Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764) was the mistress of _____________ . She exercised considerable political influence at court and was a notable patron of the arts. the Duke of Saint-Simon Maria Theresa * Louis XV Cardinal Fleury Leopold I The Pragmatic Sanction was promulgated by Leopold I and stressed pragmatism in finding a solution to religious strife in Hapsburg lands * provided a legal basis for the inheritance of Maria Theresa to the Hapsburg throne was promulgated by Frederick II in support of his claim to the Hapsburg throne none of the above The victor at the Battle of Poltava (1709 A.D.) was France * Russia Prussia Sweden Poland The Whig party supported a monarchy limited by the final sovereignty of the Parliament. urban commercial interests and prosperity of landowners. religious toleration toward Protestant non-conformers. * all of the above. In A.D. 1683, the King of_____________ led an army to rescue Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks. Spain Germany Sweden France * Poland The term Prussian is often associated with corruption. military discipline. administrative vigor. * both b and c. both a and c. The landowning nobility of Prussia was known as the boyars. the magyars. * the Junkers. the cabinet. the streltsy. The Ottoman Empire made its greatest military impression on Europe in 1683 by * laying siege to Vienna. conquering southern France. invading Russia along the river routes. seizing lands north of the Black Sea. defeating France in the Great Northern War. The "Mississippi Bubble" * was a scheme based on a monopoly of trading privileges in Louisiana. was the official term for French mercantilism in North America. was a fiasco promoted by the duke of St. Simon which brought disgrace on the British government. all of the above. The main political groupings in Parliament in 18th Century Britain were Tories and Independents Conservatives and Liberals Whigs and Labor * Tories and Whigs Labour and the Christian Democrats The Great Northern War (1700-1721) was fought between Prussia and Russia. Russia and Austria. * Sweden and Russia. Prussia and Sweden. France and the Ottoman Empire Newton's conception of the physical universe is often pictured as * a machine of perfect orderliness. a mirage that exists only in man's mind. an incoherent agglomeration of unrelated phenomena. an apparent order that cannot be understood by man The waning powers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries included those which failed to establish a central political authority. had a dominant nobility which controlled the king. were controlled by the interests of the cities, guilds, and church. * all of the above. Peter the Great built his new capital on the Black Sea. in Pomerania. on the Caspian Sea. on the White Sea. * on the Gulf of Finland. The French financial fiasco called the Mississippi Bubble was brought on by the actions of * John Law Cardinal Fleury Cardinal Richelieu Duke de Saint-Simon Louis XIV A boyar is a trusted advisor to the king of Prussia. an elite force of Prussian military officers. a "communal" farm in Russia. * a member of the old nobility in Russia. an Italian Chef. The first Hanoverian monarch of England was James I. * George I. Henry VII. Charles II. Elizabeth I. The ruling family in Prussia was called the Hapsburgs. Westphalians. * Hohenzollerns. Hanoverians. Schnitzelbankers. The daughter of Charles VI was _______ von Hapsburg. She ruled from Vienna from 1740- 1780. * Maria Theresa Elizabeth Catherine Victoria none of the above The family that ruled Russia from 1613 until 1917 was the Hohenzollern Hapsburg Hanoverian * Romanov Tudor The famous 18th English artist caricaturist _______ satirized English society and politics in his etchings. Among his many works is Chairing the Member. Edmund Burke * William Hogarth Albrect Durer Hans Holbein Thomas Hobbs _____________ (1676-1745) is often considered the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. He used patronage and the king's backing to control parliament and rule Britain. John Sobieski * Robert Walpole William Hogarth Johannes Keplar Thomas Hobbs England's Treasure by Forraign Trade by Thomas Mun was a treatise on the wealth creating power of free trade. stated that the only measure of wealth and power of a nation was its storehouse of gold and silver bullion. * insisted that for a nation to increase its wealth and treasure it must sell abroad more than it buys from abroad. argued that England should buy tin, cloth, iron, etc., from foreign countries and pay with gold and silver because cloth and iron are real wealth whereas gold and silver are only symbolically wealth. The Thirty Years' War was fought 1462-1492. 1776-1806. in France and Italy. * 1618-1648. 1519-1555. European trading posts in India were called Magyars. asiento. * factories. malls. mowglis. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which of the following was of major concern to the British? the cost of empire and the rise of the national debt the organization of vast new territory in North America lack of authority over the American colonies * all of the above. The Diplomatic Revolution of the 18th Century * aligned France and Austria as allies. instituted the principle of "Diplomatic Immunity." formed a league consisting of Russia, Prussia, and Austria against France. placed a Bourbon on the throne of Spain. restored to England the continental territories she had lost in the 100 Years War. During the Boston Massacre of 1770 British troops killed more than sixteen hundred Bostonians, including several hundred women and children. True * False Which of the following was not an idea of mercantilism? Colonies should provide markets and natural resources for the home country. high tariffs to protect a country from foreign competition * Colonists of different countries should trade with each other. Foreign luxuries should not be imported for consumption. Gold and silver bullion was the measure of a country's wealth. The family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia was the _______ dynasty. Tudor Hapsburg Hohenstauffen * Hohenzollern Bourbon The Emancipation Proclamation which freed American slaves was put into effect in 1776 A.D. 1787 A.D. 1815 A.D. * 1863 A.D. 1898 A.D. Magyar means large Swedish large Swede * Hungarian a Swede living in Finland or Russia During the 1760s and 1770s _______ was repeatedly elected to the British Parliament but, in an abuse of power on the part of the majority party and the monarchy, he was repeatedly denied his seat. Robert Clive William Hogarth Robert Walpole John Cartwright * John Wilkes The East India Company was developed by the Moslem rulers of India. French entrepreneurs. East Indian businessmen. * the English. a cartel of New York and Boston business interests. Creoles in the Spanish Empire were people of mixed racial composition, half European and half African. * those born in the New World whose ancestry was European. slaves from Central America who were sold in Caribbean ports. American Indians. people who came from Spain for short assignments in the overseas empire. The architect of England's victory in the Seven Years' War was * William Pitt the Elder. Robert Jenkins. Lord North. James Wolfe. John Locke. The Seven Years' War saw Prussia aligned with __________ against much of the rest of Europe. Russia France Austria * England Spain What was chiefly responsible for European dominance over so much of the world from the 16th - 19th centuries? innate cultural superiority * technological advantage increased emphasis on learning and universities advantageous diplomacy moral superiority The first woman ever to rule from Vienna was Catherine the Great. * Maria Theresa. Madame Pompadour. Elizabeth of Austria. Fredericka the Great. Frederick II was aided in the Seven Years' War by French neutrality. financial support from Britain. the eventual neutrality of Russia after 6 years of war. * both (b) and (c). his military alliance with France. The King of England during the American Revolutionary War was ___________. (name and number) George I George II * George III George IV George V The pamphlet Common Sense galvanized American public opinion in favor of separation from Great Britain. Its author was John Law James Hargreaves John Wilkes Thomas Jefferson * Thomas Paine The middle class lived in towns and were called Junkers. included bankers, traders, lawyers and manufacturers. were called the bourgeoisie. * both b and c. all of the above. Which of the following was not among the important innovators of the agricultural revolution? Charles Townsend Jethro Tull * Thomas Gainsborough Robert Blakewell The Table of Ranks (1722) is associated with the nobility of England. Prussia. France. * Russia. Spain. Jethro Tull's greatest contribution to the agrarian revolution was using manure as fertilizer. instituting crop rotation for the first time in England. * using the iron plough and the wheat drill. the introduction of wheat to England. introducing artificial insemination in animal breeding to England. The agricultural revolution of the 17th and 18th Centuries began in Russia * the Low Countries France. Poland. Spain. "Sumptuary laws" * regulated the dress of different classes. banned the lower classes from certain taverns reserved for the nobility. were repealed in the early 18th Century. both b and c made overeating or gluttony during Lent a felony. People in 18th century Europe generally did not enjoy what we think of as individual rights. A person's rights and privileges were tied to the particular group or community of which he was a part. * True False In the 18th century Europe's Jews were largely concentrated in the British Isles the Teutonic states of northwestern and north central Europe. the Germanies. Spain, Portugal, and Italy. * Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukraine. was an enterprising manufacturer of porcelain dinnerware. He was a brilliant marketer, creating demand for his products where previously little or none had existed. James Hargreaves Francis Wheatley * Josiah Wedgewood Richard Arkwright Thomas Gainsborough Although some Jews in the 17th Century were very rich, the overwhelming majority of the Jewish population lived in poverty. * True False The Old Regime society was based on which of the following? aristocratic elites possessing inherited legal privileges established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy an urban labor force usually organized into guilds a rural peasantry subject to high taxes and feudal dues * all of the above The first practical engine using steam power was invented by Edmund Cartwright. Charles Townsend. * Thomas Newcomen. John Wilkinson. Jethro Tull. Emelyan Pugachev * promised the serfs of Russia their own land and freedom from their lords. and his rebellion were brutally suppressed by Maria Theresa. started a rebellion in reaction to famine in Poland. both a and b. all of the above. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain because it was the single largest free-trade area in Europe. the political structure was stable. taxation was not especially heavy. * all of the above. Peasant rebellions often occurred because of over taxation by the aristocracy. a desire for freedom from obligations to a lord. a dislike for commercialized agriculture which challenged the traditional peasant ways of production. * all of the above. In pre-industrial eastern Europe people married at quite a young age and in many cases wives were older than their husbands. Russians tended to have large families and often several generations lived under the same roof. * True False The main goal of peasant society was * a stability that would ensure the local food supply. the creation of a stable national militia. a stable tax base for the aristocracy. both b and c. Households of northwestern Europe * were nuclear rather than extended. were rather large with several generations under the same roof. maintained children at home until their early twenties. were often headed by women instead of men. were headed by the grandfather or great-grandfather whose word was law to the younger generations living in his house. In the typical 18th century working-class family who would normally work to help support the household? the father the father and the mother the father, the mother, and children in the early teens the father, the mother, and children between 9 and 12 years old * All of the above would normally do work that fit their age and skills. A "higgler" was a haggler in a market. wandering minstrel or entertainer. * a middleman or "fence" for poachers. local sheriff. is the past participle pluperfect of the verb "to higgle." Industrialization and innovations in agriculture afforded humans greater control over the forces of nature. helped upset the political structure of the ancien rＨime. raised the standard of living and in the long run generally overcame most poverty in the West. * all of the above. In the 18th century, Europe's largest city was * London. Lisbon. St. Petersburg. Berlin. Madrid. Coitus interruptus is the Latin term for the French Pox. * is a form of birth control. is a social disease with the most appalling consequences. was a procedure used by 18th Century doctors to rid mentally ill patients of "demonic possession." is a sedative laced bird seed supplied by the ACME Tool Company. _____________ (1762-1794) ruled Russia and issued a royal proclamation against Emelyan Pugachev. Peter III * Catherine II George II Maria Theresa Frederick II _____________ , 1728-1788, gained fame as a portrait artist to the English gentry. In addition to the well known classic, "The Blue Boy," he painted a portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Andrews. * Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Newcomen Charles Townsend Josiah Wedgewood John Law Frederick the Great relied heavily on the _______ class (term for Prussian nobility) to staff his officer corps and his bureaucracy. Boyar noblese * Junker Squire Stelstry The water frame, patented in 1769 was invented by . This water-powered device was designed to produce a purely cotton fabric. * Richard Arkwright James Hargreaves Josiah Wedgewood James Watt Francis Wheatley In 1784 built an improved steam engine. This improved engine could be used to drive every sort of machinery. Richard Arkwright James Hargreaves Josiah Wedgewood * James Watt Francis Wheatley Voltaire lived most of his life in the 1400's 1500's 1600's * 1700's 1800's The beasts of burden in Voltaire's Eldorado were flying horses. * big red sheep. yaks. oxen. ponies. In the novel Candide, Cunegonde's servant, the old woman, was the daughter of Baron Thunder-ten-tronckh. the Sovereign Prince of Massa-Carrara. * Pope Urban X. Don Issachap. the Grand Inquisitor. In Candide, a target that came under the repeated attack of Voltaire's biting wit was revealed religion. war. social class distinctions. learned debate. * all of these In Candide, we read of a great city that was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1755. It was Paris. Rome. Buenos Aires. * Lisbon. Algiers. Although in his novel Candide, Voltaire's wit flails away at several professions, he seems to have had a deep respect for medical doctors. True * False Which of the following characters from Candide saw this as "the best of all possible worlds"? Cunegonde * Pangloss Martin James the Anabaptist none of these As a result of a "lesson in experimental physics" given by Dr. Pangloss to Paquette in the novel Candide, * Dr. Pangloss contracted syphilis. Dr. Pangloss was offered the Chair in Philosophy at the University of Westphalia. Paquette decided to become a natural philosopher. both were invited to Eldorado. both b and c Although Cunegonde was sometimes mistreated, other women in the novel Candide were generally well-treated. True * False We learn in the novel Candide that an auto-da-fe is a concours antique car show. a self-basting barbecue. * the burning of a heretic. the Latin scale for polyphonic music. Which of the following characters from Candide was consistently pessimistic? Candide Pangloss Cunegonde * Martin Cacambo In the novel Candide, the Neapolitan that found the Princess of Palestrina in Morocco was coincidentally a servant who had helped raise her when she was a little girl. He greeted her by saying, "O che sciagura d'essere senza coglioni," which means Oh, my poor unfortunate child. * Oh, what a misfortune to be without testicles. Oh, poor child, suffering earns us passage to heaven. Oh, if I were but worthy of you. My Lady, I am at your service. Voltaire would agree mostly with the philosophy or world view of which of these characters from Candide Dr. Pangloss. Leibnitz. * the old Turk. Martin. Professor von Drake. Candide was raised in Ferney. Paris. Lisbon. * Westphalia. Bavaria. In the novel Candide, the bulgars represent the * Prussians. Bulgarians. English. Russians. Romans. A reasonable interpretation of the novel Candide could lead us to say that Eldorado * is within each man. is in southern Spain. is a 20 percent wine from Tijuana. comes with rhinestone seat covers as standard equipment. Voltaire was a man of action as well as a man of letters, personally leading the charge that toppled the monarchy during the French Revolution. True * False In his novel Candide, Voltaire attacked just about everyone but the Jews, probably because his maternal grandmother was Jewish. True * False In the novel Candide, after leaving the service of the Baroness von Thunder-ten-tronckh, Paquette became a student. * became a whore. became a nun. entered the service of the Princess of Palestrina. none of the above Although Candide passes through many trials and ordeals, he is finally rewarded when he marries the warm and beautiful Cunegonde. True * False Voltaire died at Ferney at the age of 39. True * False In Candide, Voltaire attacks the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants. Islam. (a) and (c) * (a), (b), and (c) The word from the Candide study guide that means one who prepares and sells drugs and compounds for medicinal purposes is polemicist miter * apothecary sexton Levantine The term from the Candide study guide that means a church employee who maintains church property and sometimes acts as bell ringer and grave digger is polemicist miter apothecary * sexton Levantine The word from the Candide study guide that means pertaining to or of the region and countries of the eastern Mediterranean is polemicist miter apothecary sexton * Levantine According to Professor Weber, which of the following did not have extensive overseas possessions in the western hemisphere in 1750? England France * Prussia Spain According to Professor Weber, all of the following were among the refugees of the eighteenth century except Irish Catholics fleeing English rule * Protestants fleeing the persecution of Catherine the Great Huguenots leaving France supporters of the defeated House of Stuart leaving Scotland All of the following were among the examples of Rococo style discussed by Professor Weber except * the gardens at Versailles the paintings of Watteau the music of Mozart the fad for Turkish and Oriental styles According to Professor Weber, which of the following did not mark a stage in the decline of an important naval power? the Venetians' loss of Cyprus to the Turks in 1571 the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English in 1588. English victories over the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century * French victories over the English in the Seven Years War of the eighteenth century According to Professor Weber, which of the following was not a reason that the enlightened despots of Central Europe failed to reach many of their goals? * refused to compromise on religious issues wanted profound social changes but did not want to risk a real social revolution were too dependent on the aristocracy to abolish aristocratic privileges did not receive adequate support from the middle classes, which in some countries were too weak and in others actually opposed reforms Mark the false choice. Although the philosophes did not adhere to a unified program, according to Professor Weber, most of them believed that social advancement should depend only on talent and hard work, not on aristocratic privilege all people should be equal before the law * effective reforms could be achieved only by democratic governments taxes should be paid by all Professor Weber tells us that during the 18th century, the Russians acquired new ports on the North Sea and White Sea * on the Baltic and Black Sea on the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Tuscany on the Pacific and the Adriatic Professor Weber tells us that in Central and Eastern Europe, the Turks were rolled back under the leadership of * the Austrian Habsburgs the Prussian Hohenzollerns the French the Venetians Professor Weber tells us that The Magic Flute, one of the great works of art of the Enlightenment, was composed by Bach Handel Haydn * Mozart Beethoven Which of the following was not one of the typical measures of the enlightened despots discussed by Professor Weber? efficient bureaucracies de facto religious toleration * increased responsibilities for representative assemblies efficient tax collection According to Professor Weber, the philosophes of the eighteenth century were largely indifferent to science refused to advise governments avoided controversies with the church * encouraged the middle class as a source of prosperity and enlightenment According to Professor Weber, throughout the eighteenth century, which country was most widely regarded as the home of economic progress? * England France Germany Italy Japan According to Professor Weber, where did freemasonry begin? British North America * Britain France Italy China