158384464	10/17/2001	10:42:58 PST	16	16	80	340	biological psychology.																										insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message.												the dendrites																										chemical.														morphine														causes acetylcholine to be released continuously			peripheral nervous system; central nervous system								command center; telephone switchboard									sympathetic						hypothalamus.					pineal; pancreas				the pineal gland			a pseudoscience that related personality characteristics to bumps on the skull.																										at the forebrain level																	myelinated axons.																																								right-hemisphere damage.							the developing fetus shows no hand preference and randomly alternates between sucking left and right thumbs.					his studies of split-brain patients.											better-educated people had more synaptic connections than did less educated people and thus their symptoms were less severe.															False									
539394774	10/17/2001	15:19:48 PST	13	13	65	952										dendrites																																											All of the above contribute to the variation in communication speeds of neurons.																						decreasing dopamine activity in the brain.		is used to treat people suffering from schizophrenia.					acetylcholine	dopamine																															parasympathetic														the pineal gland	the testes and ovaries.											magnetic resonance imaging																hippocampus													cerebellum		dopamine; substantia nigra																								parietal lobe																brain organization is fundamentally different for left-handed versus right-handed people.																					left hemisphere											False										False	True						False	
:539394774	10/17/2001	16:23:30 PST	0	0	0	1441			highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.				convey information about the environment.																	nucleus.													depolarized.																																						stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain.				morphine		the pain-relieving effects of placebos			dopamine.																																	emergency; maintenance				a reflex; a voluntary movement		ovaries; progesterone									Karl Wernicke.					the electroencephalograph				a PET scan																											substantia nigra.																																												Broca's area.											to study the specialized abilities of the left and right hemispheres						right; left			right hemisphere						False																							
T539394774	10/17/2001	16:41:17 PST	16	16	80	944								glial cells					Sensory; motor					association areas.											the dendrites to the cell body to the axon.			excessive release of hormones.													The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge.								the number of neurotransmitter molecules initiating the action potential.																					Parkinson's disease.		L-dopa.					the positive mood produced by eating chocolate			dopamine.											Acetylcholine; dopamine												all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.																						the testes and ovaries.		the study of brain/endocrine system interactions.																																the cerebellum	cerebellum.													the temporal lobe															frontal lobe.																																														True																							
�540176386	10/17/2001	17:14:31 PST	17	17	85	455																								axon.						It is the primary source of support for the axon.					minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.		depolarized.	sodium ions enter the axon's interior and potassium ions enter the axon's exterior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.			controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.					either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur.																					They are either reabsorbed and recycled by the presynaptic neuron or they are broken down by enzymes.		postsynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.					Parkinson's disease.																							central nervous system.											somatic; autonomic					sympathetic								fast communication; slower communication																											two to three weeks after conception.		neural pathways									muscle weakness only on the right side of her body.		thalamus																			myelinated axons; cell bodies							in proportion to the size of each body part																																																																										
�531884867	10/18/2001	10:45:02 PST	11	11	55	790					injecting dyes into a small amount of brain tissue																							n/r																Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the axon.															neurotransmitter; receptor site			the postsynaptic neuron is more likely to activate.						Some neurons are capable of producing over 60 different neurotransmitters.																												peripheral nervous system; central nervous system																				sympathetic				n/r																																		They are eliminated.				hypothalamus											cerebellum						temporal		the temporal lobe					parietal											The limbic system is involved in processing a variety of negative emotional states, including fear, anger, and disgust.														n/r				specific areas of the cerebral cortex are associated with specific behaviors or psychological processes.			right-hemisphere damage.																																		False													
�531884867	10/18/2001	11:01:23 PST	16	16	80	533																					varies considerably depending on the part of the body that it serves.							degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.																				the speed of sound, or about 770 miles per hour.								message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.	a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons																												blocks dopamine receptors																		a spinal reflex.					somatic; autonomic														the pituitary gland								pituitary gland; gonadotrophins; gonads							the electroencephalograph									fMRIs provide a picture of brain activity in seconds rather than the minutes required by PET scans.				neural pathways											medulla											occipital																													serotonin							aggressive or fearful behavior																							left hemisphere																			True										True	
&539394774	10/18/2001	11:29:30 PST	14	14	70	673																																			minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.					movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels.																									electrical.							acetylcholine.												dopamine.																								somatic; autonomic					sympathetic	parasympathetic											pituitary; growth hormone							Karl Wernicke.					lesions							continues to develop as neurons develop new dendrites and branching at the end of axons.																	thalamus				midbrain; hindbrain						dopamine; substantia nigra						the temporal lobe			myelinated axons; cell bodies	vision; audition																							the corpus callosum																		cutting the corpus callosum.																																							
�539394774	10/18/2001	11:47:52 PST	13	13	65	538										dendrites										They receive information from other neurons.				dendrites.							use much more energy.															either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur.		the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second.																												L-dopa.																					central nervous system.		peripheral nervous system									somatic; autonomic			autonomic nervous system.																					Franz Gall.				measuring the precise location of bulges and bumps on the skull.															integrated system															midbrain region.		pons.																		parietal lobe.					limbic system.																														the developing fetus shows no hand preference and randomly alternates between sucking left and right thumbs.					his studies of split-brain patients.																																			
�543177232	10/18/2001	15:09:16 PST	16	16	80	296								sensory neurons																																							the diameter of the axon and whether it is coated with a myelin sheath		synapse.																													increasing; serotonin	morphine			acetylcholine											causes acetylcholine to be released continuously					bundles of neuron axons										sympathetic; parasympathetic														the pituitary gland										Karl Wernicke.																two to three weeks after conception.													medulla															hindbrain.									the face		in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to somatic sensations																		the amygdala																													is the idea that environmental conditions can cause physical changes in the brain's structure.	several factors can help insulate a person from intellectual decline, including being married to a smart spouse.											False															
�543177232	10/18/2001	15:16:35 PST	14	14	70	254																									A given neuron usually has many more axons than dendrites.																						the diameter of the axon and whether it is coated with a myelin sheath		synapse.								a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons																	Parkinson's disease.															by bonding with the neurotransmitter and changing its molecular weight and shape																														adrenal cortex.												a pseudoscience that related personality characteristics to bumps on the skull.																multiple brain structures and regions communicating via neural pathways.	two to three weeks after conception.										cerebellum												reticular formation			the corpus callosum.														in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to somatic sensations												The behavioral changes caused by Gage's injuries fit a pattern that is similar to changes in other people with frontal lobe damage.							the thalamus																															better-educated people had more synaptic connections than did less educated people and thus their symptoms were less severe.		True								False									False					
�543177232	10/18/2001	15:23:52 PST	14	14	70	303	psychopharmacology				studying very simple animals, such as sea snails and squids, that have a limited number of neurons					dendrites													dendrite.						somatic to autonomic.						minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.		polarized.		the cell body																																																		by bonding with the neurotransmitter and changing its molecular weight and shape																													hormones; bloodstream				the hypothalamus						the pineal gland																													at the forebrain level												cerebellum			occipital												somatosensory cortex; parietal			in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to somatic sensations																																																several factors can help insulate a person from intellectual decline, including being married to a smart spouse.							False															True				
:543177232	10/18/2001	15:31:30 PST	13	13	65	303																																					polarized.							Sodium ions move out of the axon and then potassium ions move into the dendrite.												message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.																acetylcholine.				L-dopa.																																									emergency; maintenance							pancreas; thyroid			prolactin; pituitary gland	the pancreas																continues to develop new neurons at the rate of about 250,000 neurons per day for the first year of life.			multiple brain structures and regions communicating via neural pathways.		the hindbrain region														the cerebellum																																											the hypothalamus																	as a possible method to help control recurring epileptic seizures			his studies of rats that were raised in 'impoverished' versus 'enriched' environments.				left hemisphere; right hemisphere					several factors can help insulate a person from intellectual decline, including being married to a smart spouse.				False																		True				
�543177232	10/18/2001	15:39:05 PST	15	15	75	261	biological psychology.																																								operates in an 'all-or-none' fashion, either opening to allow neurotransmitters to pass or not.											The charge of the neuron's interior is +30mV.						neurotransmitters by the synaptic vesicles.	neurotransmitter; receptor site																	L-dopa.					the positive mood produced by eating chocolate	acetylcholine																																							the autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system			pineal; pancreas																															At least one area of the human brain has been shown to develop new neurons in adulthood.																						the temporal lobe								the face													Following the accident, Phineas Gage's personality underwent radical changes but his ability to learn and remember new information remained intact.										aggressive or fearful behavior						Broca's aphasia.					The fact that it is very easy to teach infants and young children to be left-handed strongly suggests that handedness is determined by environmental conditions, not genetics.														more synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex.					False					False																		
�543177232	10/18/2001	15:46:02 PST	15	15	75	272			highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.																dendrites; axon							contains the nucleus.		degeneration of the myelin sheath, slowing or interrupting the transmission of neural messages.												movement of neurotransmitters across the ion channels.																				A given neuron can manufacture three or more different types of neurotransmitters.																																											a spinal reflex.						autonomic						sympathetic																																	two to three weeks after conception.																								occipital						Each part of the body has the same degree of representation on the primary motor cortex.				parietal											The notion that the limbic system is involved in producing pleasurable sensations has been disproved by contemporary research.					Following the accident, Phineas Gage's personality underwent radical changes but his ability to learn and remember new information remained intact.						the hypothalamus																											right hemisphere		more synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex.															True								False					
/543177232	10/18/2001	15:52:19 PST	13	13	65	226								sensory neurons												They receive information from other neurons.			axon.									excessive release of hormones.			ratio of positive-to-negative ions required for the neuron to transmit information to the next neuron.							the electrical charge across the neuron's membrane is balanced with the same charge outside as inside.																			In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.																stimulates the production of dopamine in the brain.																																										adrenal cortex.							the adrenal medulla			the testes and ovaries.																					neural pathways				They are converted into glial cells and provide support to the remaining neurons.									the cerebellum		cerebellum; medulla																														limbic system																											cutting the corpus callosum.	as a possible method to help control recurring epileptic seizures							left hemisphere; right hemisphere																							True								
B543177232	10/19/2001	10:35:55 PST	18	18	90	211		which hormones can initiate sexual behavior in hamsters.					enhance the speed of communication between neurons.	sensory neurons	motor neurons									association areas.														excessive release of hormones.																											neurotransmitter; receptor site																																																all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system.		somatic											hippocampus												Franz Gall.				using electrified wires or discs to stimulate specific brain areas.	the electroencephalograph																								medulla			cerebellum.			medulla																																									aggressive or fearful behavior															as a possible method to help control recurring epileptic seizures						right; left																		True														
#543177232	10/19/2001	10:42:58 PST	15	15	75	309							enhance the speed of communication between neurons.																																												Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon.														chemical.			A neuron is capable of producing only one type of neurotransmitter.								L-dopa.										increasing GABA activity																																					pituitary gland; oxytocin				estrogen and progesterone; ovaries	the pineal gland												the electroencephalograph																																								myelinated axons; cell bodies	vision; audition				the face							occipital lobe.																									produces no disruptions in the ability to speak but produces difficulty in comprehending written or spoken communication.			process language in both hemispheres.	the developing fetus shows no hand preference and randomly alternates between sucking left and right thumbs.	cutting the corpus callosum.			right; visual perception tasks																															False					
�54317732	10/19/2001	10:49:26 PST	14	14	70	259					studying very simple animals, such as sea snails and squids, that have a limited number of neurons									glial cell.																																																																																			central nervous system.												somatic					parasympathetic						pituitary		the hypothalamus							the testes and ovaries.															continues to develop new neurons at the rate of about 250,000 neurons per day for the first year of life.								hemispheres												cerebellum.																				primary motor cortex; frontal												somatosensory cortex													phrenology							speaking; understanding		(no response-the patient cannot communicate with words).																			better-educated people had more synaptic connections than did less educated people and thus their symptoms were less severe.		False		True														False						
543177232	10/19/2001	10:55:15 PST	20	20	100	231																	dendrites, cell body, axon																in the form of a brief electrical impulse.																						Action potentials 'jump' from node to node in myelinated axons rather than progressing down the entire length of the axon.													Some neurons can produce three or more neurotransmitters.				acetylcholine.	acetylcholine															endorphins							Acetylcholine; dopamine	peripheral nervous system; central nervous system																	sympathetic				emergency; maintenance	hormones; bloodstream																						the electroencephalograph					fMRI					neural pathways		ventricles																										Each part of the body has the same degree of representation on the primary motor cortex.												association areas																					specific areas of the cerebral cortex are associated with specific behaviors or psychological processes.									process language in their left hemisphere.																																									
�543177232	10/19/2001	11:00:19 PST	17	17	85	191				100 billion				sensory neurons																											minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.			sodium ions enter the axon's interior and potassium ions enter the axon's exterior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.																																		acetylcholine.																								peripheral nervous system; central nervous system						All behavior is controlled by the brain.														sympathetic						the pituitary gland														surgically altering or destroying a specific portion of the brain.																																																													the frontal lobes	Following the accident, Phineas Gage's personality underwent radical changes but his ability to learn and remember new information remained intact.															discredited the idea of cortical localization.				produces no disruptions in the ability to speak but produces difficulty in comprehending written or spoken communication.		That genetics plays a role in handedness is suggested by the fact that a child is much more likely to be left-handed if both biological parents are left-handed.								be able to verbally name the object.														True			True													True	True			
t353402389	02/01/2002	11:10:25 PST	15	15	75	726													Sensory; motor						dendrites; axon																		depolarized.						potassium ions inside of the neuron relative to the outside and the greater concentration of sodium ions outside of the neuron relative to the inside.											at each of the nodes of Ranvier																					blocking the reuptake of dopamine, making more dopamine available.	L-dopa.						acetylcholine												blocking the neurotransmitter's receptors.		peripheral nervous system; central nervous system																																			a pseudoscience that related personality characteristics to bumps on the skull.		generating interest in the idea of cortical localization.																								at the forebrain level																		temporal																																		the discovery of so-called 'pleasure centers' in rats								produces difficulty speaking but does not disrupt the ability to comprehend verbal or written words.																			were significantly more synaptic connections in the brains of the university graduates.				True					True									True							199.236.77.177	
6	02/04/2002	11:42:10 PST	11	11	55	762												They help enhance the speed of communication between neurons.																										sodium ions enter the axon's interior and potassium ions enter the axon's exterior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.							The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.							The neuron depolarizes.					a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons							are constantly changing their basic molecular shape as the human brain adapts to new experiences.										Parkinson's disease.									serotonin												Norepinephrine; serotonin						It is the communication link between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.																										estrogen and progesterone; ovaries				the study of brain/endocrine system interactions.																				neural pathway							cerebellum													dopamine; substantia nigra		the corpus callosum.																									Following the accident, Phineas Gage's personality underwent radical changes but his ability to learn and remember new information remained intact.																			produces no disruptions in the ability to speak but produces difficulty in comprehending written or spoken communication.																										False			True															199.236.77.176	
�	02/04/2002	12:03:36 PST	10	10	50	745		which hormones can initiate sexual behavior in hamsters.									provide nutrition and structural support for neurons.						dendrites, cell body, axon																																												They are destroyed by glial cells.				eloctrochemical.						is increased by antidepressant drugs, like Prozac.			Parkinson's disease.							the pain-relieving effects of placebos	norepinephrine									Acetylcholine receptor sites are blocked.			stimulating the production of endorphins.		peripheral nervous system; central nervous system																	sympathetic						pineal gland.																		an MRI scan							continues to develop as neurons develop new dendrites and branching at the end of axons.	PET scans																		the cerebellum				medulla																																										phrenology																																																				199.236.77.176	
�542566394	02/04/2002	13:56:15 PST	12	12	60	407					studying very simple animals, such as sea snails and squids, that have a limited number of neurons									interneuron.		sensory neurons.																																					the presence of a myelin sheath.						neurotransmitter; receptor site		In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.					receptors															the positive mood produced by eating chocolate															central nervous system; autonomic nervous system						The spinal cord handles both incoming and outgoing messages.												parasympathetic																				The case study method involves the use of advanced instruments and potentially damaging radiation.																			pons; hormones													midbrain region.		pons.																			in proportion to each body part's sensitivity to somatic sensations										the parietal lobes									the thalamus																																	False									True													199.236.77.174	
556543469	02/04/2002	14:12:47 PST	0	0	0	1003																	dendrites, cell body, axon																												The inside and outside of the axon change to a more positive electrical charge.																								postsynaptic neuron is less likely to have an action potential.				acetylcholine					increasing; endorphins									GABA																			simultaneously in his spinal cord and brain.																										Karl Wernicke.																			integrated system		pons; hormones					pons		the thalamus				somatosensory cortex.																													The neural circuits formed by the limbic system play critical roles in learning, memory, and emotional control.										the thalamus														produces difficulty speaking but does not disrupt the ability to comprehend verbal or written words.												left; right	right hemisphere; left hemisphere							more educated individuals had worse symptoms than did less educated people because of the disruption of more synaptic connections.																		True						199.236.77.178	
�540193710	04/23/2002	13:50:13 PST	9	9	45	1403											provide nutrition and structural support for neurons.																						in the form of a brief electrical impulse.	a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron.									potassium and sodium ions inside of the neuron relative to the outside of the neuron.			a neurotransmitter is completely reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron or it is dissolved in the synaptic gap.		the speed of light, or 186,000 miles per second.																		receptors		A neuron can only produce one type of neurotransmitter but uses reuptake of other neurotransmitters to be able to release more than one neurotransmitter.															dopamine	dopamine.						Prozac	Serotonin floods into the synaptic gap.																																																													ventricles			The human brain is constantly growing new neurons throughout a person's lifespan.																	temporal																						the hippocampus																									The fact that it is very easy to teach infants and young children to be left-handed strongly suggests that handedness is determined by environmental conditions, not genetics.		almost all the developing fetuses preferred sucking their right thumb but a small percentage preferred their left thumb.		as a possible method to help control recurring epileptic seizures																		True																				

l563820060	04/24/2002	15:05:01 PST	0	0	0	50																																						n/r				n/r		n/r																n/r		n/r										n/r			n/r												n/r														n/r																		n/r														n/r				n/r																																								n/r										n/r			n/r		n/r									n/r														n/r										n/r																													n/r							
543084694	04/24/2002	16:46:15 PST	9	9	45	595		at which age do children understand abstract concepts.		100 billion				sensory neurons											dendrites; axon																						determines whether an action potential will 'pass' through the axon.								synapse.							message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.																																																																																																		They ultimately make inappropriate connections that can lead to severe brain abnormalities.										cerebellum.		occipital lobe.						frontal		myelinated axons.														chest and back muscles																	the thalamus																	removing the hippocampus.								left hemisphere; right hemisphere	right hemisphere																						True			False				True	
�543084694	04/24/2002	16:56:15 PST	20	20	100	1194		which hormones can initiate sexual behavior in hamsters.		100 billion				sensory neurons											dendrites; axon																						controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.								synapse.							message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.																																																																																																		They are eliminated.										cerebellum.		midbrain region.						occipital		myelinated axons.														hands and facial muscles																	the hypothalamus																	cutting the corpus callosum.								left hemisphere; right hemisphere	left hemisphere																						True			True				False	
�543084694	04/29/2002	18:45:52 PST	12	12	60	623							enhance the speed of communication between neurons.																	dendrites.					the dendrites to the cell body to the axon.						minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron.						controls the balance of positive and negative ions in the interior and the exterior of the axon.									Action potentials are conducted down the axon just as electricity is conducted through a wire.	Action potentials operate under the 'all-or-none law,' which means that action potentials either move all sodium ions across the membrane or none of the sodium ions across the membrane.												can have different effects, depending upon the receptor site to which it attaches.												decreasing dopamine activity in the brain.																													command center; telephone switchboard																																							the PET scan							neural pathways				They are eliminated.																thalamus																														the limbic system is indeed the 'pleasure center' of the brain.							the somatosensory cortex										disrupts or destroys the ability to form new memories.					cutting the corpus callosum.										hippocampus									True																				
�tina calhoun	04/30/2002	16:19:46 PST	10	10	50	885							communicate between one neuron and another.																dendrite.			contains the nucleus.												n/r							The inside of the axon changes to a negative electrical charge.		the diameter of the axon and whether it is coated with a myelin sheath					The neuron depolarizes.									In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.				electrical.								acetylcholine	anxiety.							the positive mood produced by eating chocolate					increasing dopamine activity																							somatic							sympathetic	emergency; maintenance						ovaries; progesterone																															They are converted into glial cells and provide support to the remaining neurons.														pons.																											primary somatosensory cortex