The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called:           
 * biological psychology.         
 clinical psychology.         
 cognitive physiology         
 psychopharmacology       
    

A biopsychologist is most likely to study:           
 how one's perception of a sound affects one's response time to that sound.         
 which psychological test would best predict job success.         
 at which age do children understand abstract concepts.         
 * which hormones can initiate sexual behavior in hamsters.       
    

Neurons are:           
 found in primates and humans, but not in other animals.         
 * highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.         
 found only in the spinal cord and bone marrow.         
 highly specialized cells located exclusively in the brain.       
    

There are roughly _____ neurons in the human brain.           
 500,000      
 500 million      
 1 billion         
 * 100 billion       
    

According to your text, which of the following methods is used to investigate the functions of individual neurons?          
 studying each neuron with special PET scans that isolate their activity         
 studying large neurons with MRI scans and small neurons with PET scans         
 * studying very simple animals, such as sea snails and squids, that have a limited number of neurons         
 injecting dyes into a small amount of brain tissue       
    

The three basic types of neurons are:           
 glial cells, nodes of Ranvier, and myelin.         
 dendritic neurons, axonal neurons, and body neurons.         
 excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, and interleaved neurons.         
 * sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.       
    

One function of glial cells is that they:           
 communicate between one neuron and another.         
 convey information about the environment.         
 * enhance the speed of communication between neurons.         
 communicate information between neurons.       
    

The fact that you can smell the sweet smell of a rose means that your _____ are doing their job.           
 * sensory neurons         
 motor neurons         
 interneurons         
 glial cells       
    

As you write the answers to these test questions, millions of _____ are activated to help your hand muscles move.           
 interneurons         
 * motor neurons         
 sensory neurons         
 glial cells       
    

The amount of information that a neuron can receive increases with the number of _____ that the neuron has.           
 axons         
 cell bodies         
 glial cells         
 * dendrites       
    

Glial cells are cells that:           
 send and receive information.         
 * provide nutrition and structural support for neurons.         
 act as a bridge between the brain and the spinal cord.         
 communicate information to the muscles and glands.       
    

Which of the following is TRUE of glial cells?           
 * They help enhance the speed of communication between neurons.         
 They manufacture endorphins.         
 They are usually larger than neurons.         
 They are located in the cell body of every neuron.       
    

_____ neurons convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and _____ neurons communicate information to the muscles and glands.           
 Dendritic; axonal         
 Excitatory; inhibitory         
 * Sensory; motor         
 Motor; sensory       
    

The type of specialized cell whose main function is to communicate between neurons is a(n):           
 * interneuron.         
 glial cell.         
 node.         
 sodium ion.       
    

Which of the following statements about the properties of neurons is TRUE?           
 All neurons are the same size and shape.         
 * The size and shape of neurons varies a great deal, reflecting their specialized function.         
 Sensory and motor neurons are the same size and shape, and interneurons are long and thin.         
 Neurons are much larger and longer than nerves.       
    

Most of the neurons in the human nervous system are:           
 * interneurons.         
 motor neurons.         
 sensory neurons.         
 replaced over the course of the lifespan by new neurons that are generated by glial cells.       
    

Most neurons have which of the following three basic components?           
 myelin, glial, association areas         
 axon, nodes, buttons         
 * dendrites, cell body, axon         
 myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, sensory receptors       
    

Most neurons have all of the following parts EXCEPT:           
 * association areas.         
 cell body and nucleus.         
 dendrites.         
 axons.       
    

A neuron may have thousands of _____, but can have only one _____.           
 * dendrites; axon         
 cell bodies; dendrite         
 axons; dendrite         
 nodes of Ranvier; association area       
    

Which of the following is TRUE about axons?           
 They receive information from other neurons.         
 * They have branches near their tips for communicating with more than one target.         
 They contain genetic material and other structures found in virtually all cells of the body.         
 They provide structural support for neurons.       
    

The length of an axon:           
 is typically several feet long.         
 is a function of the length of the neuron's dendrites.         
 * varies considerably depending on the part of the body that it serves.         
 changes depending on the activities of the muscle that it serves.       
    

The _____ is contained in the cell body and provides energy for the neuron to carry out its functions.           
 dendrite         
 sodium ion         
 potassium pump         
 * nucleus       
    

The part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons is called the:           
 axon.         
 nucleus.         
 * dendrite.         
 sodium ion membrane.       
    

The part of the neuron that sends messages to other cells in the body is(are) the:           
 dendrites.         
 * axon.         
 nucleus.         
 reticular formation.       
    

Which of the following statements about the axon is FALSE?           
 Some axons in the human body extend twelve inches or more.         
 The axons of many, but not all, neurons have a white, fatty covering called the myelin sheath.         
 * A given neuron usually has many more axons than dendrites.         
 Gaps in the myelin sheath surrounding an axon are called the nodes of Ranvier.       
    

The cell body of a neuron:           
 * contains the nucleus.         
 maintains separations between the nodes of Ranvier.         
 increases the transmission speed of electrical impulses.         
 directs the creation of new neurons in response to new learning experiences.       
    

The primary function of the myelin sheath is to:           
 reduce the speed of neurotransmitters crossing the synaptic gap.         
 * insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message.         
 provide support and nutrition to the dendrites.         
 bundle the axons of neurons that produce the same neurotransmitters.       
    

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is caused by:           
 * degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.         
 an abnormal increase in the thickness of the myelin sheath, blocking the release of neurotransmitters.         
 multiple fractures in the sclerotic membrane, which causes the neuron's cell body to collapse and die.         
 dendrites becoming brittle and breaking.       
    

As a general rule, communication within a neuron progresses from:           
 the axon to the dendrites to the cell body.         
 * the dendrites to the cell body to the axon.         
 the myelin to the nucleus to the nodes of Ranvier.         
 somatic to autonomic.       
    

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the myelin sheath?           
 * It is the primary source of support for the axon.         
 It is fatty.         
 It is manufactured by specialized glial cells.         
 It is white.       
    

Compared to neurons that do not have myelin, neurons with myelin:           
 are unable to communicate with other neurons.         
 * can communicate up to 20 times faster.         
 use much more energy.         
 have very short axons.       
    

Symptoms that result from a degeneration of myelin, as in the case of multiple sclerosis, include all of the following EXCEPT:           
 muscular weakness.         
 speech disturbances.         
 * excessive release of hormones.         
 loss of coordination.       
    

Information is transmitted along the axon:           
 by glial cells.         
 at the speed of light or 186,000 miles per second.         
 * in the form of a brief electrical impulse.         
 by hairlike projections.       
    

The action potential is best defined as:           
 the amount of serotonin that can cross the axon's membrane.         
 the +3 to +7 volt capacity of a typical motor neuron.         
 the ability of a motor neuron to either contract or relax a muscle group.         
 * a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron.       
    

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:           
 * minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.         
 ratio of positive-to-negative ions required for the neuron to transmit information to the next neuron.         
 positive electrical charge on the neuron's interior just prior to neuron activation.         
 minimum level of stimulation required to prevent degeneration of the neuron.       
    

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is in the resting potential state is about:          
 +30 millivolts.         
 * -70 millivolts.         
 +2 volts.         
 -10 volts.       
    

When the exterior fluid surrounding the axon is positively charged and the internal fluid in the axon is negatively charged, the neuron is said to be:           
 unmyelinated.         
 depolarized.         
 * polarized.         
 decompressed.       
    

An action potential occurs when:           
 * sodium ions enter the axon's interior and potassium ions enter the axon's exterior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.         
 potassium ions are electrically transformed into sodium ions.         
 polarized dendrites stimulate adjoining nodes of Ranvier.         
 potassium ions enter the dendrites and sodium ions exit the axon, causing depolarization and a brief negative electrical charge.       
    

What part(s) of the neuron is(are) most likely to gather messages?           
 the cell body         
 the dendrites         
 the dendrites and axon         
 * the dendrites and cell body       
    

The action potential is produced by the:           
 * movement of ions across the membrane of the axon.         
 movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels.         
 opening and closing of the nodes in the myelin sheath.         
 reuptake of the neurotransmitters into the vesicles.       
    

The analogy used in the book referred to the axon membrane as a "gatekeeper." This means that the membrane:           
 determines whether an action potential will "pass" through the axon.         
 * controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.         
 operates in an "all-or-none" fashion, either opening to allow neurotransmitters to pass or not.         
 uses the nodes of Ranvier to allow some ions to move out of the axon and neurotransmitters to move into the axon.       
    

When a neuron is polarized,           
 the exterior fluid surrounding the neuron is more negatively charged than the interior of the neuron.         
 an action potential will travel down the dendrites causing the release of neurotransmitters.         
 the electrical charge across the neuron's membrane is balanced with the same charge outside as inside.         
 * the interior of the neuron is more negatively charged than the exterior fluid surrounding the neuron.       
    

A neuron's resting potential is due to the greater concentration of:           
 potassium and sodium ions outside of the neuron relative to the inside of the neuron.         
 potassium and sodium ions inside of the neuron relative to the outside of the neuron.         
 * potassium ions inside of the neuron relative to the outside and the greater concentration of sodium ions outside of the neuron relative to the inside.         
 sodium ions inside of the neuron relative to the outside and the greater concentration of potassium ions outside of the neuron relative to the inside.       
    

Which of the following represent the sequence of ionic movements that cause an action potential?           
 * Sodium ions move into the axon and then potassium ions move out of the axon.         
 Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the dendrite.         
 Potassium ions move out of the dendrite and then sodium ions move into the axon.         
 Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the axon.       
    

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?           
 The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge.         
 The outside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.         
 * The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.         
 The inside and outside of the axon change to a more positive electrical charge.       
    

The all-or-none law refers to the fact that:           
 the myelin sheath either completely covers an axon or it does not.         
 the resting potential occurs only when the neuron is completely depolarized.         
 * either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur.         
 a neurotransmitter is completely reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or it is dissolved in the synaptic gap.       
    

Which two factors affect the speed at which the action potential is conducted along a neuron's axon?           
 * the diameter of the axon and whether it is coated with a myelin sheath         
 the number of dendrites and the size of the cell body         
 the type and number of axons projecting from the neuron         
 the size of the positive electrical charge just before an action potential occurs and the number of adjacent neurons       
    

The fastest neurons in the human body communicate their messages at:           
 the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second.         
 * speeds up to 270 miles per hour.         
 the speed of sound, or about 770 miles per hour.         
 only about 10 miles per hour.       
    

The point of communication between two neurons is called the:           
 refractory.         
 conjunction.         
 glial cell.         
 * synapse.       
    

What keeps an action potential continuing down an axon?           
 * At each successive segment of the axon, the action potential is regenerated by depolarization and the movement of ions across the axon's membrane.         
 Neurotransmitters are constantly being released to generate the action potential at each successive segment of the axon.         
 Action potentials are conducted down the axon just as electricity is conducted through a wire.         
 Ion channels open and close at the nodes of Ranvier, allowing neurotransmitters to enter into the axon and regenerate an action potential at each node.       
    

Which of the following is TRUE regarding action potentials?           
 Partial action potentials result in fewer neurotransmitter molecules being released than whole action potentials.         
 Action potentials operate under the "all-or-none law," which means that action potentials either move all sodium ions across the membrane or none of the sodium ions across the membrane.         
 * Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon.         
 Action potentials regenerate themselves during their refractory periods when the axon membrane is depolarized.       
    

What occurs during a refractory period?           
 The neuron depolarizes.         
 Neurotransmitters are released by the dendrites.         
 The charge of the neuron's interior is +30mV.         
 * The neuron reestablishes the negative-inside/positive-outside condition.       
    

The variation in communication speeds of neurons is due to all of the following factors EXCEPT:           
 axon diameter.         
 the presence of a myelin sheath.         
 * the number of neurotransmitter molecules initiating the action potential.         
 All of the above contribute to the variation in communication speeds of neurons.       
    

In myelinated axons, where are the sodium ion channels concentrated?           
 * at each of the nodes of Ranvier         
 near the site of neurotransmitter release         
 along the dendrites         
 wherever myelin is covering the axon       
    

How are action potentials different in a myelinated axon as opposed to an unmyelinated axon?           
 Action potentials are slower in myelinated axons because the myelin sheath interferes with the transfer of ions across the membrane.         
 * Action potentials "jump" from node to node in myelinated axons rather than progressing down the entire length of the axon.         
 Action potentials have greater electrical charges in myelinated axons.         
 Action potentials in myelinated axons operate according to the "all-or-none law" but action potentials in unmyelinated axons do not.       
    

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as:           
 synapse is to neurotransmitters.         
 receptors are to neurotransmitters.         
 electrical communication is to chemical communication.         
 * message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.       
    

Which of the following best defines a neurotransmitter?           
 * a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons         
 magnetic waves that create detailed images of individual neurons         
 a chemical communicator manufactured by glial cells         
 a microscopic channel through which sodium and potassium ions pass       
    

In synaptic transmission, the action potential stimulates the release of:           
 potassium ions by the glial cells.         
 * neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles.         
 myelin by the glial cells.         
 sodium ions by the dendrites.       
    

Like a key in a lock, the shape of the _____ must fit the _____ to affect the postsynaptic neuron.           
 dendrite; axon terminal         
 cell body; axon terminal         
 * neurotransmitter; receptor site         
 synaptic vesicle; receptor site       
    

Which of the following statements is FALSE?           
 A given neuron can have thousands of synapses with other neurons.         
 A given neuron can manufacture three or more different types of neurotransmitters.         
 * Synaptic vesicles are released into the synaptic gap, then "dock" with the adjoining neurons.         
 It only takes a few millionths of a second for neurotransmitters to cross the synaptic gap.       
    

What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site?           
 * In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.         
 They bind with potassium ions.         
 They are destroyed by glial cells.         
 They are neutralized by negative ions.       
    

When neurotransmitters communicate an excitatory message to the postsynaptic neuron:           
 * the postsynaptic neuron is more likely to activate.         
 the presynaptic neuron is more likely to activate.         
 the action potential is canceled out.         
 reuptake is inhibited.       
    

Any given neurotransmitter:           
 always communicates either an excitatory or inhibitory effect.         
 * can have different effects, depending upon the receptor site to which it attaches.         
 can be located in the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system but not both.         
 can attach to any available receptor site on adjacent neurons.       
    

Neurotransmitters:           
 have been much easier to detect and identify because of PET scans.         
 * are present in extremely small quantities in the brain.         
 are constantly changing their basic molecular shape as the human brain adapts to new experiences.         
 compete with sodium and potassium ions for the receptor sites on the surrounding neurons.       
    

The most common form of communication between neurons is:           
 * chemical.         
 electrical.         
 eloctrochemical.         
 hormonal.       
    

What are contained in synaptic vesicles?           
 hormones         
 ions         
 * neurotransmitters         
 receptors       
    

What happens to the neurotransmitter molecules after they have attached to the receptor sites of the postsynaptic neuron?           
 They are absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron and used by that neuron as neurotransmitter molecules.         
 * They are either reabsorbed and recycled by the presynaptic neuron or they are broken down by enzymes.         
 They remain attached to the receptor sites until the presynaptic neuron stops firing action potentials.         
 They are absorbed by the presynaptic neuron and used to initiate more action potentials.       
    

Which of the following statements about neurons and their neurotransmitters is true?           
 A neuron is capable of producing only one type of neurotransmitter.         
 A neuron can only produce one type of neurotransmitter but uses reuptake of other neurotransmitters to be able to release more than one neurotransmitter.         
 * Some neurons can produce three or more neurotransmitters.         
 Some neurons are capable of producing over 60 different neurotransmitters.       
    

When a neurotransmitter communicates an inhibitory message to a postsynaptic neuron, the:           
 postsynaptic neuron is more likely to have an action potential.         
 * postsynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.         
 presynaptic neuron is more likely to have an action potential.         
 presynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.       
    

If a postsynaptic neuron receives an excitatory and an inhibitory message at the same time, what happens?           
 An action potential will occur in the postsynaptic neuron because of the excitatory message.         
 The postsynaptic neuron makes a "decision" about which message to use and which to ignore.         
 * The excitatory and the inhibitory messages cancel each other out.         
 Reuptake is less likely to occur because the excitatory and inhibitory messages cancel the reuptake mechanism.       
    

The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine:           
 is found in all sensory neurons.         
 * was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered.         
 is increased by antidepressant drugs, like Prozac.         
 is chemically identical to heroin.       
    

All motor neurons manufacture:           
 * acetylcholine.         
 dopamine.         
 serotonin.         
 L-dopa.       
    

Which of the following neurotransmitters is implicated in Alzheimer's disease?           
 serotonin         
 dopamine         
 * acetylcholine         
 GABA       
    

Too little dopamine in the brain is associated with symptoms of:           
 schizophrenia.         
 * Parkinson's disease.         
 anxiety.         
 Alzheimer's disease.       
    

Antipsychotic drugs used to help reduce the hallucinations that often accompany schizophrenia work by:           
 * decreasing dopamine activity in the brain.         
 stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain.         
 blocking the reuptake of dopamine, making more dopamine available.         
 selectively reducing serotonin levels in the substantia nigra.       
    

Former heavyweight boxer Muhammad Ali suffers from symptoms that are very similar to Parkinson's disease.  He sometimes experiences muscle tremors and has difficulty initiating movements or speech.  To help reduce these symptoms, Ali takes a drug called:           
 naloxone.         
 atropine.         
 * L-dopa.         
 morphine.       
    

The drug called L-dopa:           
 is used to treat people suffering from schizophrenia.         
 blocks pain signals.         
 is found in all sensory neurons.         
 * stimulates the production of dopamine in the brain.       
    

Over the course of several months and for no apparent reason, Jennifer became progressively more despondent, withdrawn, and listless.  Her doctor accurately diagnosed the problem as major depression and started Jennifer on an antidepressant drug called Prozac.  Three weeks later, Jennifer was much improved.  Antidepressant drugs work by _____ the availability of _____ in the brain.           
 * increasing; serotonin         
 decreasing; dopamine         
 increasing; endorphins         
 decreasing; acetylcholine       
    

Which of the following drugs is chemically similar to the endorphins?           
 curare         
 * morphine         
 L-dopa         
 atropine       
    

Which of the following drugs effectively blocks the effects of endorphins?           
 * naloxone         
 atropine         
 L-dopa         
 nicotine       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the phenomena mentioned in the text that is associated with increased endorphin levels?           
 the positive mood that can result during aerobic exercise         
 the pain-relieving effects of placebos         
 the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture         
 * the positive mood produced by eating chocolate       
    

Depletion of the neurotransmitter _____ is associated with Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by progressive loss of memory and deterioration of intellectual functioning.           
 serotonin         
 dopamine         
 norepinephrine         
 * acetylcholine       
    

Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the neurotransmitter _____.           
 * dopamine         
 serotonin         
 acetylcholine         
 GABA       
    

Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons that produce:           
 GABA.         
 norepinephrine.         
 * dopamine.         
 acetylcholine.       
    

Lamar suffers from schizophrenia.  If you were his psychiatrist, you would probably recommend that Lamar takes a medication that _____ to relieve his psychotic symptoms.           
 * blocks dopamine receptors         
 increases serotonin activity         
 decreases GABA activity         
 blocks norepinephrine receptors       
    

Antianxiety medications, such as Valium and Xanax, work by _____ in the brain.           
 increasing dopamine activity         
 * increasing GABA activity         
 decreasing norepinephrine activity         
 decreasing endorphin activity       
    

Which neurotransmitter plays a dual role in the brain area that regulates daily sleep/wake cycles by communicating excitatory messages during the day and inhibitory messages at night?           
 serotonin         
 dopamine         
 acetylcholine         
 * GABA       
    

After surgery, physicians may prescribe a medication to relieve pain.  Such a medication would most likely mimic the effects of _____.           
 dopamine         
 * endorphins         
 serotonin         
 GABA       
    

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways discussed in the text that drugs can interfere with synaptic transmission?           
 by blocking a receptor site and preventing the neurotransmitter from having an effect         
 by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter and producing the same effect         
 by increasing the length of time a neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic gap, increasing its effects         
 * by bonding with the neurotransmitter and changing its molecular weight and shape       
    

Which of the following drugs mimics the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?           
 Prozac         
 L-dopa         
 * nicotine         
 morphine       
    

Some native peoples of South America use the drug curare to poison the tips of their hunting arrows.  When an animal is struck by the arrow, it goes limp and quickly suffocates.  Why?           
 Serotonin floods into the synaptic gap.         
 Dopamine reuptake is blocked.         
 * Acetylcholine receptor sites are blocked.         
 Endorphin receptor sites are destroyed.       
    

Researchers have found that endorphins are implicated in the pain-reducing effects of acupuncture.  How was this determined?           
 The researchers found that people reported less pain after receiving an injection of morphine.         
 Injections of L-dopa made the pain worse following acupuncture treatment.         
 Prozac blocked the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture.         
 * Naloxone blocked the pain-relieving effects of acupuncture.       
    

The venom of a black widow spider is so dangerous because it _____ which, in turn, leads to severe muscle spasms.           
 * causes acetylcholine to be released continuously         
 blocks dopamine receptors         
 stimulates the production of L-dopa         
 inhibits the reuptake of serotonin       
    

One way in which drugs can prolong the effects of the neurotransmitter is by:           
 stimulating the production of endorphins.         
 blocking the neurotransmitter's receptors.         
 decreasing the number of inhibitory action potentials.         
 * blocking the reuptake of the transmitter.       
    

_____ is to Alzheimer's disease as _____ is to Parkinson's disease.           
 Dopamine; serotonin         
 * Acetylcholine; dopamine         
 Serotonin; norepinephrine         
 Norepinephrine; serotonin       
    

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the _____.           
 * peripheral nervous system; central nervous system         
 central nervous system; autonomic nervous system         
 brain; spinal cord         
 autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system       
    

In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the:           
 peripheral nervous system.         
 autonomic nervous system.         
 * central nervous system.         
 somatic nervous system.       
    

Nerves are composed of _____, which are held together by connective tissue.           
 * bundles of neuron axons         
 dendritic fibers         
 pons         
 glial cells       
    

In the _____, information is communicated along nerves.           
 central nervous system         
 * peripheral nervous system         
 brain and the spinal cord         
 spinal cord       
    

_____ are to the central nervous system as _____ are to the peripheral nervous system.           
 Axons; dendrites         
 * Neurons; nerves         
 Myelin sheaths; neurotransmitters         
 Neurotransmitters; hormones       
    

What is a function of cerebrospinal fluid?           
 * It protects the central nervous system from being jarred.         
 It promotes the release of hormones in the brain.         
 It can function as a neurotransmitter in times of severe stress.         
 It is the communication link between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.       
    

Which of the following statements is FALSE?           
 Nature has encased the brain and the spinal cord in bone to help protect these structures.         
 The brain is suspended in cerebrospinal fluid to help protect it.         
 * All behavior is controlled by the brain.         
 The spinal cord handles both incoming and outgoing messages.       
    

Professor Romero discovered that the overhead projector in her classroom had a short in the wiring system.  When she touched the metal edge of the projector, she got an electric shock and instantly jerked her hand back.  This instantaneous reaction is an example of:           
 aphasia.         
 hemispheric specialization.         
 the brain's structural plasticity.         
 * a spinal reflex.       
    

Whereas the brain could be characterized as a(n) _____, the spinal cord could be characterized as a(n) _____.           
 neurotransmitter; receptor         
 electric utility pole; electric wire         
 nucleus; soma         
 * command center; telephone switchboard       
    

Which of the following best characterizes a spinal reflex?           
 When your doctor asks you how you are feeling, without thinking you say "Okay."         
 When a cat suddenly darts in front of your car, you serve to avoid hitting the cat.         
 * You pull your hand away when you touch a hot stove.         
 You perspire when it is very hot outside.       
    

Thomas was distracted as he was cooking, and he inadvertently touched a very hot dish.  Instantaneously, he jerked his hand back, a reflexive action that was processed:           
 * in his spinal cord.         
 simultaneously in his spinal cord and brain.         
 first in his brain, then a moment later in his spinal cord.         
 with no involvement of the central nervous system.       
    

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of:           
 the brain.         
 the brain and the spinal cord.         
 * all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.         
 motor neurons.       
    

The two main subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system are the _____ nervous system and the _____ nervous system.           
 sympathetic; parasympathetic         
 * somatic; autonomic         
 autonomic; spinal         
 reticular; adrenal       
    

As you are taking a test, you inadvertently drop your pencil, reach down, pick it up, and put it back on the desk.  This voluntary action involved motor signals that were communicated out to your muscles via the _____ nervous system.           
 autonomic         
 sympathetic         
 parasympathetic         
 * somatic       
    

As you are walking on a beach, you pick up an odd-looking seashell that has a very rough texture.  As you rub your fingers over the shell, the sensory messages are communicated via the _____ nervous system to the central nervous system.           
 * somatic         
 autonomic         
 sympathetic         
 parasympathetic       
    

While taking this test, you have probably paid little attention to ongoing body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.  Such involuntary bodily functions are governed by the:           
 somatic nervous system.         
 cerebrospinal fluid.         
 spinal reflexes.         
 * autonomic nervous system.       
    

The autonomic nervous system is composed of two different branches called the _____ and _____ nervous systems.           
 somatic; endocrine         
 * sympathetic; parasympathetic         
 endocrine; sympathetic         
 involuntary; voluntary       
    

Maria heard a strange thumping noise in the middle of the night.  She froze in fear, and her heart began to pound.  Maria's heightened physical arousal involved the activation of which subdivision of the nervous system?           
 endocrine         
 parasympathetic         
 * sympathetic         
 reticular       
    

Paul was awakened by a thumping noise in the middle of the night and jumped out of bed to investigate.  Hearing a muffled meow, Paul realized that his cat was locked in the closet and was pushing against the door.  Breathing a sigh of relief, Paul let the cat out of the closet and went back to bed.  Which subdivision of the nervous system helped calm down and restore Paul's body functioning back to normal?           
 * parasympathetic         
 endocrine         
 sympathetic         
 somatic       
    

Martin complained that he was unable to pass his midterm because he "choked" during the exam: he was so anxious about taking the exam that his palms were sweaty, his heart was pounding, and he felt as if he couldn't catch his breath.  "Choking" during an exam involves the activation of the _____ nervous system.           
 parasympathetic         
 somatic         
 parietal         
 * sympathetic       
    

The heightened physical arousal that characterizes the fight-or-flight response involves the _____ branch of the nervous system.           
 spinal         
 somatic         
 * sympathetic         
 parasympathetic       
    

In general terms, the sympathetic nervous system could be described as your body's _____ system whereas the parasympathetic nervous system could be described as your body's _____ system.           
 sensory; motor         
 * emergency; maintenance         
 motor; sensory         
 maintenance; emergency       
    

The endocrine system involves communication by chemical messengers called _____, which circulate through the _____.           
 * hormones; bloodstream         
 neurotransmitters; spinal cord         
 hormones; cerebrospinal fluid         
 endorphins; nervous system       
    

The main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the:           
 adrenal cortex.         
 * hypothalamus.         
 pineal gland.         
 pancreas.       
    

Which gland directly regulates the production of hormones in other endocrine glands?           
 hippocampus         
 oxytocin         
 * pituitary         
 pancreas       
    

Neurotransmitter is to hormone as _____ is to _____.           
 the autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system         
 an axon; a dendrite         
 * fast communication; slower communication         
 a reflex; a voluntary movement       
    

Which gland might be referred to as the "master gland" because of its role in regulating the production of hormones in other endocrine glands?           
 the hypothalamus         
 the testes         
 the thyroid gland         
 * the pituitary gland       
    

As Carrie nurses her two-month-old baby, the reflexive flow of milk occurs because the _____ produces a hormone called _____.           
 * pituitary gland; oxytocin         
 adrenal medulla; epinephrine         
 ovaries; progesterone         
 thyroid; thyroxin       
    

Whereas the _____ gland is involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles, the _____ gland is involved in regulating blood sugar levels and hunger.           
 thyroid; pituitary         
 * pineal; pancreas         
 adrenal; pineal         
 pancreas; thyroid       
    

Over the summer between the 8th and 9th grades, Philip gained almost six inches in height.  This growth spurt in height involved the stepped up activity of the _____ gland, which produces _____.           
 pineal; adrenaline         
 adrenal; norepinephrine         
 * pituitary; growth hormone         
 pancreas; blood sugar       
    

The physical arousal that accompanies the fight-or-flight response involves the activation of which of the following endocrine glands?           
 the testes in males and the ovaries in females         
 the pineal gland         
 the thyroid gland         
 * the adrenal medulla       
    

Twelve-year-old Crystal was embarrassed when her seven-year-old brother loudly announced at a family reunion that Crystal had recently gotten a training bra.  The physical changes of puberty that Crystal was beginning to experience are caused by stepped up production of _____ by the _____.           
 oxytocin; pituitary gland         
 epinephrine; adrenal cortex         
 prolactin; pituitary gland         
 * estrogen and progesterone; ovaries       
    

Which gland produces melatonin, a hormone that helps to regulate our sleep-wake cycle?           
 * the pineal gland         
 the adrenal glands         
 the pancreas         
 the thyroid gland       
    

The term gonads refers to:           
 the thyroid and pancreas.         
 the hypothalamus and hippocampus.         
 * the testes and ovaries.         
 the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.       
    

The _____ secrete(s) hormones called _____ which regulate the secretions of the sex hormones by the _____.           
 pineal gland; melatonins; hypothalamus         
 * pituitary gland; gonadotrophins; gonads         
 thyroid gland; growth factor hormones; pituitary gland         
 ovaries; estrogens; testes       
    

Phrenology refers to:           
 the study of brain/endocrine system interactions.         
 * a pseudoscience that related personality characteristics to bumps on the skull.         
 the historical method of drilling holes in the skull as a treatment for brain disease and mental illness.         
 a medical specialty that focuses on the treatment of endocrine disorders.       
    

Phrenology was founded by:           
 Pierre Paul Broca.         
 Roger Sperry.         
 Karl Wernicke.         
 * Franz Gall.       
    

Although disproved, phrenology proved valuable in:           
 * generating interest in the idea of cortical localization.         
 stressing the role of nutrition in endocrine and brain disorders.         
 emphasizing the importance of hormones in human behavior.         
 inspiring modern methods of treating brain disease and mental disorders.       
    

Although it has limitations, the case study method has been used to investigate the workings of the brain.  Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the case study method?           
 Brain injuries are rarely confined to a specific area.         
 Sometimes similar injuries have different effects in different individuals.         
 Damage to one brain region may affect functioning in another brain area, making it difficult to pinpoint the cause of the dysfunction.         
 * The case study method involves the use of advanced instruments and potentially damaging radiation.       
    

A limitation to the case study method is that:           
 * generalizing results from a case study must be done very cautiously.         
 it involves elaborate and expensive equipment if it is to be done correctly.         
 it focuses too much on ordinary problems and thus provides little information about unusual situations.         
 results from such a study are only viewed as meaningful if they can be scientifically replicated.       
    

Producing lesions to study the brain involves:           
 using electrified wires or discs to stimulate specific brain areas.         
 * surgically altering or destroying a specific portion of the brain.         
 tracking the brain's use of glucose.         
 measuring the precise location of bulges and bumps on the skull.       
    

To investigate why Bonnie had unexpectedly experienced a seizure, her doctors placed electrodes on Bonnie's scalp to monitor the electrical activity of her brain.  Which of the following techniques were being used?           
 lesions         
 an MRI scan         
 * the electroencephalograph         
 the CAT scan       
    

Six-year-old Gary couldn't stop throwing up after hitting his head.  To help detect possible damage or brain swelling, doctors took a detailed image of the boy's brain using _____, which uses harmless magnetic fields.           
 a PET scan         
 an electroencephalograph         
 a CAT scan         
 * an MRI scan       
    

Lesions of the brain result in _____ whereas electrical stimulation of the brain results in _____.           
 activation of neurons; inhibition of neurons         
 * destruction of brain tissue; activation of neurons         
 uncontrollable seizures; a reduction of seizure activity         
 disruption of behavioral function; restoration of behavioral function       
    

The electrical activity of the brain is recorded and measured using which of the following techniques or instruments?           
 positron emission tomography         
 computerized axial tomography         
 * the electroencephalograph         
 magnetic resonance imaging       
    

Images of the brain's structure are produced by which of the following instruments or techniques?           
 the electroencephalograph         
 * an MRI scan or a CAT scan         
 a PET scan         
 lesions       
    

Which of the following techniques or instruments generates color-coded images of the brain's activity?           
 computerized axial tomography         
 the electroencephalograph         
 magnetic resonance imaging         
 * positron emission tomography       
    

To identify which brain areas are most active when a person suffering from schizophrenia has hallucinations, researchers could use _____ to track the use of glucose throughout the brain.           
 the MRI scan         
 * the PET scan         
 the CAT scan         
 lesions       
    

After birth, the infant's brain:           
 continues to develop new neurons at the rate of about 250,000 neurons per day for the first year of life.         
 acquires forebrain structures, including the medulla and pons.         
 * continues to develop as neurons develop new dendrites and branching at the end of axons.         
 gradually develops a cerebral cortex.       
    

Dr. Phuwani wanted to investigate the effects of nicotine on the activity of the brain.  Because she did not want to expose people to radioactivity or use any invasive procedures to measure brain activity, Dr. Phuwani chose to use _____ for her measures of brain activity.           
 CAT scans         
 PET scans         
 EEG         
 * fMRI       
    

In comparing fMRIs to PET scans,           
 PET scans provide a much sharper picture than fMRIs.         
 PET scans use less radioactive glucose than fMRIs.         
 * fMRIs provide a picture of brain activity in seconds rather than the minutes required by PET scans.         
 fMRIs cost more and are less widely available than PET scanners.       
    

As you're eating lunch with a friend, you reach for your glass of water with your right hand, lift it to your lips, take a sip, then set it down.  This simple task involved:           
 only the primary motor cortex in the brain.         
 PET scanning.         
 * multiple brain structures and regions communicating via neural pathways.         
 just the right hemisphere of the brain.       
    

The human brain first begins developing at about:           
 * two to three weeks after conception.         
 three months after conception.         
 five months after conception.         
 seven months after conception.       
    

In the developing fetus, which brain region develops LAST?           
 the hindbrain region         
 * the forebrain region         
 the midbrain region         
 the brainstem region       
    

Many brain functions involve the activation of _____ that link different brain structures.           
 hormones         
 reflexes         
 * neural pathways         
 nerves       
    

Although your text talks about brain centers and structures that are involved in different aspects of behavior, the best way to think of the brain is as a(n) _____.           
 * integrated system         
 neural network         
 computer memory device         
 neural pathway       
    

The human brain begins as a fluid-filled neural tube.  This neural tube expands and develops into separate fluid-filled cavities called _____, which are at the core of the fully developed brain.           
 pons         
 * ventricles         
 hemispheres         
 association areas       
    

Special glial cells found in the _____ produce _____.           
 medulla; neurotransmitters         
 pons; hormones         
 neural tube; neural pathways         
 * ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid       
    

Between conception and birth, hundreds of thousands of neurons multiply, differentiate, and migrate to form synaptic connections.  What happens to neurons that fail to form connections?           
 * They are eliminated.         
 They are stored in the brain for future use.         
 They ultimately make inappropriate connections that can lead to severe brain abnormalities.         
 They are converted into glial cells and provide support to the remaining neurons.       
    

Which of the following is true regarding the development and growth of the human brain?           
 All of the neurons that a brain will ever have are present at birth.         
 Glial cells of human brains continue to reproduce and grow in number through adulthood but neurons do not.         
 * At least one area of the human brain has been shown to develop new neurons in adulthood.         
 The human brain is constantly growing new neurons throughout a person's lifespan.       
    

In what area of the adult human brain have researchers found evidence of growth of new neurons?           
 pons         
 * hippocampus         
 medulla         
 thalamus       
    

The right side of the brain controls movements on the left side of the body, such as the ability to kick your left leg.  Where do the outgoing motor messages cross over?           
 at the forebrain level         
 at the midbrain level         
 in the spinal cord         
 * at the hindbrain level       
    

Which of the following is NOT a hindbrain structure?           
 * hypothalamus         
 pons         
 medulla         
 cerebellum       
    

The chapter prologue described the story of a young university professor named Asha, who suffered a stroke.  Because Asha experienced some damage to the motor areas on the left side of her brain, she experienced:           
 muscle weakness on the left and right sides of her body.         
 * muscle weakness only on the right side of her body.         
 no muscle impairment.         
 muscle weakness on the left side of her body.       
    

As you are listening to a lecture, workers are repairing a wall just outside your classroom.  Throughout the class, you find yourself coughing and sneezing because of the dust and fumes in the air.  Which brain structure controls such vital reflexes as sneezing, coughing, and swallowing?           
 the corpus callosum         
 the cerebellum         
 * the medulla         
 the thalamus       
    

As you take this test, you do not have to focus on taking your next breath or making your heart beat.  This is because the _____ is involved in the control of vital life functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.           
 * medulla         
 pons         
 thalamus         
 parietal lobe       
    

As you are sitting in this classroom right now, there are numerous sounds, movements, images, and other distracting bits of sensory information.  Your ability to "filter out" that unimportant sensory information and focus on these words involves which of the following brain areas?           
 the cerebellum         
 the corpus callosum         
 the somatosensory cortex         
 * the reticular formation       
    

Your pencil starts to roll off the desk and in a smooth, coordinated fashion you grab it just before it rolls off the edge.  Your ability to perform this action involved which of the following brain areas?           
 * the cerebellum         
 the hippocampus         
 the amygdala         
 Broca's area       
    

After too many drinks at a party, your friend awkwardly stumbles into a table, almost knocking it over.  Your friend's reduced coordination for simple actions, such as walking between two tables, is because the alcohol has affected his:           
 medulla.         
 * cerebellum.         
 thalamus.         
 somatosensory cortex.       
    

The brain stem is made up of the _____ and the _____.           
 forebrain; midbrain         
 cerebellum; medulla         
 reticular formation; the pons         
 * midbrain; hindbrain       
    

As you are walking in a crowded hallway, someone calls your name.  Almost instantly, you sense that the other person is on your left.  Your brain's ability to detect the direction of a sound is initially processed in the:           
 medulla.         
 frontal lobe.         
 * midbrain region.         
 occipital lobe.       
    

Severe damage to the _____ would most likely result in death.           
 pons         
 cerebellum         
 reticular formation         
 * medulla       
    

Motor areas in your cerebral cortex communicate to the cerebellum via the:           
 * pons.         
 substantia nigra.         
 hypothalamus.         
 amygdala.       
    

Jason's friends gave Jason a surprise birthday party.  Because it was Jason's 21st birthday, his friends made a "special" punch, which consisted of three different types of liquor.  Jason drank too much of the punch and was intoxicated to the point that he needed help as he staggered back to his dorm room.  That Jason was staggering would suggest that his _____ was affected by the alcoholic punch.           
 medulla         
 * cerebellum         
 amygdala         
 pons       
    

Damage to the _____ has been shown to result in a permanent state of sleep in cats.           
 thalamus         
 hippocampus         
 * reticular formation         
 amygdala       
    

Parkinson's disease often involves the degeneration of neurons that produce _____, which are located in a brain area called the _____.           
 serotonin; somatosensory cortex         
 * dopamine; substantia nigra         
 acetylcholine; thalamus         
 norepinephrine; pons       
    

Standing at an arrival gate, you scan the faces of the passengers as they walk off the plane, looking for your friend.  This visual information is being processed in your _____ lobe.           
 * occipital         
 parietal         
 frontal         
 temporal       
    

The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called:           
 the hypothalamus.         
 the hippocampus.         
 Broca's area.         
 * the corpus callosum.       
    

The phrase "white matter" in the brain is really referring to:           
 * myelinated axons.         
 the large spaces on the interior of the brain called ventricles.         
 the substantia nigra.         
 neurons that manufacture endorphins.       
    

During the middle of a test, your instructor announces that there's a typographical error on one of the questions.  As you listen, the auditory information is being processed in your _____ lobe.           
 occipital         
 frontal         
 * temporal         
 parietal       
    

As you play a Star Trek video game, you track all of the Romulan war ships as they fly across the screen, attacking your ship, the U. S. S. Enterprise.  You are able to track the movements of the Romulan ships, in part, because of your:           
 hypothalamus.         
 hindbrain.         
 * midbrain.         
 pons.       
    

Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four lobes.  Which lobe processes auditory information?           
 the frontal lobe         
 the parietal lobe         
 * the temporal lobe         
 the occipital lobe       
    

Which of the following statements is FALSE?           
 Sensory and motor information are processed and integrated in association areas on the cerebral cortex.         
 Body sensations such as touch, temperature, and pressure are processed in the somatosensory cortex.         
 The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex, which processes auditory information.         
 * Each part of the body has the same degree of representation on the primary motor cortex.       
    

Which represents the largest region of the brain?           
 * the forebrain         
 the hindbrain         
 the cerebellum         
 the midbrain       
    

White matter is to gray matter as _____ is(are) to _____.           
 thalamus; hypothalamus         
 * myelinated axons; cell bodies         
 dendrites; glial cells and axons         
 midbrain; hindbrain       
    

The occipital lobe is to _____ as the temporal lobe is to _____.           
 vision; somatosensation         
 audition; vision         
 somatosensation; audition         
 * vision; audition       
    

As you wait in line at the airport, the guy behind you is standing so close that his briefcase is pushing against your leg.  The sensation of the briefcase touching and pushing against you is being processed in your _____ lobe.           
 frontal         
 occipital         
 temporal         
 * parietal       
    

Your nephew's eyes suddenly light up and he reaches out, executes a double-jump of your checker pieces, then smiles at you triumphantly.  The brain signals for these voluntary actions originated in the _____ of your nephew's brain.           
 somatosensory cortex         
 * primary motor cortex         
 temporal lobe         
 hippocampus       
    

The signals for voluntary muscle movements originate in a band of tissue called the _____, which is located on the _____ lobe.           
 primary motor cortex; parietal         
 somatosensory cortex; parietal         
 * primary motor cortex; frontal         
 association area; occipital       
    

Which of the following body areas has the greatest degree of representation on the primary motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex?           
 the knee         
 * the face         
 the arm         
 the feet       
    

A gymnast knows where his arms and legs are as he does his tumbling routine because information about his muscles and joints is relayed to his:           
 temporal lobe.         
 frontal lobe.         
 occipital lobe.         
 * parietal lobe.       
    

How is each part of the body represented on the somatosensory cortex?           
 by the function of the body part         
 by the location of the body part         
 in proportion to the size of each body part         
 * in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to somatic sensations       
    

Which parts of the body have the greatest representation on the primary motor cortex?           
 * hands and facial muscles         
 legs and arms muscles         
 head and neck muscles         
 chest and back muscles       
    

Face muscles have such a disproportionate representation on the primary motor cortex because of their important role in:           
 eating behavior.         
 language.         
 * facial expressions.         
 all of the senses located on the face.       
    

A large bulk of the cerebral cortex is not devoted to any particular sensory or motor function.  Rather, these areas, known as _____, are generally thought to be involved in processing and integrating sensory and motor information.           
 secondary cortex areas         
 * association areas         
 the limbic system         
 Broca's and Wernicke's areas       
    

In planning to write answers to these test questions, you are using your:           
 * prefrontal association cortex.         
 limbic system.         
 secondary somatosensory cortex.         
 occipital association cortex.       
    

An association area that is involved with the formation of perceptions and in the integration of perceptions and memories includes all of the following areas EXCEPT the:           
 occipital lobe.         
 temporal lobe.         
 parietal lobe.         
 * frontal lobe.       
    

Which of the following statements about the limbic system is FALSE?           
 The limbic system is comprised of several forebrain structures, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.         
 The neural circuits formed by the limbic system play critical roles in learning, memory, and emotional control.         
 * The notion that the limbic system is involved in producing pleasurable sensations has been disproved by contemporary research.         
 The limbic system is involved in processing a variety of negative emotional states, including fear, anger, and disgust.       
    

Which of the following brain structures is NOT a key component of the limbic system?           
 * the reticular formation         
 the amygdala         
 the hippocampus         
 the hypothalamus       
    

You can thank your _____ for allowing you to be able to experience pleasurable or rewarding sensations.           
 prefrontal association cortex         
 parietal lobe         
 * limbic system         
 primary somatosensory cortex       
    

Research by neuropsychologist James Olds demonstrated that there might be some sort of "pleasure center" in the brain.  In what part of the brain was this "pleasure center" believed to be located?           
 frontal cortex         
 somatosensory cortex         
 * limbic system         
 association cortex       
    

The most famous case study in the history of brain research involved the accident of a railroad worker named Phineas Gage.  The profound changes in Gage's behavior occurred because of damage to which brain area?           
 * the frontal lobes         
 the parietal lobes         
 the thalamus         
 the corpus callosum       
    

Which of the following statements about the Phineas Gage story is TRUE?           
 When Phineas Gage's accident occurred in 1848, scientists and physicians immediately recognized that different brain areas are specialized for different tasks.         
 Shortly after Gage died, Dr. Harlow's autopsy provided compelling evidence that the changes in Gage's behavior were due to the brain damage caused by the tamping iron.         
 * Following the accident, Phineas Gage's personality underwent radical changes but his ability to learn and remember new information remained intact.         
 Dr. Harlow received the Nobel prize for his case study of Phineas Gage.       
    

What did researchers Hanna and Antonio Damasio discover using a computer to reconstruct and simulate the damage to Phineas Gage's brain?           
 Gage's inability to form new memories was caused by damage to the hippocampus.         
 Gage's brain damage was identical to that suffered in the more recent case of Karen Ann Quinlan.         
 Dr. Harlow's conclusions based on his autopsy of Phineas Gage's brain were fundamentally in error.         
 * The behavioral changes caused by Gage's injuries fit a pattern that is similar to changes in other people with frontal lobe damage.       
    

Recent research has demonstrated that:           
 electrical stimulation of only the thalamus and the amygdala results in "rewarding sensations."         
 * electrical stimulation of many different parts of the brain produces "rewarding sensations."         
 the limbic system is indeed the "pleasure center" of the brain.         
 the medulla is responsible for the "rewarding sensations" experienced by electrical stimulation of the brain.       
    

Neural pathways involving the neurotransmitter _____ seem to play a prominent role in the rewarding sensations of electrical stimulation of the brain.           
 acetylcholine         
 serotonin         
 norepinephrine         
 * dopamine       
    

Almost all of the sensory and motor information going to and from the cerebral cortex is processed through the:           
 * thalamus.         
 corpus callosum.         
 hippocampus.         
 pituitary gland.       
    

Recent evidence suggests that _____ is more than just a sensory relay station and plays a key role in regulating levels of awareness.           
 the pituitary gland         
 * the thalamus         
 Broca's area         
 the primary motor cortex       
    

You've been studying biology in the library for the last couple of hours when you realize that you're getting really hungry and thirsty.  Which brain structure played a key role in triggering feelings of hunger and thirst?           
 the pituitary gland         
 the corpus callosum         
 * the hypothalamus         
 the hippocampus       
    

Which brain structure regulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?           
 the amygdala         
 the hippocampus         
 the thalamus         
 * the hypothalamus       
    

Which brain structure exerts considerable influence over the secretion of hormones throughout the body?           
 * the hypothalamus         
 the amygdala         
 the hippocampus         
 the thalamus       
    

After an automobile accident, Randy experienced a series of severe seizures.  After the seizures stopped, Randy's ability to form new memories was greatly impaired.  Which brain structure was most likely damaged by the severe seizures?           
 the hypothalamus         
 * the hippocampus         
 the somatosensory cortex         
 the thalamus       
    

If the amygdala is electrically stimulated in a monkey, which of the following behaviors is most likely to occur?           
 an almost instantaneous onset of sleep         
 awkward, clumsy behavior         
 grooming or mating behavior         
 * aggressive or fearful behavior       
    

Which of the following did NOT help promote the notion of cortical localization during the 1800s?           
 phrenology         
 animal experiments that showed the loss of specific functions when particular brain areas were destroyed         
 the famous case of Phineas Gage         
 * the discovery of so-called "pleasure centers" in rats       
    

If you have difficulties forming new memories, especially those with a strong emotional component, you may have problems with your _____.           
 thalamus         
 hypothalamus         
 amygdala         
 * reticular formation       
    

Cortical localization refers to the idea that:           
 * specific areas of the cerebral cortex are associated with specific behaviors or psychological processes.         
 specific behaviors or psychological processes can shift from damaged brain areas to undamaged areas.         
 brain organization is fundamentally different for left-handed versus right-handed people.         
 the number of wrinkles, folds, and grooves on the surface of the brain corresponds to the intelligence level of a particular species.       
    

Following her stroke, Fernando's grandmother could understand what she read or what was being said to her.  However, she had great difficulty speaking.  Based on these observations, Fernando suspected that his grandmother's stroke had produced damage in:           
 Wernicke's area.         
 * Broca's area.         
 the corpus callosum.         
 the hippocampus.       
    

The discoveries of Pierre Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke:           
 helped identify the key structures of the limbic system.         
 discredited the idea of cortical localization.         
 * provided compelling evidence that the left hemisphere is specialized for language and speech functions.         
 were later discredited by the work of psychologist Roger Sperry and his colleagues.       
    

The chapter prologue described a young university professor named Asha who suffered a stroke.  Following her stroke, Asha's ability to speak was not impaired, but she was unable to read and often had difficulty understanding what was said to her.  Asha showed many of the symptoms that characterize:           
 right-hemisphere damage.         
 Broca's aphasia.         
 Parkinson's disease.         
 * Wernicke's aphasia.       
    

Broca's area is located on the _____, whereas Wernicke's area is located on the _____.           
 right frontal lobe; left frontal lobe         
 left temporal lobe; right temporal lobe         
 * left frontal lobe; left temporal lobe         
 right temporal lobe; right frontal lobe       
    

Broca's area is to _____ as Wernicke's area is to _____.           
 understanding; speaking         
 hearing; understanding         
 hearing; speaking         
 * speaking; understanding       
    

Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain:           
 produces disruptions in the sense of balance as well as numbness in the arms and legs.         
 produces difficulty speaking but does not disrupt the ability to comprehend verbal or written words.         
 disrupts or destroys the ability to form new memories.         
 * produces no disruptions in the ability to speak but produces difficulty in comprehending written or spoken communication.       
    

In response to a question such as, "How are you feeling today?" a patient with damage to Broca's area might say:           
 "I am fine, but the weather looks bad."         
 "Traffic is puzzled moose. But, tick were dallydoe mittle."         
 "Not well.  I have a headache."         
 * (no response-the patient cannot communicate with words).       
    

Which of the following statements is TRUE?           
 Despite the fact that some people write with their left hand, all humans show left hemisphere dominance for language functions.         
 * That genetics plays a role in handedness is suggested by the fact that a child is much more likely to be left-handed if both biological parents are left-handed.         
 The fact that it is very easy to teach infants and young children to be left-handed strongly suggests that handedness is determined by environmental conditions, not genetics.         
 The percentage of the population that is left-handed has steadily declined over the past 2,000 years.       
    

Most left-handed people:           
 * process language in their left hemisphere.         
 process language in the right hemisphere.         
 process language in both hemispheres.         
 are female.       
    

Using ultrasound to observe developing fetuses, psychologist Peter Hepper discovered that:           
 almost all the developing fetuses preferred sucking their left thumb but a small percentage preferred their right thumb.         
 about half of the developing fetuses preferred sucking their left thumb.         
 * almost all the developing fetuses preferred sucking their right thumb but a small percentage preferred their left thumb.         
 the developing fetus shows no hand preference and randomly alternates between sucking left and right thumbs.       
    

Although her doctors tried several different medications, Shawna continued to have severe epileptic seizures.  Her doctors suggested that she might be helped by surgery that would involve:           
 * cutting the corpus callosum.         
 removing the hippocampus.         
 implanting electrodes in the brain's pleasure centers.         
 removing Broca's area.       
    

Why was the split-brain operation first performed?           
 to study the specialized abilities of the left and right hemispheres         
 * as a possible method to help control recurring epileptic seizures         
 to identify the location of pleasure centers in the brain         
 to treat people suffering from severe forms of aphasia       
    

What was the logic behind the first split-brain operations that were tried experimentally with humans?           
 By removing the precise brain location where epileptic seizures originated, the seizures should stop.         
 By selectively removing portions of the left hemisphere, language functions should shift to the right hemisphere.         
 * By cutting the corpus callosum, seizure activity should be contained in just one hemisphere of the brain.         
 By cutting the corpus callosum, the brain would be forced to use the left and right hemispheres for different functions.       
    

Based on research with split-brain patients, we know that the _____ hemisphere is specialized for _____.           
 left; emotional and nonverbal aspects of communication         
 * right; visual perception tasks         
 right; language abilities         
 left; artistic and musical appreciation       
    

Psychologist Roger Sperry is best known for:           
 his discovery of "pleasure centers" in the brains of rats.         
 his case studies of stroke patients with language difficulties.         
 his studies of rats that were raised in "impoverished" versus "enriched" environments.         
 * his studies of split-brain patients.       
    

Tracy is a split-brain patient seated in front of a screen.  As she focuses on the middle of the screen, the image of a fork is briefly flashed on the RIGHT side of the screen.  Tracy will:           
 * be able to verbally name the object.         
 be able to use her left hand to reach under the screen and pick up the correct object.         
 verbally deny that any image appeared on the screen.         
 probably have an epileptic seizure.       
    

You're reading a novel on a lazy Sunday afternoon when your six-year-old niece asks if you will help her sort through and find the right Lego pieces to make an airplane just like the one in the Lego design booklet.  Reading the novel most likely involved your _____ hemisphere whereas matching the Lego design most likely involved your _____ hemisphere.           
 right; left         
 * left; right         
 right; right         
 left; left       
    

Recognizing a person but blocking on the person's name is a common experience.  For most people, facial recognition is a _____ hemisphere task whereas being able to name the person is a _____ hemisphere task.           
 left; left         
 right; right         
 * right; left         
 left; right       
    

The chapter prologue described the story of a young university professor named Asha who suffered a stroke.  Following her stroke, many of Asha's language and speech functions were disrupted because of damage to her _____.  But because her _____ was undamaged, she was able to listen to and appreciate music.           
 amygdala; corpus callosum         
 right hemisphere; left hemisphere         
 corpus callosum; left hemisphere         
 * left hemisphere; right hemisphere       
    

In reading these test questions, you are primarily using your _____ to understand what you are reading.           
 * left hemisphere         
 right hemisphere         
 amygdala         
 medulla       
    

You can thank your _____ for allowing you to appreciate music.           
 hippocampus         
 * right hemisphere         
 prefrontal association cortex         
 left hemisphere       
    

Compared to being raised in an "impoverished" environment, rats that are raised in an "enriched" environment have:           
 * more synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex.         
 a much stronger tendency to favor their left paws.         
 an enlarged medulla and reticular formation.         
 about half as many glial cells but almost double the number of neurons in their brain.       
    

The notion of structural plasticity:           
 has been demonstrated in animal studies but there is no evidence for structural plasticity in humans.         
 * is the idea that environmental conditions can cause physical changes in the brain's structure.         
 led to the idea of surgically cutting the corpus callosum as a possible treatment for severe cases of epilepsy.         
 was first demonstrated in the 1880s by Pierre Paul Broca.       
    

In a study described in the chapter application, psychologist K. Warner Schaie followed 5,000 people for several decades to learn what happens to intellectual abilities as people age.  Schaie found that:           
 intellectual decline is virtually inevitable for all people as they age.         
 intellectual decline is greatest between ages 40 and 60, then levels off.         
 * several factors can help insulate a person from intellectual decline, including being married to a smart spouse.         
 intellectual decline in later life is significantly greater for men than for women.       
    

In a study described in the chapter application, autopsies were performed comparing the brains of university graduates versus those of high school dropouts.  The study found that there:           
 were no structural brain differences between the two groups.         
 were significantly more synaptic connections in the brains of the high school dropouts.         
 * were significantly more synaptic connections in the brains of the university graduates.         
 was significant evidence of Alzheimer's disease in the high school dropouts but not among the university graduates.       
    

In studies comparing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in elderly individuals with different levels of education, autopsies revealed that:           
 more educated individuals had worse symptoms than did less educated people because of the disruption of more synaptic connections.         
 less educated people had less severe symptoms than did more educated people because the less educated had fewer synaptic connections to disrupt.         
 * better-educated people had more synaptic connections than did less educated people and thus their symptoms were less severe.         
 less-educated people had fewer synaptic connections than did more educated people so the less educated had fewer severe symptoms.       
    

A biopsychologist would be interested in studying language development in children.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Neurons outnumber glial cells by about 10-to-1.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Interneurons communicate information from one neuron to the next.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

Glial cells provide structural support for neurons.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

Sensory neurons communicate information to muscles to help muscles better respond to environmental events.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Dendrites receive information from other neurons and convey that information to the nodes of Ranvier.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The myelin sheath is a white, fatty covering that surrounds the axons of neurons.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The action potential is the brief electrical impulse that is transmitted along the axon.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

When a neuron is in the resting state, it is polarized so that the axon's interior is more positively charged than the exterior fluid surrounding the axon.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The myelin sheath covering an axon insulates that axon from other axons.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

An action potential is produced by the movement of ions across the axon membrane.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

When a neuron depolarizes and begins an action potential, sodium ions move into the axon and potassium ions move out of the axon.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

The all-or-none law refers to a neuron's ability to either release all or none of its neurotransmitter when an action potential occurs in its axon.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

During the refractory period, the neuron is in the process of repolarizing and is unable to fire.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

About 12 to 15 seconds elapse during the entire sequence of a neuron's activating, generating an action potential, and then reestablishing the ability to fire again.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

Transmission of information between two neurons occurs one of two ways: electrically or chemically.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

The synaptic vesicles are tiny pouches that hold the special chemical messengers manufactured by the neuron, which are called neurotransmitters.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

During the process of reuptake, glial cells absorb unused neurotransmitters, then transfer the neurotransmitters to the appropriate neuron.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

The receiving, or postsynaptic, neuron can have many differently shaped receptor sites on its dendrites, allowing it to receive more than one type of neurotransmitter.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter molecules.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

Each neuron produces one type of neurotransmitter.           
 True      
 * False      
    
    
    

An excitatory message communicated to a postsynaptic neuron increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will generate an action potential.           
 * True      
 False      
    
    
    

The neurotransmitter called acetylcholine plays a key role in sleep, moods, and emotional states, including the symptoms of depression.           
 True      
 * False