Ó 10/30/2001 19:39:56 PST 8 8 40 180 unconditioned response (UCR). the UCS was always presented before the CS. the CR always came before the UCR. stimulus generalization the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes Pavlov and Watson believed that mental processes best explained why classical conditioning was effective for such diverse behaviors as emotional responses and physiological responses in people. able to produce conditioned fears to wooden ducks but not to wooden blocks or curtains. New stimuli can be conditioned to produce reflexive behaviors. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. negative reinforcement by escape. negative reinforcement by avoidance. Always use the same specific positive reinforcer. fixed-ratio fixed-interval to associate any two stimuli that occur closely in time. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. The dogs learned that their actions were futile. instinctive drift. True False ù381645201 11/02/2001 14:49:55 PST 9 9 45 1351 a Russian psychologist. results in simple, voluntary responses to that stimulus. conditioned response (CR). conditioned response (CR). the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes Mark observed how others acted after drinking beer and was simply mimicking his models. a sexy model using Brand X The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise. Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated. increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior. conditioned positive reinforcer Corrie-Lynn is exhibiting the partial reinforcement effect. variable-ratio 'Behaviors are largely determined by what behavior is observed and what consequences follow that behavior.' reinforcement is the sole determinant of an animal's behavior. stimulus control Learning is important for adaptation and survival. True >128727535 01/18/2002 11:14:29 PST 9 9 45 641 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. observational learning salivating elicits 'new' behaviors. stimulus generalization. stimulus generalization Mark may be reacting to the conditioned stimuli associated with the beer and the party. sexual arousal in response to the song 'BolÃˆro' n/r The study of taste aversions pointed to the importance of the organism's natural behavior patterns in classical conditioning. response generalization decreases; decreases Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. fixed-interval latent learning. cognitive factors play an important role in classical and operant conditioning. rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. the operant conditioning effects of punishment. False True 199.236.77.177 ¸575628380 01/22/2002 12:20:55 PST 0 0 0 1062 conditioned stimulus an association between two stimuli. an unconditioned stimulus. stimulus generalization. extinction. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response a voluntary action. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. the image of the step stool in the child's mind Once the desired behavior is established, gradually reduce the frequency of positive reinforcement. The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. Her grandparents serve as discriminative stimuli for her behavior. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. 'Each individual is responsible for his or her own individual freedom.' accidental reinforcement. increases. False True False False 199.236.77.176 ‘540089638 01/22/2002 12:46:44 PST 11 11 55 745 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. observational learning learned response is to a unlearned response. conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response sexual arousal in response to the song 'BolÃˆro' 'John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur.' humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. learned much faster if they were able to watch another cat escape from the puzzle box. an automatic, reflexive behavior. addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus. the operant that is being negatively reinforced. negative reinforcement by escape. conditioned reinforcer. classical conditioning. sometimes; always fixed-interval The dogs learned that their actions were futile. True False 199.236.77.180 ¸158384464 01/22/2002 12:48:24 PST 17 17 85 427 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. conditioned response. UCS; UCR describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. a sexy model using Brand X The study of taste aversions pointed to the importance of the organism's natural behavior patterns in classical conditioning. positive reinforcement. conditioned positive reinforcer Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. Always use the same specific positive reinforcer. continuous reinforcement. partial; more accidental reinforcement. the role played by mental processes in learning. that the conditioned stimulus reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus. She has formed a cognitive map of the area. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. Edward L. Thorndike stimulus control 199.236.77.174 ¸158384464 01/22/2002 12:50:44 PST 17 17 85 567 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. conditioned response. UCS; UCR describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. a sexy model using Brand X The study of taste aversions pointed to the importance of the organism's natural behavior patterns in classical conditioning. positive reinforcement. conditioned positive reinforcer Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. Always use the same specific positive reinforcer. continuous reinforcement. partial; more accidental reinforcement. the role played by mental processes in learning. that the conditioned stimulus reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus. She has formed a cognitive map of the area. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. Edward L. Thorndike stimulus control 199.236.77.174 Ð540089638 01/22/2002 13:05:59 PST 12 12 60 682 observational learning unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus (CS). the interval between the CR and UCR was only a few seconds. that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. Associating a taste with a flashing light. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box. Skinner strongly advocated the study of mental processes to understand behavior. punishment by removal negative reinforcement by escape. operant discriminative stimuli Kaitlyn, who does not ask for much from her grandparents when they are out shopping. no; more variable-ratio fixed-interval fixed-interval Martin Seligman negative reinforcement 199.236.77.180 æ 01/22/2002 13:09:46 PST 14 14 70 506 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. the interval between the CR and UCR was only a few seconds. the timing of stimulus presentations sexual arousal in response to the song 'BolÃˆro' The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. biological preparedness behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, then increase. Corrie-Lynn receives negative reinforcement for her different behaviors. environmental stimulus or cue in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced. extinction. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. a cognitive map. if you lack confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation n/r the particular location can become a discriminative stimulus that sets the occasion for studying True True True 199.236.77.177 ÷540089638 01/22/2002 13:23:04 PST 14 14 70 725 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. conditioned stimulus (CS). describe and explain learned behaviors Human behavior is shaped by environmental events. Sulaiman is demonstrating taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of the food and the illness. Associating a taste with a flashing light. that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response. associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence elicited behaviors are to reflexive behaviors. a college diploma Raul is very quick to administer punishment to his children when they misbehave. Reinforce an incompatible behavior. Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. fixed-ratio fixed-interval observational learning. a classically conditioned response. True True 199.236.77.180 01/22/2002 13:25:05 PST 15 15 75 465 John B. Watson. Mark may be reacting to the conditioned stimuli associated with the beer and the party. successful in all three cases, showing that fears can be classically conditioned to virtually any stimuli. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors classical conditioning can be applied to advertising. Skinner active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. increases; decreases positive reinforcement. conditioned positive reinforcer conditioned; primary Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner. variable-ratio It is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer. accidental reinforcement. operant training. doing nothing. False True False 199.236.77.177 Ñ009646191 01/22/2002 14:17:28 PST 10 10 50 707 observational learning an unconditioned response is to a conditioned response. CR; UCR unconditioned response (UCR). stimulus generalization stimulus generalization. fear in response to the loud clanging sound fear in response to the sight of the rat Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli. negative reinforcement by avoidance naturally; from conditioned reinforcers negative reinforcement. operant. primary reinforcers sometimes; always n/r Albert Bandura True 199.236.77.178 ;432490771] 01/22/2002 14:19:30 PST 10 10 50 1173 a Russian psychologist. the UCS was always presented before the CS. latent learning. fear in response to the loud clanging sound did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. The patients have learned to associate the hospital-related cues with the conditioned responses that are elicited by the unconditioned stimuli of the chemotherapy medications. 'Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value.' negative reinforcement. 'We are all ultimately responsible for the choices that we make.' variable-ratio accidental reinforcement. variable interval latent learning. children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. transform mental representations into action observational learning only occurs in animals with higher intelligence such as chimpanzees, apes, and orangutans. motivational commitment being guided by a short-term reinforcer rather than a long-term reinforcer. False True 199.236.77.176 2602389439 01/22/2002 14:44:25 PST 0 0 0 557 observational learning neutral stimulus conditioned response (CR). extinction consciousness Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge. that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response. Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated. shaping. naturally; from conditioned reinforcers conditioned positive reinforcer Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. operant shaping by successive approximations. variable-ratio variable-interval She has formed a cognitive map of the area. False True 199.236.77.174 ˆ602389439 01/22/2002 14:53:56 PST 15 15 75 416 reflexive response. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned response (CR). stimulus discrimination. stimulus generalization 'The theoretical goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior.' Human behavior is shaped by environmental events. The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning of new behaviors. Associating a taste with a flashing light. Coyotes were fed sheep carcasses that were injected with lithium, a drug that causes extreme nausea in the coyotes. the relationship among reinforcers, behaviors, and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors. from conditioned reinforcers; naturally punishment by removal discriminative stimulus timing associated with the delivery of reinforcers. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. instinctive drift. Edward L. Thorndike True False 199.236.77.174 v602389439 01/22/2002 15:05:21 PST 17 17 85 494 neutral stimulus unconditioned response (UCR). there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS. stimulus generalization. extinction fear in response to the loud clanging sound Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. a sexy model using Brand X we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. operant; positive reinforcer the operant that is being positively reinforced. negative reinforcement by escape. primary positive reinforcer Carlos, who gets everything he asks for from his grandparents when they are out shopping. accidental reinforcement. a cognitive map. instinctive drift. 199.236.77.174 Ê602389439 01/22/2002 15:15:40 PST 14 14 70 435 unconditioned stimulus (UCS). produces a 'new' reflex. unconditioned response (UCR). conditioned response (CR). the timing of stimulus presentations Human behavior is shaped by environmental events. B. F. Skinner Watson caused permanent changes in the manufacturing of consumer products by applying classical conditioning techniques to employee training and development. a sexy model using Brand X elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. money operants shaping shaping by successive approximations. accidental reinforcement. immediate reinforcement for the imitated action an operantly conditioned pattern based on previous experiences with exams. False False 199.236.77.174 /602389439 01/22/2002 15:25:22 PST 17 17 85 403 an association between two stimuli. spontaneous recovery that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. the sight of the white rat fear in response to the sight of the rat Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. twenty-four hours. behavior elicited by a stimulus; behavior emitted by an organism associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence maintained by associations made with other learned stimuli. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. naturally; from primary reinforcers conditioned; primary shaping fixed-ratio accidental reinforcement. variable interval focus on the delayed reinforcer. False 199.236.77.174 539394774 01/22/2002 16:25:19 PST 9 9 45 696 UCS; UCR conditioned response (CR). there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS. stimulus generalization. describe and explain learned behaviors fear in response to the sight of the rat Associating food with a tone. humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. naturally; from conditioned reinforcers chamber from which an animal must learn to escape. sometimes; always fixed-ratio variable-ratio The timing between reinforcers is predictable although the number of responses may vary. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. transform mental representations into action negative reinforcement False 199.236.77.174 u552811325 01/22/2002 16:46:37 PST 17 17 85 1153 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. results in simple, voluntary responses to that stimulus. an association between two stimuli. reflexive response. the timing of stimulus presentations extinction The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses. Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge. associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence money conditioned; primary punishment by removal. fixed-ratio accidental reinforcement. animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. instinctive drift. children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. increases. the particular location can become a discriminative stimulus that sets the occasion for studying True 199.236.77.180 Ž552811325 01/22/2002 17:05:14 PST 15 15 75 755 causes an existing behavior to occur. conditioned stimulus (CS). conditioned response (CR). stimulus generalization. stimulus discrimination John B. Watson. 'The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports.' The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. associating a response and a consequence; associating two stimuli elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. negative reinforcement by escape. extinction. sometimes; always fixed-ratio It is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer. variable-interval children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. True 199.236.77.180 a542274876 01/23/2002 10:30:46 PST 10 10 50 1005 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. conditioned response (CR) stimulus generalization. stimulus generalization 'Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes.' Watson helped to demonstrate the importance of classically conditioned emotions associated with consumer products. that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. The nausea and vomiting are unconditioned responses to the conditioned stimuli associated with the hospital-related cues. Pavlov and Watson believed that mental processes best explained why classical conditioning was effective for such diverse behaviors as emotional responses and physiological responses in people. that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. avoidance behavior. primary positive reinforcer The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. number of responses needed for the delivery of a reinforcer. studying the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes. a cognitive map. even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. stimulus control. 199.236.77.180 †542234546 01/23/2002 10:43:48 PST 12 12 60 1201 an association between two stimuli. the sight of the white rat Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise. the law of effect used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box. Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated. a voluntary action. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. negative reinforcement by avoidance. Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner. sometimes; always no; more timing associated with the delivery of reinforcers. doing nothing. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items False True False True 199.236.77.174 i542274876 01/23/2002 10:47:11 PST 10 10 50 514 conditioned stimulus (CS) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination. conditioned stimuli fear in response to the sight of the rat did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. a few seconds. As the coyotes approached the lambs, a loud noise was sounded, causing the coyotes to associate the loud, fearful noise with the lambs. decreases; increases naturally; from conditioned reinforcers it consistently follows the behavior. shaping. 'The forces of the environment act upon our biological tendencies to create behavioral tendencies.' 'Animals develop a mental representation of the layout of a maze, which allows them to run quickly and accurately through a maze.' a cognitive map. trial-and-error learning. B. F. Skinner and James Watson. even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. False True 199.236.77.180 F539394774 01/23/2002 11:31:00 PST 13 13 65 948 stimulus generalization the interval between the CS and the UCS was only a few seconds. Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. Watson caused permanent personality changes in 'Little Albert' that led to psychological problems for Albert as he grew older. Mark observed how others acted after drinking beer and was simply mimicking his models. sexual arousal in response to the song 'BolÃˆro' biological preparedness reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors negative reinforcement by avoidance. conditioned positive reinforcer operant. variable-interval accidental reinforcement. variable-ratio if the task is extremely difficult or extremely easy a classically conditioned response. self-reinforcement. False False 199.236.77.174 539394774 01/23/2002 11:48:35 PST 11 11 55 693 extinction the loud clanging sound unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response intimate physical contact with her partner Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge. 'Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value.' increases; decreases the operant that is being negatively reinforced. food punishment by application negative reinforcement by avoidance. punishment by removal. The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. operants 'The forces of the environment act upon our biological tendencies to create behavioral tendencies.' variable-ratio to associate a behavior with its consequences. remember-you forgot some of the steps observational learning. True 199.236.77.174 „543029519 01/23/2002 12:09:34 PST 15 15 75 433 unconditioned response (UCR). conditioned response (CR). there were many pairings of the CS and the UCS. Human behavior can be explained by genetics and heredity. unsuccessful. Edward C. Tolman; Albert Bandura Watson the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. carrying the step stool to the kitchen increases; decreases Jose is reinforced for not talking in class instead of being punished for talking in class. stimulus discrimination. continuous reinforcement. reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. latent learning. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. True False 199.236.77.180 E543029519 01/23/2002 12:20:09 PST 14 14 70 396 a Russian psychologist. conditioned stimulus learned response is to a unlearned response. extinction. Watson caused permanent changes in the manufacturing of consumer products by applying classical conditioning techniques to employee training and development. Mark may be reacting to the conditioned stimuli associated with the beer and the party. Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence increases; increases increases; decreases Raul is very quick to administer punishment to his children when they misbehave. Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. 'A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him.' reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. if the situation is unfamiliar or ambiguous self-reinforcement True False 199.236.77.180 D543029519 01/23/2002 12:29:23 PST 15 15 75 334 learned response is to a unlearned response. UCS; UCR a neutral stimulus. conditioned stimulus (CS) an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. twenty-four hours. Coyotes were fed sheep carcasses that were injected with lithium, a drug that causes extreme nausea in the coyotes. humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. Skinner advocated greater use of punishment to control behavior. money primary; conditioned The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. discriminative stimulus continuous reinforcement. It is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer. a cognitive map. transform mental representations into action decreases. True False 199.236.77.180 m543029519 01/23/2002 12:39:33 PST 14 14 70 389 unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Taste aversions could be quickly classically conditioned, but these aversions also responded quickly to extinction procedures. associating a response and a consequence; associating two stimuli voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. negative reinforcement by escape. money primary positive reinforcer it consistently follows the behavior. Reinforce an incompatible behavior. fixed-ratio fixed-interval to associate a behavior with its consequences. She has formed a cognitive map of the area. learned helplessness. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. being guided by a short-term reinforcer rather than a long-term reinforcer. True True True 199.236.77.180 ¹432490771 01/23/2002 12:54:59 PST 1 1 100 791 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. observational learning results in simple, voluntary responses to that stimulus. conditioned response. UCS; UCR stimulus generalization The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors the law of effect used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box. a voluntary action. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. money variable-interval operant behaviors can be brought under the control of a stimulus that once was a conditioned stimulus. observational learning. you can avoid distractions such as television or phone calls True False True 199.236.77.176 U009646191 01/23/2002 12:58:07 PST 1 1 33 986 unconditioned response (UCR). the interval between the CS and the UCS was only a few seconds. Marilyn practically jumped out of her chair when a very loud clap of thunder occurred right over her house. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats. Sulaiman is demonstrating taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of the food and the illness. latent learning the law of effect Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, whereas unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated. punishment. Her grandparents serve as discriminative stimuli for her behavior. fixed-ratio The timing between reinforcers is predictable although the number of responses may vary. behavior modification. fixed-ratio 'An organism learns to expect that a certain behavior will lead to a particular outcome in a specific situation.' learned helplessness. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. if the task is extremely difficult or extremely easy True 199.236.77.177 ¦ 01/23/2002 13:06:54 PST 10 10 50 425 automatic responses; voluntary responses conditioned response (CR). conditioned response (CR). unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response stimulus generalization the scientific study of observable behaviors rather than mental processes Mark observed how others acted after drinking beer and was simply mimicking his models. the sweet-tasting water avoidance behavior. primary positive reinforcer negative reinforcement. ignore Debbie's attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone. extinction. fixed-ratio accidental reinforcement. an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors. stimulus control increases. True False 199.236.77.175 š009646191 01/23/2002 13:09:08 PST 14 14 70 591 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. a Russian physiologist. unconditioned response (UCR). stimulus generalization the timing of stimulus presentations spontaneous recovery Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response. n/r we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. carrying the step stool to the kitchen n/r timing associated with the delivery of reinforcers. variable ratio The standing water was a reliable predictor of danger. Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier. Albert Bandura True False 199.236.77.177 Ó 02/19/2002 13:50:32 PST 0 0 0 946 a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience. the CR always occurred before the UCR. stimulus generalization observable behavior John B. Watson the natural process of extinction in a baby. associating behaviors and consequences. Taste aversions could be quickly classically conditioned, but these aversions also responded quickly to extinction procedures. elicited behaviors are to reflexive behaviors. negative reinforcement by avoidance conditioned positive reinforcer negative; positive shaping. fixed-interval variable-interval 'Animals are adept at learning a sequence of responses, and this is what helps the animals run through a maze so quickly and accurately.' 'Behaviors are largely determined by what behavior is observed and what consequences follow that behavior.' The dogs were responding to the tone as a conditioned stimulus that signaled the impending shock. The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. True × 02/19/2002 14:32:51 PST 13 13 65 880 observational learning UCS; UCR stimulus generalization. Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. As the coyotes approached the lambs, a loud noise was sounded, causing the coyotes to associate the loud, fearful noise with the lambs. we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box. carrying the step stool to the kitchen increases; decreases the operant that is being positively reinforced. The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, then increase. shaping fixed-ratio Aversive consequences are less likely to occur with this schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio classical conditioning can override the effects of operant conditioning in terms of behavior change. motivation-you were not really interested in making these items immediate reinforcement for the imitated action observational learning. the partial reinforcement effect. 540587369 02/19/2002 16:20:59 PST 12 12 60 1232 conditioned response (CR). we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors the law of effect increases; decreases negative reinforcement. escape behavior. conditioned positive reinforcer conditioned positive reinforcer negative reinforcement by avoidance. Always use the same specific positive reinforcer. Corrie-Lynn is exhibiting the partial reinforcement effect. operants complicated maze with a 'start' box and a food reward in the 'goal' box at the end of the maze. Rick, who sometimes gets what he asks for from his parents when they are out shopping. The dogs learned that their actions were futile. immediate reinforcement for the imitated action observational learning. True True Œ353402389 02/21/2002 11:39:28 PST 13 13 65 649 Diane has demonstrated the process of learning. stimulus generalization did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. Associating a taste with a flashing light. reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors increases; decreases negative reinforcement by avoidance. negative reinforcement. negative reinforcement by escape. The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. shaping shaping Rick, who sometimes gets what he asks for from his parents when they are out shopping. children are less willing to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for their actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded. transform mental representations into action even lower intelligence animals such as hamsters and quail have demonstrated observational learning. negative reinforcement the particular location can become a discriminative stimulus that sets the occasion for studying True False —51378199 02/21/2002 12:05:29 PST 16 16 80 486 a Russian physiologist. neutral stimulus stimulus generalization. the timing of stimulus presentations spontaneous recovery fear in response to the loud clanging sound conditioned stimulus; conditioned response The patients have learned to associate the hospital-related cues with the conditioned responses that are elicited by the unconditioned stimuli of the chemotherapy medications. Thorndike; Skinner elicited behaviors are to emitted behaviors. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. avoidance behavior. conditioned positive reinforcer Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. shaping by successive approximations. variable-interval number of responses needed for the delivery of a reinforcer. 'An organism can learn without performance of a behavior or even direct exposure to consequences.' Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier. observational learning. ð556543469 02/25/2002 11:59:58 PST 13 13 65 2183 automatic responses; voluntary responses an association between two stimuli. unconditioned response (UCR). conditioned stimulus (CS). the timing of stimulus presentations 'John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur.' voluntary behaviors are to involuntary behaviors. used trial and error to escape from the puzzle box. voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences. it consistently follows the behavior. operants Lydia, who is always told 'No, we cannot afford that' by her parents when they are out shopping. fixed-ratio Reinforcers are delivered on a regular basis. fixed-interval imitation of the behavior as you saw it being guided by a short-term reinforcer rather than a long-term reinforcer. True False False m 02/25/2002 12:05:57 PST 11 11 55 2431 stimulus discrimination B. F. Skinner the loud clanging sound an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise. associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence increases; decreases the operant that is being positively reinforced. negative reinforcement by avoidance. primary; conditioned discriminative stimuli chamber from which an animal must learn to escape. shaping the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. no; more a cognitive map. doing nothing. True False False ~556543469 02/25/2002 12:20:51 PST 6 6 30 434 learned stimulus CR; UCR conditioned stimulus (CS). Watson helped to demonstrate the importance of classically conditioned emotions associated with consumer products. sexual arousal in response to the song 'BolÃˆro' Leslie always pays her electric bill on time in order to avoid a late charge. Associating food with a tone. getting ill in response to the drug the law of effect. unsuccessful. an automatic, reflexive behavior. n/r conditioned; secondary extinction. 'Behaviors are largely determined by what behavior is observed and what consequences follow that behavior.' children can be classically conditioned to fear even a favorite toy. True True True False 542566394 02/25/2002 14:28:33 PST 4 4 20 411 the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer. conditioned stimulus (CS). stimulus discrimination B. F. Skinner. Associating a taste with illness. that, for some behaviors, a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus can produce a classically conditioned response. getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water superstitious pigeons; drooling dogs learned much faster if they were able to watch another cat escape from the puzzle box. decreases; decreases positive reinforcement. The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, then decrease. positive reinforcer. operant sometimes; always fixed-ratio operant training. operant behaviors can be brought under the control of a stimulus that once was a conditioned stimulus. observational learning. True Í556543469 02/26/2002 12:59:08 PST 13 13 65 654 an association between two stimuli. unconditioned response (UCR). the timing of stimulus presentations observable behavior B. F. Skinner The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. new behaviors are learned through imitation. money conditioned positive reinforcer negative reinforcement it consistently follows the behavior. Corrie-Lynn receives negative reinforcement for her different behaviors. discriminative stimulus fixed-interval learned helplessness. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. immediate reinforcement for the imitated action only humans demonstrate true observational learning because of their advanced cognitive functioning. False False ¼536846905 02/26/2002 13:35:59 PST 8 8 40 431 the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer. UCS; UCR the UCS was always presented before the CS. that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. n/r n/r the sweet-tasting water the partial reinforcement effect successful only when the object was paired with an extremely loud noise. n/r Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. the scotch tape dispenser primary positive reinforcer conditioned positive reinforcer classical conditioning. continuous reinforcement. learned helplessness. immediate reinforcement for the imitated action True