The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:           
 * cognition.         
 perception.         
 learning.         
 sensation.       
    

Dr. Roberto investigates the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. Dr. Roberto's area of research is:           
 sensation.         
 perception.         
 * cognition.         
 learning.       
    

A key dimension of _____ is how we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve problems, and use language.           
 perception         
 sensation         
 * intelligence         
 memory       
    

Dr. Gerhardt is a cognitive psychologist.  His research interests are likely to include the mental activities involved in:           
 acquiring knowledge.         
 retaining knowledge.         
 using knowledge.         
 * all of the above.       
    

Thinking often involves the manipulation of two forms of mental representations:           
 * concepts and mental images.         
 perception and intelligence.         
 learning and cognition.         
 prototypes and concepts.       
    

The psychological process that involves manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions is called:           
 perception.         
 sensation.         
 * thinking.         
 learning.       
    

_____ involves active mental processes and is often directed toward some goal, purpose, or conclusion.           
 Perception         
 * Thinking         
 Sensation         
 Learning       
    

As part of his homework assignment, Kenny memorized the names of all the planets in the solar system, learned the distance between the Earth and the Sun, decided what items he still needed to research in the library, and spent some time daydreaming about space travel.  In the most general sense, Kenny was engaged in:           
 * thinking.         
 functional fixedness.         
 constructing an algorithm.         
 developing a heuristic.       
    

While Mary was reading a story about the Australian outback adventures of Billy and his dog, she had no problem visualizing the arid countryside, the unusual animals that lived there, and the various people that Billy and his dog got involved with. Mary is using:           
 * mental imagery.         
 a prototype.         
 a natural concept.         
 a heuristic.       
    

A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a:           
 concept.         
 * mental image.         
 prototype.         
 heuristic.       
    

Joseph is trying to select a new couch for his living room.  As he looks at each couch at the furniture store, he tries to visualize how it would look in his living room at home. Joseph is using _____ to help him determine which couch to buy.           
 a prototype         
 a natural concept         
 a formal concept         
 * mental imagery       
    

Research on the cognitive ability to manipulate mental images by scanning them indicates that the _____ the distance between two points on the mental image, the _____ time it will take to scan.           
 greater; less         
 * greater; more         
 shorter; more         
 There is no relationship between distance and time taken to mentally scan an image       
    

It seems that we tend to scan a mental image in much the same way that we visually scan an actual image.  However, we don't simply look at mental images in our minds.  Sometimes our thinking involves the _____ of the mental images.           
 conceptual development         
 * manipulation         
 development of a heuristic         
 insight       
    

When Henry is asked to pick out the two instances of the letter E that are backward from a list consisting of the letter E in different orientations, he is very likely to:           
 * mentally rotate each into an upright position.         
 be unable to complete the task.         
 respond just as quickly as he would to a list of E's all in the correct orientations.         
 mentally rotate each into a backward position.       
    

The mental categories we have formed to group objects, events, or situations that share similar features or characteristics are called:           
 * concepts.         
 mental images.         
 algorithms.         
 heuristics.       
    

Mary had trouble recognizing that snails can be a food because snails did not fit with her _____ of food.           
 * concept         
 heuristic         
 algorithm         
 generative idea       
    

Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____.           
 mental image; physical object         
 * defining rules and features; everyday experience         
 prototype; heuristic         
 physical object; mental image       
    

When we form a concept by learning the rules or features that define a particular concept, it is called a(n) _____ concept.           
 informal         
 * formal         
 unnatural         
 natural       
    

Which of the following is NOT true about concepts?           
 Concepts economize the cognitive effort required for thinking.         
 Concepts make it easier to communicate with people.         
 * Concepts make learning information more difficult but remembering information easier.         
 Thinking can be more efficient since concepts can be organized into orderly hierarchies.       
    

Beverly is a dietician who teaches people about the food pyramid for nutrition.  In this pyramid are such categories as breads and grains, fruits and vegetables, dairy and protein products, and fats.  Teaching about the food pyramid is fairly easy for Beverly because:           
 everyone has to eat and therefore everyone understands the different kinds of foods.         
 everyone understands geometric concepts.         
 the media has bombarded people with the importance of limiting their fat intake.         
 * the information is presented in a conceptual hierarchy with the main category of food and the subcategories as breads and grains, fruits and vegetables, dairy and protein products, and fats.       
    

Four year-old Sarah came to the university with her dad and sat in his class while he lectured.  After class, Sarah inquired about a particular "boy" in class.  Her dad was confused because he could not identify the boy that Sarah was talking about.  After some discussion, Sarah's dad realized that Sarah had mistaken a very pretty female student as a "very pretty boy."  This student was dressed in clothes that might be male or female and had a ponytail, something that Sarah had seen both boys and girls wear.  What might account for Sarah's perception of the female student as a "pretty boy"?           
 Sarah is too young to know the differences between boys and girls.         
 * Sarah's natural concept of males and females has fuzzy boundaries.         
 Sarah has generalized her formal concept of college students to include both boys and girls.         
 Sarah's prototypes of boys and girls are clearly different, but her formal concept of  boys and girls is less clear.       
    

A concept that is formed as a result of everyday experience, rather than by learning strict rules or features, is called a(n) _____ concept.           
 informal         
 formal         
 unnatural         
 * natural       
    

In his chemistry class Milton learned the rules and features used for classifying certain chemical compounds.  Milton has learned a(n) _____ concept.           
 * formal         
 natural         
 informal         
 unnatural       
    

Psychologist Eleanor Rosch noted that the rules or attributes that define categories of natural objects and events in everyday life are seldom as clear and distinct as those that define formal concepts.  She suggested that natural concepts have:           
 few defining features.         
 * fuzzy boundaries.         
 no defining features.         
 arbitrary boundaries.       
    

With virtually no hesitation you can say that pigs, sheep, and cows are all examples of the concept of mammal, but you may hesitate a few seconds before deciding whether whales and porpoises are also mammals.  This suggests that _____ concepts have fuzzy boundaries and that pigs, sheep, and cows are _____ of the concept mammal.           
 formal; prototypes         
 * natural; prototypes         
 formal; algorithms         
 natural; algorithms       
    

In general, we can quickly identify an item as being an example of a natural concept if the item:           
 * closely matches the prototype of the concept.         
 is very different from the prototype of the concept.         
 has different defining features from the prototype of the concept.         
 is the opposite of the prototype of the concept.       
    

When Hillary was asked what comes to mind in response to the word "animal," she immediately said "horse."  For Hillary, "horse" is a(n) _____ of the category "animal."           
 * prototype         
 formal concept         
 heuristic         
 additive feature       
    

Rachel took longer to agree with the statement "an ostrich is a bird" than the statement "a crow is a bird," because for Rachel an ostrich is dissimilar to her _____ of the category "bird."           
 formal concept         
 heuristic         
 * prototype         
 natural concept       
    

Which of the following BEST defines a prototype?           
 * the most typical instance of a particular concept         
 a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience         
 a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it         
 a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present       
    

A natural concept is:           
 the most typical instance of a particular concept.         
 * a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience.         
 a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.         
 a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present.       
    

Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept?           
 the most typical instance of a particular concept         
 a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience         
 * a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it         
 a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present       
    

The word school is used to describe the place where teachers and students can be found.  It can also be used to describe a college, a kindergarten, and a place in which people learn to cut hair or play a musical instrument.  School in this example is a:           
 formal concept.         
 * natural concept.         
 prototype.         
 heuristic.       
    

Thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available is called:           
 a prototype.         
 a natural concept.         
 a formal concept.         
 * problem solving.       
    

When Valerie decided to return to college, she had to figure out how she was going to support herself financially and still maintain a high grade-point average. Valerie is engaged in:           
 * problem solving.         
 concept formation.         
 prototypical thinking.         
 idealistic thinking.       
    

When Andy was faced with a dilemma, he first identified and defined the problem.  Next, he explored possible solutions and then selected and acted on a strategy.  Finally, he looked back and evaluated his solution.  Andy is using:           
 prototypical thinking.         
 concept formation.         
 * the IDEAL problem solver technique.         
 trial and error thinking.       
    

Problem solving is defined as:           
 * thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.         
 the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.         
 the mental activities that involve learning rules and features.         
 the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.       
    

After a fuse blew out in Nancy's apartment, she immediately called up her friend and said, "I've got a real problem here.  The fuse blew and I have no electricity.  Can you come over and fix it?  I don't know how."  Nancy's friend went to her house and explained that all she had to do was remove the old fuse, compare the size of the fuse with the spare fuses she had, find the fuse that matched, and replace the fuse.  It sounds like Nancy is not very good at which part of the IDEAL problem-solving approach?           
 * explore possible strategies or solutions         
 identify the problem         
 look back and evaluate the solution         
 define and represent the problem       
    

Trial and error is defined as:           
 * a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.         
 the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.       
    

When John's car would not start, he figured that the battery was dead and that he had better get a jump start from his neighbor.  This example involved which steps in the IDEAL problem solver technique?           
 identifying the problem         
 defining the problem         
 exploring possible strategies or solutions         
 * all of the above       
    

Doris used a problem-solving strategy that involved identifying and defining the problem, exploring possible strategies, and acting on one.  Finally, she sat back and evaluated the solution.  Doris appears to have used a problem solving approach called the _____.           
 additive model         
 single feature model         
 elimination by aspects model         
 * IDEAL problem solver       
    

Dr. Milovitch systematically mixed thousands of different combinations of chemical compounds in order to find one that would be a pollution-free refrigerator coolant.  Dr. Milovitch's approach best illustrates:           
 * trial-and-error problem solving.         
 functional fixedness.         
 prototypical thinking.         
 insight.       
    

When Nadine got her new computer, she carefully followed the steps described in the manual, and by the end of the evening her new computer was up and running. Nadine used:           
 * an algorithm.         
 a heuristic.         
 insight.         
 trial and error.       
    

In problem solving, an algorithm is defined as:           
 a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.         
 * a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution.         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.         
 the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.       
    

When there is a limited range of possible solutions, the _____ procedure can be a useful problem-solving strategy.           
 algorithm         
 formal concept         
 * trial-and-error         
 insight       
    

An algorithm is to a heuristic as _____ is(are) to _____.           
 formal concept; natural concept         
 trial and error; insight         
 intelligence; problem solving         
 * specific rules; general rules       
    

Nine-year-old Ashley and six-year-old Daniel go to the candy store with one dollar in change that their Dad gave them to buy candy.  Daniel starts to pick every candy he sees, but Ashley stops him and says, "Dan, we only have a dollar and that's fifty cents for each of us.  So, I'll help you figure out what you can get for fifty cents."  What kind of problem-solving strategy best characterizes Ashley's approach?           
 an algorithm         
 insight         
 * working backward heuristic         
 trial and error       
    

When Gregory was asked how many days there were in the month of August he recited the rhyme, "30 days hath September, April, June, and November... " and quickly arrived at the correct solution.  Gregory used:           
 an algorithm.         
 * a heuristic.         
 insight.         
 trial and error.       
    

David and Alice plan to honeymoon in Tahiti. They figure out the total cost of the trip and then decide how much they will have to put aside each week in order to be able to pay for their holiday.  David and Alice are using:           
 insight.         
 * the working backward heuristic.         
 trial-and-error planning.         
 an algorithm.       
    

Thornton learns that his apartment building has been sold and that he needs to move by the end of the month.  He develops the following plan of action: 1) look for a new apartment; 2) arrange for utilities; 3) contact a moving company and schedule the move; 4) start collecting empty boxes; 5) pack nonessential items first; and so forth.  What kind of problem-solving strategy is Thornton using to solve the problem of moving before the end of the month?           
 * a subgoal analysis heuristic         
 trial-and-error planning         
 an algorithm         
 functional fixedness       
    

After dwelling on the problem for weeks and talking to many of her, professors, Chen still could not decide on a suitable honors project.  While practicing her meditation one morning, she suddenly realized what she wanted to do.  Chen's sudden realization of the answer to her problem is an example of:           
 trial and error.         
 a heuristic.         
 an algorithm.         
 * insight.       
    

Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic?           
 the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution         
 * a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work       
    

Insight is defined as:           
 a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution.         
 a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.         
 * the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.       
    

When Don was faced with the problem of fixing the faucet in his kitchen, he suddenly realized that he didn't have to hire a costly plumber but could fix it himself using a piece of rubber from an old inner tube.  This example illustrates:           
 * insight.         
 intuition.         
 the availability heuristic.         
 the representativeness heuristic.       
    

Which statement best characterizes the process of insight?           
 * Insight rarely occurs through the conscious manipulation of concepts or information.         
 Insight involves a systematic search of thoughts and ideas that will lead to a  solution.         
 Insight often involves using the working backward approach for problem solving.         
 People can be trained to use insight as an algorithm approach for problem solving.       
    

Functional fixedness is defined as:           
 * the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.         
 the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved.         
 the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.         
 the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.       
    

A mental set is defined as:           
 the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way.         
 the process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved.         
 * the tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.         
 the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved.       
    

When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down- filled jacket as a substitute pillow.  In this situation Janice:           
 * was not constrained by functional fixedness.         
 was constrained by a mental set.         
 was constrained by functional fixedness.         
 used an algorithm to solve her problems.       
    

When Jean-Claude came back from skiing he wanted to brew a cup of coffee.  Because he was out of coffee filters, he settled for tea.  Jean-Claude's failure to realize he could use a paper towel as a coffee filter best illustrates:           
 a mental set.         
 intuition.         
 * functional fixedness.         
 the availability heuristic.       
    

When Adrian's computer would not respond to keyboard commands, he tried restarting it, as that strategy had worked in the past.  After several tries, the keyboard still did not work so he gave up and called a computer repair service.  A technician easily solved the problem: It turned out that the cord connecting the keyboard to the computer had been accidentally disconnected.  Adrian's inability to solve the problem on his own had been hampered by his:           
 functional fixedness.         
 use of an incorrect algorithm.         
 * mental set.         
 decision-making strategy.       
    

The process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved is called:           
 functional fixedness.         
 a mental set.         
 * intuition.         
 prototypical thinking.       
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition?           
 * Intuition involves both unconscious and conscious processes.         
 Intuition involves the deliberate use of algorithms and heuristics.         
 Intuition cannot be operationally defined or measured.         
 Intuition is the first step of the IDEAL problem solver.       
    

In the intuition experiment conducted by Kenneth Bowers, subjects could solve less than one-third of the trigrams, but they could accurately:           
 use their intuition to generate additional trigrams.         
 use the integrative stage to confirm their hypothesis.         
 * identify which trigrams had possible solutions and which did not.         
 use the IDEAL problem solver technique to describe the strategies they used to solve the trigrams.       
    

In which stage of Kenneth Bowers' two-stage model of intuition does a person perceive a pattern in the information that is being contemplated, but not consciously?           
 the climber stage         
 * the guiding stage         
 the integrative stage         
 the insight stage       
    

Dr. Foster has been a clinical psychologist for 15 years and has worked with hundreds of patients.  One day, a patient came to Dr. Foster's office and began to describe his concerns and problems.  Dr. Foster listened to what the patient said and observed the patient's posture, movements, and facial expressions.  Based upon this information, Dr. Foster began to get a sense of what the pattern of symptoms probably meant and came up with a diagnosis.  In which stage of Bower's two-stage model of intuition was Dr. Foster operating?           
 the integrative stage         
 the passing stage         
 the unconscious stage         
 * the guiding stage       
    

In the _____ stage of Bower's two-stage theory of intuition, conscious, analytic thought processes take over and one attempts to prove or disprove his/her hypothesis.           
 guiding         
 * integrative         
 hunch         
 hypothesis       
    

Dr. Reynolds met with a patient at an out-patient psychiatric clinic.  After speaking with this patient for one hour, Dr. Reynolds thought to herself, "I think that this person has a borderline personality disorder.  I'll run some tests to confirm my hypothesis."   Dr. Reynolds performed the tests, analyzed the results, and concluded that her hypothesis was correct: the patient did have a borderline personality disorder.  Based upon Bowers two-stage model of intuition, which stage was Dr. Reynolds using to diagnose her patient?           
 * the integrative stage         
 the hunch stage         
 the guiding stage         
 the clues stage       
    

The _____ is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many alternatives, and although useful for minor decisions, can increase the riskiness of complex decisions.           
 * single feature model         
 additive model         
 elimination by aspects model         
 availability model       
    

When Jorge is faced with the decision of which of two equally attractive condominiums to buy, he makes a list of the factors that are most important and gives each factor a numerical rating.  Jorge is using the _____ model of decision making.           
 single-feature model         
 * additive model         
 elimination by aspects model         
 availability model       
    

Whenever Henry is faced with choosing from a wide range of brand-name products, he always buys the cheapest brand.  Henry is using the _____ of decision making.           
 * single-feature model         
 additive model         
 elimination by aspects model         
 availability model       
    

Kyle is trying to decide which brand of diapers he should buy for his newborn daughter.  Each of the brands has its own unique features that make it seem better than the others.  Some have extra padding so that it retains more fluid.  Another has special elastic bands around the legs to prevent leakage.  Still others have fancy Velcro fasteners.  Finally, confused over all of the features, Kyle buys the brand that he recognizes the most from commercials.  What decision-making strategy did Kyle use?           
 the additive model         
 the elimination by aspects model         
 representativeness heuristic model         
 * the single-feature model       
    

Sonia has been offered a job by two different companies.  Since she is uncertain about which job offer to accept, Sonia makes a list of the features of each company.  She then rates these features using a 10-point scale, with 10 being the best.  Finally, Sonia adds up the ratings for each company.  She accepts the job offer from the company that had the highest score.  Sonia used the _____ model to help her make her decision about which job to accept.           
 single-feature         
 elimination by aspects         
 * additive         
 availability heuristic       
    

A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important features of each alternative and rating each one using an arbitrary scale is called the:           
 single-feature model.         
 * additive model.         
 elimination by aspects model.         
 availability model.       
    

Marilyn was about to buy a vehicle.  First, she considered only family vans.  Then she considered only those vans that were in her price range.  Next, she only considered vans that were four-wheel drive.  Marilyn kept narrowing down the possible vans until there was only one van that met all of her criteria.  Marilyn was using the _____ model of decision making.           
 * elimination by aspects         
 multiple features         
 single-feature         
 availability       
    

A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all alternatives on one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding the alternative if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the:           
 single-feature model.         
 additive model.         
 * elimination by aspects model.         
 availability model.       
    

Faced with a wide variety of computers to choose from, Mary first eliminated all models that would not fit comfortably on her desk. Next, she eliminated all models costing more than $1,500.00. Finally, she eliminated all models without a full year's warranty. It appears that Mary is using the _____ of decision making.           
 single-feature model         
 additive model         
 * elimination by aspects model         
 availability model       
    

When decisions are complex and involve the comparison of many choices that have multiple features, people usually use:           
 only the single-feature model.         
 both the single-feature model and the additive model.         
 * both the elimination by aspects model and the additive model.         
 both the single-feature model and the elimination by aspects model.       
    

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:           
 * availability heuristic.         
 availability algorithm.         
 representativeness heuristic.         
 representativeness algorithm.       
    

A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated by comparing how similar it is to the typical prototype of the event is a definition of the:           
 availability heuristic.         
 availability algorithm.         
 * representativeness heuristic.         
 representativeness algorithm.       
    

After media coverage of two spectacular train crashes, people overestimated the probability of being killed or injured in a train crash and exaggerated the dangers of train travel.  This example illustrates the:           
 * availability heuristic.         
 availability algorithm.         
 representativeness heuristic.         
 representativeness algorithm.       
    

Jonathan is untidy, disorganized, and outgoing.  He frequently stays up late and has a very flexible work schedule.  Given this description, most people would guess that Jonathan is a writer rather than an accountant.  This example illustrates the influence of the:           
 availability heuristic.         
 availability algorithm.         
 * representativeness heuristic.         
 representativeness algorithm.       
    

Which of the following is NOT an obstacle to logical thinking that can account for much of the persistence of unwarranted beliefs?           
 the confirmation bias         
 the fallacy of positive instances         
 the overestimation effect         
 * functional fixedness       
    

Many people were convinced that Jarret had psychic abilities after he identified the park where the body of a missing child was eventually found.  However, they failed to take into account the hundreds of times he made predictions that were false. This illustrates the:           
 belief-bias effect.         
 confirmation bias.         
 overestimation effect.         
 * fallacy of positive instances.       
    

Kahal has very conservative political beliefs, and he prefers listening to open- line radio shows and reading newspapers and magazines that are consistent with his views. Kahal's tendency to search for information and evidence that support his perspective and to ignore information that might be contrary to his beliefs illustrates the:           
 fallacy of positive instances.         
 overestimation effect.         
 * confirmation bias.         
 belief-bias effect.       
    

The _____ is the strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief.           
 belief-bias effect         
 * confirmation bias         
 fallacy of positive instances         
 overestimation effect       
    

Students were amazed when Professor Diaz walked into class on the first day of the semester and correctly "sensed" that two people in his class of 23 were born on the same day. The tendency to think that it is very unlikely that 2 people in a class of 23 could share the same birthday is an example of the:           
 belief-bias effect.         
 confirmation bias.         
 fallacy of positive instances.         
 * overestimation effect.       
    

The _____ occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their belief, rejecting or ignoring any evidence that does not.           
 confirmation bias         
 fallacy of positive instances         
 * belief-bias effect         
 overestimation effect       
    

People who are depressed usually do not accept the possibilities that good things can happen to them or that they have control over good things happening to them.  When good things do happen to depressed people, they most often discount these positive events.  This is an example of the:           
 overestimation effect.         
 * belief-bias effect.         
 availability heuristic.         
 single feature model.       
    

The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:           
 we generalize our views to other, nonrepresentative heuristics.         
 the representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic.         
 possible variations in the prototype are considered.         
 * we fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.       
    

A system of combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements is a definition of:           
 linguistic relativity.         
 * language.         
 intelligence.         
 intuition.       
    

Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules for combining words.  These rules are referred to as the _____ of a language.           
 symbols         
 * syntax         
 semantics         
 heuristics       
    

For the vast majority of words, the connection between the symbols and the meanings:           
 always follows an algorithm.         
 is completely determined by linguistic rules.         
 * is completely arbitrary.         
 is completely determined by syntactic rules.       
    

Syntax is to _____ as generative is to _____.           
 * rules for combining words; creative         
 creative; rules for combining words         
 displacement; rules for combining words         
 rules for combining words; displacement       
    

A characteristic of human language is that we can communicate meaningfully about ideas, objects, and activities that are not physically present.  This characteristic is called:           
 syntax.         
 generative.         
 * displacement.         
 creativity.       
    

Which of the following is NOT true regarding language?           
 * The meaning of words as language symbols remains the same for many years and in all situations.         
 For most words, the connection between the symbol and the meaning is completely arbitrary.         
 The meaning of language symbols is shared by others who use the same language symbols.         
 Language is a highly structured system that follows specific rules.       
    

Language can have an effect on:           
 thoughts.         
 perceptions.         
 memory.         
 * all of the above.      
    

When asked what he does for a living, Dunstan usually replies that he is a "hospitality industry specialist" rather than a "dishwasher."  Dunstan appears to be aware of the effect language can have on:           
 memory.         
 gender bias.         
 * social perception.         
 learning.       
    

The authors of this textbook alternate the use of the pronouns "he" and "she" in the textbook because they are aware of the effect language can have on:           
 memory.         
 * gender bias.         
 the overestimation effect.         
 motivation.       
    

When Nadine created the novel sentence, "The chinless human-factors-interface-technician roamed the halls of academia looking for a lobotomized bureaucrat to interface with," she was illustrating the _____ nature of language.           
 * generative         
 syntactic         
 rigid         
 inflexible       
    

Which of the following statements regarding language is FALSE?           
 Language is a system for combining arbitrary symbols to produce an infinite number of meaningful statements.         
 Language can affect our thoughts by influencing what we remember.         
 * Language does not influence our social perceptions of others.         
 Language can create a gender bias.       
    

The _____ proposes that differences among languages cause differences in the thought of their speakers.           
 gender bias hypothesis         
 * linguistic relativity hypothesis         
 availability heuristic         
 representativeness heuristic       
    

The Dani speakers of New Guinea have names for only two classes of colors.  When Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues studied color perception in the Dani speakers, Rosch found that the Dani:           
 could not perceive the difference between red and green.         
 * perceived colors in much the same way as English-speaking people.         
 could only distinguish among primary colors.         
 suffered from a hereditary form of color blindness.       
    

Benjamin Whorf's belief that language determines perception and the structure of thought:           
 has been supported by numerous cross-cultural studies.         
 * has not been supported by empirical evidence, although language does seem to influence perception and thought.         
 is accurate if a person is an expert in a particular topic.         
 is true only for Native American languages.       
    

What is the Whorfian hypothesis?           
 The meaning of language is determined by the perceptions of the people who use that language.         
 Most languages have a common root and thus are fundamentally similar.         
 * A person's language determines the structure of the person's thought and perception.         
 Language is arbitrary and only has meaning as it is needed.       
    

Animal language research has shown that:           
 parrots such as Alex can only "parrot" and have no understanding of what they are "saying."         
 * chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to demonstrate a level of language comprehension that is roughly equivalent to that of a two-and-a-half-year- old human child.         
 animals can communicate, but there is no evidence that they are capable of using language even in the most elementary way.         
 only humans can communicate and use languagE.       
    

Which of the following species has NOT demonstrated the ability to acquire syntax or other aspects of language under carefully controlled conditions?           
 parrots         
 * rodents, including mice         
 dolphins         
 chimpanzees, including the bonobo       
    

Martin decided to write his term paper on the topic of animal language.  After reviewing the relevant literature on the topic, Martin is likely to conclude that:           
 * the results of several ongoing studies have produced some compelling demonstrations of animal language learning.         
 animal language represents no more than operantly conditioned responses, and there is no evidence of true animal language.         
 animals can only communicate simple information to other members of their own species.         
 primates are capable of demonstrating a level of language comprehension comparable to most first-year college students.       
    

Collectively, the animal language research reflects an active area of psychological research that is referred to as:           
 * animal cognition.         
 comparative linguistics.         
 artificial intelligence.         
 linguistic relativity.       
    

To David Weschler, intelligence is reflected in:           
 creative behavior.         
 * rational, goal-directed behavior.         
 learning and memory.         
 social dynamics.       
    

The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment is a definition of:           
 a mental set.         
 functional fixedness.         
 * intelligence.         
 insight.       
    

According to the textbook, which of the following cognitive abilities is NOT an aspect of what is commonly called intelligence?           
 the use of mental images         
 problem solving and decision making         
 the use of language         
 * creativity       
    

_____ developed the first systematic intelligence test.           
 * Binet         
 Wechsler         
 Terman         
 Stanford       
    

When Binet developed the first intelligence test he believed that:           
 he was measuring an innate, fixed level of mental ability.         
 he was measuring multiple intelligences, including musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, personal intelligence, practical intelligence, and so forth.         
 * he was NOT measuring an innate, fixed level of mental ability.         
 he was measuring three basic forms of intelligence called componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence.       
    

A measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age group is a definition of:           
 intelligence quotient (IQ).         
 * mental age.         
 chronological age.         
 mental set.       
    

A global measure of intelligence derived by comparing an individual's score to that of others in the same age group is a definition of:           
 * intelligence quotient (IQ).         
 mental age.         
 chronological age.         
 mental set.       
    

Eight-year-old Terry's performance on an intelligence test is at a level characteristic of an average five-year-old.  Terry's mental age is:           
 eight.         
 six.         
 four.         
 * five.       
    

Karim is a very bright ten-year-old with a mental age of twelve.  If tested on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, his IQ score would most likely be:           
 100.         
 83.         
 * 120.         
 160.       
    

Binet's intelligence test was translated and adapted by American psychologist Lewis Terman and is called the:           
 Terman Intelligence Scale (TIS).         
 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).         
 * Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.         
 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (WISC).       
    

Ten-year-old Marjun's IQ score on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test was 130.  It is likely that her mental age is:           
 ten.         
 * thirteen.         
 six-and-a-half.         
 fifteen.       
    

During World War I the U.S. military developed _____ to screen millions of army recruits.           
 * the Army Alpha and the Army Beta test         
 the Army and Navy Intelligence test         
 the Army, Navy, and Airforce Aptitude test         
 the Military Achievement test       
    

Which one of the following intelligence tests was developed by David Wechsler?           
 the Army Alpha         
 the Stanford-Binet         
 * the WAIS         
 the Spearman g factor test       
    

Wechsler's Intelligence test was specifically designed to test _____ rather than _____.           
 army recruits; navy recruits         
 children; adults         
 navy recruits; army recruits         
 * adults; children       
    

Unlike the Stanford-Binet, the WAIS:           
 * provided subtest scores on different abilities rather than a single global IQ score.         
 provided a single global IQ score.         
 measured multiple intelligences such as musical intelligence, practical intelligence, creativity, and so forth.         
 measured componential intelligence, experiential intelligence, and contextual intelligence.       
    

Like Binet, Wechsler believed that:           
 intelligence was a single global ability that could be quantified in a single IQ score.         
 * intelligence involved a variety of mental abilities.         
 intelligence was primarily a function of genetic inheritance.         
 IQ scores had little or no correlation with academic success.       
    

Wechsler's test provided scores on eleven subtests measuring different abilities, which are grouped to provide an overall _____ and _____ for the test taker.           
 mental age; chronological age         
 * verbal score; performance score         
 aptitude score; achievement score         
 validity score; reliability score       
    

Which of the following statements about the relationship between IQ and success is FALSE?           
 * IQ scores do not reliably predict academic success.         
 Academic success is no guarantee of success beyond school.         
 Many different personality factors are involved in achieving success.         
 Terman found that highly intelligent children were stronger and healthier than children of average intelligence.       
    

Psychologist Lewis Terman tracked 1,500 California schoolchildren with high IQs throughout their lives.  The general finding was that:           
 * high intelligence can contribute to success in life but intelligence alone is not enough.         
 high intelligence is related to social and personal maladjustment, physical weakness, and mental instability.         
 high IQ scores in schoolchildren had no predictive value.         
 high IQ scores were the best predictors of alcoholism, drug taking, and antisocial behavior.       
    

Mason is a highly motivated, goal-oriented, self-confident, hardworking, emotionally mature adult.  Mason's traits are correlated with:           
 a high rate of alcoholism.         
 lower than average income.         
 * success in life.         
 poor health.       
    

Lewis Terman, pioneer researcher on intelligence, studied 1,500 Californian children between the ages of 8 and 12 who had IQ's above 140.  What were the findings of Terman's research?           
 As adults, most of the highly intelligent children fared no better than people of average intelligence.         
 * These highly intelligent children tended to be very well-adjusted.         
 As adults, these children were either highly successful or very unsuccessful.         
 Although very intelligent, these children were socially and physically inept.       
    

Lewis Terman's colleague, Melita Oden, continued to study Terman's gifted children when they had reached adulthood.  Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the "A" group) with the 100 least successful men (the "C" group). What did Oden find?           
 * The Cs were less healthy, had higher rates of alcoholism, and were more likely to be divorced than the As.         
 Although the Cs earned five times more than the As, they were less happy with their life situations.         
 As and Cs had similar success rates but differed in their motivation for success.         
 The As were "creative" geniuses but the Cs were not.       
    

Melita Oden compared the 100 most successful men (the "A" group) with the 100 least successful men (the "C" group) from Lewis Terman's original sample of 1,500 children with genius-level intelligence.  Given that the IQ scores of the A and C groups were essentially the same, what accounted for the difference in their level of accomplishment?           
 Cs were more motivated for success than the As.         
 As were more self-confident than the Cs but the Cs were more goal-oriented.         
 Cs were more creative than As but lacked the self-directedness needed to be successful.         
 * As were more likely to display prudence and forethought, will power, perseverance, and the desire to excel.       
    

In the "In Focus: Does a High IQ Score Predict Success in Life?" box, what was the general conclusion, based upon the research of Lewis Terman and Melita Oden with the genius-level children who grew up as genius-level adults?           
 The higher a person's IQ, the more success the person would have later in life.         
 The research demonstrated that IQ accounts for considerably more than half of the success a person has in life.         
 Although IQ is important, socioeconomic status accounts for a larger part of life success.         
 * Personality factors, as well as intelligence, seem to play a significant role in life success.       
    

Wechsler calculated the _____ by comparing an individual's overall score to the scores of others in the same general age group whose average score was statistically fixed at 100.           
 mental age         
 * IQ         
 chronological age         
 validity index       
    

Approximately two-thirds (68 percent) of all scores on the WAIS fall between _____ and _____, a range that is considered to indicate normal or average intelligence.           
 100; 150         
 50; 150         
 * 85; 115         
 60; 130       
    

Nadir's score on the WAIS was 105.  Nadir's score indicates that he is in the:           
 * normal, or average, range of scores.         
 above-average range of scores.         
 below-average range of scores.         
 upper 2 percent of scores.       
    

A test designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in a particular area is called a(n):           
 * achievement test.         
 aptitude test.         
 alpha test.         
 beta test.       
    

Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement of good test design?           
 reliability         
 * aptitude         
 validity         
 standardization       
    

A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training is called a(n):           
 achievement test.         
 * aptitude test.         
 alpha test.         
 beta test.       
    

As part of her vocational assessment Ainslie is given a test to see if she is suited to work in sales and marketing.  This is an example of _____ testing.           
 intelligence         
 achievement         
 * aptitude         
 motivational       
    

Ali took a test that measured his level of knowledge, skills, and accomplishment in particular areas such as mathematics and writing ability. Ali took a(n) _____ test.           
 intelligence         
 * achievement         
 motivational         
 aptitude       
    

The basic requirements of good test design are:           
 standardization.         
 reliability.         
 validity.         
 * all of the above.       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the key characteristics of a well- designed test?           
 standardization         
 reliability         
 validity         
 * variability       
    

_____ means that the test is given to a large representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.           
 * Standardization         
 Reliability         
 Validity         
 Variability       
    

Dr. Macmillan has designed a test to measure mathematical ability in college graduates.  In order to establish a norm against which individual scores may be interpreted and compared, she is presently administering the test to a large representative sample of college graduates.  Dr. Macmillan is in the process of:           
 establishing the test's validity.         
 establishing the test's reliability.         
 * standardizing the test.         
 establishing the test's variability.       
    

When a test has the ability to produce consistent results when administered on repeated occasions under similar conditions, it is said to be:           
 * reliable.         
 valid.         
 standardized.         
 variable.       
    

When a test has the ability to measure what it is intended to measure, it is said to be:           
 reliable.         
 * valid.         
 standardized.         
 variable.       
    

Dr. Shazhad assesses the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of his new test of jealousy in order to measure the _____ of his test.           
 * reliability         
 validity         
 norms         
 variability       
    

In order to find out if her new abstract reasoning test is good at measuring what it was designed to measure, Dr. Marshall compares the scores on her test with the scores and grades of college students enrolled in courses that involve abstract reasoning.  In this instance, Dr. Marshall is in the process of:           
 establishing the test's reliability.         
 * establishing the test's validity.         
 standardizing the test.         
 establishing the test's variability.       
    

The new Aristographic Creativity Scale had test and retest scores that were highly similar, but it lacked predictive value.  In addition, there was some uncertainty about precisely what human attribute the test was actually measuring.  The Aristographic Creativity Scale has:           
 high validity but low reliability.         
 * high reliability but low validity.         
 high validity and high reliability.         
 low validity and low reliability.       
    

How would you characterize the distribution of scores in a normal distribution?           
 * Scores cluster around the average score.         
 Scores exhibit good reliability and validity.         
 Scores are equally standardized across the distribution.         
 Scores are spread out across the distribution evenly.       
    

Approximately what percentage of people will have IQ scores between 85-115?           
 50 percent         
 95 percent         
 100 percent         
 * 68 percent       
    

Approximately what percentage of the population is likely to score above 145 or below 55 on an intelligence test?           
 100 percent         
 68 percent         
 50 percent         
 * 1 percent       
    

Much of the controversy over the definition and nature of intelligence centers on the issue(s) of:           
 how narrowly intelligence should be defined.         
 whether intelligence is a single, general ability.         
 whether intelligence is a cluster of different abilities.         
 * all of the above.       
    

Charles Spearman believed that _____ was/were responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.           
 exercise and diet         
 schooling and education         
 * general intelligence, or the g factor         
 general environmental factors, or the e factor       
    

Dr. Hiroshiko believes that a general factor (g factor) is responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests and that it can be expressed as a single number, such as an IQ score.  Dr. Hiroshiko's views are most consistent with those of:           
 * Charles Spearman.         
 Louis L. Thurstone.         
 Howard Gardner.         
 Robert Sternberg.       
    

Which one of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are "multiple intelligences" that are independent and distinct?           
 Charles Spearman         
 Lewis Terman         
 * Howard Gardner         
 Robert Sternberg       
    

Louis L. Thurstone believed that:           
 there are three forms of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual.         
 * there are seven different primary mental abilities, each a relatively independent element of intelligence.         
 there are multiple intelligences, some of which are not measured by standard intelligence tests.         
 there is one general intelligence, or g factor, that is responsible for overall performance on tests of mental abilities.       
    

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to agree with the idea that there are seven different primary mental abilities, each a relatively independent element of intelligence?           
 Charles Spearman         
 Robert Sternberg         
 * Louis L. Thurstone         
 Lewis Terman       
    

Rather than being interested in a single factor to identify intelligence, Louis Thurstone believed that it was more important to consider:           
 the multiple g factors.         
 verbal and performance test scores.         
 * an individual's specific pattern of mental abilities.         
 a person's problem solving abilities.       
    

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?           
 "There is a single factor that can explain the pattern of specific mental abilities that is called intelligence."         
 * "There are multiple intelligences which must be defined within the context of a particular culture."         
 "The two primary mental abilities that define intelligence indicate a pattern for intelligence."         
 "There are three types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical."       
    

Dr. Saltzman believes that intelligence must be defined within the context of a particular culture.  Dr. Saltzman's views are most consistent with those of:           
 * Howard Gardner.         
 Lewis Terman.         
 Charles Spearman.         
 David Wechsler.       
    

_____ emphasizes both the universal aspects of intelligent behavior and the importance of adapting to a particular social and cultural environment.           
 Charles Spearman's theory         
 David Wechsler's theory         
 * Robert Sternberg's theory         
 Louis L. Thurstone's theory       
    

Robert Sternberg believes:           
 * there are three forms of intelligence.         
 there are seven distinct types of intelligence.         
 there is one general intelligence, or g factor.         
 there are dozens of different, distinct intelligences.       
    

Since moving to the U.S., Romero has established a very successful consulting business that advises U.S. corporations that plan to market their products in Central and South America.  Romero appears to have what Robert Sternberg would call:           
 * contextual or practical intelligence.         
 logical-mathematical intelligence.         
 triarchic intelligence.         
 spatial intelligence.       
    

With whom do you associate the "triarchic theory of intelligence"?           
 Louis Thurman         
 Howard Gardner         
 Charles Spearman         
 * Robert Sternberg       
    

Which of the following is NOT part of Sternberg's "successful intelligence"?           
 practical intelligence         
 creative intelligence         
 analytic intelligence         
 * kinetic intelligence       
    

Duane's car was not running well.  The car would occasionally lose power or stall out.  Duane thought about the possible solutions: changing the ignition wires, putting an additive in the gas tank, or taking his car to a mechanic and letting the mechanic figure out the problem.  Duane decided that he would try putting an additive in the gas tank first to see if that corrected the problem.  Which one of Sternberg's intelligences does it sound like Duane was using?           
 abstract         
 creative         
 * analytic         
 successful       
    

Which of  Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?           
 creative         
 * practical         
 successful         
 analytic       
    

Your text talks about a survey that was given to several hundred psychologists who were experts in intelligence testing.  What was one of the conclusions from that survey?           
 * Adaptation to one's environment is a significant factor in intelligence, but existing tests do not adequately measure this quality.         
 Intelligence can best be viewed as an interaction of practical, analytic, creative and successful intelligences that people use everyday.         
 Important elements of intelligence include problem solving and capacity to acquire knowledge but do not include abstract thinking.         
 Intelligence can be readily understood as multiple characteristics that can all be summarized by a single generalized (g) factor.       
    

When Jennifer lived in the Eastern European country of Slakia for a year, she found it very difficult to adapt to the strange customs and diet of the Slakian culture.  Robert Sternberg might suggest that Jennifer is low in:           
 componential intelligence.         
 spatial intelligence.         
 experiential intelligence.         
 * contextual or practical intelligenc3.      
    

According to experts in intelligence testing, which of the following is NOT typically assessed in conventional intelligence tests?           
 abstract thinking         
 problem solving         
 capacity to acquire knowledge         
 * creativity       
    

Most experts in intelligence testing agree that conventional IQ tests adequately measure:           
 creativity.         
 achievement motivation.         
 goal-directed behavior.         
 * abstract thinking or reasoning.       
    

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:           
 intelligence is primarily inherited.         
 intelligence is primarily determined by the environment.         
 * both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence level.         
 intelligence is determined by a single pair of genes.       
    

Twenty-five-year-old Jarret is six feet two inches tall.  According to your textbook, his present height is a result of:           
 genetic factors only.         
 environmental factors only.         
 * the interplay between heredity and environment.         
 doing stretching exercises throughout his teenage years.       
    

The range of intellectual potential is influenced by:           
 one gene and simple environmental factors.         
 * many genes and complex environmental factors.         
 environmental factors only.         
 genetic factors only.       
    

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the determination of intelligence?           
 * Twin studies clearly indicate that heredity is much more important than the environment in determining intelligence.         
 Psychologists can estimate the relative contribution of heredity on the development of intelligence through the use of the heritability estimate.         
 Psychologists still disagree in identifying how much of intelligence is determined by heredity and how much is determined by the environment.         
 Twin studies have helped scientists better understand the contributions of heredity and environment to intelligence.       
    

To explore the role of heredity and environmental factors in intelligence, contemporary psychologists use:           
 only animal research.         
 * twin studies.         
 computer models exclusively.         
 genetic engineering.       
    

_____ share exactly the same genes and thus any differences between them must be due to environmental factors rather than hereditary differences.           
 Fraternal twins         
 Same-sex siblings         
 * Identical twins         
 Same-sex fraternal twins       
    

Jasmine and Jade are identical twins who were raised in different homes, but nevertheless have very similar IQ scores.  This example provides support primarily for the influence of _____ on intelligence or IQ.           
 environment         
 * genes         
 the interaction of genes and the environment         
 neither genes nor environment       
    

Desmond and Desdemona are fraternal twins raised in the same home.  They have IQs that are much more similar than those of two randomly selected, unrelated people of the same age.  This finding provides support primarily for the influence of _____ on intelligence or IQ.           
 * the environment         
 genes         
 the interaction of genes and the environment         
 neither genes nor environment       
    

The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity is a definition of:           
 reliability.         
 validity.         
 * heritability.         
 variability.       
    

When David goes to graduate school, he wants to investigate aspects of the heredity-environment debate as it relates to human intelligence.  He is most likely to:           
 use animals, such as rats and pigeons, in his research.         
 * conduct twin studies.         
 explore creativity and intuition.         
 study the language abilities of primates.       
    

Planting genetically diverse seeds in two different environments (one rich, one poor) produces differences in height within groups and differences in average heights between the groups.  Your textbook concludes that:           
 * it is impossible to estimate what the overall genetic differences are between two groups of seeds.         
 the difference in average height between groups is due to genetics.         
 individual differences in height within each group is due to environment.         
 differences in IQ scores, like differences in the height of the seeds, is due primarily to genetic factors.       
    

Although there are no significant differences in early childhood, by middle school, Asian students tend to score much higher than American students on both math and reading tests.  This finding suggests that:           
 IQ is genetically determined.         
 American middle schools are superior to Asian middle schools.         
 * the difference is not due to genetics but to environmental factors such as different educational systems.         
 heritability estimates can be used to predict improvements in IQ scores from early to middle childhood.       
    

Scarr and Weinberg, who explored the relationship between racial IQ differences and environmental influences, emphasized the importance of _____ in differences in IQ scores.           
 heredity         
 * socioeconomic and cultural conditions         
 genetic factors         
 both (a) and (c)       
    

Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test taking, previous experience with tests, and use of different strategies in problem solving may affect performance and test scores.  The textbook notes that these factors:           
 explain all aspects of individual, racial, and ethnic differences in IQ scores.         
 * may relate to cultural differences in test-taking behavior.         
 have little or no influence on differences in IQ scores.         
 are less likely than genetics to influence IQ scores.       
    

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation.  These results provide support for _____ influences on IQ scores.           
 racial         
 * environmental         
 genetic         
 both a. and c.       
    

The Buraku people of Japan, whose IQ scores are 10 to 15 points below mainstream Japanese, illustrate the fact that:           
 IQ scores are genetically determined.         
 IQ is fixed at birth and unlikely to change.         
 * social discrimination can affect IQ scores.         
 environmental factors have no effect on IQ scores.       
    

In her research on very young black children adopted into white middle-class families, Dr. Farsei found that their IQ scores were several points above the average of both blacks and whites.  Dr. Farsei, like most experts in this area, is most likely to conclude that:           
 IQ scores cannot be changed by environmental factors.         
 * socioeconomic conditions, cultural values, and similar environmental factors can affect IQ scores.         
 intelligence is primarily determined by heredity.         
 adopted children tend to have higher IQ scores than children who are raised by their biological parents.       
    

Most experts on intelligence testing are likely to agree that:           
 the IQ of any individual is the result of the complex interaction of hereditary and environmental factors.         
 environmental factors are much more likely to account for any IQ difference between racial groups than genetics.         
 within a given racial group, the differences among people are due at least as much to environmental influences as they are to genetic influences.         
 * all of the above are true.       
    

When Dr. Cera, an expert on intelligence testing, is asked if it is possible to design an intelligence test that was culture-free, she is most likely to suggest that it is:           
 * not, because intelligence itself is not free of cultural influence.         
 possible because intelligence is genetically determined.         
 possible because intelligence itself is not affected by cultural influence.         
 not, because nobody has yet formulated a theory of what intelligence is.       
    

_____ refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions.           
 Intuition         
 Insight         
 * Creativity         
 Functional fixedness       
    

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion to enhance creative thinking?           
 * be motivated to make money         
 acquire relevant knowledge         
 try different approaches         
 engage in problem finding       
    

When a young scientist went hiking in the Swiss Alps, he found that the thorny burrs on some plants stuck to his pants and shirt.  Rather than dismissing this trivial annoyance, Heinz took the burrs to his lab and analyzed their properties.  His work eventually led to the invention of Velcro.  This illustrates one aspect of creativity called:           
 algorithmic thinking.         
 * problem finding.         
 problem avoidance.         
 heuristic thinking.       
    

When Louis Pasteur said "Chance favors the prepared mind," he was talking about one particular ingredient that is central to creative thinking called:           
 choosing the goal of creativity.         
 reinforcing intrinsic motivation.         
 engaging in problem finding.         
 * acquiring relevant knowledge.       
    

Being motivated by a challenge and a personal sense of satisfaction is to _____ as being motivated by rewards such as money, grades, or fame is to _____.           
 extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation         
 divergent thinking; convergent thinking         
 * intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation         
 convergent thinking; divergent thinking       
    

Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?           
 A useful technique to help inspire creative thinking is to engage in problem finding.         
 * People tend to be the most creative when they are motivated by external rewards.         
 Virtually everyone possesses the necessary intelligence and cognitive processes needed to be creative to some degree.         
 Creativity requires effort and persistence.       
    

Cognition refers to the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Thinking involves manipulating mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a mental image.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Kosslyn and his colleagues (1978) found that the amount of time it took subjects to mentally scan a map of a fictitious island was not affected by the distances on the island that they had to scan.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Concepts provide a kind of mental shorthand, economizing the cognitive effort required for thinking and communication.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

A formal concept is a mental category that is formed as a result of everyday experience.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

A natural concept takes advantage of the simple rules that define many simple formal concepts.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Unlike formal concepts, natural concepts tend to have "fuzzy boundaries" that make it more difficult to classify some members of natural concepts than others.           
 * True        
 False