Psychologists formally define learning as:           
 * a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience.         
 a relatively permanent change in behavior due to drug treatment.         
 behavior changes that are the result of development or maturation.         
 replacing old habits with new habits.       
    

Diane studied by using rote memorization in her biology class and did quite well, earning a high grade in the class.  But she found that she needed to change her study behavior for her philosophy class.  Given that Diane changed her behavior to meet the requirements of different classes, one could conclude that:           
 Diane is a biology major.         
 philosophy is a more difficult topic to master.         
 rote memorization is only effective in science classes.         
 * Diane has demonstrated the process of learning.       
    

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____.           
 * automatic responses; voluntary responses         
 reflexive responses; automatic responses         
 voluntary responses; reflexive responses         
 voluntary responses; voluntary responses       
    

Which type of behavior does not require a person to respond in order to learn?           
 classical conditioning         
 * observational learning         
 operant conditioning         
 Pavlovian conditioning       
    

Ivan Pavlov was:           
 * a Russian physiologist.         
 a Russian psychologist.         
 an American physiologist.         
 a German psychologist.       
    

In response to cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively.  Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):           
 * unconditioned stimulus (UCS).         
 unconditioned response (UCR).         
 conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 conditioned response (CR).       
    

Which behavior is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically?           
 walking         
 throwing a ball         
 * salivating         
 smiling       
    

The stimulus in classical conditioning:           
 * causes an existing behavior to occur.         
 elicits "new" behaviors.         
 produces a "new" reflex.         
 results in simple, voluntary responses to that stimulus.       
    

When Meghan was very young, she would go with her father to his dental appointments and listen to the different sounds and see the different instruments that were used.  She showed mild interest in the activities in the dental office but mostly enjoyed looking at the children's picture books.  However, when Meghan was older, she went to the dentist for a check up and had to have a cavity fixed.  There was some pain, and discomfort during the procedures, and this subsequently resulted in Meghan's having a fear of going to the dental office.  Prior to the painful and uncomfortable procedure, the dental office would be viewed as a(n) _____ in classical conditioning terms.           
 conditioned stimulus         
 * neutral stimulus         
 unconditioned stimulus         
 learned stimulus       
    

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning:           
 that consequences follow a behavior.         
 by observing others' behaviors.         
 the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer.         
 * an association between two stimuli.       
    

Conditioned stimulus is to unconditioned stimulus as:           
 a reflex is to a unlearned stimulus.         
 an unconditioned response is to a conditioned response.         
 * learned response is to a unlearned response.         
 learned stimulus is to a conditioned response.       
    

When Rani was having family difficulties and missed class, Dr. O'Connor was very understanding and compassionate.  Now, Rani likes Dr. O'Connor very much.  In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for Dr. O'Connor may be described as a(n):           
 * conditioned response.         
 unconditioned response.         
 unconditioned neutral response.         
 reflexive response.       
    

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict.  Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.           
 CS; UCS         
 CR; UCR         
 * UCS; UCR         
 CS; CR       
    

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate.  In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):           
 conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 * unconditioned response (UCR).         
 conditioned response (CR).         
 discriminative stimulus.       
    

Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell.  At this point, the ringing bell is:           
 an unconditioned stimulus.         
 an unconditioned response.         
 * a neutral stimulus.         
 a conditioned response.       
    

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand.  Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):           
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS).         
 * unconditioned response (UCR).         
 conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 conditioned response (CR).       
    

Prior to conditioning, a dog will salivate in response to food placed in its mouth.  Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while the dog salivating would be labeled the _____.           
 conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus         
 conditioned stimulus; conditioned response         
 unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus         
 * unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response       
    

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate.  At this point, the sound of the bell is a:           
 * conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS).         
 unconditioned response (UCR).         
 conditioned response (CR).       
    

Steven Spielberg's 1975 movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach.  Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing.  As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up.  After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared.  At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a(n):           
 unconditioned response (UCR).         
 conditioned response (CR).         
 * conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS).       
    

Steven Spielberg's 1975 movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach.  Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing.  As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up.  After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared.  At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):           
 unconditioned response (UCR).         
 * conditioned response (CR).         
 conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS).       
    

Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse's white uniform.  But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room.  In this example, the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____ to the infant.           
 unconditioned response (UCR)         
 conditioned response (CR)         
 * conditioned stimulus (CS)         
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS)       
    

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate.  The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is termed the:           
 unconditioned response (UCR).         
 * conditioned response (CR).         
 conditioned stimulus (CS).         
 unconditioned stimulus (UCS).       
    

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:           
 the UCS was always presented before the CS.         
 the CR always occurred before the UCR.         
 * there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS.         
 the interval between the CR and UCR was only a few seconds.       
    

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection.  If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred?           
 * stimulus generalization         
 spontaneous recovery         
 stimulus discrimination         
 extinction       
    

Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if:           
 the UCS was not paired with the CS.         
 * the interval between the CS and the UCS was only a few seconds.         
 the CR always came before the UCR.         
 a different CS was used during each conditioning session.       
    

When Micah was 2 years old, he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's deranged Chihuahua, which nipped him on the leg.  Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not large dogs.  This best illustrates which of the following?           
 spontaneous recovery         
 * stimulus discrimination         
 stimulus generalization         
 extinction       
    

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate.  This phenomenon is called:           
 spontaneous recovery.         
 stimulus discrimination.         
 backward conditioning.         
 * stimulus generalization.       
    

Which of the following would have the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?           
 the magnitude of the reinforcer         
 * the timing of stimulus presentations         
 the size of the unconditioned response         
 the nature of the neutral stimulus       
    

Four-year old Heidi watches the children's television show "Barney."  At first, Heidi became really excited whenever she saw a Barney doll.  Now Heidi gets excited whenever she sees any purple dinosaur doll.  Heidi is displaying:           
 stimulus discrimination.         
 an unconditioned response.         
 a reflex.         
 * stimulus generalization.       
    

Jeremiah does well in his algebra class but has difficulty in his English composition class.  As a result, Jeremiah likes his algebra class but dislikes his English composition class and often skips that class.  In classical conditioning terms, Jeremiah's dislike for his English composition class and his behavior of not attending this class could be described as an example of:           
 a learned reflex.         
 an unconditioned response.         
 * stimulus discrimination.         
 stimulus generalization.       
    

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class.  Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz.  Half way through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz.  The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:           
 spontaneous recovery.         
 * extinction.         
 stimulus generalization.         
 latent learning.       
    

As a child, Dennis was often forced to sit in a corner on a rocking chair as punishment for his inappropriate behavior.  Years later, while visiting an aunt, Dennis sees a rocking chair in a corner of his aunt's house.  Dennis feels very anxious at this sight and asks if he and his aunt could sit in another room.  What classical conditioning concept best explains Dennis's anxiety and his desire to sit in another room?           
 stimulus discrimination         
 extinction         
 stimulus generalization         
 * spontaneous recovery       
    

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?           
 stimulus generalization         
 stimulus discrimination         
 * extinction         
 spontaneous recovery       
    

Behaviorism was an early "school" or approach to psychology that was founded by:           
 Edward L. Thorndike.         
 * John B. Watson.         
 B. F. Skinner.         
 Albert Bandura.       
    

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders had defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind.  These early founders advocated the use of introspective self-reports to achieve two fundamental goals.  What were these two goals?           
 * describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions         
 characterize and explain theories of learning         
 describe and evaluate learned emotional responses         
 describe and explain learned behaviors       
    

John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements?           
 "Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes."         
 "The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports."         
 "The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions."         
 * "The theoretical goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior."       
    

Which of the following best identifies what John B. Watson believed should be the focus of study for psychology?           
 consciousness         
 * observable behavior         
 conditioned stimuli         
 introspection processes       
    

Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective.  He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?           
 * Human behavior is shaped by environmental events.         
 Human behavior can be explained by genetics and heredity.         
 Most human behavior is the result of unconscious psychological conflicts.         
 The understanding of mental processes is the key to understanding human behavior.       
    

The early "school" or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized which of the following ideas?           
 the scientific study of mental processes in humans and animals         
 the evaluation of human and animal intelligence         
 * the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes         
 the use of psychological tests to evaluate and place workers in the jobs that best match their skills       
    

It was _____ who made the following claim: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select."           
 Ivan Pavlov         
 B. F. Skinner         
 Edward L. Thorndike         
 * John B. Watson       
    

John B. Watson was a pioneer in psychology.  He was also a pioneer in using his classical conditioning strategies for business.  Which of the following statements best describes Watson's influence?           
 * Watson helped to demonstrate the importance of classically conditioned emotions associated with consumer products.         
 Watson helped to develop strategies that are currently used in industry for product development for animals.         
 Much of today's business focus on the Christmas season is because of the attention Watson received when he used the Santa mask in the "Little Albert" study.         
 Watson caused permanent changes in the manufacturing of consumer products by applying classical conditioning techniques to employee training and development.       
    

The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated:           
 that even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.         
 * that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.         
 that it is impossible to condition fear to wooden blocks.         
 the natural process of extinction in a baby.       
    

In Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?           
 * the loud clanging sound         
 the sight of the white rat         
 fear in response to the loud clanging sound         
 fear in response to the sight of the rat       
    

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?           
 the loud clanging sound         
 the sight of the white rat         
 * fear in response to the loud clanging sound         
 fear in response to the sight of the rat       
    

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?           
 the loud clanging sound         
 the sight of the white rat         
 fear in response to the loud clanging sound         
 * fear in response to the sight of the rat       
    

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?           
 * Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.         
 The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response.         
 Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats.         
 The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.       
    

In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:           
 used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in Little Albert.         
 * did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant.         
 were criticized for their conclusions because Little Albert was fearful of many different objects before the study began.         
 successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects.       
    

The study done by John B. Watson in which "Little Albert" was used to demonstrate classical conditioning of emotional responses has been criticized for a number of reasons. Which of the following is one of those reasons?           
 It is ethically unacceptable to simultaneously use animals and people in research studies.         
 Using a Santa mask in the study was completely unacceptable because of the association of Santa with an important religious holiday.         
 * It was unethical to allow "Little Albert" to leave the experiment without first extinguishing his fear of furry animals and objects.         
 Watson caused permanent personality changes in "Little Albert" that led to psychological problems for Albert as he grew older.       
    

After taking a couple of sips of beer at a party, Mark starts acting like he is drunk even though he did not drink enough for him to act that way.  How might this be explained in terms of conditioning?           
 Mark was positively reinforced for drinking the beer and now is being negatively reinforced for his "drunk" behavior.         
 Mark observed how others acted after drinking beer and was simply mimicking his models.         
 Latent learning may best explain Mark's "drunk" behavior since he had never really learned "drunk" behavior in the past.         
 * Mark may be reacting to the conditioned stimuli associated with the beer and the party.       
    

Janelle cries whenever she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy because it brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship.  Why does Janelle cry?           
 She was positively reinforced with the song and now she is not receiving the reinforcers anymore.         
 * The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.         
 She has been classically conditioned to cry to the song in the same way that "Little Albert" learned his fears.         
 The break up of the relationship was an unconditioned stimulus that elicited a conditioned response of crying.       
    

The prologue to Chapter 5 describes the story of Erv getting accidentally locked in the attic by his wife Fern.  Because of the incident, Erv now experiences a conditioned emotional reaction of fear whenever he must go up in the attic.  Erv's initially being locked in the airtight attic and unable to escape represents the _____, and the fear he experienced on that first occasion represents the _____.           
 conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus         
 conditioned stimulus; conditioned response         
 unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus         
 * unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response       
    

Whenever Kim and Doug make love, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental song "Boléro" in the background.  One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's "Boléro."  As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Doug cross her mind.  Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?           
 the sound of Ravel's "Boléro"         
 * intimate physical contact with her partner         
 sexual arousal in response to her partner         
 sexual arousal in response to the song "Boléro"       
    

How would you explain the nausea and vomiting that chemotherapy patients have to hospital-related cues?           
 The nausea and vomiting are unconditioned responses to the conditioned stimuli associated with the hospital-related cues.         
 The chemotherapy medications tend to linger in these patients' bodies for several days and the hospital-related cues intensify the medications' effects.         
 * The hospital-related cues are conditioned stimuli associated with the unconditioned stimuli of the chemotherapy medications and elicit the conditioned responses of nausea and vomiting.         
 The patients have learned to associate the hospital-related cues with the conditioned responses that are elicited by the unconditioned stimuli of the chemotherapy medications.       
    

Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?           
 After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing.         
 Marilyn practically jumped out of her chair when a very loud clap of thunder occurred right over her house.         
 * Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms.         
 Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house.       
    

Which of the following does NOT illustrate classical conditioning?           
 Whenever Elizabeth smells British Sterling cologne, she feels a tingle of romantic excitement because it reminds her of her boyfriend, who always wears that cologne.         
 The sound of a neighbor's drill sends a shudder up Janeen's spine because it reminds her of the dentist's office.         
 Jack felt energized after drinking three cups of coffee, even though the coffee was decaffeinated.         
 * Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge.       
    

Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?           
 including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X         
 a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior         
 * a sexy model using Brand X         
 a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products       
    

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspectives of Pavlov and Watson?           
 * The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning of new behaviors.         
 Pavlov and Watson believed that complex mental processes resulted in the associations between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.         
 The cognitive view asserts that internal processes such as thinking, anticipating, or deciding are not observable and therefore should not be a part of the study of classical conditioning.         
 Pavlov and Watson believed that mental processes best explained why classical conditioning was effective for such diverse behaviors as emotional responses and physiological responses in people.       
    

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of twenty shocks.  A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional twenty shocks with no tone.  Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group.  How did Rescorla explain this finding?           
 It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect.         
 Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats.         
 * The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.         
 The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.       
    

If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?           
 "John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur."         
 "Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning."         
 "John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors."         
 * "Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value."       
    

Fundamentally, classical conditioning involves:           
 an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli.         
 * learning the predictable relationship between events.         
 associating behaviors and consequences.         
 identifying the stimuli that an organism can discriminate in preparation for a response.       
    

Sulaiman became very ill several hours after eating the pepper steak in the school cafeteria.  Now, Sulaiman feels queasy whenever he smells pepper steak in the cafeteria.  As a psychology student, you explain that:           
 Sulaiman's queasy feeling could not have been classically conditioned to the pepper steak since he did not have repeated pairings of the food and the illness.         
 Sulaiman has been negatively reinforced for eating the pepper steak that led to the aversive consequence of illness.         
 * Sulaiman is demonstrating taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of the food and the illness.         
 It is only a coincidence that Sulaiman associated the pepper steak with the illness since too many hours passed between the time Sulaiman ate the food and the time he got sick to be explained by classical conditioning.       
    

Traditional behaviorists argued that the learning principles of classical conditioning would be the same regardless of the species or the response being conditioned.  However, an "exception" to these principles was found with conditioned taste aversion.  Why was this so important?           
 It was believed that behaviors such as eating could not be classically conditioned.         
 It was found that taste aversion was more difficult to classically condition than other reflexive behaviors.         
 Taste aversions could be quickly classically conditioned, but these aversions also responded quickly to extinction procedures.         
 * The study of taste aversions pointed to the importance of the organism's natural behavior patterns in classical conditioning.       
    

Under which condition is classical conditioning LEAST likely to occur?           
 * Associating a taste with a flashing light.         
 Associating a shock with a ringing bell.         
 Associating a taste with illness.         
 Associating food with a tone.       
    

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:           
 the power of punishment to suppress behavior.         
 * that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response.         
 that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus.         
 that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur.       
    

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting the rats with a drug that made them ill.  Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the unconditioned stimulus in this experimental situation?           
 the sweet-tasting water         
 * the drug         
 getting ill in response to the drug         
 getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water       
    

As studies with rats have shown, taste aversions can be produced when the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is as long as:           
 half a second.         
 a few seconds.         
 an hour.         
 * twenty-four hours.       
    

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise.  However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill.  Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?           
 latent learning         
 * biological preparedness         
 spontaneous recovery         
 the partial reinforcement effect       
    

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:           
 * biological preparedness.         
 latent learning.         
 instinctive drift.         
 the law of effect.       
    

Classical conditioning has been used to address some practical problems.  For example, one problem that some sheep breeders have is that coyotes attack lambs on the ranches.  How was classical conditioning used to solve this problem?           
 As the coyotes approached the lambs, a loud noise was sounded, causing the coyotes to associate the loud, fearful noise with the lambs.         
 The lambs were fitted with a harness that delivered a shock to the coyotes when they tried to bite the lambs.         
 * Coyotes were fed sheep carcasses that were injected with lithium, a drug that causes extreme nausea in the coyotes.         
 The coyotes were fed rabbits, a food that coyotes find repulsive, in the presence of the lambs causing the coyotes to associate the lambs with the repulsive food.       
    

Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, occurring only to certain stimuli.  To explain this, Seligman has proposed that:           
 * humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors.         
 children learn from their parents at a very early age to fear these types of stimuli.         
 people rely primarily on vision, so seeing stimuli leads to better fear conditioning.         
 fear associations form to these specific types of stimuli based upon previous experiences.       
    

Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects.  According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that:           
 * we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival.         
 it is superstitious behavior due to accidental reinforcement.         
 we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli.         
 instinctive drift is occurring.       
    

When psychologists have tried to produce conditioned fears in young children to such objects as curtains, wooden ducks, or wooden blocks, they were:           
 * unsuccessful.         
 able to produce conditioned fears to wooden ducks but not to wooden blocks or curtains.         
 successful in all three cases, showing that fears can be classically conditioned to virtually any stimuli.         
 successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise.       
    

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.           
 * reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors         
 emitted by organism; elicited by organism         
 Thorndike; Skinner         
 voluntary behaviors; involuntary behaviors       
    

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.           
 active, voluntary behaviors; physiological and emotional responses         
 * behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism         
 associating a response and a consequence; associating two stimuli         
 positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement       
    

Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.           
 superstitious pigeons; drooling dogs         
 behavior emitted by an organism; behavior elicited by a stimulus         
 * associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence         
 Edward C. Tolman; Albert Bandura       
    

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as:           
 voluntary behaviors are to involuntary behaviors.         
 * elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors.         
 consequences are to positive reinforcement.         
 elicited behaviors are to reflexive behaviors.       
    

Tyrone had a wonderful time on his first date with Lydia.  Because of this, he asked Lydia to go out on a second date.  What best explains Tyrone's behavior of asking Lydia for another date?           
 the partial reinforcement effect         
 response generalization         
 spontaneous recovery         
 * the law of effect       
    

After his studies with cats that tried to escape from a puzzle box, Thorndike concluded that the cats:           
 were able to escape so quickly because of their insight and reasoning abilities.         
 were classically conditioned to fear the puzzle box.         
 learned much faster if they were able to watch another cat escape from the puzzle box.         
 * used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box.       
    

Which of the following statements best captures the flavor of Thorndike's law of effect?           
 New stimuli can be conditioned to produce reflexive behaviors.         
 Learning can only occur when a certain stage of development is reached.         
 * Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated.         
 By first observing the actions of others, success can occur the first time a task is attempted.       
    

An operant could also be defined as:           
 someone whose actions you observe.         
 * a voluntary action.         
 an automatic, reflexive behavior.         
 the mental image of an object or action.       
    

Edward L. Thorndike was the first psychologist to systematically study how:           
 * voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences.         
 new behaviors are learned through imitation.         
 responses in the human immune system can be classically conditioned.         
 classical conditioning can be applied to advertising.       
    

Which of the following scientists acknowledged the existence of "internal factors" but believed that internal thoughts, beliefs, emotions, or motives could not be used to explain behavior?           
 Watson         
 * Skinner         
 Rescorla         
 Pavlov       
    

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:           
 * active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences.         
 the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer.         
 involuntary behaviors that were subject to the laws of learning but operated independently.         
 the relationship among reinforcers, behaviors, and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors.       
    

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is TRUE?           
 Skinner believed that classical conditioning should be abandoned as an explanation of behavior.         
 Skinner advocated greater use of punishment to control behavior.         
 Skinner strongly advocated the study of mental processes to understand behavior.         
 * Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.       
    

An important conceptual point regarding the process of reinforcement is that it is:           
 related to internal events that are subsequently observable through overt behavior.         
 maintained by associations made with other learned stimuli.         
 * defined by the effect that it produces-increasing or strengthening behavior.         
 based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli.       
    

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?           
 * Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.         
 By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response.         
 Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others.         
 Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes.       
    

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, five-year-old Laura is able to reach the scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter.  What is the operant in this example?           
 the scotch tape dispenser         
 the image of the step stool in the child's mind         
 * carrying the step stool to the kitchen         
 the age of the child       
    

Doris could see the sock over the back edge of the clothes dryer.  After untwisting a clothes hanger and straightening it out, she managed to fish the sock out from behind the dryer.  Using operant conditioning terminology, untwisting the hanger would be the _____ and the retrieved sock would be the _____.           
 conditioned response; conditioned stimulus         
 positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer         
 primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer         
 * operant; positive reinforcer       
    

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.  Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.           
 * increases; increases         
 increases; decreases         
 decreases; increases         
 decreases; decreases       
    

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:           
 * addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus.         
 primary reinforcers is to secondary reinforcers.         
 increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior.         
 extinction is to punishment.       
    

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated, and punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior's being repeated.           
 increases; increases         
 * increases; decreases         
 decreases; increases         
 decreases; decreases       
    

Whenever Stephanie changes the engine air filter in her car, she unscrews the two bolts that hold the filter cover on, then places the two bolts by the car's front tire to avoid dropping (and losing) them in the car's engine.  Using operant conditioning terminology, placing the bolts by the tire is:           
 a primary reinforcer that is being positively reinforced.         
 a positive reinforcer that is on a fixed interval schedule.         
 * the operant that is being negatively reinforced.         
 the operant that is being positively reinforced.       
    

To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive.  Using operant conditioning terms, Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of _____.           
 positive reinforcement         
 negative reinforcement by escape         
 * negative reinforcement by avoidance         
 punishment       
    

After she realized that the mosquito had bitten her and her hand was starting to itch, Akai rubbed some cortisone cream on the swollen spot, and the itching stopped.  The next time a mosquito bit her, she applied cortisone cream to relieve the itching.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 * negative reinforcement by escape.         
 positive reinforcement.         
 negative reinforcement by avoidance.         
 punishment.       
    

After lightning damaged his computer, Damon no longer turns his computer on during thunderstorms.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 positive reinforcement.         
 negative reinforcement.         
 * punishment.         
 shaping.       
    

Omar is very worried because he knows that he is going to fail his philosophy test if he takes it.  So, he fakes an illness, goes to the campus infirmary, and has the nurse notify his professor that Omar will not be able to attend class for the test.  Omar feels relieved through the use of:           
 escape behavior.         
 extinction.         
 differential conditioning.         
 * avoidance behavior.       
    

Whereas a primary reinforcer derives its reinforcing value _____, secondary reinforcers derive their reinforcing value _____.           
 from conditioned reinforcers; from primary reinforcers         
 * naturally; from primary reinforcers         
 from conditioned reinforcers; naturally         
 naturally; from conditioned reinforcers       
    

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellent before he starts mowing.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 positive reinforcement.         
 * negative reinforcement by avoidance.         
 extinction.         
 negative reinforcement by escape.       
    

Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep it from being damaged by an electrical surge.  Using operant conditioning terms, Maria's behavior is being maintained by:           
 punishment.         
 negative reinforcement by escape.         
 * negative reinforcement by avoidance.         
 positive reinforcement.       
    

Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?           
 food         
 water         
 sexual contact         
 * money       
    

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and worked quietly.  Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.           
 primary positive reinforcer         
 primary negative reinforcer         
 * conditioned positive reinforcer         
 conditioned negative reinforcer       
    

At the Acme Widget Company, the top salesperson each month is rewarded with his or her own private parking space by the front door of the company.  Using operant conditioning terms, the salesperson is being rewarded with a _____.           
 * conditioned positive reinforcer         
 conditioned negative reinforcer         
 primary positive reinforcer         
 primary negative reinforcer       
    

I'll make you a deal," Leroy's mother says.  "If you clean up your room, then you can have a glazed donut."  Using operant conditioning terms, Leroy's mother is using a _____ to reward desired behavior.           
 conditioned positive reinforcer         
 conditioned negative reinforcer         
 * primary positive reinforcer         
 primary negative reinforcer       
    

A _____ reinforcer is one that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a _____ reinforcer.           
 negative; positive         
 conditioned; secondary         
 primary; conditioned         
 * conditioned; primary       
    

Which of the following would be an example of a primary reinforcer?           
 winning the Nobel prize         
 a college diploma         
 money         
 * food       
    

Dennis "the Menace" seemed to live a good part of his life sitting in a corner because of his misbehavior.  His parents were using what operant conditioning procedure?           
 * punishment by removal         
 punishment by application         
 negative reinforcement         
 aversive reinforcement       
    

Which parent uses punishment most effectively?           
 Angela threatens punishment from the children's father when he returns home from work.         
 Tyrone prefers to calm down for 30 minutes before administering punishment to the children for their misbehavior.         
 * Raul is very quick to administer punishment to his children when they misbehave.         
 Maria sometimes punishes her children and sometimes ignores them when they misbehave.       
    

After losing his money on two different occasions, Clint no longer uses the vending machine on the second floor.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 negative reinforcement.         
 positive reinforcement.         
 punishment by application.         
 * punishment by removal.       
    

After buying an electric grass trimmer, Richard put on his shorts and went out in his bare feet to trim the grass.  When he moved the trimmer too close to his leg, the rotating line gashed and cut his ankle.  Richard no longer wears shorts or goes barefoot when he uses the grass trimmer.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 * punishment by application.         
 punishment by removal.         
 negative reinforcement by escape.         
 negative reinforcement by avoidance.       
    

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, 2-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants.  Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:           
 negative reinforcement by escape.         
 negative reinforcement by avoidance.         
 * punishment by application.         
 punishment by removal.       
    

Punishment is most effective if:           
 it immediately precedes the behavior.         
 * it consistently follows the behavior.         
 it occasionally follows the response.         
 there is considerable delay between the behavior and the punishment.       
    

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?           
 Punishment is most effective if it consistently follows a response.         
 If punishment is intense, it may produce undesirable results, such as complete passivity or hostility.         
 The effects of punishment are often temporary.         
 * Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate.       
    

Whenever Priscilla tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter, Debbie, frequently interrupts her.  If Priscilla wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she would:           
 ignore Debbie's attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone.         
 send Debbie to a corner every time she interrupted her while she is on the phone.         
 * reward Debbie for not interrupting her during a phone call.         
 tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Debbie wanted.       
    

According to the box entitled "Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment," which of the following is NOT one of the ways to enhance the effectiveness of positive reinforcement?           
 * Always use the same specific positive reinforcer.         
 Deliver the positive reinforcer immediately after the desired behavior.         
 Initially, the positive reinforcer should be used every time the desired behavior occurs.         
 Once the desired behavior is established, gradually reduce the frequency of positive reinforcement.       
    

According to the box entitled "Changing the Behavior of Others: Alternatives to Punishment," which of the following is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others?           
 Stop reinforcing the behavior you want to decrease.         
 Positively reinforce the behavior you want to increase.         
 Reinforce an incompatible behavior.         
 * Increase the frequency of reinforcement once the desired behavior is well established.       
    

Howard's cat meows incessantly until Howard feeds her.  Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing.  What is likely to happen?           
 The cat's meowing will quickly stop altogether.         
 The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, then increase.         
 * The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease.         
 The cat will leave and find a new home.       
    

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the best method for reducing a problem behavior?           
 * Jose is reinforced for not talking in class instead of being punished for talking in class.         
 Sharlene no longer gets any attention when she has a temper tantrum.         
 Shane and Jason are given lollipops to distract them from squabbling.         
 Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner.       
    

Seven-year old Corrie-Lynn is always delighted when her grandparents come to visit because she knows that she can get away with all sorts of mischievous behavior that would otherwise be stopped by her parents.  How would you explain the differences in Corrie-Lynn's behavior?           
 Her parents are not consistent with the delivery of punishment.         
 * Her grandparents serve as discriminative stimuli for her behavior.         
 Corrie-Lynn is exhibiting the partial reinforcement effect.         
 Corrie-Lynn receives negative reinforcement for her different behaviors.       
    

Whenever she sees a bolt of lightning streak across the sky, Maria quickly unplugs her computer equipment to keep the equipment from being damaged by an electrical surge.  Using operant conditioning terms, the bolt of lightning is a(n):           
 conditioned reinforcer.         
 operant.         
 positive reinforcer.         
 * discriminative stimulus.       
    

In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus is defined as a(n):           
 * environmental stimulus or cue in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced.         
 stimulus that evokes a wide variety of behaviors.         
 consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.         
 reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing for a given species.       
    

Standing at the curb, you wait for the "Don't Walk" crossing signal to change to "Walk."  Using operant conditioning terms, the Don't Walk/Walk crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.           
 positive reinforcer         
 * discriminative stimulus         
 operant         
 primary negative reinforcer       
    

Just a few minutes before 9 a.m. every Monday through Friday, Kirby arrives at his job.  Using operant conditioning terms, the time of the day and the days of the week are _____ in this situation.           
 operants         
 negative reinforcers         
 * discriminative stimuli         
 primary reinforcers       
    

A Skinner box is a:           
 chamber from which an animal must learn to escape.         
 * small glass cage with a food dispenser.         
 complicated maze with a "start" box and a food reward in the "goal" box at the end of the maze.         
 room with video cameras concealed behind screens.       
    

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:           
 extinction.         
 the law of effect.         
 * shaping.         
 the Premack principle.       
    

"Okay, that was good!  Now this time, don't close your eyes.  Keep your eye on the ball, so you know when to close your hands," Mark says in the process of teaching his 5-year-old to play catch.  In operant conditioning terms, Mark is probably using _____ to teach his daughter how to catch a ball.           
 extinction         
 * shaping         
 spontaneous recovery         
 negative reinforcement       
    

Martina is an animal trainer at Sea World.  To teach a new dolphin to jump through a hoop high above the water, Martina first reinforces the dolphin for approaching the hoop while it is under the water.  Then, she reinforces the dolphin for swimming through the hoop under water.  Gradually raising the hoop, Martina progressively reinforces each small step toward the goal behavior.  Martina is using the process of _____ to train the dolphin.           
 spontaneous recovery         
 extinction         
 * shaping         
 observational learning       
    

Training seeing-eye dogs to assist visually impaired persons is best accomplished by:           
 negative reinforcement.         
 classical conditioning.         
 a variable ratio schedule.         
 * shaping by successive approximations.       
    

According to B. F. Skinner:           
 every person is responsible for his or her own behavior.         
 the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior.         
 * environmental factors determine a person's behavior.         
 mental processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.       
    

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE?           
 Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors.         
 Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society.         
 Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions.         
 * Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.       
    

B. F. Skinner extended his ideas regarding operant conditioning to human behavior and social problems.  He wrote about these views in his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity.  Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Skinner's views as asserted in his book?           
 "Each individual is responsible for his or her own individual freedom."         
 "The forces of the environment act upon our biological tendencies to create behavioral tendencies."         
 * "A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him."         
 "We are all ultimately responsible for the choices that we make."       
    

In your philosophy class, you have found that your professor never calls on you when you raise your hand.  So, you have given up on raising your hand to ask or answer questions.  In learning theory, no longer raising your hand would be an example of:           
 partial reinforcement.         
 stimulus discrimination.         
 * extinction.         
 spontaneous recovery.       
    

Who is most likely to show the greatest resistance to extinction?           
 Carlos, who gets everything he asks for from his grandparents when they are out shopping.         
 Lydia, who is always told "No, we cannot afford that" by her parents when they are out shopping.         
 Kaitlyn, who does not ask for much from her grandparents when they are out shopping.         
 * Rick, who sometimes gets what he asks for from his parents when they are out shopping.       
    

Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.           
 sometimes; never         
 * always; sometimes         
 sometimes; always         
 never; always       
    

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet every time it presses the bar.  This is an example of:           
 partial reinforcement effect.         
 a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.         
 * continuous reinforcement.         
 superstitious behavior.       
    

Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction.           
 continuous; more         
 partial; less         
 no; more         
 * partial; more       
    

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed.  The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 * fixed-ratio         
 variable-ratio         
 fixed-interval         
 variable-interval       
    

Christina is making some extra money as a phone solicitor for her university's fund raising drive.  She is paid $5 for every twenty calls she makes, regardless of whether the person donates.  Christina is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 fixed-interval         
 * fixed-ratio         
 variable-ratio         
 variable-interval       
    

On the first trial, the rat had to press the bar three times to get a pellet of food.  On the second trial, seven bar presses were needed.  Although it continued to vary from trial to trial, on the average the rat was reinforced for every five bar presses.  The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 fixed-interval         
 fixed-ratio         
 * variable-ratio         
 variable-interval       
    

Jonathan always plays the slot machines and usually comes out slightly ahead in his winnings.  Like all gambling behavior, Jonathan's gambling behavior is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 fixed-ratio         
 fixed-interval         
 variable-interval         
 * variable-ratio       
    

Premnath works in a factory and is paid based upon his productivity.  For every 100 widgets that Premnath assembles, he receives $10.  The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Premnath.           
 fixed-interval         
 * fixed-ratio         
 variable-interval         
 variable-ratio       
    

Why do variable-ratio schedules produce steady rates of responding?           
 Reinforcers are delivered on a regular basis.         
 Aversive consequences are less likely to occur with this schedule of reinforcement.         
 * It is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer.         
 The timing between reinforcers is predictable although the number of responses may vary.       
    

Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester.  Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes.  In operant conditioning terms, Roger's behavior is the result of:           
 * accidental reinforcement.         
 a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.         
 shaping.         
 behavior modification.       
    

According to B. F. Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of:           
 continuous reinforcement.         
 * accidental reinforcement.         
 fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement.         
 extinction.       
    

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed.  The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 * fixed-interval         
 fixed-ratio         
 variable-interval         
 variable-ratio       
    

Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at McDonald's and gets paid once a week.  Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 fixed-ratio         
 * fixed-interval         
 variable-ratio         
 variable-interval       
    

On the first trial, a rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after 50 seconds have elapsed.  On the second trial, the first bar press after 70 seconds is reinforced.  Although it varies from trial to trial, the average works out to one reinforcer every 60 seconds.  The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.           
 fixed-ratio         
 fixed-interval         
 * variable-interval         
 variable-ratio       
    

At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class.  The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance.           
 variable-ratio         
 fixed-interval         
 fixed-ratio         
 * variable-interval       
    

The scallop-shaped pattern of responding characteristic of a fixed-interval schedule indicates that the organism is learning about the:           
 * timing associated with the delivery of reinforcers.         
 number of responses needed for the delivery of a reinforcer.         
 unpredictability of responding and subsequent consequences.         
 discriminative stimulus that immediately precedes the delivery of reinforcers.       
    

It is the passage of time rather than the number of responses that helps to determine when a reinforcer will be delivered.  This describes which schedule of reinforcement?           
 variable ratio         
 extinction         
 fixed ratio         
 * variable interval       
    

You have trained your dog to wipe his feet when he comes in from the rain using the principles of learning.  To help people learn more effective or adaptive behaviors, we could also use the application of learning principles.  Such an application for people is referred to as:           
 * behavior modification.         
 operant training.         
 classical conditioning.         
 discrimination training.       
    

The cognitive perspective in learning theory emphasizes:           
 the study of an animal's natural behavior pattern and environment as influences in learning.         
 studying the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes.         
 * the role played by mental processes in learning.         
 the study of human behavior rather than animal behavior.       
    

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning involves learning:           
 to associate any two stimuli that occur closely in time.         
 to associate a behavior with its consequences.         
 to imitate the actions of others.         
 * that the conditioned stimulus reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus.       
    

Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:           
 * reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.         
 learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement.         
 rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns.         
 continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur.       
    

Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus.  One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at 23rd Street because of flooding.  Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus.  How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?           
 She is classically conditioned to fear water.         
 * She has formed a cognitive map of the area.         
 Helen was observing the actions of others in the situation.         
 The standing water was a reliable predictor of danger.       
    

Edward C. Tolman would have most likely made which of the following statements?           
 "Animals cannot respond to the complexities of a learning environment, only humans can."         
 "Animals are adept at learning a sequence of responses, and this is what helps the animals run through a maze so quickly and accurately."         
 "Psychologists should be examining the underlying motivation for the behaviors performed rather than just observing behavior."         
 * "Animals develop a mental representation of the layout of a maze, which allows them to run quickly and accurately through a maze."       
    

Road construction prevents you from getting to the shopping mall using the route that you always travel.  You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take.  To figure out this alternative route, you are using what Tolman referred to as:           
 a model.         
 the sequence effect.         
 * a cognitive map.         
 instinctive drift.       
    

In response to Skinner's view that complex, active behaviors were no more than a chain of stimulus-response connections that had been "stamped in," Tolman would have responded:           
 "Associations must be formed between the response and the consequence before conditioning can occur."         
 "Behaviors are largely determined by what behavior is observed and what consequences follow that behavior."         
 "An organism learns to expect that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome in a specific situation."         
 * "An organism can learn without performance of a behavior or even direct exposure to consequences."       
    

According to psychologist Edward C. Tolman, learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is termed:           
 a conditioned response.         
 discriminative learning.         
 * latent learning.         
 trial-and-error learning.       
    

If exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior, the response of passivity is termed:           
 * learned helplessness.         
 biological preparedness.         
 avoidance due to negative reinforcement.         
 an unconditioned response (UCR).       
    

The phenomenon called learned helplessness was identified by two young psychologists named:          
 B. F. Skinner and James Watson.         
 John Garcia and Albert Bandura.         
 * Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier.         
 Robert Rescorla and Edward C. Tolman.       
    

After dogs have experienced inescapable shocks, they are placed in a shuttle box in which they can easily jump over a barrier from one side of the shuttle box to the other.  If the dogs have developed learned helplessness, they would most likely respond to another shock by:          
 jumping over the barrier to escape the shock.         
 * doing nothing.         
 jumping out of the shuttle box altogether.         
 trying to bite the experimenter.       
    

Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course.  No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test.  Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class.  Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of:          
 the partial reinforcement effect.         
 negative reinforcement.         
 biological preparedness.         
 * learned helplessness.       
    

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs.  According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?          
 The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior.         
 The dogs were responding to the tone as a conditioned stimulus that signaled the impending shock.         
 * The dogs learned that their actions were futile.         
 The behavior they needed to learn was too complex.       
    

The importance of the learned helplessness effect discovered by Seligman and Maier was that the effect demonstrated that:           
 * cognitive factors play an important role in classical and operant conditioning.         
 dogs can learn both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behaviors at the same time.         
 classical conditioning can override the effects of operant conditioning in terms of behavior change.         
 operant behaviors can be brought under the control of a stimulus that once was a conditioned stimulus.       
    

Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:           
 only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments.         
 animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement.         
 learning will not occur unless behavior is "stamped in" by a rewarding consequence.         
 * rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.       
    

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:           
 reinforcement is the sole determinant of an animal's behavior.         
 it is impossible to train cats to perform tricks.         
 punishment is more effective than reinforcement in shaping animal behavior.         
 * an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.       
    

Animal trainers Keller and Marian Breland tried to train a raccoon to pick up two coins and deposit them in a metal box.  However, instead of dropping the coins in the box, the raccoon would rub the coins together, much as raccoons do with their food in the wild.  This tendency of the raccoon to revert to its natural behavior patterns is termed:           
 extinction.         
 latent learning.         
 * instinctive drift.         
 learned helplessness.       
    

Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift?           
 As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors.         
 Over time, reflexive behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical  conditioning.         
 * The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.         
 Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior.       
    

While flipping through the television channels, you come upon a the "Arts and Crafts Network" and notice a woman demonstrating how to make decorative wall hangings.  You watch the entire program, thinking to yourself that you could easily make the wall hangings if you really wanted to.  However, you never do make them.  Which of Bandura's four cognitive processes that interact to determine whether imitation will occur best explains why you never make the craft items?           
 remember-you forgot some of the steps         
 * motivation-you were not really interested in making these items         
 attention-you really weren't paying attention to the show         
 transform mental representation into actions-you can't put holes in the walls of your apartment       
    

Which of the following psychologists has conducted extensive research on observational learning?           
 * Albert Bandura         
 Edward L. Thorndike         
 Edward C. Tolman         
 Martin Seligman       
    

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:           
 children can be classically conditioned to fear even a favorite toy.         
 * children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.         
 girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys.         
 children quickly form cognitive maps of playrooms and playgrounds.       
    

According to psychologist Albert Bandura, four processes are involved in observational learning.  Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?           
 attention to the behavior that is to be imitated         
 forming and storing a mental representation of the behavior to be imitated         
 * immediate reinforcement for the imitated action         
 transforming the mental representation into actions that can be performed       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of Bandura's four cognitive processes that interact to determine whether a behavior will be performed?           
 * imitation of the behavior as you saw it         
 transform mental representations into action         
 remember the steps for performing the behavior         
 motivation to engage in the behavior       
    

According to Bandura, a number of cognitive processes are necessary for observational learning to occur.  Research indicates that:           
 only humans demonstrate true observational learning because of their advanced cognitive functioning.         
 observational learning only occurs in animals with higher intelligence such as chimpanzees, apes, and orangutans.         
 animals have difficulty demonstrating observational learning because they usually lack the motivation to perform the behavior.         
 * even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning.       
    

Which of the following factors is NOT more likely to increase the imitation of behavior?           
 if you lack confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation         
 if the situation is unfamiliar or ambiguous         
 if you have been rewarded for imitating the same behavior in the past         
 * if the task is extremely difficult or extremely easy       
    

Jake is a recovering alcoholic.  He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months.  One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties in which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol.  Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using which strategy?           
 reinforcement delay         
 negative reinforcement         
 motivational commitment         
 * stimulus control       
    

Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure.  Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient."  Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of:           
 operant conditioning.         
 * observational learning.         
 latent learning.         
 classical conditioning.       
    

Of the following choices, which one best describes why learning is so important?           
 Learning associations allows organisms to respond more vigorously to relevant stimuli.         
 Discriminating among stimuli allows people to make better, more informed decisions.         
 Reinforcers control much of our everyday behaviors.         
 * Learning is important for adaptation and survival.       
    

Lamar knows that he needs to study for his final exam, but he really wants to go to his friend's party.  Although he knows that he needs to get a high grade on the exam, he reasons that he doesn't need to study so hard for such easy material.  So, Lamar goes to the party.  In terms of self-control, Lamar's behavior could be described as:           
 an operantly conditioned pattern based on previous experiences with exams.         
 * being guided by a short-term reinforcer rather than a long-term reinforcer.         
 a classically conditioned response in which Lamar has associated decreased study with easy exam material.         
 being guided by the shift in the value of reinforcers over time.       
    

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer and got sick to her stomach, Sharon cannot tolerate the smell or taste of beer.  Sharon's taste aversion to beer is an example of:           
 the operant conditioning effects of punishment.         
 the partial reinforcement effect.         
 * a classically conditioned response.         
 observational learning.       
    

When David ate the fried chicken during the first hour of the flight, the flight was smooth.  But during the second hour of the flight, the aircraft bounced around in very turbulent air, and David got sick to his stomach.  Now, David gets nauseous at the sight or smell of fried chicken.  Using classical conditioning terminology, the conditioned stimulus would be:           
 the aircraft bouncing around in turbulent air.         
 * the sight or smell of fried chicken.         
 getting sick in response to the turbulent ride.         
 getting nauseous in response to the sight or smell of fried chicken.       
    

According to the Chapter 5 Application on Improving Self-Control, as the availability of a reinforcer draws closer, its subjective value:           
 * increases.         
 decreases.         
 remains constant.         
 cannot be predicted.       
    

According to the textbook, which of the following is the reason why you should frequently study in the same location?           
 studying will become a classically conditioned response to the particular location         
 * the particular location can become a discriminative stimulus that sets the occasion for studying         
 you're more likely to make friends with other students who think that studying is important         
 you can avoid distractions such as television or phone calls       
    

Hugh loves to play tennis.  But because he is serious about doing well in college, he only goes to the tennis courts after he accomplishes his studying goals for the day.  What strategy is Hugh using to improve his self-control?           
 precommitment         
 stimulus control         
 focusing on the delayed reinforcer         
 * self-reinforcement       
    

You want to make sure that you will get to work on time.  You call a coworker who is always punctual and ask her to meet you for coffee before work the next morning, because you know you'll be more likely to be on time if someone is waiting to meet you.  You are using a strategy called:           
 self-reinforcement.         
 stimulus control.         
 * precommitment.         
 focus on the delayed reinforcer.       
    

Learning is a process that most often produces a temporary change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individual's experience.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

If a classically conditioned dog salivates not just to the original tone, but also to a higher pitched and a lower pitched tone, the process of stimulus discrimination has occurred.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

The unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the same responses that are  elicited by different stimuli.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

When a dog has been classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell, the sound of the bell has gone from being an unconditioned stimulus to a conditioned stimulus.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

After a dog has gone through the process of extinction and no longer salivates to the sound of a bell, the conditioned response will spontaneously reappear if the dog is given a period of rest and the sound of the bell is again presented.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Psychologist John Watson strongly advocated the study of mental processes in order to understand how learning occurs in humans and other animals.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Classical conditioning is essentially the process of learning an association between two stimuli.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

The startle reflex will occur in response to a sudden or unexpected noise.  Using Pavlov's terms, the sudden noise would be termed the conditioned stimulus, and the startle reflex would be termed the conditioned response.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

Pavlov found that to produce a strong classically conditioned response the interval between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) should be no more than a few seconds.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

John B. Watson rejected the definition of psychology as the scientific study of the mind in favor of a definition that emphasized the prediction and control of behavior.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

The fact that Little Albert developed a strong conditioned fear to the white rat but not to other animals or furry objects demonstrates the process of stimulus generalization.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

John Watson designed advertisements for Johnson & Johnson Baby Powder that intentionally tried to create anxiety in young mothers about their ability to care for their infants.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

John B. Watson was a pioneer in the use of operant conditioning techniques in advertising.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner's famous study of Little Albert is considered to be a model experiment because it was a carefully controlled study with very precise and objective measures of the variables, including Albert's fear response.           
 True        
 * False      
    
    
    

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made no effort to eliminate the fear they conditioned in the infant called Little Albert.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Research with rats and mice suggests that classical conditioning may one day have  applications in medicine.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

According to psychologist Robert Rescorla, classical conditioning involves cognitive processes in which the organism learns that the conditioned stimulus reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

Robert Rescorla viewed classical conditioning as a process that involves the active processing of information about stimuli.           
 * True        
 False      
    
    
    

John Garcia was able to demonstrate that taste aversion could be conditioned after a  minimum of five pairings.           
 True        
 * False