased religious tensions with Rome.


E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Muslims believed that Mohammed was the son of God.


B. Muslims believed that Christ and the Hebrew prophets were true messengers from God.


C. Muslims believed that the Old and New Testaments were divinely inspired books.


D. Muslims believed that Christians and Jews should be allowed to practice their religions.


E.


Answer: A
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Muslim armies  were able to conquer and hold much of the Byzantine empire because
their armies were exceptionally well motivated and disciplined.

B. Muslim armies  were able to conquer and hold much of the Byzantine empire because
their armies possessed much more advanced weapons.

C. Muslim armies  were able to conquer and hold much of the Byzantine empire because
religious strife has already weakened the Byzantine empire.

D. Muslim armies  were able to conquer and hold much of the Byzantine empire because for
many peoples, such as Jews or non-Orthodox Christians, the Muslims were at least as
tolerant, if not more so, than their former rulers.
E.


Answer: B
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The dispute between Monophysites and Orthodox Christians was especially strong in
Egypt and Syria.

B. The dispute between Monophysites and Orthodox Christians was a disagreement about
the nature of Christ.

C. The dispute between Monophysites and Orthodox Christians often reinforced political
disagreements between Constantinople and other parts of the empire.

D. The dispute between Monophysites and Orthodox Christians ended when all Christians
united against the Muslim threat.

E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Islam created an area of common culture that extended from Spain to the East Indies.


B. Islam created an area of common culture in which Arabic became the lingua franca.


C. Islam created an area of common culture in which all non-Islamic learning was
suppressed or ignored.

D. Islam created an area of common culture that was active in science and mathematics as
well as in literary and historical studies.

E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, before the schism of 1054, the church in the Byzantine
Empire


A. acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the popes


B. forced all its priests to take vows of celibacy


C. made Latin the official language of the mass


D. abolished the monasteries


E.


Answer: A
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Crusaders from Western Europe tried to regain and hold the Holy Land, which had once
been ruled by Byzantium.

B. Crusaders from Western Europe considered the Byzantines to be schismatics because
they had broken with the papacy.

C. Crusaders from Western Europe conquered and sacked Constantinople in 1204.


D. Crusaders from Western Europe tried to reconquer Constantinople after it fell to the
Turks in 1453.

E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Vikings or their descendants founded states at Novgord and Kiev in Russia


B. Vikings or their descendants sacked Paris.


C. Vikings or their descendants toppled the descendants of Charlemagne from their throne.


D. Vikings or their descendants founded the Duchy of Normandy.


E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following peoples did not attack parts of
Western Europe in the century after the death of Charlemagne?


A. Hungarians


B. Saracens


C. Norsemen 


D. Goths


E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, as a result of the achievements of the reign of Charlemagne



A. the kings of France would also be the Holy Roman Emperor until the monarchy was
abolished in the French Revolution

B. cities, such as Paris, replaced the monasteries as centers of learning


C. scholars were able to preserve many works of learning and literature from the period of
classical antiquity

D. the French nobility would never again be able to challenge the power of the crown


E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Charlemagne campaigned successfully in England.


B. Charlemagne campaigned successfully in Spain.


C. Charlemagne campaigned successfully in Italy.


D. Charlemagne campaigned successfully in Germany.


E.


Answer: A
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The monasteries played an important role in preserving the learning of the classical
world.

B. The monasteries played an important role in converting the countryside to Christianity.  


C. The monasteries played an important role in spreading agricultural innovations.  


D. The monasteries played an important role in reviving the great cities of Europe.


E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The Christian saints according to church doctrine were not gods in their own right.


B. The Christian saints even after death were supposed to be able to intercede with God on
behalf of faithful worshippers.

C. The Christian saints were associated in some places with legends and rituals that
resembled those of pagan gods.

D. The Christian saints protected communities, not individuals.


E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Even during the period from 500 to 1000, important progress in material life was made,
such as more efficient use of animal power.

B. Even during the period from 500 to 1000, important progress in material life was made,
such as improved systems of crop rotation.

C. Even during the period from 500 to 1000, important progress in material life was made,
such as the discovery of the cause of bubonic plague.

D. Even during the period from 500 to 1000, important progress in material life was made,
such as improved varieties of grain.

E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. By the year 1100, the Vikings or their descendants had converted to Christianity in many
places.

B. By the year 1100, the Vikings or their descendants had established kingdoms or
principalities of their own.

C. By the year 1100, the Vikings or their descendants had made settlements in Iceland and
Greenland.

D. By the year 1100, the Vikings or their descendants had conquered the Muslim cities of
Baghdad and Cairo.

E.


Answer: D
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Heavily armored cavalrymen were an important source of military strength because their
mobility made them effective against barbarian raiders.

B. Heavily armored cavalrymen were an important source of military strength because they
could be maintained at less expense than infantrymen.

C. Heavily armored cavalrymen were an important source of military strength because iron
was sufficiently abundant in Western Europe to be used for weapons and armor.

D. Heavily armored cavalrymen were an important source of military strength because
Western Europe could now provide sufficient pasture and fodder for large numbers of
horses.
E.


Answer: B
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The relationship between lord and vassal was shaped by the following considerations: 
the need for heavily armed cavalrymen.

B. The relationship between lord and vassal was shaped by the following considerations: 
the high cost maintaining such cavalrymen.

C. The relationship between lord and vassal was shaped by the following considerations: 
the fact that these cavalrymen would fight only for kings.

D. The relationship between lord and vassal was shaped by the following considerations: 
the need to support these cavalrymen with grants of land, since the money economy was
so weak.
E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. Many lords possessed the right to maintain their own law courts, which had jurisdiction
over their tenants.

B. Many lords possessed the right to provide such services as mills, wine presses, or olive
presses, which their peasants were required to use.

C. Many lords possessed the right to draft peasants into their armies.


D. Many lords possessed the right to require peasants to perform labor services on the
lord's land.

E.


Answer: C
Professor Weber tells us that by 1250 A.D., crusading armies had



A. destroyed the Viking kingdoms


B. conquered Constantinople


C. reunited the eastern and western portions of the Church.


D. made it impossible for Muslim armies to threaten Europe


E. all of the above


Answer: B
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. By 1250, Latin Christianity was spreading its influence as peoples such as the
Hungarians and Scandinavians were converted to the faith.

B. By 1250, Latin Christianity was spreading its influence as crusaders reconquered much
of Palestine.

C. By 1250, Latin Christianity was spreading its influence as the schism with the Eastern
Church was finally healed.

D. By 1250, Latin Christianity was spreading its influence as the cities were now becoming
important centers of theological and ecclesiastical learning.

E.


Answer: C
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The organic theory of society decreed that "those who do not work shall not eat."


B. The organic theory of society taught that all social classes should work together like the
physical organs in a healthy body.

C. The organic theory of society gave preeminence to the spiritual leaders of society.


D. The organic theory of society justified social hierarchy and subordination.


E.


Answer: A
According to Professor Weber, which of the following is false?



A. The wealth of the church resulted in part from the bequests of pious Christians.


B. The wealth of the church in many cases could be administered with greater continuity
than was possible with secular property.

C. The wealth of the church made it unnecessary for churchmen to exploit the peasantry as
secular lords did.

D. The wealth of the church led to the development of the Romanesque and Gothic styles
of architecture.

E.


Answer: C
Which of the following is false?



A. Professor Weber argues that the rise of cities in the eleventh and twelfth centuries
emphasized the tensions between the rural monastic orders and the clergy of the
cathedrals.
B. Professor Weber argues that the rise of cities in the eleventh and twelfth centuries
emphasized a split between great lords who controlled markets and less wealthy nobles
whose resources were drawn only from the countryside.
C. Professor Weber argues that the rise of cities in the eleventh and twelfth centuries led to
increased social diversity among the third estate.

D. Professor Weber argues that the rise of cities in the eleventh and twelfth centuries led to
intellectual decline, since the monasteries were unable to spread culture to the cities.

E.


Answer: D
Which of the following is false?



A. Professor Weber argues that the twelfth century saw the rise of a secular, profane
culture that drew much of its strength from the cities.

B. Professor Weber argues that the twelfth century saw the rise of a secular, profane
culture that sometimes mocked the religious discipline of the church.

C. Professor Weber argues that the twelfth century saw the rise of a secular, profane
culture that advocated religious toleration for Muslims and Jews.

D. Professor Weber argues that the twelfth century saw the rise of a secular, profane
culture that often celebrated the wealth and pleasures of this world.

E.


Answer: C