Motivation is defined as:         
 * forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.       
 an impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis.       
 full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities.       
 a distinct psychological state that involves subjective experience, physical arousal, and a behavioral expression or response.       
    

Mr. Dhaliwal talks proudly about his son Munjinder's ability to study hard and earn good grades, and he brags that Munjinder intends to go to law school.  Mr. Dhaliwal is referring to Munjinder's:         
 * motivation.       
 instincts.       
 genetic predispositions.       
 drive.       
    

The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior is a definition of:         
 * motivation.       
 drive.       
 metabolism.       
 homeostasis.       
    

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are:         
 self-fulfillment, self-actualization, and the peak experience.       
 * activation, persistence, and intensity.       
 escape, avoidance, and blaming.       
 homeostasis, cholecystokinin and satiation.       
    

The topic of motivation corresponds MOST closely to which of psychology's basic goals?         
 to describe behavior       
 * to explain behavior       
 to predict behavior       
 to influence behavior       
    

The characteristic of motivation known as activation refers to the:         
 * initiation or production of behavior.       
 increased vigor in behavior toward a goal.       
 efforts to achieve the desired goal.       
 mental activity to move toward the start of behavior.       
    

Persistence is a characteristic of motivation that is demonstrated by the:         
 production of behavior toward a goal.       
 * continued efforts to achieve a particular goal.       
 strength of efforts in responding toward a goal.       
 timing of behavior toward a particular goal.       
    

Intensity in motivation is seen as the:         
 continuing efforts to achieve a goal.       
 initiation of a goal-directed behavior.       
 * strength or vigor of responding.       
 emotional component of motivation.       
    

Sarah is determined to play the role of Clara in the ballet, "The Nutcracker."  She begins to work very hard in ballet classes with this goal in mind.  Sarah is demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?         
 instinctual drive       
 sensation seeking       
 self-actualization       
 * activation       
    

Although Dan keeps falling when he tries to learn to ice skate, he keeps working at being a better skater so he can play ice hockey.  Dan is demonstrating the motivation characteristic of _____.         
 emotion       
 intensity       
 * persistence       
 initiation       
    

As the date of the state championships drew closer, Evan worked harder and longer in practice.  Evan was demonstrating which characteristic of motivation?         
 initiation       
 * intensity       
 homeostasis       
 activation       
    

Persistence is to activation as _____ is to _____.         
 determination; vigor       
 initiation; emotion       
 emotion; vigor       
 * determination; initiation       
    

What psychological state is closely tied to motivational processes?         
 * emotion       
 physical arousal       
 instinctual behavior       
 homeostasis       
    

Theories of motivation have included all of the following EXCEPT:         
 instinct.       
 drive.       
 incentive.       
 * human potential.       
    

In the late 1800s, the newly founded science of psychology initially embraced _____ theories to explain motivation.         
 * instinct       
 drive       
 incentive       
 all of the above       
    

It is an innate characteristic of Canadian geese to fly south in the winter.  This behavior is an example of:         
 self-actualization.       
 incentive motivation.       
 * an instinct.       
 drive.       
    

The view that some motives are innate and due to genetic programming is a description of:         
 * instinct theories.       
 drive theories.       
 incentive theories.       
 humanistic theories.       
    

Which of the following is a criticism of instinct theories of motivation?         
 Research demonstrated that humans do not have an innate behavior pattern.       
 Instinct theorists believed that there were only four human instincts.       
 * Instinct theories merely described and labeled behaviors rather than actually explaining them.       
 Instinct theorists believed that certain human behaviors were genetically programmed.       
    

Which influential scientist inspired psychologists to devise lists of instincts to account for human behavior?         
 * Charles Darwin       
 Clark Hull       
 B. F. Skinner       
 Abraham Maslow       
    

Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways.  Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.         
 instinct       
 * drive       
 incentive       
 humanistic       
    

_____ theories of motivation claim that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.         
 * Drive       
 Incentive       
 Humanistic       
 Instinct       
    

About ten or fifteen minutes after Jim starts his daily five-mile jog, he usually begins to perspire heavily.  His body's tendency to maintain a steady temperature through the cooling action of sweating is a function of:         
 * homeostasis.       
 self-actualization.       
 incentive motivation.       
 instinct.       
    

_____ refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.         
 Self-actualization       
 Achievement motivation       
 Incentive motivation       
 * Homeostasis       
    

Reduction of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?         
 instinct theories       
 incentive theories       
 * drive theories       
 self-actualization theories       
    

What type of motivator creates the desire to reduce internal tension?         
 self-actualization       
 * unmet biological needs       
 positive incentives       
 genetic programming       
    

What happens when a particular behavior successfully reduces a drive?         
 The behavior will move the person closer to self-actualization.       
 The person will then be motivated by instinctual behaviors.       
 The person will be motivated to engage in behaviors that move the person toward homeostasis.       
 * The behavior will be more likely to be repeated when the same need state arises again.       
    

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon is very thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice.  His motivation to drink to reduce his feeling of thirst can best be explained by:         
 instinct theories.       
 * drive theories.       
 incentive theories.       
 humanistic theories.       
    

Which of the following is a criticism of drive theories of motivation?         
 * People often engage in behaviors that serve to increase tension and physiological arousal.       
 There is no evidence that humans engage in behaviors to maintain homeostasis.       
 Homeostasis has been disproved.       
 Drive theories cannot explain behaviors that have biological components, such as hunger and thirst.       
    

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards, is suggested by:         
 drive theories.       
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs.       
 Darwin's theory of evolution.       
 * incentive theories.       
    

The most obvious shortcoming of incentive theories is that they:         
 only describe behavior but fail to explain behavior.       
 * fail to explain behaviors that are not primarily motivated by any kind of external incentive.       
 only explain behaviors that have internal incentives as motivators.       
 can account for the initiation and persistence of behavior but fail to account for the intensity of behavior.       
    

Britt is highly motivated to maintain a high grade-point average because her goal is to pursue studies at the graduate level.  Britt's motivation is best explained by:         
 instinct theories.       
 drive theories.       
 homeostasis.       
 * incentive theories.       
    

Drive is to _____ as incentive is to _____.         
 * "push"; "pull"       
 instinct; homeostasis       
 "pull"; "push"       
 self-actualization; instinct       
    

Nelson feels that he has all the material possessions he needs in life and is now determined to devote all his energy to creative self-expression through music.  Nelson's motivation is best accounted for by:         
 instinct theories.       
 drive theories.       
 * humanistic theories.       
 homeostasis.       
    

_____ motivational theories emphasize the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in humans, including the motivation to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of personal potential.         
 * Humanistic       
 Incentive       
 Drive       
 Instinct       
    

Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the idea that:         
 motivation is learned through the basic principles of reinforcement and punishment.       
 motivation is determined by unconscious thought processes.       
 * motivation is affected by how we perceive the world, how we think about ourselves, and the degree to which the environment is supportive and encouraging.       
 an understanding of basic biological mechanisms, such as homeostasis, is the best way to understand human motivation.       
    

Dr. Ashley emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive components in human motivation and believes that we are innately driven to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of our personal potential.  Dr. Ashley's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.         
 instinct       
 drive       
 incentive       
 * humanistic       
    

The humanistic model of motivation is not as influential as it once was, but it did establish the important role played by _____ and _____ in human motivation.         
 * psychological factors; cognitive factors       
 instincts; drives       
 incentives; instincts       
 social factors; biological factors       
    

Emir is struggling to make enough money to feed and clothe himself and pay the rent.  According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Emir is attempting to meet his:         
 self-fulfillment needs.       
 psychological needs.       
 homeostatic needs.       
 * basic needs.       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?         
 the need for safety, food, and shelter       
 the need to belong and have intimate love and friendship relationships       
 * the need to become rich, famous, and powerful       
 the need to become self-actualized       
    

According to Maslow's theory, which of the following represents the top level in his hierarchy of needs?         
 physiological needs       
 safety needs       
 belongingness and love needs       
 * the need for self-actualization       
    

According to Maslow's humanistic theory of motivation, what must people do before they can strive for the realization of their personal potential and creative abilities?         
 achieve homeostasis       
 recognize and deal with unconscious psychological conflicts       
 * satisfy basic needs and psychological needs       
 ignore needs for such trivial things as food and water       
    

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualized people?         
 They have an accurate perception of themselves, others, and external reality.       
 * They refuse to conform to conventional rules and expectations.       
 They have a strong need for privacy and independence.       
 They appreciate the simple pleasures of life.       
    

According to Maslow's research, self-actualized people are characterized by peak experiences. What did Maslow mean by that?         
 * Self-actualized people commonly have moments of intense ecstasy, wonder, or awe.       
 Self-actualized people are motivated by a sense of ethics or responsibility.       
 Self-actualized people have an intense need to be surrounded by other people.       
 Self-actualized people often have very exaggerated views of their abilities and talents.       
    

Which of the following is an important criticism of Maslow's theory of motivation?         
 Maslow relied too heavily on experimental evidence.       
 * The majority of people do not achieve self-actualization.       
 Maslow only observed children in formulating his theory.       
 Maslow placed too much emphasis on psychological disorders.       
    

While researching the topic of motivation, Kevin notes that the majority of people do not experience or achieve self-actualization despite the claim that this is an innate goal that all people strive to achieve.  He decides that this is an important limitation of:         
 instinct theories.       
 drive theories.       
 incentive theories.       
 * humanistic theories.       
    

Rather than a single grand theory, motivation researchers today assume that the motivation of any behavior is determined by:         
 biological factors.       
 behavioral factors.       
 cognitive factors.       
 * the interaction of multiple factors.       
    

The motivation to eat is influenced by:         
 psychological factors.       
 biological factors.       
 social and cultural factors.       
 * all of the above.       
    

Kai-Ching ate fried caterpillars, scorpions, and some grilled dog meat for dinner.  It is very likely that Kai-Ching:         
 is very poor and malnourished.       
 * is influenced in his eating habits by social and cultural factors.       
 is mentally ill.       
 eats regularly at the college cafeteria.       
    

_____ refers to the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat.         
 Bulimia       
 Self-fulfillment       
 * Satiation       
 Obesity       
    

After his third helping of apple pie and ice cream, Larry feels quite full.  His satiation is due, at least in part, to increased levels of the hormone:         
 epinephrine.       
 testosterone.       
 * cholecystokinin (CCK).       
 serotonin.       
    

The sensations involved in tasting and chewing food that contribute greatly to the subjective pleasure and satisfaction of eating are called:         
 * oral signals.       
 stomach signals.       
 satiation cues.       
 self-fulfillment cues.       
    

A hormone that seems to play a role in signaling satiation or fullness is called:         
 * cholecystokinin (CCK).       
 epinephrine.       
 testosterone.       
 estrogen.       
    

Maria is daydreaming in class. She imagines the taste and smell of her favorite flavor of ice cream and starts feeling hungry. In this instance, her feelings of hunger are probably caused by:         
 * increased levels of insulin.       
 decreased levels of insulin.       
 increased levels of cholecystokinin (CCK).       
 satiation.       
    

_____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and starches in the body.         
 Cholecystokinin (CCK)       
 * Insulin       
 Serotonin       
 Homeostasis       
    

Seamus has just finished his lunch, but when he smells the chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven, he gets a very strong urge to eat again.  Psychologists would most likely consider Seamus to be:         
 suffering from bulimia nervosa.       
 * an external.       
 suffering from anorexia nervosa.       
 a nonexternal.       
    

Which of the following is true regarding cholecystokinin (CCK)?         
 * CCK slows the rate at which the stomach empties.       
 CCK decreases the sensitivity of stretch receptors of the stomach.       
 CCK helps to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the body.       
 CCK helps to regulate body weight through its effects on the lateral hypothalamus.       
    

Television commercials of food, the sight of a restaurant, or even a clock showing that it is about noon will trigger strong feelings of hunger in Marty.  In contrast, Janeen is generally oblivious to such food-related cues.  According to psychologist Judith Rodin, Marty would be described as a(n) _____ whereas Janeen would be described as a(n) _____.         
 VMH; LH       
 internal; noninternal       
 * external; nonexternal       
 sensation-seeker; sensation-avoider       
    

In a study by psychologist Judith Rodin, people were deprived of food for eighteen hours and then blood samples were drawn as a sizzling steak was brought into the room.  What was Rodin's basic finding in this study?         
 Blood levels of CCK immediately increased for all the subjects.       
 Blood levels of CCK immediately decreased for all the subjects.       
 Blood levels of insulin quickly decreased for all the subjects.       
 * The externals had higher levels of insulin than did the nonexternals.       
    

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) damage is to _____ as lateral hypothalamus (LH) damage is to _____.         
 * increased eating; decreased eating       
 satiation; obesity       
 decreased eating; increased eating       
 high cholecystokinin levels; high insulin levels       
    

Dr. Cox destroyed the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of a laboratory rat.  This procedure is most likely to:         
 increase cholecystokinin (CCK).       
 decrease insulin levels.       
 * cause the animal to eat until it becomes obese.       
 cause the animal to stop eating.       
    

Which of the following seems to be the critical factor that determines whether a rat with damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) will eat until it becomes obese?         
 constant exposure to sunlight       
 constant exposure to very dim light       
 blood levels of insulin       
 * if the food is appealing to the rat       
    

Although researchers first thought that the lateral hypothalamus contained the brain center that initiated eating behavior, later research cast doubt on that notion.  Why?         
 Destroying the lateral hypothalamus actually increased levels of CCK.       
 The early researchers had inadvertently destroyed the pineal gland, not the lateral hypothalamus.       
 * Destroying the lateral hypothalamus reduces a variety of behaviors and drives, not just eating behavior.       
 The lateral hypothalamus actually regulates basal metabolic rate, not eating behavior.       
    

Irfan is very responsive to food-related environmental stimuli.  Psychologists would classify him as:         
 bulimic.       
 * an external.       
 anorexic.       
 a nonexternal.       
    

Psychologists have reached a number of conclusions about the factors that regulate eating behavior.  Which of the following is NOT one of those conclusions?         
 Physiological mechanisms underlying our motivation to eat are complex and not completely understood.       
 Multiple signals such as oral sensations, signals from sensory receptors in the stomach, and chemical signals appear to be involved, each providing some form of feedback to the brain.       
 The role played by different brain regions remains unclear, but it does appear that the hypothalamus and its surrounding regions play a role.       
 * The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the key brain structure that regulates all eating behavior.       
    

What motivates us to eat at a particular moment is governed by a complex system involving the interaction of:         
 physiological and environmental factors only.       
 psychological and physiological factors only.       
 * physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors only.       
 environmental, physiological, and behavioral factors only.       
    

If the food we eat equals the energy we expend, our weight tends to remain constant.  This statement best reflects the _____ of body weight regulation.         
 set-point theory       
 homeostasis hypothesis       
 * energy balance model       
 self-fulfillment theory       
    

Manfred typically gains a few pounds in the winter and sheds a few pounds during the summer, but for the most part his weight has remained constant since his early twenties.  Traditionally, stability in weight over time has been explained in terms of the _____ of weight regulation.         
 homeostasis hypothesis       
 * energy balance model       
 set-point theory       
 self-fulfillment theory       
    

What is the main source of energy for humans and animals?         
 CCK       
 carbohydrates       
 insulin       
 * glucose       
    

What happens to the excess "fuel" that our bodies do not need for energy requirements?         
 It is metabolized.       
 It is stored in the pancreas and used for insulin production.       
 * It is converted into fat and stored for future use.       
 Because of our basal metabolic rate, our bodies never have excess "fuel."       
    

Who probably has the highest metabolic rate?         
 * Ian, a 10-year-old boy       
 Sondra, a 16-year-old girl       
 Alexandra, a 20-year-old woman       
 Marcus, a 40-year-old man       
    

The rate at which the body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest is called the:         
 homeostatic rate.       
 set-point rate.       
 * basal metabolic rate (BMR).       
 cholecystokinin rate (CCKR).       
    

Mark and Martha have normal weights for their age and height.  If Martha is like most females, her basal metabolic rate is:         
 identical to Mark's.       
 higher than Mark's.       
 * lower than Mark's.       
 susceptible to much greater fluctuations than Mark's.       
    

Between birth and early adulthood there is:         
 virtually no decrease in BMR.       
 a very slow decrease in BMR.       
 * a steep decline in BMR.       
 a gradual increase in BMR.       
    

Approximately _____ of your body's energy is used for continuous bodily functions that are essential to life, such as breathing, heartbeat, and the production of body heat.         
 1/10th       
 1/5th       
 1/3rd       
 * 2/3rds       
    

Which of the following is FALSE regarding metabolism?         
 Women typically have a lower metabolic rate than do men.       
 Obese people typically have a higher metabolic rate than do nonobese people.       
 * Between infancy and the early twenties body metabolism gradually increases.       
 After the early twenties the basal metabolic rates start to decrease gradually.       
    

Drew is in his early forties.  If he is typical of people his age, his basal metabolic rate (BMR) has _____ compared to when he was in his early twenties.         
 increased steeply       
 * decreased gradually       
 increased gradually       
 decreased steeply       
    

Research has shown that the adult weight of adopted individuals is strongly correlated with the adult weight of their biological parents rather than their adoptive parents.  This evidence suggests that:         
 the environment plays the key role in weight regulation and metabolism.       
 heavy people have lower metabolic rates than do slender people.       
 * genetics plays a role in determining weight regulation and metabolism.       
 as people age it is more likely that their basal metabolic rate will increase.       
    

Both Navpreet's parents are tall and slim.  It is fairly likely that Navpreet's approximate adult weight will resemble that of her parents.  This illustrates the influence of _____ on weight regulation and metabolism.         
 environmental factors       
 * genetic factors       
 gender       
 age       
    

Which factor is increased or decreased to maintain set-point body weight?         
 CCK levels       
 number of fat cells       
 insulin levels       
 * basal metabolic rate       
    

The particular weight that is set and maintained by increases or decreases in the basal metabolic rate is called the:         
 homeostatic weight.       
 energy balance weight.       
 basal metabolic weight.       
 * set-point weight.       
    

Which of the following best describes the basic idea of set-point theory?         
 People are consciously capable of choosing, or "setting," a particular weight level and easily maintaining it.       
 * The body is naturally "set" to maintain a particular weight by increasing or decreasing basal metabolic rate.       
 Once you "set" your BMR to a higher level, it is possible to eat much more food without gaining weight.       
 Once you establish and "set" CCK at a lower level, it is possible to eat much more food without gaining weight.       
    

Darryl's weight increased ten pounds above his normal set-point body weight.  According to set-point theory, Darryl is likely to experience a(n) _____ in hunger and a(n) _____ in his metabolic rate.         
 decrease; decrease       
 increase; decrease       
 increase; increase       
 * decrease; increase       
    

Marilina has weighed 120 pounds for the last five years. She decides to go on a diet and soon loses 10 pounds. According to set-point theory, Marilina is likely to experience a(n) _____ in her metabolic rate and a(n) _____ in her hunger.         
 decrease; decrease       
 increase; decrease       
 increase; increase       
 * decrease; increase       
    

Several lines of research suggest that _____ is (are) monitored by our bodies to maintain one's particular set-point weight.         
 BMR       
 food intake       
 * number and size of fat cells       
 amount of muscle mass       
    

If you consistently overeat, what will happen?         
 The size of your body's fat cells will increase but not the number of fat cells.       
 The size of your body's fat cells will stay the same but the number will increase.       
 The number of fat cells will increase while you are overeating, then decrease when you resume eating a normal amount.       
 * The size of the fat cells will increase and, if overeating continues, the number of fat cells will permanently increase.       
    

Which of the following statements about fat cells is TRUE?         
 If you dramatically reduce your weight, the number of fat cells in your body will decrease.       
 * The number and size of fat cells in a person's body are established by about the age of two, but can be increased by overeating.       
 When a person consistently overeats, the number of fat cells will temporarily increase.       
 The number of fat cells that any given person has is fixed at birth and remains constant throughout life.       
    

According to one survey, approximately _____ of all American women and _____ of all American men are trying to lose weight.         
 one-eighth; one-tenth       
 seven-eighths; five-eighths       
 * one-third; one-fifth       
 two-thirds; one-half       
    

Twenty-five-year-old Heather went on a diet and lost 15 pounds.  If Heather is typical of most people who lose weight, she will:         
 maintain her new weight for at least 10 to 15 years.       
 likely lose an additional 15 pounds over the next five years.       
 * eventually regain the weight she lost.       
 become anorexic.       
    

Ghiselly is on a diet. As she loses weight, what will happen to her fat cells?         
 The number and size of the fat cells will decrease.       
 * The size of the fat cells will decrease, but the number will stay the same.       
 The number of fat cells will decrease, but the size will stay the same.       
 The number of fat cells will increase, but the size of the cells will decrease.       
    

Paula is obese and is about to start a diet to reduce her weight.  Which of the following statements is true?         
 Paula will not be able to lose weight due to her set-point weight.       
 * Paula's metabolic rate will decrease by as much as 20 percent.       
 Paula will experience a sharp increase in CCK levels.       
 Paula's BMR will have an initial sharp rise followed by a slow decline.       
    

Mathisen is approximately 25 percent over his ideal weight.  According to most definitions, Mathisen would be classified as:         
 anorexic.       
 bulimic.       
 * obese.       
 average.       
    

Which of the following statements about obese people is TRUE?         
 Obese people are obese because they lack willpower.       
 Obese people are obese because they consistently overeat.       
 * Obesity tends to run in families.       
 For the majority of obese people, there is a specific physical cause for the obesity, such as a disease or malfunctioning gland.       
    

Camille is obese. Unlike nonobese people, Camille is likely to:         
 be highly responsive to external cues associated with food.       
 react to food-related stimuli.       
 operate generally with higher body levels of insulin.       
 * do all of the above.       
    

When obese people go on a diet to lose weight:         
 their metabolic rate tends to increase.       
 * fewer calories are needed to maintain the obese weight.       
 their metabolic rate remains increased for as long as their weight is below the obese set-point.       
 their metabolic rate returns to normal once they achieve the desired weight loss.       
    

Anorexia nervosa is to _____ as bulimia nervosa is to _____.         
 * distorted body image; binge-purge episodes       
 binge-purge episodes; use of laxatives       
 very underweight; very overweight       
 excessive exercise; fasting       
    

_____ is an eating disorder in which the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is extremely afraid of gaining weight or becoming fat, and has a distorted perception about the size of his or her body.         
 Obesity       
 * Anorexia nervosa       
 Bulimia nervosa       
 Homeostasis       
    

About four months ago, 16-year-old Amanda went on a drastic diet that caused her to drop from her normal weight of 120 pounds to less than 90 pounds.  Although her weight is dangerously low, she continues to undereat because she thinks she looks fat.  Amanda suffers from:         
 homeostasis.       
 obesity.       
 bulimia nervosa.       
 * anorexia nervosa.       
    

Sharon has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.  Which of the following is a key characteristic of her disorder?         
 being 15 to 20 percent above her ideal body weight       
 * a distorted perception of the size of her body       
 a complete loss of appetite       
 an interest only in high-fat foods       
    

_____ is an eating disorder in which a person engages in binge eating and then purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting or, less often, by taking laxatives or enemas.         
 Cholecystokinin       
 Anorexia nervosa       
 Homeostasis       
 * Bulimia nervosa       
    

Lana is about the right weight for her age and height.  Nevertheless, she is so preoccupied by her fear of becoming overweight that whenever she goes on an eating binge, she purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting.  It is likely that Lana suffers from:         
 anorexia nervosa.       
 homeostasis.       
 * bulimia nervosa.       
 obesity.       
    

Tannis has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.  Which of the following is a key characteristic of her eating disorder?         
 loss of appetite       
 being 15 to 20 percent below her ideal body weight       
 * binge eating and purging by self-induced vomiting       
 a distorted self-perception about body shape and body weight       
    

Approximately _____ percent of people with anorexia nervosa die from starvation, suicide, or physical complications arising from the extreme weight loss.         
 2       
 * 10       
 25       
 50       
    

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low is called:         
 the James-Lange theory.       
 * arousal theory.       
 the Cannon-Bard theory.       
 the cognitive-mediational theory.       
    

The desire to avoid boredom is to _____ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to _____ theory.         
 * arousal; drive       
 drive; arousal       
 humanistic; incentive       
 incentive; humanistic       
    

A monkey spends hours trying to open a complicated lock even though there is no incentive or reward for doing so.  The monkey's behavior is best explained by _____ theory.         
 drive       
 instinct       
 * arousal       
 incentive       
    

Dr. Pierpoint believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.  When that level is too low, we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences.  When it is too high, we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment.  Dr. Pierpoint's views are most consistent with:         
 the James-Lange theory.       
 * arousal theory.       
 the Cannon-Bard theory.       
 incentive theory.       
    

Six-year-old Patrick was very excited and curious when his parents took him to the circus for the first time. However, when the clowns climbed over the barrier and started playing tricks on some of the children nearby, Patrick became visibly upset. Patrick's initial curiosity and his later fear and apprehension in this situation are best explained by:         
 drive theory.       
 instinct theory.       
 incentive theory.       
 * arousal theory.       
    

Which of the following statements about the curiosity drive is FALSE?         
 * As a drive, curiosity first emerges around the second year of life.       
 Curiosity and exploratory behavior serve the purpose of helping us become familiar with our environment.       
 In expressing the curiosity drive, we "pace" the rate at which we expose ourselves to new or complex stimuli.       
 Curiosity becomes inhibited when exposure to a new or complex stimulus happens too fast for a particular person's comfort.       
    

Some children consistently respond positively to novel stimuli and easily adjust to changes in their environment, whereas other children consistently do not.  According to the textbook, these individual differences are often due to:         
 whether the parent is present in the situation.       
 * the child's temperamental qualities.       
 prior learning experiences.       
 whether the child has recently eaten.       
    

Sara is independent, open-minded, and loves adventurous outdoor activities such as downhill skiing, hang-gliding, and white water kayaking.  Sara is likely to be classified as:         
 an external.       
 mentally ill.       
 * a sensation seeker.       
 a nonexternal.       
    

People who are motivated to experience high levels of arousal associated with varied and novel activities are called:         
 externals.       
 nonexternals.       
 * sensation seekers.       
 anorexic.       
    

Among the following people, who would you classify as a sensation-seeking individual?         
 Aaron, who likes to watch others skydive       
 Josephine, who is a gymnast       
 Ronald, who plays doubles tennis       
 * Audrey, who goes white-water rafting       
    

Morris is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story about each picture.  Morris's stories are then coded in terms of achievement themes.  What test was Morris given?         
 * the Thematic Apperception Test       
 the McClelland Achievement Orientation Profile       
 the Rorschach       
 the WAIS       
    

Motivated behavior that is directed toward being capable and exercising control in a situation is called:         
 self-efficacy.       
 achievement motivation.       
 * competence motivation.       
 extrinsic motivation.       
    

Mark signed up for piano lessons to prove to himself that he could successfully master the challenge of learning to play the piano. What type of motivation is Mark displaying in this situation?       
 sensation seeking       
 achievement motivation       
 * competence motivation       
 arousal motivation       
    

Motivated behavior directed toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task is called:         
 curiosity.       
 * achievement motivation.       
 competence motivation.       
 extrinsic motivation.       
    

Hans bought a chess playing computer program and practices everyday because he is highly motivated to become the top chess player in the College Chess Club.  Hans's behavior and goal reflect a high level of:         
 * achievement motivation.       
 curiosity.       
 sensation seeking.       
 competence motivation.       
    

When Yuet-Ping went for career counseling she was given the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).  Her score on this test is most likely to reveal her level of:         
 emotionality.       
 * achievement motivation.       
 curiosity.       
 competence motivation.       
    

Which of the following is true regarding achievement motivation?         
 There is a fundamental drive for achievement that exists in people.       
 * Culture helps to shape the nature and expression of one's achievement motivation.       
 Achievement motivation does not fully develop in people until the ages of 25-30 years.       
 Achievement motivation is negatively correlated with sensation seeking.       
    

Achievement motivation is to competence motivation as _____ is to _____.         
 control; excelling       
 control; outperforming       
 * excelling; capable       
 capable; outperforming       
    

Diane went through college on a tennis scholarship. Now that she has a seven-year-old child, she wants to begin teaching her son how to play tennis.  To help increase her son's sense of self-efficacy in learning tennis, Diane should encourage him to:       
 stretch far beyond his capabilities by trying some of the most difficult tennis skills first.       
 * try his best and strive for progressive improvement rather than perfection.       
 strive for perfection the first time he tries a new tennis skill.       
 focus on what he does wrong and scold himself for performing a skill poorly.       
    

Some advertisements claim that subliminal tapes will quickly and easily produce changes in motivation, learning ability, attitudes, and creativity.  According to your textbook:         
 * there is no scientific support for the claims made for subliminal self-help tapes.       
 because university and college bookstores sell subliminal self-help tapes, they probably do improve study skills.       
 all these claims have been supported by scientific evidence.       
 subliminal self-help tapes are effective, but only if they are played loud enough.       
    

According to your textbook, subliminal self-help tapes:         
 contain clearly audible messages that give advice on how to improve one's life.       
 * contain messages that are below one's level of subjective awareness.       
 contain the sounds of ocean waves or relaxing music that are below one's level of subjective awareness.       
 contain audible messages that are recorded backward.       
    

In a study on the effectiveness of subliminal self-help tapes, college students were assigned to different groups. One group listened to subliminal self-help tapes designed to improve study habits and pass exams. A second group listened to fake subliminal tapes.  A third group didn't listen to any tapes. When the groups were compared on their final exam score and semester grade point average, what results were found?         
 The students who listened to the subliminal tapes scored significantly higher than the other two groups.       
 The students who did not listen to any tapes scored significantly lower than the other two groups.       
 The students who listened to the fake subliminal tapes scored significantly higher than the students who listened to the real subliminal tapes.       
 * There were no significant differences among the three groups.       
    

Albert Bandura defines _____ as the degree to which a person is subjectively convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a situation.         
 sensation seeking       
 * self-efficacy       
 curiosity       
 optimal arousal       
    

Gilbert is very confident about his ability to deal effectively with any situation that might arise in his job as a firefighter. Albert Bandura would probably classify Gilbert as a person with a high level of _____ in firefighting situations.         
 sensation seeking       
 curiosity       
 arousal       
 * self-efficacy       
    

How does a self-doubter differ from someone with high self-efficacy?         
 The self-doubter will consider a wide range of options but will have difficulty implementing any one of the options.       
 The self-doubter has high self-efficacy but does not recognize it and thus acts in an uncertain manner.       
 The self-doubter strives for high personal goals but does not really believe that he or she can achieve them.       
 * The self-doubter often chooses a half-baked solution and may abandon his or her efforts before achieving the solution.       
    

Cindy has to give a class presentation in two weeks but has yet to prepare for the presentation because she has convinced herself that she cannot do a good job.  Given what you know about increasing self-efficacy, what suggestion would you give her that would help her feel better about her ability to give the class presentation?         
 Have Cindy imagine giving a terrible presentation and feeling very high anxiety.  That will reduce her unrealistic fears.       
 Tell Cindy to ignore her fears and "just do it."       
 * Have Cindy observe someone who is very good a giving class presentations so she will know what works.       
 Tell Cindy to listen to a subliminal tape on anxiety reduction for class presentations.       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions to increase feelings of self-efficacy?         
 Positive self-talk and positive mental imagery can help improve self-efficacy.       
 Under some circumstances it can be helpful to observe and imitate the behavior of someone who is already competent at the task you want to master.       
 Striving to be optimistic, but not so optimistic as to delude yourself, is useful in developing self-efficacy.       
 * When you approach a moderately challenging task, you should strive for perfection on your first attempt at the task.       
    

_____ is a distinct psychological state that involves subjective experience, physical arousal, and a behavioral expression or response.         
 Motivation       
 * Emotion       
 Meditation       
 Self-actualization       
    

Emotion is to _____ as mood is to _____.         
 * intense and short lived; general, pervasive, and longer lasting       
 physiologically arousing; psychologically depressing       
 general, pervasive, and longer lasting; intense and short lived       
 psychologically arousing; physiologically depressing       
    

Ricardo has been feeling gloomy and generally discontented ever since the semester ended two weeks ago.  When he received his transcript in the mail and discovered that the lowest grade he got was a B+ he felt elated and overjoyed.  Ricardo's two states (pervasive gloominess and sudden intense joy) illustrate the difference between _____ and _____.         
 motivation; emotion       
 psychological states; physiological states       
 * moods; emotions       
 the James-Lange Theory; the Cannon-Bard Theory       
    

Emotion is a psychological state involving a number of distinct components. Which of the following is NOT one of those components?         
 subjective experience       
 physical arousal       
 a behavioral or expressive response       
 * homeostasis       
    

_____ are more likely to have a specific cause than _____.         
 Moods; motives       
 * Emotions; moods       
 Motives; moods       
 Moods; emotions       
    

Your older sister used your new computer and somehow managed to permanently erase all your files, including one containing a ten-page term paper due tomorrow!  According to the text, the anger you now feel involves:         
 a subjective conscious state.       
 physical changes.       
 behavioral or expressive responses.       
 * all of the above.       
    

If you put money in a vending machine for a second time without getting either a candy bar or your money returned, you will probably:         
 experience a subjective conscious state that you may label as "frustration" or "anger."       
 express your emotion in some sort of behavior, such as swearing, banging the machine, or complaining to someone.       
 experience physiological arousal.       
 * do all of the above       
    

Basic emotions are:         
 * universal and biological products of evolution.       
 found only in young children.       
 emotions that have only one of the three characteristics of emotions.       
 culturally determined emotions that are specific for that culture.       
    

Complex emotions are:         
 emotions that are difficult to understand.       
 * emotions produced from combinations of basic emotions.       
 universal emotions that are understood by all cultures.       
 usually experienced only by members of collectivistic cultures.       
    

Roger was just fired from his job.  He was very angry, but he also felt a bit relieved because he found the job so stressful.  Roger is experiencing:         
 * mixed emotions.       
 universal emotions.       
 basic emotions.       
 collectivistic emotions.       
    

Dr. Davis states that there are a limited number of universal emotions that are biologically determined products of evolution.  Dr. Davis's statement reflects the idea that there are:         
 blended emotions only.       
 self-fulfilling emotions only.       
 * basic emotions only.       
 mixed emotions only.       
    

Following the breakup of her relationship with her boyfriend, Rosa experienced a combination of relief, anger, jealousy, nostalgia, and depression.  Rosa's experience illustrates:         
 basic emotions only.       
 * mixed emotions.       
 the facial feedback hypothesis.       
 interpersonal disengagement.       
    

When his boss yelled at him and called him lazy and incompetent just because he was five minutes late for work, Joshua simultaneously felt embarrassment, guilt, anger, shame, and anxiety.  Joshua experienced:         
 homeostasis.       
 basic emotions only.       
 * a blend of emotions.       
 activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.       
    

Cross-cultural researchers are likely to find that different cultures arrange emotions:         
 * in very similar ways.       
 in very dissimilar ways.       
 along four dimensions instead of two.       
 along six dimensions instead of two.       
    

If researchers were to find that different cultures arrange and describe emotions in very similar ways this would suggest that:         
 emotions are influenced by cultural factors.       
 * emotions are universal.       
 blended emotions are a product of our common evolutionary past but basic emotions are influenced by culture.       
 mixed emotions are a product of our common evolutionary past but basic emotions are influenced by culture.       
    

The two most basic dimensions of emotion are _____ and _____.         
 * pleasantness; arousal       
 interdependent; interpersonal       
 stability; instability       
 good emotions; bad emotions       
    

Compared to individualistic cultures, researchers have found that in Japan, a collectivistic culture:        
 only basic emotions are experienced.       
 almost all emotions are experienced with a much lower degree of arousal.       
 almost all emotions are experienced with a much higher degree of arousal.       
 * an important aspect of emotional experience is the degree to which an emotion involves relationships with others.       
    

Cross-cultural researchers have found that Japanese and other collectivistic cultures added a third emotional dimension, called _____, to the two basic emotional dimensions of pleasantness and arousal.         
 interdependent attachment       
 * interpersonal engagement       
 independent attachment       
 collectivist engagement       
    

People who experience very intense positive emotions:         
 almost never experience negative emotions.       
 * also tend to experience very intense negative emotions.       
 tend to be liked less than people who are more inhibited in their expression of emotions.       
 are more likely to suffer from depression than people who experience very intense negative emotions.       
    

Emotionally expressive people _____ than people who are more inhibited in their expression of emotions.         
 * tend to be better liked       
 tend to be more disliked       
 are more likely to have interpersonal problems       
 are more likely to suffer from depression       
    

Mario is very emotionally expressive.  Compared to people who are more inhibited in their expression of emotion, it is probable that Mario:         
 has very few friends.       
 suffers from chronic depression.       
 * is very well liked.       
 is low in achievement motivation.       
    

When Jana took her first driving lesson, she experienced a number of physiological reactions, such as a racing heart, sweaty palms, and tension in her muscles.  These physiological reactions involved the activation of her _____ nervous system.         
 somatic       
 * sympathetic       
 parasympathetic       
 skeletal       
    

Walking home late at night after watching a scary movie at a friend's house, Arlene suddenly hears a strange, shrill noise that almost sounds like a distant scream.  Her heartbeat and blood pressure increase, her muscles tense, her mouth goes dry, and she begins to perspire.  Arlene is experiencing the _____ component of emotion that is due to the activation of her _____.         
 psychological; endocrine system       
 * physiological; sympathetic nervous system       
 subjective; parasympathetic nervous system       
 expressive; autonomic nervous system       
    

In studies investigating the physiological components of emotion, researchers have found:         
 that the same pattern of physiological changes occurs for both positive and negative emotions.       
 * that anger produces a marked increase in skin temperature whereas fear produces a decrease in skin temperature.       
 significant cross-cultural differences in patterns of physiological arousal for positive and negative emotions.       
 that anger produces a dramatic increase in heartbeat whereas fear produces a marked decrease in heart rate.       
    

Research on physiological patterns associated with emotion using the EEG has led some researchers to conclude that the LEFT hemisphere is specialized for emotions that are related to the tendency to:         
 * approach a pleasant stimulus.       
 approach an unpleasant stimulus.       
 withdraw from a pleasant stimulus.       
 withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus.       
    

Which of the following statements about gender and emotion is TRUE?         
 Scientific evidence shows that there are no differences in either the degree of emotion experienced or in the expression of emotions in males and females.       
 Males are much more emotionally expressive than are females in every culture studied.       
 In private situations, women show less emotion than do men, but in public situations, men display much less emotion than do women.       
 * In American culture, women tend to be more emotionally expressive than are men.       
    

The textbook discusses research on the issue of gender differences in the experience of emotion.  In general, the research indicates that:         
 contrary to the popular stereotype that women are more emotional, men and women do not differ in terms of emotional expressiveness or responsiveness.       
 contrary to the popular stereotype that women are more emotional, men are actually more emotionally expressive and responsive.       
 * parents are more likely to encourage emotional closeness with female children and encourage male children to control their emotions.       
 men and women do not differ in terms of how they express anger.       
    

Lena often expresses her anger in private but never in public.  Her husband Leonard sometimes expresses his anger in public but would be very embarrassed to be caught crying in public.  This example illustrates:         
 * cultural norms or rules for emotional expression.       
 the facial feedback hypothesis.       
 innate characteristics of emotional expression.       
 interpersonal engagement rules.       
    

Which of the following statements is NOT true?         
 Women rate their emotions as being more emotionally intense than men.       
 Women value emotional expressiveness in themselves and in others.       
 Men are less likely to express their emotions freely than are women.       
 * Men are less physiologically reactive than women to film clips eliciting fear.       
    

Which factor can account for gender differences in the expression of emotions?         
 There is a genetic predisposition for women to express their emotions more freely than men.       
 The nervous systems of women are more reactive to emotionally stimuli than men.       
 * There are strong gender-role expectations concerning emotional expressiveness and emotional sensitivity.       
 Since women have greater communication between the two hemispheres of the brain than men they are better able to process emotional information.       
    

Which statement is most accurate regarding emotional expression for men and women?         
 Girls and boys are treated equally in terms of emotional expression until they reach adolescence, after which they are treated differently.       
 Whereas women are more emotional than men under certain conditions, men are viewed as the "emotional specialists" because of their emotional control.       
 * Parents often insist that boys control their emotions but tend to emphasize emotional closeness to their daughters.       
 Men are more aware of the true emotional exchanges in a relationship than women but are less likely to react to these exchanges.       
    

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between emotions and physiological arousal?         
 * Different physiological arousal patterns have been found for different emotions.       
 Most emotions have the same physiological arousal pattern since the arousal is based upon activation of the sympathetic nervous system.       
 Different physiological arousal patterns are seen with negative emotions but not with positive emotions.       
 Positive emotions have more intense physiological arousal patterns than do negative emotions.       
    

When Belinda applied for a job as a security guard, she was told that as part of her evaluation she would be given a polygraph test.  Which of the following statements is FALSE?         
 * The polygraph test will reliably determine if she is lying.       
 It is possible that she could be judged guilty of lying even if she is telling the truth.       
 Similar patterns of physiological arousal are associated with guilt, anxiety, and irritation, and the polygraph cannot distinguish among them.       
 Because of the high error rate, many states do not allow polygraph results to be used as evidence in court.       
    

Which of the following statements about the polygraph, or lie detector, is FALSE?         
 It measures a few specific indicators of physiological arousal, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and the GSR.       
 It does not actually detect lies.       
 It is based on the idea that people will react emotionally, and with increased arousal, when lying in response to incriminating questions.       
 * It can distinguish among anxiety, guilt, fear, and anger.       
    

The polygraph is:         
 * an instrument that measures a few specific indicators of physiological arousal, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response.       
 extremely accurate in determining if a person is lying.       
 also known as an EEG.       
 accurate in distinguishing between the emotional reaction of anxiety versus the emotional reaction of guilt.       
    

The textbook describes a study in which polygraph experts interpreted the polygraph results of 50 suspects who were later shown to be guilty of theft and 50 suspects who were later shown to be not guilty.  This study found that the polygraph experts were:         
 accurate almost 99 percent of the time.       
 completely accurate in identifying the guilty people but not the innocent people.       
 completely accurate in identifying the innocent people but not the guilty people.       
 * wrong at least 25 percent of the time in judging whether people were innocent or guilty of the crime.       
    

Polygraphs, or lie detectors:         
 detect lies.       
 * measure arousal.       
 measure all physiological indicators of emotion.       
 accurately reflect the differences among different emotions.       
    

The idea behind the workings of a lie detector is that:         
 * people will react with increased arousal when lying in response to incriminating questions.       
 different emotions all have similar physiological arousal patterns when a person is lying.       
 any physiological arousal pattern indicates that a person is lying.       
 people can control their emotions and the accompanying physiological arousal patterns except when they are hooked up to a lie detector.       
    

Many studies have shown that the use of lie detectors can result in a high rate of "false positives."  This means that:         
 people who lie ("false") are "positively" identified.       
 people who lie are judged to be telling the truth.       
 * innocent people are judged to be lying.       
 people who tell the truth ("positive") are judged not to be lying ("false").       
    

Jeremy was required to take a lie detector test before he could be hired at the bank. Although Jeremy told the truth, the person administering the test said that Jeremy was lying.  Because Jeremy supposedly failed the lie detector test, he did not get the job with the bank.  Jeremy was the victim of:         
 a highly unlikely, event since polygraphs are very accurate.       
 * an incorrect judgment called a "false positive."       
 an incorrect judgment called a "true negative."       
 a malicious plot to keep him from getting the bank job.       
    

Four-week-old Cecily is her parents' delight.  Her parents are particularly happy to see that, at her young age, Cecily is able to show emotional expression.  Which expression can Cecily show at her age?         
 fear       
 anger       
 sadness       
 * disgust       
    

Paul Ekman, a leading researcher in the expression of emotion, has estimated that the human face is capable of:         
 creating only a few basic expressions.       
 expressing basic emotions only and not mixed emotions.       
 * creating over 7,000 different expressions.       
 expressing 50 mixed emotions, 20 blended emotions, and 10 basic emotions.       
    

After Angela received her bachelor's degree, she gave her friends and family members a big hug and kiss.  Angela is displaying the _____ component of her emotional state.         
 physiological       
 subjective       
 cognitive       
 * expressive or behavioral       
    

When people are shown two pictures of a person and asked to distinguish between the "true" smile of joy and the smile that is masking negative emotions, they:         
 are usually unable to do so and guess randomly.       
 * can easily distinguish between the two.       
 usually think the "fake" smile is the "true" smile.       
 usually think the "true" smile is the "fake" smile.       
    

Dr. Allard coded different facial expressions by carefully analyzing which facial muscles are involved in producing different emotions such as disgust, surprise, sadness, anger, happiness, and fear.  If Dr. Allard tests infants under one year of age, he is likely to conclude that:         
 infants learn to express emotions by imitating the expressions of those around them.       
 * facial expressions for basic emotions are innate, or inborn, rather than learned.       
 infants under one year of age express only two emotions, rage and joy.       
 all the known emotions are present at birth.       
    

One-year-old Allison was born blind and deaf.  According to research presented in the text Allison:         
 will not be able to express the basic emotions because of her disabilities.       
 will display all the known emotions during her first year.       
 * will express emotions such as joy, anger, and pleasure using the same facial expressions as other children.       
 will display only the social smile but will not be able to express any of the other basic emotions.       
    

Dr. Yamomoto is very careful to hide her true feelings and control her facial expressions when she is in the presence of the senior administrators in the hospital in which she works.  This example illustrates:         
 genetic predispositions.       
 the facial feedback hypothesis.       
 * display rules of her culture.       
 physiological components of emotion.       
    

The social and cultural rules that regulate the expression of emotion, particularly facial expressions, are called:         
 incentive rules.       
 facial feedback norms.       
 * display rules.       
 innate rules.       
    

Dr. Pecchia's research focuses on emotions.  If she is like most experts in this area, she is likely to agree with which of the following statements?         
 * Although facial expressions of basic emotions seem to be innate, we are still able to control our facial expressions.       
 The majority of emotions are a function of learning, and we cannot control our facial expressions once they are learned.       
 Facial expressions of emotion are innate, and therefore we are unable to control our facial expressions.       
 Women are much more capable than men of controlling their facial expressions of emotion.       
    

The fact that people from a wide variety of cultures express and interpret facial expressions of basic emotions in a similar manner is evidence for the influence of:         
 * genetic factors.       
 environmental factors.       
 cognitive factors.       
 display rules.       
    

Although facial expressions of emotion seem to be innate and, to a certain degree, universal among human cultures, we are still able to exert control over our facial expressions.  This finding suggests that the expression of emotion:         
 is determined entirely by display rules.       
 is influenced entirely by genetic factors.       
 * can be affected by culture and environmental factors.       
 is entirely psychological.       
    

Theories of emotion differ in terms of which components of emotion they emphasize.  Which of the following is NOT one of those components?         
 physical responses.       
 expressive behaviors.       
 * genetic predispositions.       
 subjective experience.       
    

The theory that emotions arise from the perception and interpretation of bodily changes is called the _____ theory of emotion.         
 * James-Lange       
 two-factor       
 Cannon-Bard       
 cognitive-mediational       
    

When Dario took his first ride on the big ferris wheel, he looked down at the fairground one hundred feet below him and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. Suddenly he felt frightened. Dario's emotional experience is best explained by which theory of emotion?         
 the facial feedback hypothesis       
 * the James-Lange theory       
 the Cannon-Bard theory       
 the cognitive-mediational theory       
    

Whenever she sees Vito, Rebecca's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside.  Rebecca now believes that she must be in love with Vito.  Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?         
 the cognitive-mediational theory       
 the facial feedback hypothesis       
 * the James-Lange theory       
 the Cannon-Bard theory       
    

Walter Cannon challenged the James-Lange theory, criticizing it on several grounds.  Which of the following is one of those criticisms?         
 The James-Lange theory over emphasized the importance of physiological reactions.       
 Cannon argued that the James-Lange theory failed to consider the importance of thoughts in emotional reactions.       
 * Cannon pointed out that bodily reactions are similar for many emotions, yet our subjective experience of various emotions is very different.       
 The James-Lange theory only described the nature of emotions but failed to explain how they occur.       
    

In the 1920s, American physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that:        
 physiological reactions are very different for different emotions.       
 * research has consistently shown that our emotional reaction to a stimulus occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus.       
 when physiological changes are artificially induced, such as when a person is given a drug to speed up heart rate, the person immediately experiences the emotion of either fear or anger.       
 people who are paralyzed because of a spinal cord injury do not experience emotion.       
    

Which of the following has provided limited support for the James-Lange theory?         
 * the facial-feedback hypothesis       
 the two-factor theory       
 the Cannon-Bard theory       
 the homeostatic hypothesis of emotion       
    

Bob is a spinal-cord injured patient with very little physical sensation or movement below his shoulders, yet he experiences emotions just as intensely as before the accident that caused his injury.  This finding poses a problem primarily for the:         
 cognitive-mediational theory of emotion.       
 facial feedback hypothesis.       
 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.       
 * James-Lange theory of emotion.       
    

Whenever he is feeling gloomy, Lloyd sings the song "Put on a Happy Face."  According to the facial feedback hypothesis, if he follows the advice of the song Lloyd is likely to:         
 become more depressed.       
 experience little or no change in his emotions.       
 irritate most people he comes in contact with.       
 * experience an elevation in his mood.       
    

The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that:         
 physiological arousal always follows the subjective experience of an emotion.       
 physiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion occur simultaneously.       
 * expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, influences the subjective experience of that particular emotion.       
 emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of the situation.       
    

Which of the following words or phrases best characterizes the two-factor theory?         
 simultaneous activation       
 * cognitive interpretation       
 facial feedback       
 homeostasis       
    

According to the _____ theory of emotion, physiological arousal and the subjective conscious experience of emotion occur simultaneously rather than one causing the other to occur.       
 * Cannon-Bard       
 two-factor       
 James-Lange       
 cognitive-mediational       
    

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the subjective experience of an emotion:         
 can occur only before physiological arousal.       
 can occur only after physiological arousal.       
 is solely a function of cognitive interpretation.       
 * occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal.       
    

When her car skidded out of control on the icy highway, Nicole's heart began to beat faster and at the same time she felt very alarmed and scared.  This example illustrates which theory of emotion?         
 the two-factor theory       
 the James-Lange theory       
 the cognitive-mediational theory       
 * the Cannon-Bard theory       
    

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion is called the:         
 cognitive-mediational theory.       
 two-factor theory.       
 * facial feedback hypothesis.       
 Cannon-Bard theory.       
    

When people act happy or fearful, they feel happier or more afraid.  This finding lends some support to the _____ theory of emotion.         
 * James-Lange       
 Cannon-Bard       
 Schachter two-factor       
 cognitive-mediational model       
    

Dr. Medely believes that emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal.  Dr. Medely's view is most consistent with the _____ theory of emotion.         
 cognitive-mediational       
 Cannon-Bard       
 James-Lange       
 * two-factor       
    

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by:         
 * Schachter and Singer.       
 James and Lange.       
 Cannon and Bard.       
 Lazarus and Eckman.       
    

While writing a very tough final exam, Pietro noticed that his heart was pounding and his palms were sweaty.  Pietro thought about it and decided that his pounding heart and sweaty palms were caused by anxiety.  This best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.         
 facial feedback       
 * two-factor       
 Cannon-Bard       
 opponent-process       
    

After a ride on the very frightening roller coaster with Helga, Manfred's heart was beating fast, his hands were sweating, and his knees were trembling.  He looked at Helga and concluded that he must be falling love with her.  Manfred's emotional experience can best be explained by the:         
 homeostatic theory of emotion.       
 facial feedback hypothesis.       
 * two-factor theory of emotion.       
 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.       
    

The results of Schachter and Singer's experiment in which subjects were injected with epinephrine just before spending time in either a "happy" condition or an "angry" condition support the idea that:         
 * emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label we apply to explain the arousal.       
 most emotions can be experienced apart from physiological arousal.       
 physiological arousal can cause the experience of emotions in the absence of a cognitive label.       
 expressing a specific emotion facially causes the subjective experience of that emotion.       
    

After a very competitive and strenuous game of tennis, Zelda got back to her car only to find she had received a parking ticket.  According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, Zelda is likely to:         
 feel little or no emotion.       
 * experience more intense emotions than if she had not had a vigorous workout.       
 experience less intense emotions than if she had not had a vigorous workout.       
 experience a sharp decrease of CCK in her bloodstream.       
    

Shortly after he finished a strenuous aerobic workout, Gary went on a date with Tricia.  According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Gary's perception of Tricia's attractiveness:         
 * may be influenced by his physiological arousal.       
 is not likely to be influenced by his physiological arousal.       
 will depend entirely on her level of physiological arousal.       
 will depend on the attractiveness of the other women he sees while on the date.       
    

The theory that emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of a situation's effect on personal well-being is called the:         
 Schachter-Singer two-factor theory.       
 Cannon-Bard theory.       
 James-Lange theory.       
 * cognitive-mediational theory.       
    

Dr. Sheenan believes that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response and that all other components of emotion, including physiological arousal, follow from the initial cognitive appraisal.  Dr. Sheenan's views are most consistent with those of:         
 * Richard Lazarus.       
 Stanley Schachter.       
 William James.       
 Walter Cannon.       
    

Sitting side by side, Amy and Howard watched the television as the news reporter announced, "With the votes from the remaining counties, there's no question that Senator Smith has won reelection!"  At that moment, Howard jumped off the couch and cheered with joy, and Amy stomped angrily out of the room.  Which theory of emotion BEST accounts for their different reactions to the same information?         
 Cannon-Bard theory of emotion       
 the facial feedback theory of emotion       
 James-Lange theory of emotion       
 * Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory of emotion       
    

According to _____, how an individual cognitively appraises the personal significance of any event will determine the emotion experienced.         
 Paul Ekman       
 * Richard Lazarus       
 William James and James Lange       
 Walter Cannon       
    

According to Lazarus, the most important aspect of an emotional experience is our _____ the emotion-causing stimulus.         
 physiological arousal to       
 behavioral reactions to       
 social reactions to       
 * cognitive interpretation of       
    

Critics of the cognitive-mediational approach have argued that:         
 physiological reactions occur AFTER a cognitive appraisal has occurred, not before.       
 * emotional reactions are virtually instantaneous and thus too rapid to allow for cognitive appraisal.       
 this model fails to account for the role of cognitive labels in producing physiological reactions.       
 this model neglects to explain the role of behavior in emotion.       
    

How might emotion best be conceptualized?         
 as a physiological process       
 as a cognitive process       
 * as a dynamic system       
 as a homeostatic system       
    

Elinor thinks that emotion is best conceptualized as a dynamic system in which cognitive appraisals, physiological arousal, and behavioral expression all contribute to subjective emotional experience.  Elinor's position is most consistent with:         
 Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory.       
 * the interactive approach to emotion.       
 Lazarus's cognitive-mediational model.       
 the facial feedback hypothesis.       
    

The interactive approach to emotion suggests that _____ contribute(s) to subjective emotional experience.         
 cognitive appraisals       
 physiological arousal       
 behavioral expression       
 * all of the above       
    

Which of the following factors is the strongest predictor of life satisfaction?         
 being wealthy       
 the quality of your health       
 * the quality of your interpersonal relationships       
 enjoyment of leisure activities       
    

A person's degree of life satisfaction is one of the two components underlying happiness.  What is the other component?         
 * how often a person experiences positive emotions       
 how much free time a person has       
 the absence of any physical ailments or serious health problems       
 being wealthy       
    

Which of the following statements BEST expresses the relationship between income and life satisfaction?         
 Wealthy people have the highest degree of life satisfaction.       
 There is no relationship between income level and a person's degree of life satisfaction.       
 * If you have an income level and standard of living that is comparable to your friends and neighbors, it will have a positive effect on your degree of life satisfaction.       
 A person's income level is the strongest predictor of how much life satisfaction he or she will feel.       
    

The textbook makes several suggestions to increase happiness.  Which of the following is NOT a suggested way to increase your level of happiness?         
 spend quality time with the people who matter the most in your life       
 strive to be more social and outgoing       
 * choose a career that will allow you to make the most money possible, even if it is a career that is not particularly interesting or meaningful to you       
 focus on the positive things in your life rather than dwelling on past negative events       
    

People who are prone to experience intense positive emotions:         
 * are also more prone to experience intense negative emotions.       
 report greater happiness than people who do not experience intense positive emotions.       
 have a higher income than people who do not experience intense positive emotions.       
 rate their emotion of happiness as very high but rate their life satisfaction as very low.       
    

Emotion is formally defined as the forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Activation is to emotion as persistence is to motivation.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Instinct theories state that humans are born motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of genetic programming.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Instinct theorists of motivation drew their inspiration from the work of Sigmund Freud in devising lists of instincts to account for human behavior.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

An obvious problem with the early instinct theories of motivation was that such theories only explained behavior without really identifying behavior.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Drive theories cannot adequately explain behaviors directed toward increasing tension and physiological arousal.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Drive theories propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs, such as hunger or thirst.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Homeostasis refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Humanistic theories suggest that we are innately motivated to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of our personal potential.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Incentive theories of motivation propose that behavior is largely affected by incentives to reduce internal physiological states.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Drive theories "push" motivated behavior, whereas incentive theories "pull" motivated behavior.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

The hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs was developed by Walter Cannon.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Self-actualization is defined by Maslow as "the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities."         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

A hormone that seems to play a role in signaling satiation, or fullness, is called cholecystokinin (CCK).         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Insulin is a hormone found in the brain that regulates eating behavior.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

In Rodin's research, she identified people who are highly responsive to food-related stimuli as externals.  Rodin referred to people who are less responsive to food-related stimuli as nonexternals.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus results in an animal that overeats until it is obese.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Judith Rodin used the term anorexic to refer to people who are highly responsive to environmental food-related stimuli.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

When a particular area of the hypothalamus called the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is damaged in an experimental animal, the animal will eat until it becomes obese.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

The rate at which the body uses energy for vital bodily functions when at rest is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR).         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Subliminal weight is the particular weight that is set and maintained by increases or decreases in  basal metabolic rate.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Several lines of research suggest that our bodies monitor the number and size of fat cells to maintain our particular set-point weight.         
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

When a person loses a significant amount of weight, the size and number of fat cells in that person's body decrease.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

For the vast majority of obese people, some specific physical cause is responsible for the excessive weight, such as a brain tumor or a hereditary disease.         
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person engages in binge eating and then purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting or, less often, by taking laxatives or enemas.         
 * True        
 False