According to Professor Weber, which of the following colonies was founded with the express intention of extending religious toleration? French Canada Puritan Massachusetts * Quaker Pennsylvania Spanish Mexico Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, the Spanish Empire in the New World was less heavily taxed than Spain itself * encouraged religious diversity developed its own system of higher education developed an urban culture long before the English colonies Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, after the French and Indian War the English government tried to make the colonists pay taxes that had been voted by the English parliament the American colonists felt that they were being oppressed by the king the American colonists felt they were being oppressed by parliament * the British government neglected colonial administration even more than they had before the war Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in England during the American Revolution a considerable number of politicians believed that the colonists had been treated unjustly many liberals in economic matters attacked the mercantilist policies that had outraged the colonists * armed rebellion in Scotland and Ireland broke out against the king economic reformers often made common cause with moral reformers Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in formulating a philosophical defense of their claims, the American colonists appealed to their rights as Englishmen appealed to their rights under natural law argued that natural law gave authority only to governments that rested on the consent of the governed * repudiated the philosophy of John Locke Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, the French supported the American Revolution in part because the French and English had been rivals throughout the eighteenth century in part because the ideals of the American Revolution were popular in many parts of French society * in part because Louis XVI planned to make similar reforms in France in part as an act of revenge for French losses in the Seven Years War Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, Alexander Hamilton and his followers at the Constitutional Convention were, for the most part, people who had joined the Revolution somewhat later than Jefferson and his followers were dissatisfied with the looseness of the Articles of Confederation were more wary of democracy than Jefferson and his followers * wanted the individual states to have the greatest possible independence from the central government Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that when Thomas Paine described the French and American Revolutions, he argued that earlier revolutions had done no more than change rulers or alter "local circumstances" * the American Revolution had succeeded because Americans were unlike any other people in the world they had created "a renovation of the natural order of things" they combined moral and political happiness with national prosperity Mark the false choice. In contrasting the differing fates of the American and French revolutions, Professor Weber tells us that the Americans enjoyed the following advantages Americans had already enjoyed a high degree of self-government before the Revolution * the American states were all prepared to cooperate in a strong central government since America was relatively isolated, it could develop new political forms with some degree of protection from outside interference in America the gap between rich and poor was not as great as in France Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in the years immediately preceding the revolution, France was suffering from the following economic problems harvests were poor the price of bread was rising wages were stagnating * the government made no attempt to reform the unfair system of taxation Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in 1789, the first year of the French Revolution the Third Estate, joined by some representatives of the clergy and nobles, took over the Estates General the Great Fear swept the countryside the National Assembly abolished most feudal privileges on the night of the Fourth of August * Louis XVI was beheaded Mark the false choice. Among the permanent reforms of the French Revolution discussed by Professor Weber were the following the emancipation of religious minorities * the end of disagreements between the papacy and the French government the principle of equality before the law a uniform standard of weights and measures Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that in addition to using terror against their enemies, the revolutionary governments of 1792-1794 also attempted to fix prices, a measure that backfired by driving goods off the market issued paper money, which quickly lost most of its value went to war with Prussia, Austria, England, Holland, and Spain * revoked the laws that had emancipated Protestants and Jews Mark the false choice. According to Professor Weber, when Napoleon's armies conquered other parts of Europe, they * supported the right of national self-determination abolished serfdom emancipated religious minorities Mark the false choice. Professor Weber argues that the American Revolution could be conservative and revolutionary at the same time because even American conservatives were radical by European standards the most conservative Americans, the Loyalists, were forced to leave the country or left on their own * Americans agreed on the kind of government they wanted when they began the Revolution by European standards America was relatively free, even before the Revolution Mark the false choice. Professor Weber argues that the American Revolution influenced European thinkers by * promising to aid European revolutionaries making them think more critically about politics substituting America for England as the model for enlightenment thinkers making written constitutions and declarations of rights a real possibility Mark the false choice. Professor Weber tells us that as a result of the legal reforms embodied in the Napoleonic Code, the French possessed freedom to work liberty of conscience equality before the law * equal political rights for both men and women According to Professor Weber, in what area did the Dutch establish their principal settlements in North America? in present-day Canada in present-day Massachusetts * in present-day New York State in present-day Pennsylvania in present-day California Professor Weber tells us that in the war that ended in 1763, the British colonists in North America fought in campaigns against the colonies of Denmark * France Holland Spain Germany Professor Weber tells us that before the American Revolution was most firmly committed to mercantilism in economic affairs. the British colonies in North America * the English government in England both were opposed to mercantilism they were about equally committed According to Professor Weber, the American colonists thought it was wrong for the British parliament to impose taxes on the colonists * because the colonists were not represented in parliament because the colonists were not subjects of the English king because the colonists were not allowed to have their own assemblies because the colonists differed in religion from the home country According to Professor Weber, why did some of the American revolutionaries favor the Articles of Confederation? * because they allowed the states a great deal of independence because they made Protestantism the state religion because they promoted a strong central government because they were very close to a monarchical form of government According to Professor Weber, under the old regime in France, which group was largely exempt from taxation? the clergy the nobility the officers of the Crown * all of the above In 1794, according to Professor Weber, how did the French revolutionary army compare in size to the old royal army before 1789? The revolutionary army was much smaller. The revolutionary army was about the same size. The revolutionary army was slightly smaller but much better equipped * The revolutionary army was five times as big. During the Enlightenment, the church generally sought a healthy accommodation with the philosophes. * provided justification for the social and political status quo. advocated non-participation in political matters. supported the philosophes in their assault on the establishment. The Encyclopedia project was led by * Diderot. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Rousseau. David Hume. The most powerful ideology of the 19th and 20th centuries has been * nationalism. liberalism. fascism. communism. conservatism. Which thinker is most closely associated with the idea of full exploitation of nature for the good of mankind? * Adam Smith Voltaire Immanual Kant David Hume John Muir The major intellectual forerunners of the Enlightenment were * Isaac Newton and John Locke. John Locke and Voltaire. Thomas Paine and David Hume. Rousseau and Montesquieu. Immanuel Kant and David Hume. Rousseau wrote which of the following: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire * The Social Contract The Wealth of Nations The Communist Manifesto Candide Why did philosophes particularly admire Great Britain? Because of the success of the British Empire. Because of the literary genius of Shakespeare and Milton. * Because of its liberal government, religious toleration and stability. Because of the structures of the Anglican church. Because of public support of men of genius. A primary social condition for a virtuous life, according to the philosophes, was wealth. prestige and class rank. * religious toleration. a strong military. a strict code of conduct set down by the Church. Which of the following did not participate in the partitions of Poland? Russia Austria * France Prussia The philosopher described man in a state of nature as living a life that was "poor, nasty, brutish and short." Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke Immanual Kant Adam Smith * Thomas Hobbs The writers and critics who fostered the attitude of change and reform during the Enlightenment were called enlightened despots. utilitarians. physiocrats. * philosophes. none of the above. The slogan "Crush the Infamous Thing" refers to Bentham's view of the legal system. Montesquieu's attitude toward the French monarchy. Catherine the Great's attitude toward Poland. * Voltaire's attitude toward the Catholic Church. the Pugachev Rebellion. Laissez-faire economic thought argues in favor of a protective role for the government in the economic life of a nation. * a limited role for the government in the economic life of a nation. the distribution of wealth according to need. from each according to their abilities, to each according to their needs. mercantilism. Which monarch took the title of "first servant of the state"? Joseph II Louis XIV * Frederick the Great James II Louis XVI Adam Smith published his great masterwork, which became the intellectual foundation of classical economics and modern capitalism, in the year 1688. * 1776. 1851. 1914. 1932. Who among the following was not considered an advocate of the philosophes? * Charles V Frederick II Catherine II Joseph II The author of the Communist Manifesto (1848) was Rousseau Montesquieu * Marx Diderot Hume The Enlightenment movement contended that the world was too complex to be understood. God's moral laws should not be questioned. * the application of critical rationalism would improve society. none of the above. Adam Smith advocated * a free market economy, free of government controls. mercantilism. socialism. a mixed economy where government owns heavy industry and individuals can own and control small business. a rational "Industrial Policy" where the state would pick rising industries and through tax breaks and direct subsidies, promote them. Although they disagreed on many issues, the fundamental principle shared by all Enlightenment thinkers was direct democracy. * reforming society for the sake of human liberty. absolute monarchy. mercantilism. military expansion. John Locke stated that each human being entered the world as a tabula rosa; by this he implied that a person's personality is the portrait of external sensations. human nature is changeable and can be molded by the environment. improvement of the human situation was possible. * all of the above. The person who came to the throne of Russia in 1762 through assassination and intrigue and went on to be one of the great rulers of Russian history was Peter the Great Peter III Ivan the Terrible * Catherine the Great Maria Theresa The demented and incompetent Tsar of Russia whose brief reign saved an exhausted Prussia from military defeat in the Seven Years' War and who was assassinated with his wife's knowledge and approval was * Peter III George I George III Ivan the Terrible Alexander I One of the earliest and by far the most influential of the philosophes was Francois Marie Arouet, the author of Letters on the English and Candide, known to posterity as Diderot David Hume * Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau 's (1642-1727) formulation of the law of universal gravitation exemplified to the intelligentsia of the 18th Century of the power of the human mind. Edward Gibbon John Locke Pauline Leon Edmund Burke * Isaac Newton The title of Adam Smith's great masterwork was . This book provided the foundation for classical economics. * The Wealth of Nations Mercantilism in the 17th & 18th Centuries Reflections on the World Economy Communist Manifesto Macroeconomics The author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776) was the historian Edmund Burke * Edward Gibbon Adam Smith Jacques Necker Pauline Leon The last coalition against Napoleon consisted of Russia and Britain * Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria Prussia, Austria and Britain Russia, Prussia and Italy Britain, Prussia and the United States The Congress of Vienna supported the position that France should be humiliated Napoleon should be executed * no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe Prussia should be the new dominant continental power both a and d Napoleon was crushed in 1815 by Frederick William III at Jena General Kutuzov at Borodino Field Marshall von Blucher at Austerlitz * Wellington and Blucher at Waterloo none of the above "Citizen Capet" referred to Robespierre. Danton. * Louis XVI. Voltaire. "Every man." The Thermidorian Reaction began in 1794 and consisted of the executions of former terrorists. the establishment of the Directory. the destruction of the machinery of terror and the institution of a constitutional regime. * all of the above. The 17th century philosopher who described man in the state of nature as living a life that was "poor, nasty, brutish and short" was Edmund Burke Abbe Sieyes * Thomas Hobbs Immanual Kant wrong Because of the crucial role played by the women of Paris in the overthrow of the French monarchy, the French Revolution took the giant leap to gender equality as well as to political freedom. True * False Most of the members of the National Constituent Assembly wished to create a republic. * constitutional monarchy. classical democracy. democracy, but with a healthy commitment to communistic principles regarding property. dictatorship of the proletariat. An assignat was a grievance against the government. * a government bond. an exemption from traditional obligations which peasants owed to lords. rendezvous. a mission. After Pauline Leon's successful petition to the Revolutionary government demanding the right of women to bear arms, women came to make up almost half of revolutionary France's military forces. True * False The emigres were exiled members of the middle class. * members of the aristocracy who left France and opposed the revolution in exile. traitors to the aristocracy. none of the above. About how many people died in the Reign of Terror? 180 600 * 25,000 950,000 6 million In April 1793 the Convention established to perform the executive duties of government. Two of its most prominent leaders were Danton and Robespierre. the Directory Mountain the parlement * the Committee of Public Safety the Thermidorean Reaction levee en masse means a very large unmarried woman. is an embankment along the Seine River. * means general military conscription. is the French equivalent of the British rank of Sergeant Major. Almost all of the victims killed during the Reign of Terror in France were wealthy aristocrats. True * False Before returning to Paris to become Consul in the Directorate (1799) Napoleon's military campaign had failed in Egypt * Scotland Belgium Austria Russia Who crowned Napoleon "Emperor of the French"? Pope Pius VII Archbishop of Paris * Napoleon Abbe Sieyes Tsar Alexander I The Napoleonic Code maintained that * all privileges based on birth were to be abolished labor unions were to be legal salaried officials to be chosen by favor rather than by merit women were to be social and political equals to men both b and d Methodist teaching centered on inward heartfelt religion practical piety emotional experiences * all of the above The poems "The Ancient Mariner" and "Kublai Khan" were written by Edgar Allen Poe * Coleridge Wordsworth Emily Dickinson Longfellow Napoleon Bonaparte was born in A.D. 1769 in La Rochelle Paris Normandy Marseille * Corsica Perhaps the greatest German literary figure of modern times, his masterpiece was Faust. Friedrich Schlegel E.T.A. Hoffman Friedrich Schiller * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Hegel The victor at Trafalgar, the greatest naval commander of his age and probably the most famous and venerated naval hero in history was Charles Maurice de Tallegrand-Perigord Napoleon Bonaparte Francisco Goya * Horatio Nelson Lord Castlereagh The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women was Necker. Turbot. Marie Antoinette. * Mary Wollstonecraft. Abbe Sieyes. Napoleon's greatest weapon in his conquest of Europe was cannon made of reinforced steel the incompetency of the generals he faced * the mobilized French nation which could produce a steady flow of conscript citizens the repeating rifle his Navy In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire * was dissolved came under the leadership of Napoleon as Holy Roman Emperor was incorporated into the Confederacy of the Rhine fell under the control of Prussia was made a tributary state to France with Napoleon's brother named Holy Roman Emperor The British economy survived the "Continental System" of Napoleon because Britain still controlled the seas of British access to the markets of North and South America as well as the eastern Mediterranean of the resentment of the continental members to the economic advantages of the system for France * all of the above After Napoleon's defeat in Russia in 1812, his army lost respect and his position as commander was lost he sued for a negotiated peace he was unable to raise an army * he returned to France and raised another army The Russians were able to repel Napoleon's invasion in 1812 because of the Russian superiority in manpower * a "scorched-earth" policy against Napoleon mild Russian winter Russian tactics of engaging in decisive battles with Napoleon both a and d On the eve of the French Revolution, the French monarchy's greatest problem was a losing war with Spain. * the inability to handle finances on a sound basis. a conflict (more political than religious) with the pope. none of the above. The sans-culottes were all of the following except shopkeepers artisans * aristocrats wage earners factory workers Edmund Burke supported the French Revolution. * was the most articulate critic of the French Revolution. was a liberal American political theorist. advocated the policies of the Mountain. was a closet Jacobin. The famous "Tennis Court Oath" was taken * after the Third Estate left the Estates-General and formed the National Assembly. by the First Estate in response to the formation of the National Assembly. in order to force the king's abdication. by the Second Estate in order to quell the rioting in Paris. The war against Austria in 1792 united the middle and working classes against the forces of revolution. resulted in English involvement in a French domestic politics. * radicalized the revolution and led to a second revolution which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. disrupted the revolution and allowed the emigres to return to France. strengthened the King's position and allowed him to crush the revolution. The First, Second, and Third Estates represented which groups of society respectively: clergy; peasantry, middle class, and artisans; nobility nobility; peasantry, middle class, and artisans; clergy * clergy; nobility; peasantry, middle class, and artisans peasantry, middle class, and artisans; clergy; nobility In the 1790s, Poland was partitioned by Russia, Bavaria, and Austria. Austria, Italy, and Bavaria. * Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Russia, Austria, and England. Russia, France, and Prussia. On July 14, 1789 crowds in Paris stormed , which was a prison. the Louvre Versailles the Mountain * the Bastille the Concordant (1758-1794) became the most powerful revolutionary figure in 1793-94. He dominated the Reign of Terror but was finally executed in July of 1794. * Robespierre Abbe Sieyes Jacques Deckar Rousseau Tallyrand The leader of the Methodist movement was (1703-1791). Edmund Burke Immanuel Kast John Wesley * Arthur Wellesley Pauline Leon This King of France lost his head in A.D. 1793 Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV * Louis XVI Algernon I (1729-1799) was an Irish-born British writer and statesman. In 1790 he wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. William Blake William Pitt * Edmund Burke Thomas More John Wesley (1724-1804), author of The Critic of Pure Reason sought to accept the rationalism of the enlightenment and still preserve a belief in human freedom, immortality and the existence of God. Edmund Burke * Immanuel Kant Pauline Leon William Blake Clemens von Metternich (1788-1824) was perhaps the most famous European poet of his era. This English social rebel wrote Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Edgar Allen Poe Ralph Waldo Emerson * Lord Byron Samuel Taylor Coleridge Lord Castlereagh was the Queen of France. She was beautiful and intelligent if not wise. She lost her head in October, 1793. Elizabeth I Mary I Eleonor of Acquitaine * Marie Antoinette Josephine The victory of Lord Nelson at in 1805 guaranteed British control of the sea and put an end to French hopes for an invasion of England. Waterloo Jutland * Trafalgar Austerliztz Jena