Which of the following was not a threat to Rome at the beginning of the fifth century B.C.?   
 Gaulish tribes in the north   
 Etruscan cities   
 * Carthaginian raiders in the Mediterranean   
 Greek cities in the south   
 both a and b   

Which of the following was not an important advantage for the early city of Rome?    
 fairly close proximity to the sea   
 * overseas conquests that could be easily exploited   
 east-west commerce along the Tiber River   
 a fertile plain that could support a dense population   
 strategic location at a fording point on Tiber River   

Which of the following is in chronological order?   1. the assassination of Tiberius Gracchus     2. the assassination of Julius Caesar     3. Hannibal's invasion of Italy     4. the beginning of the war with the Samnites     5. the birth of Jesus Christ    
 1, 2, 3, 4, 5   
 3, 2, 1, 5, 4   
 2, 5, 4, 3, 1   
 * 4, 3, 1, 2, 5   
    

Which of the following is false?    
 In the first century, B.C., Livy began his comprehensive history of Rome.   
 In the first century, B.C., Vergil composed The Aeneid, the founding epic of Rome.   
 In the first century, B.C., Augustus began the large-scale rebuilding of the city of Rome.  
 * In the first century, B.C., Latin replaced Greek as the language of culture and education throughout the empire.  
 In the first century, B.C., Julius Caesar was assassinated.   

Which of the following is false?    
 During the first century B.C., victorious generals could become important political figures because troops were often loyal to their general rather than to the senate.  
 During the first century B.C., victorious generals could become important political figures because they could use wealth from their conquests to reward political supporters. 
 During the first century B.C., victorious generals could become important political figures because they could try to use their troops to coerce the senate.  
 * During the first century B.C., victorious generals could become important political figures because generals stuck together and refused to fight one another.  
 All of the above.   

Which of the following was not one of the consequences of the Punic Wars?    
 * Rome's policy of granting generous terms to conquered peoples.   
 Rome's rise to naval supremacy in the Mediterranean.   
 Rome's acquisition of lucrative overseas provinces.   
 The replacement of annual levies in the Roman army by long-service, professional soldiers.  
 Rome's enrichment at the expense of the beaten Carthaginians.   

During the first century B.C., which of the following was not one of the causes of friction between patricians and plebians?   
 the impoverishment of many small farmers by the importation of inexpensive produce from conquered provinces  
 the consolidation of great estates by rich men who had bought out or expelled impoverished farmers  
 the exploitation of popular resentment by ambitious generals and politicians.   
 * the election of many plebians to the senate   
    

As part of his program of reform, Augustus    
 had himself crowned king   
 monopolized the office of consul in his own person   
 preserved many traditional offices and procedures of Roman politics   
 * drastically reformed the imperial bureaucracy   
 none of the above   

Which of the following is false?    
 From the time of Augustus onward, the Roman Army except for the household troops of the emperor was largely stationed along the borders of the empire.  
 * From the time of Augustus onward, the Roman Army was continually tempted to conquer the rich lands occupied by the barbarians of Northern Europe  
 From the time of Augustus onward, the Roman Army established permanent camps on sites that would later become important cities.  
 From the time of Augustus onward, the Roman Army was able to maintain one of the longest periods of relative peace in European history.  
    

Which of the following was not an important artistic achievement of the Romans?    
 buildings with vast interior spaces created by domes and large-scale vaulting   
 realistic portraiture   
 large-scale triumphal arches   
 * the development of perspective in painting   
 sculpture, including relief sculpture   

Which of the following divinities was NOT the center of a mystery religion?    
 * Jupiter   
 Demeter   
 Isis   
 Mithras   
 Osiris   

Which of the following is false?    
 * Saint Paul sought toleration for all religions in the empire.   
 Saint Paul sought converts among the gentiles.   
 Saint Paul did not require gentile converts to practice Jewish ritual law.   
 Saint Paul was originally an enemy of the Christians.   
 Saint Paul was a Pharisee before his conversion.   

Which of the following is false?    
 In the centuries before Christianity received official toleration, many Christians believed it was wrong to become involved in secular government.  
 In the centuries before Christianity received official toleration, Christian communities organized extensive charitable organizations.  
 * In the centuries before Christianity received official toleration, the church tolerated a wide variety of beliefs among Christians.  
 In the centuries before Christianity received official toleration, the church maintained courts that were used by Christians and non-Christians alike.  
    

Which of the following is false?    
 The Emperor Constantine had been a follower of Mithras before becoming Christian.   
 The Emperor Constantine believed that the Christian god had given him victory over his rivals.  
 * The Emperor Constantine forbade the practice of other religions once he had become a Christian.  
 The Emperor Constantine helped establish an alliance between church and state.   
    

After Christianity became the official religion of the empire    
 Christians soon resolved the doctrinal issue of the Trinity   
 anti-Semitism was forbidden by law   
 * some cities of the empire adopted differing versions of Christianity   
 the Roman emperors appointed the pope   
    

Which of the following is false?    
 According to Professor Weber, the appeal of stoicism was necessarily limited because it depended too much on exceptional individuals  
 * According to Professor Weber, the appeal of stoicism was necessarily limited because its initiation rites were enormously expensive  
 According to Professor Weber, the appeal of stoicism was necessarily limited because it made little appeal to the irrationality of the masses  
 According to Professor Weber, the appeal of stoicism was necessarily limited because in difficult times many people were unable to take comfort in such a rational philosophy 
    

Which of the following is false?    
 According to Professor Weber, Judaism adopted the idea of immortality from the Gnostics.  
 According to Professor Weber, Judaism worshipped Jehovah as a supreme god with whom their people had a special relationship.  
 According to Professor Weber, Judaism especially in the teaching of the Pharisees anticipated many of Christ's ethical teachings.  
 * According to Professor Weber, Judaism made many converts to its faith.   
    

Which of the following is false?    
 Most of Christ's first followers were Jews.   
 Most of Christ's first followers believed that a Day of Judgment would soon come.   
 * Most of Christ's first followers were trying to overthrow Roman rule in Judea.   
 Most of Christ's first followers believed that Christ was the Messiah promised in the Old Testament.  
    

Which of the following was not a cause of hostility between Christians and Jews?    
 Jews considered Christians to be heretics.   
 There were already strong anti-Semitic currents throughout the eastern Mediterranean world.  
 * The Jews were a privileged people in the Roman Empire.   
 Christians believed that Jews should have recognized Christ as the Messiah.   
    

Which of the following is false?    
 Among the resemblances between Stoicism and Christianity was the focus on individual salvation.  
 Among the resemblances between Stoicism and Christianity was the rejection of social and national differences.  
 * Among the resemblances between Stoicism and Christianity was the belief in a savior who had sacrificed himself for humanity.  
 Among the resemblances between Stoicism and Christianity was the aspiration for the heavenly city.  
    

Which of the following is false?    
 The following forms of public assistance were important under the empire:  public entertainment  
 The following forms of public assistance were important under the empire:  handouts of food  
 * The following forms of public assistance were important under the empire:  retraining for more productive areas of the economy  
 The following forms of public assistance were important under the empire:  handouts of cash  
    

Which of the following is false?    
 During the final centuries of the Roman Empire, many barbarians served in the Roman army.  
 During the final centuries of the Roman Empire, many barbarians were themselves in flight from other tribes.  
 During the final centuries of the Roman Empire, many soldiers were out of sympathy with the civilian ruling classes.  
 * During the final centuries of the Roman Empire, soldiers were excluded from positions of importance in the government.  
 During the final centuries of the Roman Empire, Christianity becomes the official religion of the Empire.  

Which of the following is false?    
 During the fifth century, the Goths sacked Rome.   
 During the fifth century, the Vandals ravaged Gaul.   
 During the fifth century, the Huns invaded Macedonia.   
 * During the fifth century, the Saracens captured Constantinople.   
 During the fifth century, Rome withdrew from Britain.   

Which of the following is false?    
 In an attempt to stabilize the empire, the emperor Diocletian divided the empire into two halves, each governed by its own Augustus.  
 In an attempt to stabilize the empire, the emperor Diocletian appointed soldiers to most positions of authority in the central and provincial administration.  
 * In an attempt to stabilize the empire, the emperor Diocletian purged the army of barbarians.  
 In an attempt to stabilize the empire, the emperor Diocletian persecuted religious dissenters.  
    

Which of the following cities became an imperial capital during the fifth century?    
 * Ravenna   
 Antioch   
 Alexandria   
 Athens   
 Florence   

Which of the following is false?    
 * The army often dominated the politics of the Roman Empire because all Romans were required to serve as soldiers.  
 The army often dominated the politics of the Roman Empire because only the army could protect the empire from invasion.  
 The army often dominated the politics of the Roman Empire because many of the emperors had themselves been soldiers.  
 The army often dominated the politics of the Roman Empire because legions often contended with one another to place their own candidates on the imperial throne.  
    

Which of the following is false?    
 Among the good emperors who ruled the empire in the second century A.D. were    Trajan  
 Among the good emperors who ruled the empire in the second century A.D. were    Hadrian  
 Among the good emperors who ruled the empire in the second century A.D. were      Marcus Aurelius.  
 * Among the good emperors who ruled the empire in the second century A.D. were      Commodus.  
 Among the good emperors who ruled the empire in the second century A.D. were      Antoninnus Pius.  

Which of the following is false?    
 * According to Professor Weber, the economic problems of the Roman Empire may have been aggravated by trade competition from Northern Europe    
 According to Professor Weber, the economic problems of the Roman Empire may have been aggravated by heavy taxation  
 According to Professor Weber, the economic problems of the Roman Empire may have been aggravated by exhaustion of the soil in some areas  
 According to Professor Weber, the economic problems of the Roman Empire may have been aggravated by the economic burden of the cities on the countryside  
    

Which of the following is false?    
 In the countryside of the fourth and fifth centuries, the ability of local authorities to keep the peace was rapidly diminishing.  
 In the countryside of the fourth and fifth centuries, people were beginning to look for protection from local strong men rather than from the Roman authorities.  
 * In the countryside of the fourth and fifth centuries, these local strong men were able to increase the level of long-distance trade throughout the empire.  
 In the countryside of the fourth and fifth centuries, the political, cultural, and economic differences between the eastern and western halves of the empire grew increasingly greater. 
    

Which of the following is false?    
 To solve the administrative and military problems of the empire, various emperors in the third and fourth century divided the empire into smaller administrative units.  
 To solve the administrative and military problems of the empire, various emperors in the third and fourth century created a military aristocracy.  
 * To solve the administrative and military problems of the empire, various emperors in the third and fourth century granted tax relief to the countryside.  
 To solve the administrative and military problems of the empire, various emperors in the third and fourth century created an increasingly elaborate court ritual.  
    

The worst defeat in Roman history occurred at the battle of                     .  In this battle, fought in 216 B.C., the Romans lost an army of 80,000 men.   
 Syracuse.   
 Mylae.   
 * Cannae.   
 Zama.   
 Actium.   

The culture that most pervasively influenced the late Roman republic was that of    
 Carthage.   
 Ptolemaic Egypt.   
 Persia.   
 * Greece.   
 Christianity.   

In terms of skilled generalship, Rome's answer to Hannibal was    
 Colonel Klink.   
 * Scipio Africanus.   
 Cannae.   
 Romulus.   
 Charles Martel.   

. The man who championed the traditional ideals of Rome against the onrush of Hellenism was   
 Julius Caesar.   
 Hannibal.   
 Scipio Africanus.   
 * Cato, the Censor or the Elder.   
 Scipio Aemilianus.   

The First Triumvirate was composed of    
 Pompey, Antony and Cato.   
 * Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.   
 Octavian, Antony and Lepidus.   
 Cicero, Caesar and Cleopatra.   
 Larry, Curley and Moe.   

Hannibal planned to defeat Rome by    
 * invading Italy and persuading Rome's allies to revolt.   
 building a fleet and blockading the city by sea.   
 a direct assault on the city itself.   
 all of the above.   
    

The great battle that gave Rome victory in the second Punic War was the Battle of    
 Cannae.   
 * Zama.   
 Actium.   
 Athens.   
 the Three Crowns.   

The Etruscans    
 * were a historically mysterious people who greatly influenced Roman cultural and governmental development.  
 conquered the Greeks.   
 were conquered by the Persians.   
 are an easily identifiable group that had little real influence on Rome.   
 ruled most of Italy until about A.D. 200 from their stronghold in Sicily and southern Italy.  

The Roman victory in the Second Punic War was heavily dependant on the skill of    
 Flamininus.   
 * Scipio Africanus.   
 Fabius Pictor.   
 Cato the Censor.   
 Julius Caesar.   

If the client provided his patron with political and military support, the patron provided    
 a dowry.   
 a pension for life.   
 food and clothing alone.   
 land and protection, both physical and legal.   
 * all of the above   

Augustus met and defeated the army and navy of Anthony and Cleopatra at the Battle of    
 Cannae.   
 Zama.   
 * Actium.   
 Athens.   
 the Three Crowns.   

Roman tradition tells us that the republic replaced the monarchy in    
 753 B.C.   
 * 509 B.C.   
 31 B.C.   
 476 A.D.   
 1453 A.D.   

The tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus can best be described as    
 bold to the point of recklessness.   
 designed to force Hannibal to battle.   
 playing into the hands of Hannibal.   
 * avoiding battle while wearing down the enemy.   
 both a and b   

During the second Punic War, the Carthaginian general, Hannibal,    
 * repeatedly defeated the Romans before finally losing.   
 became Rome's ally against his homeland.   
 was chased all over Italy before surrendering to Julius Caesar.   
 defeated the Romans and forced the city to surrender.   
    

The first city-state civilization was brought to Italy by the    
 * Etruscans.   
 Latins.   
 Romans.   
 Carthagenians.   
 Phoenicians.   

Which of the following was not a great Roman leader?    
 Julius Caesar   
 * Hannibal   
 Scipio Africanus   
 Cato, the Censor or the Elder   
 Augustus   

Latifundia were    
 stock exchanges.   
 * vast plantations used for growing cash crops and worked by slaves.   
 a political alliance.   
 gladiatorial training schools.   
 schools for teaching Latin grammar.   

A "Pyrrhic victory" means    
 the inevitable victory of the gods over mortals.   
 * a victory won at such heavy cost that winning is meaningless.   
 the victory of civilized men over barbarians.   
 a military honor awarded to only the best and bravest of Roman soldiers.   
 victory over death by winning undying fame.   

The earliest Roman legal code was the    
 First Triumvirate.   
 * Twelve Tables.   
 Jus Naturale.   
 Hortensian law.   
 the Latifundia.   

In 387 B.C., Rome suffered a major setback when they were conquered by a race of tall, wild warrior folk who bedecked their horses and huts with the severed heads of their enemies.  These fierce and barbaric people were the  
 Etruscans.   
 * Gauls.   
 Germans.   
 Greeks.   
 Samnites.   

The phrase in modern English which refers to an action by Julius Caesar and means to embark on an undertaking from which one cannot turn back is    
 * "crossing the Rubison"   
 "passing the point of no return"   
 "In for a pint, in for a pound"   
 "Go for it"   
 "Beware the Ides of March"   

The Struggle of the Orders was a power struggle between the     
 Romans and Etruscans   
 rich and poor   
 * patricians and plebians   
 native-born Romans and immigrants   
 Roman citizens and non-citizens   

In 71 B.C., Crassus and Pompey put down a slave revolt led by the gladiator,     
 Octavian   
 Plutarch   
 Sulla   
 Scipio Aemilianus   
 * Spartacus   

The Roman historian and biographer whose works were excerpted and included in this chapter was                      (name).  These excerpts include a Description of a Roman Triumph, Cato Educates His Son, The Ruin of the Roman Family Farm and The Gracchan Reforms, and How Crassus Became a Millionaire. 
 * Plutarch   
 Ivy   
 Cicero   
 Crassus   
 Marius   

was a great Roman leader of political and military genius.  He was assassinated March 15, 44 B.C. by a group of Senators which included his friend Brutus.   
 Marc Antony   
 Pompey the Great   
 Tiberius Caesar   
 * Julius Caesar   
 Pontius Pilate   

The term that means the thoroughly complete and total destruction of an enemy is a  Peace.  It comes from a ruthless campaign in which Rome totally destroyed a city and its people, even plowing salt into the soil to poison the ground.   
 Caesarian   
 Roman   
 * Carthaginian   
 Hannibalic   
 Westphalian   

Which of the following statements about the Gospel of Mark is untrue?    
 It was written in about 70 A.D., a generation after the crucifixion of Christ.   
 * Mark says that he is the one who went to Jesus' tomb and discovered it was empty.   
 Mark says that Joseph of Arimathea asked Pilate for permission to bury the body of Jesus.  
 Mark tells us that Jesus was wrapped in a linen shroud and laid out in his tomb.   
 Mark tells us that the tomb of Jesus was hewn out of rock and its entry was closed by a huge stone.  

Rome's greatest achievement was to    
 conquer peoples and let them govern themselves.   
 always live peacefully with its neighbors.   
 always peacefully incorporate peoples into the Roman system.   
 * conquer peoples and incorporate them into the Roman system.   
    

The Roman Emperors Caligula, Tiberius, Augustus, Claudius and Nero ruled in the    
 2nd Century B.C.   
 * 1st Century A.D.   
 3rd Century B.C.   
 5th Century A.D.   
 6th Century A.D.   

Jesus' statement, "Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church," is    
 the theological undergirding of Arianism   
 included in the Book of Genesis.   
 * is the basis of the Petrine doctrine.   
 used to strengthen the position of Jerusalem as a center of Christianity.   
 referred only to the church in Antioch.   

Julian "the Apostate"    
 was one of Jesus Christ's original apostles.   
 was a Benedictine monk who founded the monastery at Assissi.   
 was martyred at Rome in 378 A.D. by an Arrian fanatic.   
 was the Roman Emperor who made Christianity the "official" or state religion of the Empire  
 * tried to undermine Christianity, perhaps stamp it out altogether in the Roman Empire.  

The legendary                                was the man who left his small plot of land to assume dictatorial powers in Rome.  After Rome's enemy had been defeated, he relinquished his power and returned to his three acres.  He personified the ideal of the Roman citizen--a man of simplicity, a man who put his duty to Rome before any consideration of personal gain. 
 Theodosius   
 St. Augustine   
 * Cincinnatus   
 Julius Caesar   
 Hadrian   

Cicero wrote    
 philosophical treatises.   
 orations.   
 letters.   
 * all of the above.   
    

The man most important in the spread of Christianity to non-Jews was    
 * Paul of Tarsus.   
 St. Peter.   
 the Emperor Diocletian.   
 the writer, Adolphus.   
 the prophet, Abraham.   

Which of the following statements about Jesus of Nazareth is false?    
 Jesus was a Jewish teacher.   
 * Jesus sought to lead a rebellion against the hated Romans and drive them out of Israel.  
 Jesus revealed himself as the Messiah.   
 Jesus' teachings and cult were basically Jewish.   
 Jesus taught his followers to love one another.   

In which of the following years did four emperors assume power?    
 509 B.C.   
 A.D. 410   
 44 B.C.   
 * A.D. 69   
 A.D. 476   

Christianity was made the official religion of Rome in the year    
 325 B.C.   
 146 B.C.   
 31 B.C.   
 4 B.C.   
 * 380 A.D.   

The city that Constantine made the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was    
 Kiev.   
 * Constantinople.   
 Alexandria.   
 Athens.   
 Jerusalem.   

.   Which of the following is in the correct chronological order?    
 * Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero   
 Caligula, Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Nero   
 Nero, Tiberius, Caligula, Augustus, Claudius   
 Tiberius, Augustus, Claudius, Caligula, Nero   
 Claudius, Caligula, Nero, Tiberius, Augustus   

.     The Byzantine Empire    
 was established in Constantinople.   
 lasted until the fifteenth century.   
 succeeded to the Roman power in the east.   
 * all of the above   
    

Rome was destroyed by the barbarians, wiping out all but a dim memory of what once was Rome.  Europe fell into a sinkhole of barbarism as if Rome had never been.   
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

The Roman Emperors Caligula, Tiberius, Augustus, Claudius and Nero were members of which dynasty?   
 Severi   
 * Julio-Claudian   
 Flavians   
 Antonines   
 Tetrarchy   

The great Church council of 325 A.D. that dealt with the problem of Arianism and from which came that ode to orthodoxy the Nicene Creed was the Council of Nicaea.   
 * True   
 False   
    
    
    

The term that means "holding the right opinions" or conforming to the approved doctrine is   
 Petrine doctrine.   
 Apostate.   
 Arianism.   
 polemic.   
 * orthodox.   

The main reason for the great suburban sprawl of Rome is that Roman engineers never mastered the art of building multi-story buildings.     
 True   
 * False   
    
    
    

An elite military unit stationed in Rome and charged with the mission of protecting the Emperor and his household learned that it could in fact make and unmake Emperors.  This unit is called the  
 Bar-Kocha Guard   
 Latinfundia   
 First Triumvirate   
 * Praetorian Guard   
 Patrician Guard   

was born Saul.  He was a Pharisee and a leader of those who would persecute the early Christians.  He was converted to Christianity and became a father or founder of the Church.  
 the Messiah   
 John the Baptist   
 * Paul of Tarsus   
 Julian the Apostate   
 Petronius   

Jewish tradition promised the coming of                      (in Greek christos--hence Jesus the Christ).  This redeemer was to make Israel triumph over her enemies and establish a kingdom of God on earth.  However, Jesus insisted that his kingdom was not of this world. 
 Arian   
 the Satyricon   
 * the Messiah   
 the Apocalypse   
 none of the above   

This emperor avenged Julius Caesar's death.  He put an end to the civil wars and laid the firm foundations of the Roman Empire.  He ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D.  He was    
 * Augustus   
 Tiberius   
 Caligula   
 Claudius   
 Nero   

(43 B.C. - 18 A.D.) wrote poems about love and sex within the Roman aristocracy.  His writing angered Augustus and he was exiled.  His most popular and enduring work is Metamorphoses.  
 Vergil   
 Marcus Aurelius   
 Cicero   
 Juvenal   
 * Ovid   

The great Christian philosopher (354-430 A.D.) who wrote Confessions, the City of God, On the Trinity, and on Christian education was                                (name).   
 Justinian   
 St. Jerome   
 Marcus Aurelius   
 Alciun of York   
 * none of the above   

The Aeneid is an epic poem.  It is the Latin equivalent to the Greek Iliad and Odyssey.  It was written by Rome's greatest poet,   
 * Vergil   
 Marcus Aurelius   
 Cicero   
 Juvenal   
 Ovid